Social and Life Skill Book Class 11

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kqsf/ M oL l;kx¿ t ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] ljm| ofsnfk ubf{ ;uF ;uF } l;lsG5, xf]Og / < lj1 M xf], ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkx¿ tyf kl/ofh] gf sfox{ ¿ ubf{ klg hLjgf]kofu] L l;k xfl;n x'G5g\\ . To; jm| ddf ;dx\" df sfd ug,]{ Pscsfd{ f s'/fsfgL ug],{ ;xsfo{ ug],{ ;xof]u ug{,] g]t[Tj ug,]{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] Pjd\\ l;hg{ fTds sfo{ ug{] kz| :t cj;/ kf| Kt xG' 5g\\ . hLjgfk] of]uL l;ksf] p2]Zo klg JolStnfO{ rl/qjfg\\, l;h{gfTds, g}lts, Jofjxfl/s / c;n JolStTjsf] ljsf; ug]{ xg' fn] ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff Pscfk;df cGt/;DalGWft 5g\\ . kqsf/ M ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf sx] L ljifoj:t' t k:' ts k9/] jf lzIfssf] JofVofg ;'g]/ l;lsPnf t/ c;n gful/s aGg] s/' f / hLjgf]kofu] L l;k ljsf; ug{] s'/f t k:' ts k9]/ s;/L l;lsPnf < of] t hlt cEof; u¥of] Tolt l;lsG5 xfO] g / < lj1 M ToxL t . xfdLn] a'emfpgk' g]{ d'Vo s'/f g} oxL xf] . of] ljifo k':ts k9\\g] / k/LIff kf; ug{] ljifo dfq xfO] g . of] pRr lzIffsf] tof/L ug{] ljifo dfq klg xfO] g . of] JolStnfO{ c;n, rl/qjfg,\\ ;d:of;uF hW' g ;Sg], ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg Pjd\\ ;sf/fTds ;f]r ePsf / ljZj kl/jz] ae' m] / ;fc] g';f/ cfr/0f ug{ ;Sg] dfgj agfpg] ljifo xf] . To;n} ] k/Dk/fut lzIf0f l;sfOsf tl/sfaf6 dfq o; ljifosf ;Ifdtf xfl;n xg' ;Sb}gg\\ . kqsf/ M To;f] eP ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff ljifosf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0f s;/L x'g'k5{ t < lj1 M k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rlncfPsf kf7 s07:y ug]{, lzIfssf] JofVofg ;'Gg], l6kf]6 k9\\g] h:tf sfo{af6 dfq o; ljifosf ;Ifdtf tyf l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;Sb}gg\\ . o; ljifosf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| jm| of g} cnu ks| f/sf] xg' k' b{5 . ;fdflhs cWoog l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf j|mddf ljifoj:tn' fO{ a'em/] , To;;Fu ;DalGwt tYo tYofª\\sx¿sf] vfh] L tyf ljZni] f0f u/]/, ;d'bfodf cjnf]sg u//] , ;Da4 kIf;uF 5nkmn / cGt/lj|mof u//] l;Sgk' g]{ xG' 5 . l;sf?n] cfkmF} k/LIf0f tyf cg'e\"lt u//] Pjd\\ cg;' GwfgfTds k4ltaf6 l;Sg'kb{5 . To;/L l;s]sf 1fg, l;k / wf/0ffx¿nfO{ cfkm\\gf] hLjgdf cjnDag tyf pkofu] klg ug{k' b5{ . ljBfyL{n] lnlvt k/LIffdf w]/} cªs\\ Nofpg] t/ ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] ddc{ g;' f/sf] ;fr] , cfr/0f, Jojxf/ / sfd ePg eg] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf pQL0f{ ePsf] cy{ xbF' g} . To;n} ] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0fdf kl/ofh] gf sfod{ f cfwfl/t, l;sf?sl] Gb|t, vf]h, 5nkmn / k|ofu] fTds ljlwx¿sf] cjnDag ugk{' b{5 . ljBfyLn{ fO{ kofK{ t dfqfdf vf]hL ug,{] ;f]Rg], ts{ ug],{ ;dfnfr] gfTDfs ;f]r /fVg], ae' m\\g,] 5nkmn ug]{, k/LIf0f ug]{, cg'el\" t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !! 3

ug{] cj;/ lbgk' b5{ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIffsf ljifoj:tc' Gtut{ sf l;kx¿ lg/Gt/ cEof; u/fO{ ljBfYfL{df afgLsf ¿kdf ljsf; u/fpgk' b{5 . kqsf/ M tkfOs{F f] ljrf/df To;/L l;sfPkl5 ljBfyL{n] ljifoj:t'nfO{ ae' m\\g] / ljZn]if0f ug]{, ;d:of ;Dfwfg ug],{ cg'e\"lt ug{], ;xL wf/0ffsf] lgdf0{ f ug{], To;nfO{ cfkm\\gf] hLjgdf nfu' ug{ k|/] 0ff k|fKt ug],{ cfjZos k/s] f a]nf pkofu] ug]{ l;k tyf Ifdtf klg ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] /x]5g\\ . xfO] g t < lj1 M xf] lg . ;xL s'/f ug{e' of] . kqsf/ M cfh oxfF cfP/ ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf af/]df w]/} hfgsf/L lbge' of] . tkfOnF{ fO{ w]/} wGojfb 5 . cGTodf yk sx] L eGg rfxgx' 'G5 ls < lj1 M cGTodf, afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ c;n gful/s agfpg] k|lj|mofdf ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;xofu] ug{x' g' ;Dk\"0f{ lzIfs, cleefjs, ;'k/LjI] fs, :yfgLo txsf clwsf/LHo\"x¿nufot ;a} gful/sx¿nfO{ o;} :6'l8of]af6 cg'/f]w u5'{ . dnfO{ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff ljifosf af/d] f dxŒjk0\" f{ s/' fx¿ /fVg] cj;/ lbge' Psfdf tkfOF{ / o; 6l] nlehg RofgnnfO{ klg wGojfb lbG5' . ljm| ofsnfk != sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] gfc} f6] f ;d\"x agfO{ k:| t't tflnsfcg';f/ ;fdflhs cWoogsf Ps Pscf]6f cfofdsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug{x' f;] \\ . ljifoj:ts' f] 1fg kh| ftflGqs cfr/0fsf] ljsf; ;d'bfo tyf ;dfhsf] cWoog ;fdflhsLs/0f ;fdflhs /fli6«otfsf] l;ksf] ljsf; cWoogsf cfofd efjgf ljsf; hLjgfk] of]uL ;fy{s clejl[ Qsf] l;ksf] ljsf; ljsf; /fli6«o÷cGt/fl{ i6o« l;h{gzLntfsf] ljsf; kl/j]zdf ;dfofh] g 4 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

@= ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIfflarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; != ;fdflhs cWoogsf] If]q Jofks 5 eGg] s/' f kf7df lbOPsf] rf6{ cWoog u/L k|:6 kfg{'xf;] \\ . @= ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgfk] of]uL lzIffsf] dxŒj b;fp{ gx' f];\\ . o; k:' tsdf lbOPsf lj|mofsnfk, cEof; / kl/ofh] gf sfo{ gdg' f dfq xg' \\ . lzIfsn] logsf cfwf/df :yfgLo ;Gbe{cg';f/ yk lj|mofsnfk, cEof; / kl/of]hgf sfo{ u/fpg'kg{] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 5

@ ;fdflhs cWoog, ;fdflhs lzIff / ;fdflhs lj1fgsf] cGt/;DaGw kf 7 M ;fdflhs lj1fg dfgj ;dfh / dfgj ;DaGwx¿sf] j1} flgs Pjd\\ Jojl:yt ¿kdf cWoog ug{] ljwf xf] . dfgljsL tyf ;dfhzf:qcGtut{ cWoog ul/g] eu\" fn] , cyz{ f:q, dfgjzf:q, gful/s zf:q, /fhgLltzf:q, ;dfhzf:qnufotsf ljifox¿ ;fdflhs lj1fgcGtut{ kb5{ g\\ . dgfl] j1fg eu\" f]n Oltxf; gLltzf:q ;fdflhs cWoog cyz{ f:q hg;ªV\\ ofzf:q bzg{ zf:q /fhgLltzf:q ;dfhzf:q gful/szf:q dfgjzf:q ;fdflhs cWoog ljifoleq ;fdflhs lj1fgsf ljifox¿j:t' ;dfj]z ul/Psf x'G5g\\ . ;fdflhs lj1fgsf ;a} ljifox¿ dfgj hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\\ . o;df ;dfhsf] cfjZostf, /fi6«sf] dfu tyf ;Dk0\" f{ dfgj ;db' fosf] rfxgfcg'¿ksf ljleGg ljifoj:tx' ¿ ;o+ fh] g ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf o:tf ljleGg ljifox¿ lsg ;dfjz] ul/Psf xfn] fg\\ eGg] lh1f;f w/] } JolStdf xg' ;S5 . ;fdflhs lj1fgsf ;a} ljifosf Jofjxfl/s / hLjgf]kof]uL ljifoj:tx' ¿ ;dfj]z u//] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifo tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . ;fdflhs lj1fgsf ljifox¿df ljifoj:t'sf] ulx/fO;Dd k'u/] ;4} flGts kIfsf] cWoog ul/G5 . ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf eg] ;fdflhs lj1fgsf Jofjxfl/s kIfx¿df hf]8 lbOG5 . ;fdflhs lj1fgsf ljifoj:tn' ] dfgj hLjgdf kfg]{ ke| fj / dfgjn] 6 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

To;sf] pkofu] s;/L ug]{ tyf s;/L ;dfofh] g x'g] eGg] s'/fdf ;fdflhs cWoog ljifo sl] Gbt| /xs] f] xG' 5 . To;n} ] ;fdflhs cWoog axl' jifos ks| l[ tsf] bl] vG5 . != ;fdflhs cWoog / ;fdflhs lj1fglarsf] km/s ;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs lj1fg ;fdflhs lj1fgsf ljleGg ljifoj:tx' ¿ ;dl] 6Psf] :jtGq cl:tTj ePsf] k\"0f{ ljsl;t ljwf xf] . PsLst[ ¿k xf] . of] 1fgsf] pkofu] ;Fu ;DalGwt xG' 5 . of] 1fgsf] pTkfbg;uF ;DalGwt x'G5 . a9L Jofjxfl/s x'G5 . a9L ;4} flGts xG' 5 . dfgj hLjgsf] s'g} Ps kIf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . dfgj hLjgsf] ljljw kIf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . o;df ljifoj:t'sf] ulx/f] cWoog ul/G5 . o;df ljifoj:t'sf] ;fdfGo cWoog ul/G5 . o;sf] p2Z] o ljifolj1 tof/ ug]{ xf] . o;sf] p2]Zo c;n, ;Ifd, l;h{gzLn tyf ;Eo gful/s tof/ kfg]{ xf] . o;n] pRr lzIff;Dd cWoog ul/G5 . of] ljBfno tx;Fu dfq sl] Gbt| xG' 5 . @= ;fdflhs cWoog / ;fdflhs lzIfflarsf] cGt/;DaGw dfgj ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf] . p;n] hGdb]lv d[To';Dd ;dfhdf g} hLjg latfpg'kb{5 . To;n} ] p;n] cfkmg\\ f] hLjgnfO{ ;fys{ agfpgsf nflu ljleGg ;fdflhs 1fg, l;k / clejl[ Qsf] ljsf; ul//xgk' b{5 . o;/L dfgjnfO{ cfkm\\gf] hLjgdf cfjZos ;fdflhs 1fg, l;k / wf/0ff kf| Kt ug{' ;fdflhs lzIff xf] . ;fdflhs lzIff lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;dfhdf ljljw ultljlwaf6 x'g] l;sfO xf] . of] s'g} cfk} rfl/s l;sfOsf] ljifo xfO] g . JolStn] cfkmg\\ f] bl} gs hLjgdf x'g] ultljlwaf6 l;lsg] clgoldt l;sfO g} ;fdflhs lzIff xf] . of] kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fli6«o Pjd\\ cGt/fl{ i6o« ultljlw, ;d;fdlos kl/l:ylt tyf JolStut efu] fOaf6 xg' ] l;sfO xf] . 3/kl/jf/df ug{'kg]{ cfb/ ;Tsf/, ;f}xfb{| / ;lxi0ft' f, ;xof]u, ;xsfo{, cfkm\\gf] ;+:sl[ t / ;fc] g;' f/sf ;+:sf/x¿, dfgjLo d\"No Pjd\\ Jojxf/x¿ ;fdflhs lzIff sf dV' o ljifoj:t' xg' \\ . o:tf] lzIff kl/jf/, ;dfh / kl/jz] af6 k|fKt xG' 5 . #= ;fdflhs cWoog / ;fdflhs lzIfflarsf] km/s ;fdflhs cWoog ;fdflhs lzIff o;sf] Ifq] lglZrt / ;Lldt xG' 5 . o;sf] Ifq] c;Lldt x'G5 . o;sf] l;sfO lglZrt kf7o\\ jm| ddf cfwfl/t xG' 5 . o;sf] l;sfO v'nf l;sfOsf ¿kdf xG' 5 . l;sf? / lzIfslarsf] cGt/lj|mof / ;xsfoa{ f6 JolSt, :yfg, kl/j]z / ;dosf cfwf/df l;sfO ;xhLs/0f xG' 5 . l;sfO xG' 5 . ;fdfGotof ljBfnodf cWoog/t afnaflnsfsf] hf];'s}n] cfhg{ ug{ ;S5g\\ . nflu dfq ;~rflnt x'G5 . of] Ps :yflkt ljifo xf] . of] ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|ljm| of xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t xG' 5 . ;fdflhs lzIff bz{gdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 7

lj|mofsnfk != sIff !! sf] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff ljifosf] kf7\\ojm| d jf kf7\\ok':tsdf ;fdflhs lj1fgsf s'g sg' ljifo ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\\ < oL ljifoaf6 x'g] dV' o l;sfOsf kIfsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{'xf];\\ . @= tkfO“s{ f] hLjgdf ;fdflhs cWoogn] s] s:tf ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/s] f] 5, a“b' fut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; != ;fdflhs cWoog, ;fdflhs lzIff / ;fdflhs lj1fglarsf] cGt/;DaGw pNn]v ug{x' f];\\ . @= …;fdflhs lj1fg ;fdflhs cWoogsf] cfwf/ xfÚ] , o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{x' f];\\ . #= ;fdflhs cWoog / ;fdflhs lj1fglarsf] leGgtf 5'6\\6ofpgx' f];\\ . 8 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

#kf7 M ;fdflhs cWoogsf l;k / hLjgf]kofu] L l;ksf] cjwf/0ff != cjwf/0ff ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff ljifosf] d\"n p2]Zo afnaflnsfnfO{ c;n, bz] eSt, rl/qjfg,\\ ;Ifd / l;hg{ zLn gful/s tof/ kfg'{ xf] . o;sf nflu ljBfyLd{ f ljleGg k|sf/sf hLjgf]kofu] L l;k, l;hg{ zLn l;k / sx] L ljifout l;kx¿ xfl;n x'gk' b{5 . o:tf l;kn] JolStnfO{ hLjge/ ;dfhdf ;xh ¿kdf lhpg ;xof]u ub5{ g\\ . != ;fdflhs cWoog l;k ;fdflhs cWoog ljifo e\"uf]n, Oltxf;, cy{zf:qnufotsf ljifoj:t' k9]/ s07 ug]{ / k/LIff kf; ug{] dfq ljifo xfO] g . ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf ljleGg ljwfx¿cg¿' k ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t l;kx¿ klg l;sfpg' kb{5 . o:t l;k tTsfn cWoog ug{ / To;sf cfwf/df eljio;Dd Jofjxfl/s l;k ljsf; ug{ ;xof]uL xG' 5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog ljifocGtu{tsf l;kx¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\\ M -s_ gS;f cWoog ug{] / gS;f ptfg{] l;k -v_ ljleGg ljwfsf dfWodaf6 cleJoSt ug{] uLt, sljtf, lrq, lgaGw, ;j+ fb, gf6s, lr7L cflb l;h{gfTds l;k -u_ ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, ;DkfbsnfO{ lr7L, ;fdflhs ;~hfndf sdG] 6 / kf]:6 ug{] h:tf ;dfrf/ ;ª\\sng, n]vg / k:| tt' Ls/0f l;k -3_ 5nkmn, ;xofu] , ;xsfo{, dn] ldnfk, ;dfg'el\" t cflb ;fdflhs l;k -ª_ :tDelrq, /v] flrq, rjm| lrq, u|fkm lgdf0{ f h:tf tYofª\\s k:| t'lt l;k -r_ ;do /v] f, jz+ fjnL jf jz+ jI[ f, JolSt jQ[ cflb Pl] txfl;s 36gfnfO{ k:| tt' Ls/0f ug{] l;k -5_ ;jI{] f0f, Ifq] ed| 0f, cGtjf{tf,{ cjnf]sgsf] ofh] gf agfpg], sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{] / kl| tjb] g agfpg] h:tf vfh] ÷cg;' Gwfg l;k -h_ kb| z{g, kj| rg, jStT[ jsnf, sfo{kq n]vg tyf k|:tt' Ls/0f l;k @= hLjgf]kfof]uL l;k Jojxf/df k|ofu] xg' ] s]xL l;k >ddf cfwfl/t xG' 5g\\ . s]xL l;kx¿ aflx/ b]lvFbg} g\\ t/ JolStTj ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 9

ljsf; tyf hLjgofkgdf ke| fj kfg]{ vfnsf x'G5g\\ . o:tf l;knfO{ PSsfO;fF} ztfAbLsf l;k, g/d l;k -soft skills), Jofks l;k -transversal skill) sf ¿kdf klg JofVof ug]{ ul/G5 . o:tf l;kn] JolStnfO{ ;dfhdf ;dfofh] g x'g ;xof]u u5{g\\ . logn] cfkmg\\ f] sfddf ;kmntf xl;n ug{ ;xofu] u5{g\\ . JolStsf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L ;Ifd gful/s agfpg klg logn] ;xof]u u5g{ \\ . of] l;kn] JolStnfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpFb} ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZj ;d'bfosf] enfOsf nflu sfo{ ug{ k]|l/t u5{g\\ . hLjgf]kof]uL l;kcGtu{t lgDgfg;' f/sf l;kx¿ kb{5g\\ . ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k ;~rf/ l;k ;r\" gf kl| jlw l;k ;xsfo{ l;k ;dfnf]rgfTds ;fr] fO l;k cWoog l;k ;xefulutf / 5nkmn l;hg{ fTdstf cGt/j}olSts l;k tgfj Joj:yfkg ;+ju] Joj:yfkg lg0f{o lgdf{0f l;k gt] [Tj l;k ljm| ofsnfk != tkfO{n“ ] ;do Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{] ug'e{ Psf] 5, cfkm\\gf Joj:yfkgsf tl/sfx¿ sIffdf k|:t't ug'x{ f];\\ . @= ;d\"xdf a;]/ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|ofu] u/L sg' } Ps ;fdflhs d2' fdf ;j{I] f0f ugx'{ f;] \\ . pSt ;jI{] f0faf6 cfPsf] tYofª\\snfO{ rjm| lrq jf :tDelrqdf k:| t't u/L ;f]sf] kl| tjb] g ;d]t tof/ kfg'{xf];\\ . cEof; != s'g} Ps :yfgLo 36gf jf ultljlwdf cfwfl/t ;dfrf/ tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \\ . @= kf7df plNnlvt s'g} Ps l;k;u“ ;DalGwt xg' ] u/L syf, sljtf, uLt, ;+jfb, lr7L / lrqdWo] s'g} Pssf] /rgf u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{x' f];\\ . #= ;fdflhs cWoogdf k|ofu] xg' ] l;kx¿ pNn]v ug{x' f;] \\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ ;d;dflos ;dfrf/, 36gf / ;Gbe{ ;d6] L cfkmg\\ f] sIffsf] leQfdf leQk] lqsf agfO{ To;nfO{ cBfjlws ub}{ hfg'xf];\\ . 10 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

!kf7 M PsfO @ hLjgf]kofu] L l;ksf ¿kdf l8lh6n l;kx¿ tyf ;fdfGo cg;' Gwfg l;kx¿ l8lh6n ;fIf/tf != cjwf/0ff PSsfO;fF} ztfAbLnfO{ lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ou' dflgG5 . lj1fgsf] ljsf; w]/} klxnfbl] v g} eP tfklg ;g\\ !(^) sf] bzsdf OG6/g6] sf] ljsf; ePkl5 ;\"rgf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw ;ae} Gbf l56f] ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf If]qdf ePsf gjLgtd ljsf; / ltgsf] k|ofu] n] ;a} Ifq] nfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf] 5 . lzIff, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ko{6g, sl[ if, lrlsT;f, OlGhlgol/ªnufotsf x/s] If]qdf klg ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf] ko| f]un] dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ ;/n agfPsf] 5 . gk] fndf ;g\\ !(&@ -lj=;=+ @)@*_ df klxnf] k6s hgu0fgfsf] tYofªs\\ kz| fw] gsf nflu IMB 1401 Mainframe sDKo6' /sf] kj| z] ePsf] ePtfklg ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf] bt'| ljsf; eg] ;g\\ !(() -lj=;=+ @)$^_ df kh| ftGqsf] kg' :yfk{ gf ePkl5 dfq ePsf] kfOG5 . xfn gk] fndf ;fdfGo s/' fsfgL ug,{ cgnfOg tyf erc'{ n sIff (Virtual Class) ;~rfng ug,{ lx;falstfa /fVgbl] v la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ug;{ dt] ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] eO/xs] f] 5 . sDKo'6/, OG6/g6] tyf cGo dfWodsf] ko| f]u u//] tYofª\\s ;ª\\sng ug,{] ;ª\\slnt tYofª\\snfO{ k|zf]wg u/L ;r\" gfdf kl/jt{g ug],{ k|zf]lwt ;r\" gfnfO{ e08f/g ug]{ / pSt ;r\" gf k|of]ustf{nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ g} ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlw xf] . o;nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf ;r\" gf kl| jlw -cfO6L_ klg eGg] ul/G5 . ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw k|of]u u/L s'g} klg ;r\" gf k|fKt ug]{, d\"Nofª\\sg ug,]{ l;h{gf ug{] / ;~rf/ ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ l8lh6n ;fIf/tf elgG5 . k|f]= lxn/ :kfO;{ (Hiller Spires) sf cg;' f/ l8lh6n ;fIf/tfsf tLg kIfx¿ x'G5g\\ M -s_ l8lh6n ;fdu|L k|fKt / pkofu] ug{] -v_ l8lh6n ;fdu|L l;h{gf ug{] -u_ l8lh6n ;fduL| ;~rf/ jf ljt/0f ug{] o;n} ] l8lh6n ;fIf/tfleq ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw;DaGwL kf| ljlws 1fg / l;k bj' } kb5{ g\\ . cfhsf] j1} flgs ou' df hLjgsf x/s] Ifq] df ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/ kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] eO/xs] f] 5 . xfn sg' } klg Ifq] df ;kmn x'g l8lh6n ;fIf/tf geO{ gxg' ] cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] x/s] JolStn] oL 1fg / l;kx¿ k|fKt ug{k} g{] ePsf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 11

@=sDKo'6/ tyf lkG| 6/sf] ko| fu] -s_ sDKo6' /sf] kl/ro sDKo6' / Ps ljBt' Lo oGq xf,] h;n] lgb]z{ gcg;' f/ tYofªs\\ (Data) nfO{ u0fgf (Calculations), k|zfw] g (Processing) tyf e08f/g (Storing) ub{5 . o;n] cToGt} pRr j]udf tsk{ 0\" f{ tl/sfn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{, clwsf+z ul0ftLo ;d:ofx¿ xn ug,{ tYofª\\s e08f/ ug{ tyf glthf bv] fpg ;Sb5 . k|of]u ug{] dflg; tyf ko| fh] gcg';f/ sDKo'6/ ljleGg cfsf/ / ks| f/sf x'G5g\\ . JolStx¿n] :df6{ kmfg] , 6\\ofan]6, Nofk6k, 8:] s6k h:tf dfOjm| f] sDKo'6/ ko| f]u ub{5g\\ eg] u'un, ofx' h:tf 7n' f sDkgLx¿n] Ps} k6s w/] } dflg;x¿n] rnfpg ldNg] dg] k|]md / ;k' / sDKo6' / k|ofu] ub5{ g\\ . sDKo6' / l;:6d eg]sf] o;sf xf8{j]o/ / ;km\\6j]o/sf] ;+o'St ¿k xf] . ljB'tLo zlStaf6 rNg] dfl] g6/, kf| ;] ;] /, dfp;, lsaf]8{, lk|G6/ h:tf ljleGg ef}lts oGqx¿ xf8{jo] / xg' \\ eg] tL oGqx¿nfO{ ;~rfng ug{ sDKo6' /n] ae' m\\g] efiffdf tof/ ul/Psf] lgb]z{ gx¿sf] Kofs]h rflxF ;km6\\ j]o/ xf] . ;fdfGotof Pp6f sDKo'6/ aGgsf nflu sDtLdf rf/cf6] f xf8{jo] / pks/0f cfjZos xG' 5g\\ . ltgLx¿ Central Processing Unit (CPU), dfl] g6/, lsaf8] { / dfp; xg' \\ . oBlk Nofk6k, gf6] a's, :df6{ kmfg] h:tf sDKo'6/x¿df oL rf/nufot cGo xf8{jo] /nfO{ Pp6} pks/0fdf PsLs[t ul/Psf] x'G5 . xf8j{ o] /nfO{ OGk6' pks/0f, k|zfw] g pks/0f, cfp6k6' pks/0f / e08f/0f pks/0f u/L rf/ efudf juL{s/0f ul/G5 . OGk'6 pks/0f sDKo6' /df sg' } tYofª\\s jf lgbz{] g k|lji6 u/fpg ko| fu] xg' ] pks/0fx¿nfO{ OGk'6 pks/0f elgG5, h:t} M dfp;, lsaf]8{, Sofd/] f, dfOjm| fk] mfg] cflb . kz| f]wg pks/0f sDKo'6/df k|lji6 ePsf s'g} tYofª\\snfO{ lgb{z] gcg';f/ u0fgf jf kz| fw] g ug{ ko| f]u ul/g] pks/0fx¿nfO{ k|zf]wg pks/0f elgG5, h:t} M Central Processing Unit (CPU) 12 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

cfp6k'6 pks/0f sDKo6' /df ePsf sg' } tYofª\\s jf ;r\" gfnfO{ b]vfpg ko| f]u x'g] pks/0fx¿nfO{ cfp6k'6 pks/0f elgG5, dfl] g6/, kf| ]hS] 6/, l:ks/, lkG| 6/ cflb cfp6k'6 pks/0f x'g\\ . e08f/0f pks/0f sDKo6' /df ePsf sg' } tYofªs\\ jf ;r\" gfnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ;/' lIft /fvL cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf k'gM k|ofu] ug{ pknAw u/fpg] pks/0fx¿nfO{ e08f/0f pks/0f elgG5 . l;8L, l8le8L, xf8l{ 8:s, kg] 8f« Oe, d]df/] L sf8{ cflb e08f/g pks/0f xg' \\ . sDKo6' /sf] k|of]u sDKo'6/n] cToGt} l56f] ultdf, q'l6/lxt ¿kn] nfdf] ;do;Dd nuftf/ sfd ug{ ;Sb5 . o;sf] cfljisf/ u0fgf ug]{ oGqsf ¿kdf eP klg jt{dfg ;dodf lr7Lkqnufot ljleGg sfuhft tof/ ug,{ aª} \\s, ladf, pBf]u, Jofkf/nufot ljleGg ;:+ yfx¿sf x/lx;fa Jojl:yt ¿kn] /fVg, 3/fo;L sfo{x¿ ug,{ /l] 8of,] 6]lnlehg k;| f/0f ug,{ uLt ;'Gg, v]nx¿ v]Ngnufot y'k}| sfo{x¿sf nflu ko| f]u ul/G5 . o;afxs] cfl6l{ kml;on OG6l] nhG] ;sf] k|of]un] cfkm}F sfd ug{ ;Sg,] k|fs[lts efiff ae' m\\g,] kl/l:yltcg';f/ lg0f{o ug,{] dflg;sf] klxrfg ug]{;Ddsf Ifdtf ePsf sDKo6' /x¿sf] klg ljsf; eO;ss] f] 5 . dfOjm| f;] km6\\ j8d{ f sfuhft tof/ ug]{ tl/sf sDKo'6/df w]/} kf| u] f| dx¿df tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . To;dWo] Microsoft Office cGtu{tsf Word, Powerpoint, Excel cflb a9L kr| lnt 5g\\ . cgnfOgaf6 sfd ug{]x¿n] Google Docs, Google Spreadsheet, Google Slides cflb PlKns;] gx¿df 8sd' G] 6 tof/ ub{5g\\ . Pp6f k|f]uf| ddf 8sd' ]G6 tof/ ug{ hfg]kl5 cGo k|fu] f| d jf PlKns;] gdf klg tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 . To;n} ] clxn] xfdL dfOjm| f];km6\\ j8{ kf| u] f| ddf s;/L 8s'd]G6 tof/ ug{] / s;/L To;nfO{ lkG| 6 ug{] eGg] ;DaGwdf oxfF rrf{ ug{] 5f}F . != dfOj|mf;] km6\\ j8{ vfN] g] sDKo'6/ jf Nofk6k cg ug{x' f;] \\ . sDKo'6/sf] afofkF 6\\l6 ;a}eGbf tn /xs] f] :6f6{ d]g' (Start Menu) df lSns ugx'{ f;] \\ . oxfF lrqdf b]vfOPsf] h:t} window b]lvG5 . Microsft Office Word 2007 jf Word 2013 jf Word 2016 gb]lvP;Dd :jm| f]n (Scroll) ugx'{ f];\\ . bl] vPkl5 To;df lSns ug'x{ f];\\ / Blank Document df lSns ugx'{ f;] \\ . @= gof“ Document nfO{ ;]e ug]{ ;a}eGbf dfly afoftF km{ /xs] f] File tab df lSns ugx'{ f;] \\ . To;kl5 Save jf Save As df ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !! 13

lSns ugx'{ f];\\ . To;kl5 This PC df lSns ugx{' f];\\ / cfkm\\gf] sDKo6' /leqsf] pko'St 8«fOe jf Desktop df lSns ug{x' f];\\ . ca xfdLnfO{ rfx]sf] window v'N5 . File name egs] f] 7fpdF f kmfOnsf] gfd 6fOk ugx'{ f;] \\ . clg Save a6gdf lSns ug{'xf;] \\ . tkfO{sF f] kmfOn ;e] eof] . ca o;df s]xL sfd ug{]lalQs} ;e] ug{ k'gM File Menu df uP/ Save df lSns ugx'{ f];\\ jf Ctrl / S Ps} k6s lyRg'xf;] \\ . #= 8s'd]G6 6fOk ug]{ cª\\u]h| L efiffdf 6fOk ug]{ eP 6fOk ug{ ;?' ug{'xf];\\ . gk] fnL efiffdf 6fOk ug]{ eP Fonts df g]kfnL efiffsf Preeti, Sagarmatha h:tf g]kfnL kmG6 5gf]6 ugx'{ f];\\ . cfjZostfcg;' f/ Fonts, o;sf] cfsf/, cnfOGdG] 6, Spacing cflb ldnfpgsf nflu 6fOk ePsf] Text nfO{ Select u/]/ ldnfpg'xf;] \\ . o;/L n]v]sf] Text nfO{ dfly aFb' f g+ @ sf] kmfOndf ;e] ugx'{ f;] \\ . sfuhft lkG| 6 ug{] tl/sf sDKo'6/df ePsf 8sd' ]G6nfO{ sg' } klg lkG| 6/ ko| fu] u/]/ lkG| 6 ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu tkfOF{sf] sDKo6' / jf Nofk6kdf ;DalGwt lk|G6/sf] Software/Driver OG:6n (Install) ul/Psf] x'gk' b5{ . olb tkfOsF{ f] sDKo6' / jf Nofk6kdf Software/Driver Install ul/Psf] 5}g eg] lkG| 6 ug{'kg{] 8sd' G] 6nfO{ lk|G6/sf] Software/Driver Install ul/Psf] sDKo6' /df ;fg'{ kb{5 . o;sf nflu tkfO{F kg] 8«fOe jf dd] f/] L sf8{ h:tf e08f/0f pks/0f ko| fu] ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . o;/L lkG| 6/sf] Software/Driver Install ul/Psf sDKo6' /df ePsf sg' } klg 8sd' ]G6 lk|G6 ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps k|sf/sf] 8s'd]G6 lk|G6 ug{ hfg]kl5 cGo ks| f/sf 8s'd]G6 klg lk|G6 ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . ca xfdL Microsoft Word df 8sd' G] 6 s;/L lkG| 6 ug{] eGg] af/]df rrf{ ub5{ f}F . != lk|G6 ug'{kg]{ Word kmfOn vf]Ng'xf];\\ . kh] s:tf] 5 xg] s{ f nflu Print Preview df hfg ;lsG5 . @= tkfO{Fn] Word sf] k/' fgf] version ko| f]u ug{'ePsf] eP klxn] Print priview df uP/ ;]l6ªx¿ ldnfpgk' 5{ . Word 2013 jf Tofe] Gbf kl5sf version k|ofu] uge'{ Psf] eP tn egc] g';f/ ugk' b5{ M File dg] d' f hfgx' f;] \\ / Print cK;gdf lSns ugx{' f;] \\ . o;f] ubf{ ;uF s} f] h:tf] window vN' 5 . -s_ Printer nv] s] f] eGbf tnsf] afs;df lSns ugk'{ 5{ / Printer 5fGgk' 5{ . Settings df Print All Pages b]vfPsf] x'G5 . ;a} kh] x¿ lk|G6 ug{'kg]{ eP sx] L gugx{' f;] \\ . t/ ;a} k]hx¿ cfjZos gePdf To;}df lSns u/L b]vfOPsf ljsNkx¿dWo] pko'St ljsNk 5gf]6 ugx{' f;] \\ . 14 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

-v_ s'g} lglZrt kh] jf k]hx¿ lk|G6 ug{sf nflu Pages kl5 lbOPsf] afs;df kh] gDa/ 6fOk ug'k{ 5{ . -u_ s'g} Ps lglZrt k]h lk|G6 ug{ ;f]xL kh] g= 6fOk ugk{' 5{ . -3_ sg' } Pp6f kh] bl] v csf]{ kh] ;Dd ;a} lk|G6 ug{sf nflu cluNnf] kh] g= / kl5Nnf] kh] g= sf] lardf 8o\\ f; /fv]/ 6fOk ug{'k5{ . -ª_ 8sd' ]G6sf lar larsf kh] x¿ lk|G6 ug'k{ g]{ ePdf k]h g= x¿sf lardf sdf (, /fv/] 6fOk ug{k' 5{ . -r_ cfjZostfcg';f/ cGo Settings ldnfpgx' f];\\ . sfuhsf] ;fOh ;fdfGotM A4 x'G5 . ljzi] f sfuh ePsf] cj:yfdf afxs] A4 /fVgx' f];\\ . -5_ ;ae} Gbf dfly Copies nl] vPsf] x'G5 . To;df ;fdfGo cj:yfdf 1 pNnv] ul/Psf] x'G5 . PseGbf a9L kl| t cfjZos eP ;fc] g;' f/ ldnfpg'xf];\\ . -h_ cGTodf Print nl] vPsf] a6gdf lSns ugx'{ f;] \\ . tkfOF{sf] 8s'dG] 6 lkG| 6 x'G5 . lj|mofsnfk != sDKo6' /df /x]sf 8sd' ]G6 s;/L lk|G6 ug{ ;lsG5, r/0fx¿ pNnv] ug'{xf;] \\ . ;Dej ePdf 8s'd]G6;d]t lk|G6 u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\\ . @= dfOjm| f;] km\\ 6, PS;n] / kfj/KjfOG6 s;/L rnfpg] eGgd] f 5nkmn, cWoog / cEof; ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; -s_ sDKo'6/sf] ko| fu] eO/xs] f s'g} bO' { If]qx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \\ . -v_ l8lh6n ;fIf/tf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < -u_ ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw egs] f] s] xf] < -3_ sDKo6' / xf8{jo] /nfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt juL{s/0f ugx'{ f];\\ . -ª_ …sDKo'6/sf] k|of]u cfh ljZjJofkL ePsf] 5 .Ú o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ugx'{ f];\\ . -r_ Microsoft Word df s] s] sfd ug{ ;lsG5, pbfx/0f;lxt nV] gx' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 15

@kf7 M ;~rf/ PlKns;] gx¿sf] ko| fu] OG6/g]6 Pp6f ljB'tLo ;~hfn xf] . o;df ;+;f/el/sf sDKo'6/x¿ hf]l8Psf x'G5g\\ . o; ;~hfndf ePsf sDKo'6/x¿lar ;\"rgf cfbfgkb| fg ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdL klg cfkmg\\ f] sDKo'6/nfO{ OG6/g]6df hf]8/] cfkmn\" fO{ rflxPsf ;\"rgf kf| Kt ug{ ;S5fF} . OG6/g6] sf] ko| f]uaf6 nv] , /rgf, k:' ts tyf tYofª\\sx¿ kf| Kt ug{, ljBt' Lo dfWodaf6 lsgar] ug{, Odn] , Rof6 tyf lel8of] Rof6 cflbaf6 ;~rf/ sfo{ ug,{ uLt, ;ª\\uLt, snfs[lt, ;flxlTos s[lt cflbsf] k;| f/0f ug{ jf k|fKt ug,{ v'nf l;sfO (Open Learning) jf ljBt' Lo l;sfO (E-learning) ug{ ;lsG5 . != af| ph/ / OG6/g6] ;“u ;Dks{ :yfkgf sDKo'6/df Instelled ul/g] ljleGg ;km\\6jo/] x¿nfO{ PlKns;] g -Application_ elgG5 . o:tf PlKns];gx¿n] ljleGg sfox{ ¿ ub{5g\\ . OG6/g]6 / sDKo'6/lar ;~rf/ ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{] ;km6\\ j]o/nfO{ ja] a|fph/ elgG5, h:t} Google Chrome, Opera, Mozilla Firefox cflb . Microsoft Windows ePsf] sDKo'6/df Microsoft Edge tyf Apple sf] Mac sDKo6' / df Safari klxn] g} a|fph/ Installed xG' 5 . Mozila firefox, Microsoft edge / Safari rflxF Default browser x'g\\ . cGo af| ph/x¿ kl5 :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 . sg' } klg a|fph/ af6 OG6/g]6 rnfpgsf nflu sDKo6' /df OG6/g]6 hf]l8Psf] xg' k' b{5 . ca xfdL Google Chrome af6 s;/L OG6/g6] rnfpg] eGg]af/d] f cWoog ub5{ f}F . -s_ Google Chrome vfN] g,] To;kl5 Address Bar df cfkmn\" fO{ rflxPsf] Web-address 6fOk ug]{ / \"Enter Key lyRg] -v_ Web-address yfxf gePdf vf]hL ugs{ f nflu Key-word 6fOk ug]{ / …Enter KeyÚ lyRg], To;kl5 bl] vPsf glthfx¿dWo] cfkmn\" ] rfx]sf] gfddf lSns ug{] -u_ ca xfdLn] rfx]sf] Website v'N5 . To;kl5 cfkm\"nfO{ rflxPsf] ;\"rgf lng ;lsG5 . o;} u/L Facebook, Yahoo, Gmail h:tf website df hf]l8P/ cfjZos sfo{ ug{] . @= Od]nsf] ko| f]u ljBt' Lo xn' fs (Electronic Mail) sf] 5f6] s/L ¿k Od]n xf] . o;n] k/Dk/fut xn' fsaf6 xg' ] kqfrf/sf] ;6\\6f OG6/g]6dfkm{t kqfrf/ ug{] sfo{ u5{ . Od]naf6 kqfrf/ ug{ Od]n PsfpG6 vfl] nPsf] xg' k' 5{ . ofx' (Yahoo), lhdn] (G-mail), x6dn] (HotMail) cflb h:tf Od]n 16 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

;j] f k|bfos (e-mail Service Provider) dWo] s'g} Psdf PsfpG6 vf]Ng ;lsG5 . Odn] sf lgDglnlvt kmfObfx¿ xG' 5g\\ M kmfObfx¿ != lgMzN' s kqfrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 @= Ps} k6s w]/} hgfnfO{ kqfrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 #= l56f,] ;lhnf] / ljZj;gLo ¿kdf kqfrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 $= Ps} k6s w]/c} f6] f 8sd' ]G6, kmf6] f] cflbnfO{ k7fpg ;lsG5 %= kqfrf/ ul/Psf 8sd' G] 6x¿ ;'/lIft e08f/ ug{ ;lsG5 ^= lrq, kmf6] f,] lel8of] jf cGo cf/sfOe ul/Psf 8sd' ]G6 ;'/lIft ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfF lbOPsf lgb]z{ g kfngf ub{} lhd]n (Gmail) df vftf vfN] g] tl/sf cEof; u/fF} . lhdn] (Gmail) vftf vfN] g] tl/sf != s'g} klg af| ph/ vfn] ]/ Address Bar df www.gmail.com 6fOk ug,{] Window bl] vG5 . @= 'Create account' df lSns ug{], csf]{ Window vN' 5 . #= cfkm\\gf] gfd eg,]{ Username df cfkm\\gf] gfd;uF ldNbf] gfd eg{] . ha;Dd available b]vfpFbg} ta;Dd gfdsf] k5fl8 ;ªV\\ of kl/jt{g ub{} hfg] $= kf;j8{df ;fdfGotof * cIf/ (charecter) /fVgk' b{5 . kf;j8{ agfpg ;se/ Capital letter, Small letter, ;ªV\\ of / ;ª\\st] ko| fu] ug{], h:t} M Banepa_2007 . kf;j8{ ;lhn} cgd' fg ug{ ;lsg] /fVbf xo\\ fs x'g] ;Defjgf x'g] ePsfn] s;n} ] cgd' fg ug{ g;lsg] kf;j8{ /fVg'k5{ . %= To;kl5 'Next' df lSns ug{] ^= csf{] Window df cfkm\\gf] kmf]g g= 6fOk ug{] / kml] / 'Next' df click ug{] . df]afOn kmf]gdf ^ cª\\ssf] sf8] g= ePsf] ;Gb]z cfp5F . &= kmf]gsf] Dof;]hdf cfPsf] kd| f0fLs/0f ;ªs\\ ]t -Verification Code) g= sDKo'6/df 6fOk ug]{ / Verify df lSns ug]{ *= ca csf{] Window vN' 5 . To;df cfjZos ljj/0f eg{] / Next df lSns ug]{ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 17

(= Google Privacy and Terms vN' 5 . I agree df lSns ug]{ !)= ca lhd]n vftf tof/ eof] . tkfOsF{ f] Inbox df Welcome Message cfp5F . lhdn] (Gmail) vftfdf ;fOg Og ug]{ tl/sf != sg' } klg a|fph/ vfn] /] Address Bar df www.gmail.com 6fOk ug]{ @= o:tf] Window b]lvG5 . To;df cfkm\\gf] k/\" f email address 6fOk ug]{, h:t} M [email protected] #= ca 'Next' df lSns ug{], csf]{ Window vN' 5 . $= To;df kf;j8{ 6fOk ug{] / Next df lSns ug{] %= lhdn] vftfdf ;fOg Og eof] . lhdn] (Gmail) vftfdf Od]n x]g{] tl/sf != sg' } klg af| ph/df Gmail df ;fOg Og ug,{] o;f] ubf{ Window df Inbox bl] vG5 . gofF Od]nx¿ afN] 8 sn/df x'G5g\\ . @= cfkm\"n] x]g{k' g{] Od]ndf lSns ug{] . glrg]sf] jf zªs\\ f:kb Od]ndf efO/; xg' ] ;Defjgf xg' ] ePsfn] gvfn] Lsg} Delete ug'{ pkoS' t xG' 5 . #= Odn] df Scroll ub}{ tn uPkl5 Reply / Forward a6gx¿ b]lvG5g\\ . Odn] sf] hjfkm lbg Reply a6g lSns ug'k{ 5{ / cfjZostfcg;' f/ ;Gbz] 6fOk u/L kmfOn Attach u//] Send ug'k{ 5{ . $= cfkm\"nfO{ k|fKt ePsf] Od]n c¿ s;}nfO{ k7fpgk' g]{ ePdf Forward a6g lSns ug{'k5{ . s;nfO{ k7fpg] xf] ;fs] f] Odn] 7u] fgf 6fOk u/L / Send ug{'k5{ . %= Od]n vfn] /] x/] ]kl5 kl5 cfjZos gkg]{ Od]n eP Delete ug'{k5{ . o;/L ul/Psf Odn] x¿ Trash df /xG5g\\ . ^= Social / Promotion df w]/} Od]nx¿ cfpg ;S5g\\ . a]nf an] fdf x]/]/ Delete ug]{ ug'k{ 5{ . lhdn] (Gmail) vftfaf6 Odn] k7fpg] tl/sf != s'g} klg a|fph/df Gmail df ;fOg Og ug{] . o:tf] Window b]lvG5 . Kn; lrx\\g jf Compose df lSns ug{] @= To;kl5 csf{] Window v'N5 . ;ae} Gbf dflysf] afs;df kfpg] JolSt jf ;:+ yfsf] Odn] 7u] fgf 6fOk ug]{ 18 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

#= bf;] f| ] afs;df Od]nsf] ljifo 6fOk ug]{ $= To; tnsf] vfnL 7fpdF f cfkm\\gf] ;Gbz] 6fOk ug]{ -cfjZostfcg;' f/sf ;fdfGo lr7Ls} 9frF fdf 6fOk ug{ ;lsG5 ._ %= s'g} 8s'd]G6 Attach ugk{' g{] ePdf tn 'Send' a6gsf] bfofkF 6\\l6 lSnk lrxg\\ df lSns ug]{ . gofF Window df cfkmg\\ f] kmfOn Attach ug]{ . ^= of] Od]n Draft df ;]e eO;ss] f] x'G5 . tTsfn k7fpg' gkg]{ eP k7fpg] ;dodf Draft df uP/ vf]Ng] / Send ug{] &= cGTodf 'Send' a6gdf lSns ug'k{ 5{ . Sent ePsf] ;Gbz] bv] fp5F . sg' } sf/0fn] Odn] 8l] ne/L x'g g;s]df Inbox df Odn] cfp5F . k|foM kfpg]sf] Odn] 7]ufgf gldn]df 8]lne/L gePsf] ;Gbz] cfp5F . *= gmail afx]s hot mail, yahoo df klg Od]n vftf vf]Ng ;lsG5 . #= ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ;/' lIft ko| fu] OG6/g6] sf] ljsf;;uF } o;df OR5's JolStx¿ hf]l8g ldNg] ljleGg ;d\"xx¿ ;~rfng ug{] jm| d ;?' eof] . o;/L aGg] ;dx\" x¿n] la:tf/} ljZjJofkL ¿k lng yfn] . xfn o:tf ;dx\" x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs ;~hfn eGg] ul/G5 . logLx¿dWo] g]kfndf km];as' (Facebook), 6l\\ j6/ (Twitter), OG:6«fu|fd (Instragram_, o'6a' (Youtube) / l6s6s (TikTok) cflb k|rlnt 5g\\ . w]/} o:tf ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿n] Ps ks| f/sf] ;~rf/ ;fd|fHo g} v8f u/]sf 5g\\ . o:tf ;~hfnx¿n] JolStut ;\"rgf kj| fxbl] v ;fdflhs bafa lbg;d]t ;xh agfPsf 5g\\ . ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf kmfObfx¿ != lgMzN' s ¿kdf JolStut / ;fd\"lxs s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsG5 @= ljZjJofkL kxr'F ePsfn] ljZje/ ;~rf/ ;DaGw /fVg ;lsG5 #= tTsfn lgMz'Ns ¿kdf ;dfrf/ / ;r\" gf ;Dk|]/0f ug{ ;lsG5 $= Jofkf/sf nflu ahf/ kj| w{gdf 7n' f] ;xof]u xG' 5 %= ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;rt] gf u/fpg ;xh x'G5 ^= ljrf/ cfbfgkb| fg / ;xsfo{ ug{ ;xh xG' 5 &= ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts bafa lbg ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf ak] mfObf tyf rg' ft} Lx¿ != ;ffdflhs ;~hfnsf] sn' t nfUg ;S5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 19

@= dfgl;s /fu] nfUg ;S5 #= wfs] a] fh / ck/fwL k|s[ltsf dflg;nfO{ ;xh xG' 5 $= unt ;\"rgf kj| fx eO{ JolStsf] k|lti7fdf cfrF cfpg] tyf ;dfhdf cftª\\s kmn} g ;S5 %= 8/, qf; / wDsL lbP/ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s jf cGo zfi] f0f x'g ;S5 ^= ufK] o ;r\" gf xo\\ flsª x'g ;S5 &= JolStsf] cfgLafgL kQf nufO{ unt kmfObf p7fpg ;S5 . ljm| ofsnfk != ;a}n] cfcfk\\mgf] Odn] vftf vf]Ng'xf;] \\ / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf kmfObf / a]kmfObf pNnv] ub}{ ;fyLnfO{ Odn] k7fpgx' f;] \\ . @= ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ;/' lIft ko| fu] ;DaGwdf Pp6f cGt/ljm| of sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug'x{ f];\\ . cEof; -v_ af| ph/ eg]sf] s] xf,] pbfx/0f lbP/ k|:6 kfgx'{ f];\\ . -u_ Odn] egs] f] s] xf] < -3_ Odn] df kmfOn Attach ug{] tl/sf n]Vg'xf;] \\ . 20 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

#kf7 M cgnfOg e'StfgL -Online payment_ cgnfOg e'StfgL (Online Payment) eGgfn] OG6/g]6 / ljB'tLo pks/0f ko| fu] u/L cfkm\\gf] aª} s\\ vftfaf6 c¿ s;}sf] aª} s\\ vftfdf /sdfGt/ ug{] kl| jm| of a'lemG5 . o;af6 aª} \\sdf guO{ h'g;'s} 7fpaF f6 ;fdfg jf ;]jfsf] lan ltg{] tyf dfa] fOn, OG6/g6] , vfg]kfgL, ljBt' \\sf] dx;'n ltg{] h:tf sfox{ ¿ ug{ ;lsG5 . 8l] a6÷j|ml] 86 sf8s{ f] dfWoodaf6 cgnfOg kd] G] 6 ;]jf lng ;lsG5 . To:t} OG6/g]6 aª} \\lsªdfkmt{ klg o:tf] ;j] f lng ;lsG5 . aª} s\\ dfkmt{ OG6/g6] a}ª\\lsª ;]jf lngsf nflu a}ª\\sdf uP/ cfjb] g lbgk' b5{ . cGo Pkx¿af6 cgnfOg e'StfgL ;]jf lngsf nflu To:tf] Pk 8fpgnf]8 u/L PlS6e]6 ug{k' b{5 . cgnfOg eS' tfgLsf kmfObfx¿ != JolStn] cfkmF} k]dG] 6 ug{] ePsfn] hgzlStdf nfUg] vr{ s6ft} L xG' 5 @= ljleGg lan ltg{ ;do vr{ ug{' / nfOgdf a:g' kb}{g #= cgnfOgaf6 ;fdfg / ;j] f lsGg tyf a]Rg ;xh x'G5 $= l56f,] 5l/tf] / ljZj;gLo ¿kdf /sdfGt/ ug{ ;lsG5 %= gub afS] g' jf 3/df /fVg'gkg{] ePsfn] rf]/Lsf] 8/ x'bF g} ^= gub/lxt sf/f]af/ xg' ] ePsfn] bz] sf] gf]6sf] cfo' a9\\g uO{ art x'G5 . &= sf/fa] f/sf] /s] 8{ :jtM /xg] ePsfn] JolSt, ;:+ yf / ;/sf/nfO{ lx;fa /fVg ;lhnf] xG' 5 cgnfOg eS' tfgLsf a]kmfObf tyf rg' f}tLx¿ != cgnfOg ;j] fafkt z'Ns ltgk'{ 5{ @= ckmnfOg sf/f]af/df sfd nfUb}g #= ;fOa/ ck/fwLx¿n] xo\\ fs u//] /sd b?' kofu] ug{ ;S5g\\ $= slxns] fxLF OG6/g6] jf ;e/{ 8fpg eP/ sf/fa] f/ ug{ ;lsFb}g %= l8lh6n ;fIf/tf gePsf JolStx¿n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}gg\\ ^= g]kfnsf] ;a} 7fpFdf o;sf] kxFr' gk'u]sfn] k|of]u ug{ ;lsFb}g . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 21

;/' lIft cgnfOg e'StfgLsf nflu Wofg lbgk' g]{ s/' fx¿ != sg' } klg ;fdfg jf ;j] f cgnfOg vl/b ugc'{ l3 OG6/g6] df ;r{ u//] To:tf j:t' jf ;j] faf/] hfgsf/L lngk' 5{ . @= s'g} klg ;fdfg jf ;j] f cgnfOg vl/b ubf{ ljZj;gLo sDkgLaf6 dfq vl/b ug{k' 5{ . #= sf/fa] f/ ubf{ ljj/0fx¿, kf;j8{ / /sd cfkmF} 6fOk ugk'{ 5{ . $= cfkmg\\ } sDKo'6/ jf :df6k{ mf]gaf6 dfq sf/f]af/ ug'{k5{ . c¿sfa] f6 sf/fa] f/ ubf{ ljj/0f /s] 8{ eO{ b?' kofu] x'g ;S5 . %= cgnfOg e'StfgLsf nflu 5'6\\6} Odn] vftf k|of]u ubf{ a9L ;'/lIft x'G5 . ^= cfkmg\\ f] kf;j8{ clt uf]Ko /fVg'k5{ . w/] }cf6] f kf;j8x{ ¿ n]v/] /fVg'eGbf kf;j8{ Dofgh] / ko| f]u ubf{ a9L ;'/lIft xG' 5 . &= ;fjh{ lgs Wi-Fi ko| fu] ubf{ ljj/0fx¿ ;o] / xg' ] ePsfn] To:tf] Wi-Fi ko| fu] ug{' xbF' g} . *= ljZj;gLo Pk dfq k|ofu] ugk'{ 5{ l8lh6n PlKns;] g -Digital Application_ sf] pkofl] utf ljZjdf sDKo6' / / OG6/g]6sf] ljsf;;Fu} 3/, sfofn{ o, c:ktfn, oftfoft cflbdf klg l8lh6n PlKns];gsf] k|of]u al9/x]sf] 5 . sDKo6' /, :df6{ 6l] nlehg, jfOkmfO{ /fp6/, dfOjm| fc] f]eg, n'uf w'g] dl] ;g, l8lh6n ss' / cflb sDKo6' / k|fu] |fddf cfwfl/t PlKns];gx¿ 3/fo;L k|of]udf cfO/x]sf 5g\\ . To:t} l8lh6n tfNrfx¿ (Locks), cgx' f/ tyf cfjfh lrGg ;Sg] PlKns];gx¿sf] ko| fu] klg gk] fndf ;'? eO;ss] f] 5 . l8lh6n xflh/L, sf8{af6 tfNrf vfN] g], sf8{af6} ef8f tyf lan ltg]{ h:tf sfox{ ¿ sfofn{ o, c:ktfn, oftfoft, aª} \\s cflbdf ko| f]u eO/xs] f 5g\\ . o:tf PlKns];gx¿ ko| f]u ug{ w]/} ufxf| ] t 5g} t/ sx] L s/' fx¿df Wofg lbg cfjZos 5 . l8lh6n PlKns;] gsf] ko| fu] u/L ;j] f ln“bf Wofg lbgk' g]{ s'/fx¿ != 3/df s'g} gofF l8lh6n pks/0f (Appliance) NofPkl5 To;sf] ko| fu] lgbl{] zsf (User Mannual) /fd/| L k9/] dfq To;nfO{ ljB't\\ nfOgdf hf]8\\g] @= 3/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ gofF pks/0f (Appliance) sf] ko| f]uaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] #= tfk jf cfuf] lgsfNg] pks/0f (Appliance) ;fgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ rnfpg glbg] $= ;fgf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ l8lh6n nt nfUg] u/L o:tf pks/0fx¿ rnfpg glbg] 22 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

%= sfof{no, oftfoft, a}ªs\\ , c:ktfn cflbdf /xs] f] l8lh6n pks/0f (Appliance) x¿ cfkm\"n] rnfpgk} g]{ eP dfq rnfpg] ^= o;/L rnfpg'kbf{ ToxfF lbOPsf lgbz]{ g k9/] jf To:tf] Joj:yf gePdf ToxfFsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;fw] /] dfq rnfpg] lj|mofsnfk != cgnfOg kd] ]G6af6 x'g] kmfObf / ak] mfObfx¿ ;d]6]/ Ps ;+jfb tof/ ug'[{xf;] \\ . @= /fhgn] l8lh6n PlKns];gsf] k|ofu] u/L cfkmg\\ f] ljBfnosf] dfl;s z'Ns lgDg lnlvt k|ljm| ofx¿ cjnDag u/L ltg{] u/]sf] k|;ª\\u tn k:| t't u/s] f 5g\\ . tkfO{F klg /fhgn] h:t} sg' } cgnfOg PlKns;] gaf6 dfl;s k9fO zN' s jf lahn' Lsf] z'Ns jf vfg]kfgLsf] zN' s jf cGo sg' } zN' s ltgn{ fO{ lgDglnlvt kl| j|mof cjNfDag ugx{' f];\\ M != d}n] ;?' df dfa] fOnsf] Kn] :6f]/df uO{ cfˆgf] vftf ePsf] s'g} a}ªs\\ sf] df]afOn Pk 8fpg nf8] u/F] . @= Pk 8fpnf8] ePkl5 PlS6e]6 ;le{;df lSns u/]F . #= PlS6e]6 ;le;{ df cfˆgf] dfa] fOn / vftf gDa/ /fvL +Next u/]F . $= To;kl5 cfˆgf] df]afOndf OTP (One Time Password) sf] kt| LIff u/F] . %= OTP k|fKt u/k] l5 cfˆgf] vftf valid did u/F] . ^= To;kl5 nu Og kf;j8{ ;]6ck u/]F . &= To;kl5 6f« GhS] ;g lkg ;6] ck u/L lkmlg; u/F] . *= To;kl5 a}ª\\ssf] online Service df nu Og ePF . (= ca dfa] fOn Pksf] ko| f]u u/L lbOPsf] lgb{z] gcg';f/ ljBfnosf ljleGg lanx¿sf] e'StfgL u/F] . cEof; != cgnfOg eS' tfgLsf kmfObfx¿ pNn]v ugx'{ f];\\ . @= cgnfOg eS' tfgLsf r'gft} Lx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfg{x' f;] \\ . #= …l8lh6n PlKns;] gsf] ko| f]un] ;do / >dsf] art xG' 5Ú, o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !! 23

$ k f7 M OG6/g6] af6 ;\"rgf tyf cWoog ;fduL| sf] vfh] L / ko| fu] != ;r{ OlGhgx¿ jN8{jfO8 j]a (Worldwide Web) nfO{ 5f6] s/Ldf j]a (Web) dfq klg elgG5 . of] ;\"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx¿sf] e08f/ xf] . o:tf] e08f/af6 ;r\" gf k|flKt ;lhnf] agfpgsf nflu ljleGg ;r{ OlGhgx¿ (Search Engines) sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . Google, Yahoo, Ask.com, msn, bing, About cflb kr| lnt ;r{ OlGhgx¿ (Search Engines) xg' \\ . g]kfndf uu' n ;r{ OlGhg ;ae} Gbf a9L k|rlnt 5 . ;r{ OlGhgx¿dfkm{t OG6/g]6df /flvPsf ljleGg ;\"rgfnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf vfh] L ug{ ;lsG5 . j]a;fO6sf] ;r{ ug]{ aS;df vf]hL ug]{ ljifo 6fOk u/]df To;sf af/d] f ljleGg ;\"rgf k|fKt x'G5 . OG6/g6] vf]h ug]{ / k9\\g] ljBfyL{sf nflu cToGt} pkof]uL x'G5 . ;r{ OlGhg -Search Engine_ k|of]u ug{] tl/sf -s_ rflxPsf] ;\"rgf;Fu ;DalGwt dn\" zAb (Keyword) klxrfg ug]{ -v_ pSt dn\" zAb (Keyword) nfO{ ;r{ aS; (Searchbox) df 6fOk ug{] / 'Enter key lyRg] -u_ ;r{ OlGhgx¿ (Search Engines) df plrt Tab k|ofu] ug{,] h:t} M kmf6] f] vf]hL ug{ 'Images' Tab, lel8of] vfH] g 'Videos Tab' -3_ cfPsf] glthfdf :j|mf]n (Scroll) u//] x]g]{ -ª_ ;r\" gf e/kbf]{ xf] ls xfO] g dN\" ofªs\\ g ug]{ -r_ cfkmn\" fO{ rflxPsf] ;\"rgfdf lSns ug]{ -r_ Truncation sf] k|of]u ug]{ -h:tM} quali* k|ofu] ubf{ qualify, qualification, qualified cflb ;a} zAbx¿ vfh] L xG' 5g\\ ._ -5_ sg' } zAbnfO{ vf]hLaf6 x6fpg lrx\\g ko| fu] ug]{ -h_ lglZrt zAbfjnL rflxPdf p4/0f lrxg\\ æ Æ ko| f]u ug{] 24 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

-em_ cfkmn\" fO{ rflxPsf] ;r\" gf gb]lvPdf d\"n zAb (Keyword) x¿ kl/jtg{ u/]/ x]g]{ -`_ dn\" zAb (Keyword_ sf kof{ojfrL zAbx¿ jf To;;Fu ;DalGwt zAbx¿ /fv/] xg] ]{ -6_ cfjZos eP cGo ;r{ OlGhgx¿ ko| fu] ug{] OG6/g6] df ePsf ;r\" gf dN\" ofª\\sgsf cfwf/x¿ -s_ URL sf cfwf/df M .com eGbf .gov, .edu, .org cflb a9L ljZj;gLo dflgG5g\\ . -v_ nv] ssf cfwf/df M kl/lrt, ofU] o / jf:tljs gfd ePdf a9L ljZj;gLo x'G5 . -u_ Website sf] p2]Zosf cfwf/df M Jofkfl/s Website eGbf u}/gfkmfdn\" s Website a9L ljZj;gLo xG' 5g\\ . -3_ Citation sf cfwf/df M c¿n] a9L citation u/s] f] n]v a9L ljZj;gLo xG' 5 . -ª_ ;dosf cfwf/df M k/' fgfeGbf gofF n]v, k:' ts cflb a9L ljZj;gLo xG' 5g\\ . ljm| ofsnfk -s_ ;r{ OlGhgsf kmfObfx¿ pNn]v u/L Pp6f kf]:6/ tof/ ugx'{ f;] \\ . -v_ ;r{ OlGhg k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g{] s'/fx¿ ;d]6L Pp6f ;+jfb tof/ ug{[x' f];\\ . -Uf_ OG6/g6] df s'g} Ps ;r{ OlGhgsf] ko| f]u u/L tkfO{“nfO{ cfjZos kg{] sg' } Ps ;fdu|L vfh] L ug{x' f;] \\ / To; ;fduL| nfO{ sg' k|of]hgdf s;/L ko| f]u uge{' of], sIffdf ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn;d]t ugx'{ f];\\ . cEof; -s_ ;r{ OlGhg eg]sf] s] xf,] o;sf] dxŒj pNn]v ugx'{ f;] \\ . -v_ sg' } bO' { ;r{ OlGhgx¿sf] gfd nv] L logsf ljzi] ftf;d]t nV] g'xf;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !! 25

% kf7 M OG6/g]6 / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] pQ/bfoL ko| fu] OG6/g]6 / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ;b'kofu] / b'?kofu] bj' } x'g ;S5g\\ . logLx¿sf] b'?kofu] n] ;dfhdf JolStsf] dofb{ fdf cfrF cfpg'sf ;fy} slxns] fxLF uDeL/ cfk/flws 36gfx¿;dt] 36\\g ;S5g\\ . o;af6 JolStut, :yfgLo, ;+:yfut, /fli6o« :t/ jf cGt/fl{ i6«o :t/sf eoª\\s/ b'36{ gf klg x'g ;S5g\\ . s'g} sDKo'6/ ko| f]u u/]/ jf sDKo6' /nfO{ nlIft u//] ul/g] s'g} klg ks| f/sf u}/sfgg' L, cg}lts jf c;fdflhs sfo{nfO{ ;fOa/ ck/fw elgG5 . ufK] o ;\"rgf rf]/L ug'{, OG6/g6] 7uL ug,'{ x\\oflsª ug{', sDKo6' / efO/;sf] cfjm| d0f, 8/–qf; lbg] cflb sfo{ ;fOa/ ck/fw xg' \\ . To;sf/0f xfdLn] o:tf ck/fwaf6 cfkm\" klg aRgk' b5{ / c¿nfO{ klg arfpgk' b5{ . OG6/g]6 / ;fdflhs ;~hfndf ul/g] c;n Jojxf/nfO{ ;fOa/ g} ltstf jf -Cyber Ethics_ elgG5 . != ;fOa/ g}ltstf ;fOa/ gl} tstf eGgfn] sDKo'6/ / OG6/g6] sf] ko| fu] ubf{ o;;DaGwL gLlt lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug{] eGg] al' emG5 . xfdLn] s;n} fO{ wf]sf xg' ], gf]S;fg kg]{ jf kl| ti7fdf cfFr cfpg] sfd ug'x{ bF' } g . sDKo'6/ / OG6/g6] sf] k|of]u ubf{ k|ofu] stf{, kf| u] f| d/, ck/6] / jf cGo hf;] 's}n] sDKo6' / g} ltstfsf] kfngf ug{k' b{5 . sDKo6' /, :df6{kmfg] , 6\\ofan6] cflbsf] k|ofu] u/L ;r\" gf, ;km6\\ jo] /, jf sg' } klg JolStut jf ;fd\"lxs /]s8{x¿ rf]/L ug'{, laufl/lbg' jf sDKo'6/ efO/;sf] ko| f]u ug{'xbF' g} . of] Ps cGt/f{li6«o lgod g} xf] . ;fOa/ g}ltstfcg';f/ ug{' gx'g] sfo{x¿ -s_ c¿sf kmfOn jf /s] 8{x¿ vfH] g', xg] {', laufg,'{ x6fpg,' skL ug{,' ko| f]u ug'{ -v_ c¿sf] sDKo'6/ kf;j8{ rfg] '{ / k|of]u ug'{ -u_ u|fxsx¿sf] JolStut aª} s\\ vftf x]g,{' rfg] ,{' laufg,'{ l8lh6n ;xL rf]g'{ / ko| f]u ug{' -3_ efO/; agfP/ ko| f]u ug'{ -ª_ sDKo6' /sf] ufk] gLotf eª\\u ug{' -r_ em'6f Joxf/] fsf ;r\" gf lbg' -5_ ljB'tLo :j¿kdf u/} sfg'gL s/' f ks| fzg ug'{ 26 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

-h_ s'g} klg If]q jf ;ª\\3;:+ yfdf /xs] f JolStut jf ;fd\"lxs /]s8x{ ¿ lagf cg'dlt x]g'{, ;Rofpg,' rf]g'{ / laufg'{ -em_ ljBfno jf SofDk;sf ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] /]s8{ jf dfs{ nh] / rf]g,{' x6fpg', ;Rofpg' jf sg' } lsl;dn] gfS] ;fgL k'¥ofpg' cflb . o:tf ljm| ofsnfkx¿nfO{ lg?T;flxt kfg{ tyf ck/fwLx¿nfO{ sf/afxL u/L ;hfo lbg g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljB'tLo -On]S6f« ]lgs_ sf/f]af/ P]g, @)^# (Electronic Transaction Act, ETA) agfO{ nfu' u/]sf] 5 . pSt sfg'gn] lgifw] u/s] f sx] L kIfx¿ / To;afktsf ;hfo af/d] f oxfF k|:tt' ul/Psf] 5 M ljB'tLo -On]S6f« ]lgs_ sf/f]af/ Pg] , @)^# cg';f/ ug{ gxg' ] sx] L sfd / ;hfo lgif]w ul/Psf] sfo{ ;hfo sDKo6' / ;|ft] sf] ;ªs\\ ]t -;f];{ sf8] _ rf/] L u/d] f, gi6 tLg jif{;Dd s}b jf bO' { nfv ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf u/d] f, kl/jtg{ u/]df jf To:tf] sfd ug{ nufPdf jf b'j} ;hfo lagfclVtof/L s'g} sfo{jm| d, ;r\" gf jf tYofªsdf kxFr' b'O{ nfv ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf tLg jif{;Dd kf| Kt ug]{ p2]Zon] s'g} sfo{ u/]df sb} jf b'j} ;hfo sDKo'6/ ;Dkbfdf /x]sf s'g} ;\"rgfnfO{ s'g} klg b'O{ nfv ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf tLg jif{;Dd Joxf/] faf6 gi6 u/]df, Iflt k'¥ofPdf, d6] fPdf, x]/km]/ sb} jf bj' } ;hfo u/]df, sfd gnfUg] agfPdf jf To:tf ;r\" gfsf] dN\" o / k|ofu] sf] dxŒjnfO{ x|f; u/fPdf jf xflgsf/s k|efj kf/d] f jf s;}nfO{ To:tf] sfd ug{ nufPdf sDKo6' /, OG6/g6] nufotsf ljBt' Lo ;~rf/ dfWodx¿df Ps nfv ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf kfFr jif{;Dd u}/sfgg' L ;fdu|Lx¿ jf ;fj{hlgs gl} tstf, lzi6frf/ s}b jf bj' } ;hfo lj?4sf ;fduL| jf s;}k|lt 30[ ff jf åi] f kmn} fpg] jf bf]xf¥] ofPdf !=% u'0ffn] a9\\b} hfg] ljleGg hfthflt / ;Dkb| folarsf] ;'dw/' ;DaGwnfO{ vnn kfg{] lsl;dsf ;fdu|Lx¿ ks| fzg jf kb| z{g ug{], dlxnfnfO{ lh:Sofpg], x/} fgL ug,{] ckdfg ug{] jf o:t} cGo s'g} lsl;dsf cdofl{ bt sfo{ ug]{ jf ug{ nufpg] cflwsfl/s ¿kdf kx'Fr k|fKt u/]sf sg' } JolStn] s'g} Ps nfv ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'O{ jif{;Dd cglws[t JolStnfO{ ljBt' Lo clen]v, lstfa, /lh:6/, s}b jf bj' } ;hfo kq Jojxf/, ;r\" gf, sfuhft jf ;fdu|Lsf] ufk] gLotf eªu\\ u/]df jf eªu\\ ug{ nufPdf s'g} ljBt' Lo ;\"rgf hfgL hfgL ns' fPdf jf 9f6F ]df jf Ps nfv ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'O{ jif{;Dd hfgfhfgL em'6\\6f Joxf/] f k]; jf bflvnf u/d] f sb} jf b'j} ;hfo em'66\\ f Ohfhtkq jf k|df0fkq k;] u/d] f jf bv] fPdf Ps nfv ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf bj' } ;hfo ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 27

lgifw] ul/Psf] sfo{ ;hfo tf]lsPsf ljj/0f jf sfuhft bflvnf gu/]df jf ;'/lIft krf; xhf/ ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf /fVg'kg{] ljj/0f jf sfuhft ;'/lIft g/fv]df gSsnL l8lh6n x:tfIf/ k|df0fkq l;h{gf u/]df, lauf] sfod u/L ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ s;/' ug]{af6 k|sfzg u/]df jf cGo Joxf]/fn] pknAw u/fPdf jf e/kfO{ To:tf s;'/bf/nfO{ Ps nfv ?lkofF;Dd sg' } lansf] e'StfgL /sd, s;}sf] vftfsf] afsF L /sd, hl/jfgf jf bO' { jif{;Dd s}b jf bj' } ;hfo jf P=6L=Pd=sf8{df ldnfd] tf] u/L jf cGo s'g} tl/sfn] hfn;fhL u/L nfe p7fPdf sDKo6' /;DaGwL] s'g} s;/' ug{ s;n} fO{ b'?T;fxg krf; xhf/ ?lkofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf 5 dlxgf;Dd u/d] f jf To:tf] s;/' ug{ pBf]u u/]df jf if8\\oGqdf sb} jf bj' } ;hfo ;fd]n ePdf sDKo6' /;DaGwL] s;/' ug{ ;3fPdf jf cGo sg' } dV' o s;/' bf/nfO{ ePsf] ;hfosf] cfwf ;hfo Joxf]/fn] dltof/ eO{ sfo{ u/d] f gk] fn /fHoaflx/ sDKo6' /;DaGwL] s;/' u/d] f To:tf] gk] fndf eP;/x ;hfo s;/' ul/Psf] sDKo'6/, sDKo'6/ k|0ffnL jf sDKo'6/ g]6js{ k|0ffnL gk] fndf cjl:yt ePdf sDKo6' /;DaGwL s;'/ 7xg{] s'g} s;'/ ug{ k|of]u hkmt xg' ] ul/Psf sg' } klg sDKo6' /, sDKo'6/ k0| ffnL, ˆnkL, sDKofS6 l8S;, 6]k 8«fOe, ;ˆ6j]o/ jf cGo ;xfos pks/0fx¿ ;ª\\ul7t ;:+ yfsf gfddf sDKo'6/;DaGwL] s;'/ u/]df ;+:yfsf] ;~rfngsf nflu kd| 'v ¿kdf lhDdj] f/ JolStnfO{ ;hfo x'g] kLl8t JolStsf xsdf s;'/bf/af6 dgfl;a Ifltkl\" t{ e/fO{ lbg ;Sg] ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf ;'/lIft k|of]u ug{] pkfox¿ cfhsf] ljZj ;r\" gf k|ljlwsf] ou' df ePsfn] ;fdflhs ;~hfn ko| fu] gug]{ eGg] s'/f ;Dej t xfn] f t/ Jofjxfl/s xFb' g} . To;}n] xfdLn] ;fdflhs ;~hfn ko| fu] ubf{ lgDg lnlvt ;fjwfgLx¿ ckgfpgk' b{5 M != cfkm\\gf] ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] kf| Oe];L ;]l6ª (Privacy settings) ldnfpg] @= sg' } :6f6; jf sd]G6 kf]:6 ug{' klxn] o;n] kl5 s'g} c;/ kfnf{ ls eGga] f/]df /fd|/L ;f]rljrf/ ug{] . #= ;~hfndf /fd|f] k|lti7f kf| Kt ug{ k|oTg ug,{] g/fdf| ] efiff jf ljifoj:t'n] cfkm}FnfO{ xfgL k¥' ofpg] ePsfn] o:tf sfod{ f ;rt] /xg] $= cfkm\\gf] uf]Ko s/' f uf]Ko g} /fVg], ;~hfndf kf:] 6 gug]{ 28 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

%= cfkmg\\ f] sDKo6' /nfO{ PlG6efO/;, OG6/g]6 ;'/Iff cflb Install u/L ;'lIft /fVg] ^= s;}n] tkfOnF{ fO{ s'g} g/fd|f] Jojxf/ u/d] f tTsfn cfkmg\\ f] cleefjs, lzIfs jf kx| /Lsf] ;xof]u lng] &= alnof] kf;j8{ k|ofu] ug]{ / a]nf a]nfdf kl/jt{g ul//xg,] Capital letter, Small letter, ;ªs\\ ]t / ;ª\\Vof ld;fP/ kf;j8{ /fVg] *= s'g} zª\\sf:kb ;Gb]z jf Od]n cfPdf To;nfO{ gvfN] g] lj|mofsnfk -s_ cfkmg\\ f] j/k/ ;fdflhs ;~hfn k|ofu] af6 ePsf cfk/flws lj|mofsnfk ;d]6/ ljbz] a:g] bfO jf lbbLnfO{ Pp6f lr7L n]Vgx' f;] \\ . -v_ ;fOa/ gl} tstf ljifodf bO' { ;fyLx¿lar ePsf] ;+jfbsf] gd'gf tof/ ugx{' f];\\ . -u_ ljB'tLo -On]S6«fl] gs_ sf/f]af/ P]g, @)^# cg';f/ dV' o d'Vo ;fOa/ ck/fwsf] ;r\" L tof/ ugx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; -s_ ;fOa/ g}ltstf egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ ;fOa/ gl} tstfcg;' f/ ug{ gxg' ] sfox{ ¿ pNn]v ug{x' f];\\ . -u_ ;fOa/ ck/fwaf6 aRg tkfO“{ s] s] s/' fdf ;r]t xg' x' 'G5, ;rt] tfsf pkfox¿ ab'“ fut ¿kdf pNnv] ug'{xf;] \\ . -3_ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf kmfObfx¿ pNn]v ugx{' f];\\ . k|of]ufTds cEof; lzIfssf] ;xof]udf cfkm\"n] cWoog ug{ rfxs] f] Ps ;d:of jf ljifo jf d2' f 5fGgx' f;] \\ . o;;uF ;DalGwt eP/ cWoogsf] ;d:of, cWoog ug{] tl/sf, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu tYofªs\\ / hfgsf/Lx¿ ;ª\\sng ug]{ tl/sf, ljlw / ;fwg tyf k|:t'tLs/0fsf kIfx¿ ;dfjz] u/L cWoog k|:tfjgf tof/ ug'x{ f];\\ . tof/ ePsf] k|:tfjgf lk|G6 u/]/ lzIfsnfO{ a'emfpg'xf];\\ . -o;sf nflu ;Dej eP;Dd ljBfno jf 3/df ePsf sDKo6' / ko| fu] ug'x{ f;] \\ ._ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !! 29

!kf7 M PsfO # hLjgf]kof]uL l;k lg0fo{ k|lj|mof != lg0f{osf] kl/ro xfdLn] sfd ugk'{ j\" { cfˆgf] pd/] , ofU] otf, cge' j / Ifdtfcg;' f/ sfdsf ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] ;fr] jf ljrf/ agfPsf xG' 5fF} . s] ug,{] lsg ug,{] s;/L ug,{] sxfF ug,{] slxn] ug{] eGg] kZ| gsf] ;dfwfg ub{} xfdL lgisifd{ f kU' 5fF} . slxns] fxLF xfdLnfO{ sg' } sfd ubf{ l7s gxg' ] nfu]df To:tf] sfd ul/Fbg} . o;/L sg' } sfd ugk'{ j\" { Tof] sfd ug{] jf gug{] egL ljrf/kj\" s{ ul/Psf] lgisif{ g} lg0fo{ xf] . hh{ cf/=6]/Ln] lg0fo{ ug{] sfon{ fO{ b'O{ jf ;fe] Gbf a9L ;DefJo ljsNkx¿af6 Pp6f ;a}eGbf /fdf| ] ljsNksf] 5gf]6 egL kl/eflift u/]sf 5Gf\\ . x/] f]N8 s'Gh / x]Gh j]l/rn] ljsNkx¿larsf] 5gf6] sfos{ f ;fy} ofh] gf th{'dfsf] hunfO{ lg0f{o eg]sf 5Gf\\ . o;y{ lg0fo{ ug{] egs] f] w/] } ;Defjgf jf ljsNkx¿af6 sg' } Pp6f pTsi[ 6 ljsNksf] rog ug{' g} xf] . lg0f{o lgdf{0f -Decision Making_ eg]sf] Pp6f lglZrt k|lj|mof k\"/f u/L lg0f{o ug]{ tl/sf xf] . ljleGg ljsNkx¿af6 pQd ljsNk 5gf]6 ug{] kl| jm| of g} lg0fo{ lgdf0{ f xf] . sg' } vf; p2Z] o kf| lKt jf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ljleGg ;Defjgf jf ljsNkx¿sf] klxrfg jf vfh] L u/L ;r\" L tof/ ug{,] To:tf x/]s ;Defjgf jf ljsNkx¿sf ;DaGwdf ;r\" gf ;ª\\sng ug{,] ltgLx¿sf] k|efj ljZn]if0f ug]{ / pkoS' t ljsNkx¿dWo]af6 tYo jf k|df0fsf cfwf/df pQd ljsNksf] 5gf]6 ug]{ sfo{ kb{5g\\ . o:tf] 5gf]6 sfo{ tL ljleGg pkfox¿sf] kmfObf jf a] kmfObfsf ;DaGwdf nv] fhf]vf u/L To:tf] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogaf6 eljiodf kg{ ;Sg] c;/ / k|efjnfO{ ;d]t ljZni] f0fsf cfwf/df ul/G5 . o; ;DaGwdf tnsf] pbfx/0f cWoog u/f“} M hful[ tn] sIff !! / !@ klg xfn cWoog ul//xs] f] hf]ugn] sIff !! / !@ ufFpdf gk9\\g] eP . ljBfnodf k9\\g] lgwf] ul/g\\ . ljBfno jftfj/0f 5f]/fsf] OR5fadf]lhd g} afafn] pgnfO{ ;x/sf] /fd|f] 5 . Jojl:yt k|of]uzfnf, k':tsfno, ljBfnodf egf{ ug]{ xg' e' of] . ;x/sf ljBfnodf rdg] f ux[ / zfr} fnonufot dfq xfO] g k9fO klg /fdf| ] ;'ljwf ;DkGg ef}lts jftfj/0f x'g], 3/fo;L 5 . oxfaF f6 ljBfno tx k/\" f u/d] f eljiosf nflu sfddf cndlng' gkg]{ ePsfn] /fd|f];Fu k9\\g kfOg] / kl5 5fqjl[ Q sf6] fdf PdlalaP; k9\\g] /fdf| ] cj;/ klg kfOG5 eGg] pgsf] ljZjf; 5 . pgsf] ofh] gf 5 . 30 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

tkfOFn{ ] s]xL ;docufl8 o:t} k|s[ltsf] lg0f{o ug'{eof] xfn] f . ;f] lg0f{o ugk'{ lxn] tkfOF{n] s;/L / s] s] ljsNkx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{eof] < s;/L lg0f{odf kU' ge' of] < tn lbOPsf] 9fFrf k|of]u u/L cEof; ug{'xf];\\ M ;d:of ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljZni] f0f lnOg] lg0f{o ljsNkx¿ :jLsf/ /c:jLsf/ -sf/0f;lxt_ P;=O=O{ ljsNk M ! cWoog gug]{ sf/0f kl5 sg' xfn cWoog ul//x]sf] != :jLsf/ /c:jLsf/ -sf/0f ;lxt_ ljBfnodf ljBfnodf g} cWoog @= :jLsf/ /c:jLsf/ -sf/0f ;lxt_ cWoog #= ug{] < cWoog ug{] sf/0f != @= #= ljsNk M @ cWoog gug{] sf/0f cfkm\\gf ldNg] ;fyLx¿ != cWoog ug{] ljBfnodf @= cWoog #= cWoog ug]{ sf/0f != @= #= ljsNk M # cWoog ug]{ sf/0f kf| ljlws lzIffnodf cWoog != @= #= cWoog gug{] sf/0f != @= #= ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 31

lg0fo{ sf nflu pkoS' t ljsNk 5gf6] ubf{ To;sf] sfofG{ jogsf] cj:yf, ;f] ljsNk 5gf6] ugs{' f] sf/0f / cfkmn\" fO{ nfus] f] cge' l\" t ljrf/ u/L lg0fo{ ugk{' b5{ . pknAw ;do, cfjZos kg{] dfgjLo, efl} ts, ljQLo, kf| ljlws ;f| t] ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, cfGtl/s jftfj/0fLo kIfx¿nufotsf s/' fx¿df klg ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ . 7'nf lg0f{ox¿df /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, efu} f]lns / k|zf;lgs kIf, d'ns' sf] gLlt tyf sfgg' L Joj:yf, k|lt:kwL{sf] cj:yf, lj1fg / kl| jlwsf] ljsf;nufotsf afxo\\ jftfj/0fLo kIfx¿;dt] nfO{ ljZni] f0f ug{k' 5{ . tYo / k|df0fsf cfwf/df JolStut jf ;:+ yfut ¿kdf ul/Psf pkoS' t lg0fo{ x¿n] /fdf| ] kl/0ffd lbG5g\\ . kj\" t{ of/L jf uxg ;fr] ljrf/ / tYout ljZni] f0flagf ul/Psf] lg0fo{ af6 ;f| ]t;fwg / ;dosf] b?' kof]u dfq x'G5 . lg0f{o ug]{ sfo{ Pp6f uxg tyf ;j+ b] gzLn sfo{ xf] . @= lg0f{osf ks| f/ -s_ ;ªu\\ 7gfTds lg0f{o -Organizational Decision_ sg' } sfofn{ o jf ;ª3\\ ;:+ yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf sdr{ f/Laf6 sfofn{ o jf ;:+ yfsf] sfdsf ;DaGwdf lnOg] lg0f{onfO{ ;ªu\\ 7gfTds lg0fo{ elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf lg0fo{ x¿ sfof{no jf ;:+ yfsf] p2]Zo kf| lKt jf ;d:of ;dfwfg;Fu ;DalGwt xG' 5g\\ . -v_ JolStut lg0fo{ -Personal Decision_ JolStn] cfkmg\\ f] bl} gs hLjgofkgsf l;nl;nfdf cfkmg\\ f] OR5fg;' f/ ug{] lg0fo{ nfO{ JolStut lg0fo{ elgG5 . o; lsl;dsf lg0f{o JolSt :joda\\ f6 lnOG5 . o; lsl;dsf lg0f{osf] k|efj / c;/ ;fdfGotof lg0fo{ lng] JolStdf dfq ;Lldt /xG5 . -u_ ;fd\"lxs lg0fo{ -Group Decision_ cfk;L lxt jf enfOsf nflu ;DalGwt JolStx¿ Pscfk;df ldnL ul/g] lg0fo{ nfO{ ;fdl\" xs lg0fo{ elgG5 . o; lsl;dsf lg0f{odf PseGbf a9L JolStx¿ ;xefuL x'G5g\\ . ;fy} o; lsl;daf6 lnOg] lg0f{odf w/] } hgfsf] ;xeflutf x'g] xbF' f lg0f{o sfof{Gjogdf ;xhtf;dt] x'G5 . -3_ ljjs] zLn lg0f{o -Rational Decision_ ljleGg ljsNkx¿sf] klxrfg u/L tYo tyf kd| f0fx¿sf] ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt lgisif{sf cfwf/df pkoS' t tyf ;jf]Q{ d ljsNksf] 5gf]6 u/L ul/g] lg0fo{ nfO{ ljj]szLn lg0f{o elgG5 . -ª_ a9fQ] /L lg0fo{ -Incremental Decision_ o;kj\" { u/]sf lg0f{onfO{ g} cfwf/ dfgL eO/x]sf sfdx¿nfO{ yk kl/dfhg{ jf ;w' f/ ug]{ u/L lnOg] lg0f{onfO{ a9fQ] /L lg0fo{ elgG5 . h:t} M s'g} ljBfnodf ut ljut jif{x¿bl] v g} k\"jfw{ f/ ;'wf/ sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng eO/xs] fdf cfufdL cfly{s jifd{ f Jojl:yt k':tsfno ejg yk ug{] lg0f{o ul/g' o:tf] lg0fo{ xf] . 32 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

-r_ ;xeflutfdn\" s lg0fo{ -Participative Decision_ nlIft ;dx\" , nfeuf| xL jf ;/fs] f/jfnfx¿sf] kmfObf jf lxt ugs{ f nflu To:tf] ju{ jf ;db' fonfO{ ;d]t lg0f{o k|lj|mofdf ;xefuL u/fO{ ul/g] lg0f{onfO{ ;xeflutfd\"ns lg0f{o elgG5 . #= lg0f{o k|ljm| ofsf r/0f ;fdfGotof ljleGg r/0fx¿ k/\" f u/L dxŒjk\"0f{ lg0fo{ ugk{' 5{ . ;d:ofsf] klxrfgbl] v ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu kofK{ t ljsNkx¿sf] klxrfg ug],{ ljsNkx¿af/] cfjZos ;\"rgf tyf tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ng ug{] tyf nv] fhfv] f / ljZni] f0f u/L lg0fo{ lngn] ufotsf sfox{ ¿ lg0fo{ sf r/0fcGtut{ kb5{ g\\ . oL lg0f{o k|ljm| ofsf r/0fx¿nfO{ bx] foadfl] hd lg0fo{ k|lj|mof rjm| df k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5M ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ -!_ ug]{ -@_ k'g/fjnf]sg tyf d\"Nofª\\sg ug{] -&_ lg0fo{ sfof{Gjog ljsNksf] klxrfg ug]{ -^_ ug]{ -#_ ;ae} Gbf /fd|f] ljsNk ljsNksf] laZni] f0f 5gf]6 ug]{ -%_ ug{] -$_ $= clgl0ft{ x'g] cj:yf d]/f] ;fyLsf] :jefj s]xL lbgbl] v km/s bl] vg yfns] f] 5 . pm ;fyLx¿;Fu k};f ;fk6L dfu/] sxfF hfg] u5{ yfxf g} xbF+' g} . sIffdf lgoldt pkl:yt x'g klg 5f8]sf] 5 . of] s/' f yfxf kfPkl5 ljBfno k|zf;gn] p;sf] 3/df hfgsf/L u/fP5g\\ . oxL sf/0fn] xfn] f ;fyLsf a'afn] dnfO{ kmfg] u//] ;f]Wge' of,] æcfhsn sjL/ lgoldt :sn' cfPsf] 5}g / < 3/af6 t ;w}F :sn' hfg] eg]/ lg:sG5 . crn] sxfF hfG5 pm < p;sf] ;fyL ePsfn] ;a} s/' f yfxf 5 ltdLnfO{ < ltdLn] ;xL s'/f atfPgf} eg] xfdf| ] 3/df g/fdf| ] 36gf klg 36\\g ;S5 .Æ o:tf] cj:yf cfOk/] tkfO{F s] / s;/L lg0fo{ ugx'{ 'GYof] < tkfO{FnfO{ dfl} vs hjfkm lbg hlt ;lhnf] xfn] f, kl/cfPsf] cj:yfdf lg0f{o ug{ sl7g xg' ;S5 . o:tf] lsg x'G5 t < sltko cj:yfdf lgDglnlvt ;Defljt sf/0fx¿n] klg xfdL cGofn] / clgl0ft{ aGg ;Sb5fF} Û ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 33

kofK{ t ;\"rgfsf] cefj tTsfnsf] kl/l:ylt jf jftfj/0f bafa ;d\"x eljiosf] c;/ jf ke| fj ;f| ]t;fwgsf] pknAwtf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;do ;Ldf ljBdfg gLlt, sfg'g ljm| ofsnfk != cfkm\\gf] 3/kl/jf/df cfOk/s] f ljleGg k|sf/sf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ u/L sIffsf]7fdf ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn ug{x' f];\\ . ;a}sf ;d:ofx¿ p:t} ks| f/sf 5g\\, 5g} g\\ hfgsf/L lngx' f;] \\ / cfufdL lbgdf sg' } Ps 3/fo;L ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ul/g] lg0fo{ sf nflu ljsNkx¿sf] vf]hL ug{x' f;] \\ . @= ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf Ps jifl{ eq u/]sf ljleGg lg0fo{ x¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ u/L To:tf] lg0f{o lng'kg]{ sf/0f ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L lngx' f];\\ . pkoS' t lg0fo{ sf nflu cGo ;DefJo ljsNkx¿ s] s] x'g ;Sy] < ;f] ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn u/L ;e' mfjx¿ tof/ ug'x{ f;] \\ . #= tkfO{“n] cfkm\"n] u/]sf t/ sfof{Gjog jf nfu' ug{ g;lsPsf lg0f{ox¿sf] ;\"rL tof/ ugx'{ f;] \\ . ;fy} pSt lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ g;Sg'sf sf/0fx¿ vfh] L u/L gof“ ljsNk klxrfg ugx'{ f];\\ / To;sf] sfof{Gjog ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != lg0f{o lgdf0{ fsf] kl/ro lbg'xf;] \\ . @= lg0fo{ lgdf{0fsf ks| f/x¿ pbfx/0f;lxt j0f{g ug'x{ f;] \\ . #= lg0fo{ ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g{] s/' fx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ ug{x' f];\\ . $= …lg0f{o lgdf{0f hl6n / Jofjxfl/s sfd xf] .Ú o; egfOnfO{ cfk\\mgf ts{n] k'li6 ug{x' f;] \\ . 34 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !!

@kf7 M ;d:of ;dfwfg != ;d:ofsf] kl/ro / klxrfg tnsf] ;j+ fb cWoog ugx'{ f;] \\ M 5f]/f M af Û dnfO{ d/] f] ;/n] o;n] vfln k|Zg dfq ;fl] w/xG5, sIffdf ;d:of l;h{gf u5{ eGgx' G' 5 . k|Zg ;fW] g' ;d:of xf] / Û afa' M l;Sgsf nflu k|Zg ;f]Wg' ;d:of t xfO] g t/ ltdLn] ;/nfO{ bM' v lbg] lgotn] kf] ;f]Wof} ls < 5f]/f M x}g . hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffdf t hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ l;k l;Sg'k5{ /] . l;k l;Sg 1fg rflxG5 . clg dn} ] ghfg]sf s/' f ;f]4f ;wF} ;d:of eGgx' G' 5 < dnfO{ t ;/n] l;k ljsf;sf] cfwf/ atfOlbgk' 5{ lg . ;fFRr} ;d:of eg]sf] rflxF s] xf] lg < tkfOF{ rflxF ljZjljBfnodf s;/L l;sfpgx' 'G5 af < afa' M s'g} 36gf, ljrf/ jf kl/j]znfO{ dflg;n] cfkm\\g} 9ªu\\ n] ae' m5\\ . dflg;sf] leqL ;f]r / cfbtcg';f/ JolStn] ljrf/ u|x0f u5{ . a'emfO jf ljrf/ u|x0fdf sl7gfO k/]sf] cj:yf ;d:of xf] . ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . 5f/] f M To;f] eP ls ;/sf] s/' f dn} ] a'lemgF ls ;/n] d/] f] ljrf/ ae' mg\\ 'ePg . To;}n] o;nfO{ ;d:of eg]sf] xf] t < afa' M ltd|f] ;f]r l7s} xf] . a'emfO jf ljrf/ ux| 0fdf sl7gfOsf] cj:yf / vfh] sf nflu p7fOPsf] k|Zg b'j} ;d:of x'g\\ . ltdLn] ;fob vf]hsf nflu k|Zg u/]sf xf} . of] ;sf/fTds ;d:of xf] . gsf/fTds k|Zgn] klg ;d:of l;h{gf u5{ . 5f]/f M To;f] eP d}n] ;w}F tkfO{;F Fu kZ| g ubf{ ;d:of l;h{gf x'G5 t < afa' M x}g . dflg;sf] pd]/, vfh] sf] cj:yf, sfd ug{] 7fpsF f] jftfj/0f, cge' j h:tf s/' fn] s'g} ljifonfO{ ;d:of 7fGg] jf g7fGg] s/' f lgwf/{ 0f u5{ . 5f]/f M P, To;f] eP oL rf/ s/' fdf xfdL glhs gePsf sf/0fn] kf] ;/n] ;d:of eGge' Psf] /x]5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !! 35

afa' M xf] t . oL of] ;fdu|L k9 t . clg dnfO{ eg, oxfF ;d:of s] lyof] < clg ;an} ] :dl[ tsf] Od]ndf lsg cgs] y/L ufnL n]vs] f xfn] fg\\ < Pp6f ljBfnodf cgnfOg sIff eO/xs] f] yof] . k|Tos] sIffdf lzIfsn] sIffkl5 Ps k|Zg lbGy] . To;sf] pQ/ cgnfOgd} lbg'kYof]{ . sIffsf ljBfyLx{ ¿ kZ| gsf] pQ/ n]Vg uf/f] dfGy] / OG6/g]6df vf]h]/ algagfp pQ/ k7fOlbGy] . of] s'/f :d[ltnfO{ dg kbg}{ Yof] . Ps lbg :dl[ tn] xftn] n]v]/ :Sofg u/L pQ/ k7fO{ . To; lbg lzIfsn] ;as} f pQ/ tn' gf u/]/ x/] ] . :d[ltafxs] ;a}sf pQ/ xa' x' lyP . csf{] lbg klg lzIfsn] sIff lnP . ;wF} emF} Ps k|Zg lbP / eg,] ælxhf] Ps hgf ljBfyLn{ ] x:tlnlvt k|Zgsf] pQ/ k7fPsf] lyof] . Tof] c¿eGbf leGg lyof] . efl] n ;an} ] x:tlnlvt pQ/ nv] ]/ k7fpg\" .Æ efl] nkN6 klg :dl[ tn] k|Zgsf] pQ/ k7fOg\\ . p;sf] dn] df rflxF ;fyLx¿sf cgs] y/L ufnL al;{P . 5f]/f M of] 7'nf] ;d:of xf]Og af . :d[ltn] cfkm}F sfd u/L, c¿n] cGoqaf6 ;f/]/ k7fP . :d[ltn] c¿nfO{ ;fy glbPsfn] l/;fP/ pgLx¿n] gfgf y/L n]v]/ k7fP . afa' M :ofaf; . ltdLn] t ;lhn} ;d:of klxrfg u¥of} . cfkm\\gf] 1fg / a'l4 k|ofu] u/]/ ;d:of klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 lg Û cfkmn\" ] ;d:of ae' md] f ;dfwfg ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 . ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ c¿n] klg ;xof]u u5g{ \\ . ca ;f]Rg'xf;] \\ / ;d\"xdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\\ M -c_ ljBfyLn{ ] k|Zg ;f]4f lzIfsn] lsg ;d:of 7fg]sf xf]nfg\\ < -cf_ ljBfyLx{ ¿ lzIfs;u“ gl/;fP/ lsg :dl[ t;“u l/;fPsf xfn] fg\\ < @= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf r/0f ;d:ofsf] klxrfgkl5 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] r/0f ;?' xG' 5 . ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;d:ofsf] ljZni] f0f ul/G5 . ;d:ofsf] ljZni] f0fsf nflu ;d:ofsf] sf/0f klxrfg ugk{' 5{ . o:t} ts{ u//] klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf cgs] fF} ljsNk kQf nufO{ pkoS' t ljsNksf] cfl} rTo kl' i6 u//] klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . slxns] fxLF ;d:ofnfO{ l;hg{ fTds sfod{ f kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;sf/fTds ;f]r cfjZos k5{ . ;d:of ;dfwfgsf lgDglnlvt r/0f klg cWoog ug'{xf;] \\ M r/0f kl| j|mof ;d:of klxrfg ;d:of s] xf], s;/L l;h{gf eof] / lsg eof] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ vfh] L ;d:ofsf] d\"n sf/0f / kl/efiff / cGo sf/0f klxrfg ug{] 36 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

kl/sNkgf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ljZn]if0ffTds, tflss{ , cfl} rTok\"0f,{ l;h{gfTds / ;sf/fTds ljsNkdWo] pko'St ljsNksf] klxrfg ug{] / pSt ljsNksf] ;Defljt kl/0ffd Vofn ug]{ tYo ;ª\\sng ljZni] f0f ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf] ljsNk;Fu ;DalGwt cfjZos tYo vfh] ug{] / lgisif{ ;dfwfgsf nflu ko| fu] ug]{ tl/sfsf] ;f]r ljsf; ug]{ klxrfg ul/Psf ljsNkx¿sf] ljleGg TfYo / ;r\" gfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ljZn]if0f ug{] k|ofu] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu rog ul/Psf] ljsNk / ;f] ljsNk;uF ;DalGwt tYosf cfwf/df ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] lgisif{ ko| fu] ug]{ -s_ :d[ltsf] pQ/ / x:tlnlvt pQ/ nV] g] sfo{ lbg] lzIfssf] ;Gbed{ f ;d:of klxrfg u/L ;dfwfgsf nflu kl/sNkgf, kl/sNkgf kl' i6sf nflu tYo ;ªs\\ ng / lgisif{ nv] L To;sf] k|ofu] ug{] tl/sf pNn]v ugx{' f];\\ . #= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] Jofjxfl/s cEof; pd]z glhss} f] h;' k;ndf uof] . p;nfO{ kmnkm\"nsf] h;' lsGg' lyof] . p;n] k;n;] Fu h'; dfUof] . k;nn] h;' b]vfpbF } eGof], æof] nh} fg] eP %) ?lkofF k5{ . of] n}hfg] eP !%) k5{ . s'g lbpmF <Æ pd] zn] ;f]Rof], æ%) sf] nu/] 3/df !%) eGg'knf{ . %) s} lbgx' f;] \\ .Æ pdz] h;' lnP/ 3/df k'Uof] . h;' sf] af]tn 7n' } lyof] . ;:tfd] f kfPsfdf ;a} /dfP . ;an} ] h'; afF8/] vfP . h'; vfPsf] Ps 306fdf ;a} afGtf ug{ yfn] . cfdfnfO{ t kvfnf;dt] nfUof] . l5ds] L sfsfn] 8fS6/ af] nfpge' of] . 8fS6/n] cf}ifwL lbP . b'O{ 306fkl5 afGtf /f]lsof] . æof] ;a efOn] ubf{ ePsf] xf] . sxfaF f6 Nofof] h'; Û ldlt x/] g] xfn] f . pkefu] ug{] ldlt u'h]|sf] x'gk5{ .Æ pldn{ fn] efOnfO{ bf]if nufO{ . æk;nn] ToxL lbof] t d s] u?F <Æ pdz] n] kT| oQ' / lbof] . bj' n} fO{ ;DemfpbF } afn] eGge' of,] æeu} f] cfhnfO{ . sfd ubf{ ljrf/ k¥' ofpg'k5{ . ljrf/ gk'¥ofO{ sfd ubf{ ;d:of xG' 5 . ca ;fdfg lsGbf Vofn ug\"{ .Æ afsf] æVofn ug{Æ\" eGg] egfOn] pdz] nfO{ ;rt] u/fof] . pm ;fR] g yfNof], æd}n] k};f arfpg] ;'/n] ;:tf] h;' lsg]F . ldlt klg x]l/gF . k;n]nfO{ klg ;fl] wgF . ;fw] s] f] eP xG' Yof] lg Û ca kx| /LnfO{ ph/' L u5{' . cxF F x'Gg, dn} ] g} uNtL u/s] f] x'F lg Û k;} f lsg arfpg'kYof{] < kx| /LnfO{ va/ ubf{ p;nfO{ t sf/afxL xf]nf . otf dnfO{ kl/jf/df ;a}n] s] eGnfg\\ < dn} ] xtf/xtf/ aft] n kmfnF] . lbbLn] k9s] f] eP ldlt yfxf eOxfNYof] . 8fS6/n] klg s/' f yfxf kfOxfn] . wt\\ Û d]/f] d\"v{ a'l4 Û ca ;a} s'/f afcfdfnfO{ eG5' clg dfkmL dfU5' . afn] oxL eP/ Vofn ug\"{ eGg'ePsf] xf]nf . k;ns] xfF uP/ ldlt ;lsPsf ;fdfg gaR] g cg'/f]w u5'{ . gdfg]df 3/df cfP/ elglbG5' . To;kl5 t afn] g} kx| /L afn] fOxfNg'xG' 5 lg ÛÆ pd]zsf] dg zfGt eof] . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 37

of] 36gf k9k] l5 dn} ] o;sf] ljZni] f0f u/F] . oxfFsf] dV' o ;d:of ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k pdz] n] k;} f arfpg vfh] /] ldlt ul' hP| sf] h;' lsg/] Nofpg' lyof] . – ;lj|mo ;g' fO o;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu pdz] sL lbbLn] ljZni] f0ffTds, afan' ] tflss{ , – ;d:of ljZn]if0f l5ds] Ln] cfl} rTok0\" f{ / pm cfkmnF} ] ;sf/fTds ljsNksf] kl/sNkgf – ;dfwfgsf] vfh] u/s] f 5g\\ . k;n]n] c:jfefljs ;:tf]df h;' aR] g vf]Hg', lbbLsf] – l;h{gfTdstf ;ªs\\ t] , pdz] n] aft] n kmfNg,' 8fS6/sf] ;ª\\s]t / ;an} ] afGtf – ;~rf/ u/]sf] cj:yf tYodf cfwfl/t 36gf lyP . o;sf] lgisif{ Ps – :jlg0f{o k6s e'n eP klg km]l/ uNtL gug]{ cfTdaf]w ag]sf] 5 . lg0fo{ – ;fdl\" xs efjgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu k;n]nfO{ ldlt uh' ]|sf] h'; ga]Rg cg'/fw] ug]{ ljj]szLn / cGtbl{[ i6df cfwfl/t ko| fu] ug{ vfl] hPsf] 5 . – sfob{ Iftf cEof; != tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\\ M -s_ ;d:of egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ ;d:of s;/L klxrfg ul/G5 < -u_ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf dV' o r/0f s] s] x'g\\ < -3_ ;d:ofsf] lgisif{ s;/L lgsflnG5 < kl/ofh] gf sfo{ tnsf] 36gf cWoog ugx{' f;] \\ / lbOPsf kZ| gsf cfwf/df 36gf ljZni] f0f u/L kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ M tkfOsF{ f] ljBfnodf k9g\\ ] Ps hgf ;fyL sx] L oj' fsf] ;ªu\\ tdf k//] nfu' kbfys{ f] bJ' o;{ gdf km;s] f] 5 . p;n] kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ of] s'/f ;g' fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . p;sf] 3/df d\"Nojfg\\ ;fdfgx¿ x/fpg], k;} f x/fpg] h:tf 36gf bl] vg yfn]sf 5g\\ . oxL sf/0fn] kl/jf/sf ;b:o x}/fg 5g\\ . p;sf] ;d\"xsf oj' fx¿af6 klg pm vt/fdf 5 . nfu' cfi} fw bJ' o{;gLsf cfzªs\\ fn] kx| /Ln] p;nfO{ lgu/fgLdf /fvs] f] 5 . ljBfnon] ;d]t p;sf] v/fa ntaf/] yfxf kfO;ss] f] 5 . kl/jf/sf ;b:odf 5f]/fdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gdf yf]/} cfzª\\sf /x] klg s]xL ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5g} g\\ . ca ;f]r/] n]Vgx' f;] \\ M -s_ dflysf 36gfsf] dV' o ;d:of s;] “u ;DalGwt 5 < -v_ ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\\ < -u_ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\\ < 38 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !!

#kf7 M ;~rf/ != ;~rf/ l;ksf] kl/ro / ks| f/ bO' { kIfx¿lar ;r\" gf cfbfgk|bfg ug{] / cy{ a'em\\g] k|ljm| ofnfO{ ;~rf/ elgG5 . Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L k7fpg] kl| jm| of g} ;~rf/ xf] . ;~rf/ JolSt, ;dx\" / ;:+ yf lardf xg' ] ub5{ . ;~rf/cGtut{ afN] g,] ;G' g,] k9g\\ ,] nV] g,] xg] {] cflb ljm| ofsnfkx¿ kb5{ g\\ . oL ljm| ofsnfkx¿sf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} JolStn] c¿nfO{ ;r\" gf k7fpg' tyf c¿af6 ;r\" gf k|fKt ug{' xf] . ;~rf/ egs] f] s'g} ;Gbz] nfO{ Ps :yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf k7fpg' tyf To;sf] cy{ ae' m\\g' xf] . Pn P Pn]g (L.A. Allen) n] ;~rf/nfO{ c¿sf] dlitis;Fu ;dembf/L sfod ugs{ f nflu JolStn] ug]{ ;a} sfos{ f] ofu] xf] eg]sf 5g\\ . To:t} pgn] o;nfO{ cys{ f] ;+jfxs tyf eGg,] ;G' g] / tfTko{ ae' mg\\ ] Ps Jojl:yt Pjd\\ lg/Gt/ kl| j|mofsf ¿kdf pNnv] u/s] f 5g\\ . ;~rf/ bO' { kIfx¿lar x'g] Ps Jojl:yt kl| j|mof xf] . of] Pp6f l;k jf snf xf] . o;df ;\"rgf, hfgsf/L, ljrf/ / efjgfx¿ k7fpg], k|fKt ug]{ tyf ae' m\\g] sfo{ ul/G5 . ;~rf/sf] dfWoodaf6 g} Psn] csf{sf] OR5f, rfxgf / efj a'emg\\ ;Sb5 . ;\"rgf jf ;Gb]znfO{ pkoS' t 9ªu\\ af6 ;fª\\st] Ls/0f ul/;s]kl5 ;\"rgf jf ;Gbz] x¿sf] cfbfg k|bfg ug{ o:tf dfWoodsf] cfjZostf kb5{ . kT| oIf e6] 3f6, 6]lnkmf]g, dfa] fOn kmf]g, /l] 8of,] 6]lnlehg, lr7Lkq, kqklqsf, OG6/g]6, kmo\\ fS;, lel8of] cflb k|rngdf /xs] f dV' o ;~rf/ dfWod x'g\\ . ;~rf/ ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{sf nflu ;ft cfwf/et\" tŒjx¿sf] cfjZostf kb5{ . -s_ bO' { jf b'Oe{ Gbf a9L kIf jf JolStx¿ -v_ ;~rf/sf] dfWod -u_ k|]ifs -;r\" gf k7fpg]_ -3_ kf| ks -;\"rgf kfpg]_ -ª_ k|fKt ;r\" gf :jLsf/ ug{' -r_ ;\"rgfnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf j'em\\g' -5_ ;\"rgfsf] k|ltlj|mof hgfpg' df}lvs, lnlvt / ;fªs\\ l] ts u/L d'Vo tLg ljlwaf6 bO' { jf bO' {eGbf a9L kIfx¿lar ;~rf/ :yfkgf x'G5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 39

-s_ df}lvs ;~rf/ JolStn] sg' } efiff ko| fu] u/L afn] /] ;r\" gf jf ;Gb]z cfbfgkb| fg ub{5 eg] To;nfO{ dfl} vs ;~rf/ elgG5 . of] ;ae} Gbf k|rlnt, ;/n / dxŒjk0\" f{ ;~rf/ ljlw xf] . dfl} vs ;~rf/ kT| oIf e]63f6 / ;~rf/sf ;fwg k|of]u u/L bO' { lsl;dn] ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotof ;~rf/sf dfWoodaf6 ul/g] s/' fsfgL jf ;~rf/eGbf kT| oIf e]63f6dfkmt{ ul/g] ;~rf/ kl| j|mof clws k|efjsf/L tyf e/kbf{] x'G5 . -v_ lnlvt ;~rf/ bO' { kIfx¿lar lnlvt ¿kdf ;Gbz] , ;r\" gf jf hfgsf/L cfbfg kb| fg ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ lnlvt ;~rf/ elgG5 . lr7Lkq, cfsfzjf0fL, k|ltj]bg, P]g sfg'g, gLlt lgod, an' l] 6g, kqklqsf, k':ts cflb :j¿kdf lnlvt ;Gbz] sf] ;~rf/ ul/G5 . lnlvt ;~rf/ Ps e/kbf,{] ljZjfl;nf] tyf ke| fjsf/L ;~rf/ ljlw xf] . ;\"rgf kb| fg u/s] f] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu lnlvt ;~rf/ dxŒjk0\" f{ 5 . lnlvt ;~rf/nfO{ sfgg' L dfGotf kf| Kt x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;/' lIft clen]v /fVg ;lsG5 / eljiodf sfg'gL k|df0fsf ¿kdf k;] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;y{ dxŒjk\"0f{ ;Gb]znfO{ lnlvt ;~rf/ dfkm{t cfbfgk|bfg ug{' /fd|f] xG' 5 . -u_ ;fªs\\ l] ts ;~rf/ sg' } efiff jf zAb ko| fu] gu/L ;ª\\s]tsf cfwf/df ;Gbz] cfbfgk|bfg ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;fªs\\ ]lts ;~rf/ elgG5 . o;cGtu{t lrxg\\ , ;ªs\\ t] , O;f/f, zf/Ll/s xfpefp, cgx' f/sf] cleJolSt cflb kb5{ g\\ . lrghfgsf dflg;;Fu e6] xb'F f d':sfpg], v';L dx;;' ug]{, xftsf] O;f/fn] af]nfpg,] 6fpsf] xNnfP/ xf] jf xf]Og eGg' ;fª\\sl] ts ;~rf/ xf] . 6f« lkms lrx\\g jf gS;f klg ;fªs\\ l] ts ;~rf/ xf] . 5f]6f] ;dodf tTsfn va/ k7fpgsf nflu ;fªs\\ ]lts ;~rf/ dxŒjk0\" f{ 5 . @= ;~rf/sf cj/f]w ;~rf/ k|0ffnLdf ljleGg tŒjx¿n] afwf pTkGg ug{ ;S5g\\ . tL tŒjx¿nfO{ ;~rf/sf cj/fw] s elgG5 . JolStut jf ;fdl\" xs ¿kdf ul/g] ;~rf/ vn' f tyf bfx] f/] f] xg' k' b5{ . s'g} afwf cj/fw] pTkGg x'gx' bF' }g . t/ slxns] fxLF ;~rf/ k|ljm| ofdf ljleGg cj/fw] x¿ cfOk5{g\\ . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/df bv] f kg{] k|dv' cj/fw] x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\\ M -s_ dgf]j}1flgs cj/f]w (Psychological Barriers) ;~rf/ kl| jm| ofdf ;n+ Ug kIfx¿sf] dgf]j1} flgs cj:yfn] ke| fjsf/L ;~rf/df cj/f]w pTkGg xg' ;Sb5 . JolStdf ePsf] ;\"rgf 5gf]6sf] kj| l[ Q, ;\"rgfsf] afe] m, cfju] / nª} \\lus z}nLn] ke| fjsf/L ;~rf/df cj/f]w l;hg{ f x'g ;S5 . ;\"rgf k7fpg] JolSt jf k]i| fsn] ;r\" gfnfO{ 40 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

ke| fjsf/L agfpg] axfgfdf cgfjZos yk36 u/L jf:tljs ;r\" gfsf] cy{nfO{ cgy{ agfpg ;S5 . To;} u/L ;\"rgf k|fKt ug{] JolSt jf k|fksn] cfkm\\gf] cfjZostf, cg'ej, k[i7e\"ld tyf JolStut u0' fsf cfwf/df ;r\" gfx¿nfO{ 5gf]6 u/]/ ux| 0f ug{] ;Defjgf clws xG' 5 . yf]/} ;dodf w]/} ;\"rgf k|jfx ePdf k|fkssf] lbdfudf ;r\" gfsf] afe] m w/] } eO{ ;a} ;\"rgfx¿ ux| 0f ug{ ;Sbg} . k|efjsf/L ;~rf/df ;\"rgf k7fpg] / k|fKt ug]{ JolStsf] cfj]un] klg cj/fw] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb5 . ;fdfGotof cfju] / l/; p7]sf] ;dodf JolStn] ;r\" gfsf] k|lt/fw] ub{5 . lnª\\u ljeb] sf sf/0f ;~rf/df cg]sf}F cj/fw] l;h{gf x'g ;Sb5g\\ . dlxnf / k'?ifsf] cfjfhdf g} leGgtf xG' 5 . -v_ eflifs cj/fw] (Semantic Barriers) efiff jf zAbsf] unt cys{ f] sf/0fn] ;~rf/ kl| jm| ofdf cj/fw] pTkGg xg' ;Sb5 . leGg leGg ;dfhdf km/s km/s efiff x'G5 . bz] , wd{, ;+:s[lt / pd]/n] ;d]t efiffdf k|efj kfb{5 . ki]| fssf] efiff jf clekf| o kf| ksn] ae' mg] eg] cy{sf] cgy{ xg' ;Sb5 . To;} u/L ;~rf/ k|ljm| ofdf kf| ljlws efiff tyf 5f]6s/L zAb ko| f]u ubf{ ;~rf/ k|efjsf/L gx'g ;S5 . o;y{ efiff tyf zAbsf] ;xL 9ªu\\ af6 k|ofu] u/L;~rf/ ugk'{ b{5 . -u_ efl} ts cj/f]w (Physical Barriers) of] ;~rf/ k|ljm| ofsf] ;dodf pTkGg xg' ] jftfj/0fLo cj/f]w xf] . o;cGtu{t efl} ts k|aGw, b'/L, Wjlg h:tf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\\ . ;Gb]z jf ;\"rgf k|fks / k|]ifslar pko'St ;DaGw x'g'kb{5 . pko'St k|aGwsf] cefjdf pgLx¿lar k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ ;DaGw sfod x'g ;Sbg} . Ps kIfnfO{ k7fPsf] ;\"rgf cs{} kIf;dIf klg k'Ug ;S5 . ;r\" gf kj| fx ubf{ k|]ifs tyf k|fkslardf nfdf] b'/L 5 eg] kf| ksn] k|efjsf/L 9ª\\uaf6 ;r\" gf kf| Kt ug{ ;Sb}g . ;~rf/ kl| jm| of ;~rfng eO/xs] f] cj:yfdf 7n' f] cfjfh pTkGg ePdf klg o;n] ;Gbz] k7fpg] / kf| Kt ug]{ kl| j|mofdf cj/fw] pTkGg ub5{ . -3_ ;ª\\u7gfTds cj/f]w (Organizational Barriers) ;ª\\u7gleqsf] cflGtl/s tŒjn] ;dt] ;~rf/ k|lj|mofdf afwf pTkGg ug{ ;Sb5 . o;cGtu{t v/fa ofh] gf, hl6n ;/+ rgf, dofb{ f, cxd\\tf h:tf s'/fx¿ kb{5g\\ . ;Gb]zsf] ;fª\\st] Ls/0f, ;~rf/sf ;fwg, ¿kfGt/0f cflb sfos{ f nflu v/fa of]hgf thd{' f xg' uPdf o;n] ;~rf/ ke| fjsfl/tfdf gsf/fTds ke| fj kfb5{ . ;ªu\\ 7gleq Hofb} km/flsnf] ;/+ rgf 5 eg] o;n] ;~rf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efljt ub{5 . To;} u/L sdr{ f/Lx¿df xg' ] cxds\\ f] efjgfn] ubf{ kd| v' n] ;xfosaf6 k/fdz{ lng rfxbF }gg\\ . o;n] ubf{ ;\"rgf k|efjsfl/tf Go\"g xg' hfG5 . #= ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ;b'kof]u ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !! 41

;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ;bk' of]u ;DaGwdf tnsf] cj:yf cWoog ugx'{ f];\\ / 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \\ M clg;f sIff !! df k9g\\ ] ljBfyL{ xg' \\ . pgL ldng;f/ / ;xofu] L 5g\\ . 5/l5ds] / ljBfnodf klg ;a;} uF ldn/] al:5g\\ . pgsf aa' fn] pgnfO{ Pp6f dfa] fOn kmfg] lslglbge' Psf] 5 . o;n] pgnfO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:o, ;fyLefO, Oi6ldqx¿;uF s/' fsfgL ug,{ xfnva/ yfxf kfpg, ;r\" gf cfbfg kb| fg ug{ lgs} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . pgn] ljBfnosf ;fyLx¿;Fu ldn/] km];a'sdf ;d\"x agfPsL l5g\\ . ;d\"xdf pgLx¿n] Pscfk;df ghfgs] f s/' fx¿ 5nkmn ug]{ z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿ cfbfgkb| fg ug{] ub5{ g\\ . OG6/g]6df k9\\g'kg]{ ljifoj:t;' Fu ;DalGwt ;fduL| x¿, lrqx¿ / lel8ofx] ¿ vf]h/] u'k| df ;o] / ug{] ub{5g\\ . o;af6 pgnfO{ sIffdf ;/ld;n] k9fPsf s'/fx¿ ae' mg\\ lgs} ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . /fde/f;] Pp6f Jofkf/L xg' \\ . pgsf] bl} gs pkefU] o j:tx' ¿sf] k;n 5 . pgL cfkmg\\ f] k;ndf cfpg] uf| xs;uF ld7f] af]nLjrg u5{g\\ . u|fxssf s/' f ;G' 5g,\\ ;fdfgx¿ klg /fd|f];uF ;hfP/ /fVg] ub{5g\\ . u|fxsn] ;fw] ] sf x/s] s'/fsf] gl/;fO{sg hjfkm lbG5g\\ . u|fxsnfO{ ;Gti' 6 kfg{ x/s] ;fdfgsf] ljz]iftf /fdf| ];Fu atfpg] u5{g\\ . ;fdfhdf klg pgL lgs} ldng;f/ 5g\\ . c¿sf s'/f Wofgk\"js{ ;'Gg] / cfkmg\\ f ljrf/ klg :ki6;uF /fVg] afgL pgsf] 5 . s;n} fO{ sx] L cK7\\of/f] k/d] f ;fw] k'5 ul//xg] / ;xof]u ug{ cl3 ;g]{ pgsf] ;fx|} /fd|f] :jfefj 5 . pgn] ;Dks{ w/] } 7fpsF f Jofkf/Lx¿;uF 5 . pgn] cfkmg\\ f] k;nsf] Jofkf/ a9fpgsf nflu cgnfOgdf lj1fkg klg u/]sf 5g\\ . pgn] u|fxssf] ;l' jwfsf nflu dfucg;' f/sf xf]d 8l] ne/Lsf] ;l' jwf klg lbg] ub5{ g\\ . pgsf] k;ndf uf| xssf] le8 nfU5 / Jofkf/ klg w]/} x'G5 . -s_ /fde/f;] sf] Jofkf/ s] sf/0fn] ;kmn 5 < -v_ clg;fnfO{ k7fPsf s/' f ae' m\\ g ;lhnf] x'g] sf/0f s] s] xg' \\ < -u_ ;xL ;~rf/af6 xg' ] kmfObfx¿ s] s] xg' \\ < -3_ bfx] f]/f] ;~rf/sf] dxŒj pNn]v ug{x' f];\\ . -ª_ k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ / k|efjsf/L ;DaGwsf af/]df ;fyL;uF ;+jfb ug{'xf;] \\ . @= tkfO{n“ ] ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿ / ;fdflhs ;~hfnnfO{ bl} gs hLjg / l;sfOdf s;/L k|ofu] ug'e{ Psf] 5 < ;r\" Ls[t u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \\ . #= JolStsf] JolStut, ;fdflhs / k;] fut hLjgdf ke| fjsf/L ;~rf/ l;ksf] dxŒj vfh] L 42 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

u/L tflnsfdf egx{' f];\\ M JolStut ;fdflhs k];fut != kl/jf/df cfkm\\gf s/' f ae' mfpg != ;fyL ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{ != Joj;fosf] kr| f/ k;| f/ ug{ @====================================== @==================== @======================= #======================== #=============== #================= cEof; != ;~rf/ egs] f] s] xf] < ;~rf/ slt ks| f/sf xG' 5g\\ < ;~rf/sf tŒjx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . @= k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf cj/fw] x¿ pNn]v ug{'xf;] \\ . #= ke| fjsf/L ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿ pNn]v u/L ltgLx¿n] tkfOs{“ f] hLjgdf kf/]sf] k|efj ljZni] f0f ugx{' f];\\ . #= ke| fjsf/L ;~rf/n] ke| fjsf/L ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ ;xofu] ub5{ eGg] tYonfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ugx{' f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !! 43

$kf7 M tgfj Joj:yfkg d sIff !! df cWoog/t 1fgxl/ x'F . Tfgfj s] xf] < d ljleGg sf/0fn] tgfjdf 5' . glhs} cfO/x]sf] k/LIffnfO{ s;/L /fd|f] ug]{ JolStdf pTkGg x'g] dfgl;s bafasf] cj:yf tgfj xf] . eGGf] lrGtf Psflt/ 5 . csfl{ t/ ;x/sf] jftf/0fdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf sf/0f JolStdf b]lvPsf] a;fO vlrn{ f] 5 . 3/af6 vr{ cfpg zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s kl/jtg{ sf] l:ylt g} tgfj xf] 5f]8s] fn] vr{ s;/L h6' fpg] eg/] ddf JolStsf] ;xgzLntfdf rg' ft} L lbg] dfu jf wDsLsf ¿kdf tgfj al9/xs] f] 5 . 3/df ;fgf] efOnfO{ tgfjnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . j4[ cfdfafsf] lhDdfdf 5f8] /] lx8F g\\ k' /s] f] kL8f t 5Fb} 5, cfdfaf kfn}kfnf] la/fdL tgfjsf ljz]ktf k/k] l5 t ddf cfPsf] ar] g} Ln] d a9L g} lg/fz 5' . dnfO{ /ftL lgb|f gnfUg] jf jftfj/0fLo nfu] klg sd nfUg] x'g yfNfs] f] w]/} xKtf kl/jt{gsf] eO;Sof] . vfgf vfg dg gnfUgs' f ;fy} k9fOdf ;d]t Wofgsl] Gbt| gxFb' f k9fO pkh laug| ] vt/f Tolt g} a9]/ uPsf] 5 . dgdf klg gsf/fTds s/' f a9L cfO/xbF f hLjgsf] tgfjsf JolStlkR5] cr]n d clns a9L lg/fz 5' . clgjfo{ ;t{ ljz]iftf c;/ km/s Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] Uftjif{ l5d]sL bfOnfO{ klg o;/L tgfj Joj:yfkg g} tgfj a9\\bf pxfF t l8k|];gdf kge{' of] . pxfdF f t wd\" kfg / /S;L ;j] g Kfl/jltt{ jftfj/0fcg's\"n JolStsf] Jojxf/ klg ¿kfGt/0f ug]{;d]t nt nfus] f] lyof] . ;fyLx¿sf] ug{] / tgfjnfO{ l;hg{ fTds Pjd\\ /rgfTds agfO{ JolStsf] ;xL k/fdz{ / ;ªu\\ tn] pxfF To;af6 zf/Ll/s Pjd\\ dfgl;s ;Gtn' g sfod /fVg] sfd tgfj dS' t x'g'eof] . dnfO{ klg c;n ;fyLn] Joj:yfkg xf] . kf] ;Nnfx lbG5g\\ ls < tgfj l;hg{ f xg' ] cj:yf tgfj Joj:yfkg ug{ s] kf] ul/Pg . cfkmn\" fO{ w/] } lx;fan] Jojl:yt ug{] sfd cl:tTj -;/efOen_ tgfj M vt/fk|lt k|ltlj|mof hgfpFbf daf6 ePs} xf] . k7g tflnsf agfP/ k9g\\ cfpg] tgfj, b3' {6gf tyf la/fdL kbf{ cfpg] tgfj yfns] f]PsxKtfeO;Sof].Tfk} lgk9fOdfWofg cfGtl/s tgfj M lrGtf, ;j+ u] jftfj/0fLo tgfj M xNnf, le8ef8, bafa sfdsf] rfkaf6 x'g] tgfj M a9L sfdsf] rfkn] x'g] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s tgfj 44 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !!

uO/xs] f] 5}g . d/] f] ;fyL /fhZ] j/ / d of]u tyf Wofgdf hfg yfn]sf 5f}F h;n] dgnfO{ Pslqt ubf{] /x]5 . z/L/ klg km'lt{nf] ePsf] dx;;' ePsf] 5 . grflxg] vr{ a9L u//] kf] ;d:of k/s] f] /x]5, To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ubf{ ca ;d:of gknf{ h:tf] nfus] f] 5 . 3/df klg lbgx'F kmfg] u//] cfdfafsf] ;Grfl] a;Grf] ;f]lw/x]sf] 5' . o;n] 3/sf] lk/ / ;DemgfnfO{ 36fpg d2t u/]sf] 5 . gq t d kfun} kf] x'GYf]F ls h:tf] lg nfU5 . d]/f] b}lgsLsf] csf{] kf6f] cfhsn lrqsnf lgdf{0f / ;ª\\uLt ag]sf] 5 . c;n ;fyLx¿;Fusf] 3n' ldnn] dnfO{ PsfGtk|]daf6 6f9f /fvs] f] 5 . laxfg s/;] faf/Ldf sfd ug{ kg yfn]sf] 5' . sfsfn] ;Gtl' nt vfgkfg / JofofdnfO{ tgfj dl' Stsf] pkfosf ¿kdf cEof; u/fpge' Psf] 5 . ca dnfO{ tgfjd'St hLjg lhpg] OR5f 5 . nfU5, Tof] OR5f rfF8} k\"/f x'g] 5 . ljm| ofsnfk ! tgfj Joj:yfkgsf tn lbOPsf /0fgLltx¿dWo] ;a}eGbf pkoS' t /0fgLlt sg' xf], 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \\ / sf/0f ;lxt cfkm\\ gf] wf/0ff /fVg'xf];\\ . ;dk{0f o; pkfocg;' f/ tgfj l;h{gf ug]{ sf/snfO{ :jLsf/ ul/G5 . of] bdgfTds k|s[ltsf] xG' 5 . k|lt/fw] cfkm\"nfO{ tgfj lbg] sfd, ljrf/ tyf ;Gben{ fO{ k|ltjfb ug{ g;Sg', kT| oIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{' o; pkfosf ljz]iftfx¿ xg' \\ . tTsfnnfO{ ;dfwfg eP klg bL3{sfnLg ;dfwfgsf nflu of] pkoS' t ljlw xf]Og . Tfgfj pTkGg ug{] j:t,' JolSt tyf kl/j]zkl| t abnf lbO{ tgfjnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwdf tgfj pTkGg ug]{ sf/skl| t l/; kfV] g,] d'8s\\ Ln] lxsfP{ / kl| tjfb ug]{, efl} ts ¿kdf cfj|md0f ug,]{ bfx|f ls6g\\ ] cflb ul/G5 . o;n] Ifl0fsnfO{ tgfj sd t xG' 5 t/ o;n] klg bL3s{ fnLg ¿kdf ;sf/fTds sfd ub{}g . of] tgfj Joj:yfkg ug{] gsf/fTds tl/sf xf] . of] bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf tgfj Joj:yfkg ug{] tl/sf xf] . o;df tgfj Joj:yfkgsf nflu JolStn] ;Demft} f cfkmg\\ f z}nLut, cfr/0fut / Jojxf/hGo ultljlwdf ;Demf}tf u/L ;f]cg'¿ksf] sfo{ Jojxf/ k:| tt' ugk'{ g]{ x'G5 . o;n] lbg] glthfx¿ ;sf/fTds x'G5g\\ . @= tgfj Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] tnsf ;sf/fTds /0fgLltx¿nfO{ dfly k|:tt' hf]8L hf]8Ldf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf lgisif{ k:| t't ug{'xf];\\ M -s_ tLg k6s nfdf] Zjf; lng] -v_ ;fyL lzIfs;Fu 3n' ldn x'g] / s'/fsfgL ug{] -u_ k5fl8af6 uGtL ub}{ cfpg] -3_ uLt ;ª\\uLt ;'Gg] -ª_ of]u Wofg ug]{ -r_ lrq agfpg] -5_ ;do tflnsf agfP/ sfd ug{] -h_ sfdsf] kf| yldstf lgwf{/0f ug{] -em_ nIo lgwf/{ 0f ug]{ -`_ bZ[ ofjnfs] g ug]{ -6_ k':ts jf kqklqsf k9g\\ ] -7_ v]n vN] g] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !! 45

cEof; != tn lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\\ M -s_ dflysf] 36gfdf tgfj l;hg{ f ug]{ s] s] sf/0f pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\\ < -v_ tgfjn] 1fgxl/nfO{ s:tf] c;/ kf/s] f] 5 < -u_ tgfj Joj:yfkgdf ofu] / Wofgn] k¥' ofpg] kmfObf s] s] x'g\\ < -3_ …tgfj Joj:yfkgdf 1fgxl/n] ckgfPsf /0fgLltx¿ Jff:tjdf ;sf/fTds 5g\\ .Ú o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf];\\ . -ª_ tgfj xg' e' Gbf klg To;nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ul/G5 eGg] s/' f a9L dxŒjk0\" f{ xG' 5 . s] tkfO“{ o; egfO;“u ;xdt xg' 'xG' 5, cfkm\\gf tsx{ ¿ k|:t't ug{x' f];\\ . @= tgfj Joj:yfkgsf ;sf/fTds jf :j:y / c:j:y tl/sf;“u ;DalGwt lrq, kmf]6f ;ª\\sng u/L k|bzg{ kf6Ldf 6f:“ gx' f;] \\ . pTsi[ 6 lrq jf kmf]6fnfO{ k/' :s[t klg ugx'{ f];\\ . #= tnsf] c+z k9/] sIffdf ;fyLx¿;u“ 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ M åGå, tgfj / åGå Joj:yfkg xhf/f“} xNsf zAbeGbf zflGt Nofpg Ps zAb sfkmL xG' 5 . — uf}td a4' dN\" odfGotf, ljZjf;, cjwf/0ffdf bl] vg] leGgtfsf sf/0f pTkGg xg' ] dgfj] 1} flgs cj:yf åGå xf] . b'O{ jf ;fe] Gbf a9L ;dx\" x¿ Jff ;ªu\\ 7gx¿lar s'g} ljifodf xg' ] lj/fw] , ljjfb jf c;xdltsf] cj:yf åGå xf] . k/Dk/fut cjwf/0ffcg;' f/ åGånfO{ gsf/fTds ¿kaf6 lng] ul/G5 . åGå v/fa xf] / o;n] ljgfz lgDTofpF5 eGg] dfGotf o; cjwf/0ffdf kfOG5 . åGåsf] cjwf/0ffn] dfgj ;DaGw dxŒjk0\" f{ kIfsf ¿kdf åGånfO{ lng] u/]sf] 5 . o; cjwf/0ffn] åGå :jfefljs / l;hg{ fTds x'G5 / o;nfO{ ;fdfgf ug{k' b{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . o;nfO{ åGåsf] cfwl' gs cjwf/0ff klg elgG5 . ;g\\ !(&) sf] bzskl5 k|rngdf /xs] f] åGåsf] cjwf/0ff cGt/lj|mofTds cjwf/0ff xf] . o; cjwf/0ffn] åGånfO{ lglZrt xb;Dd kf| ]T;flxt ul/g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . ;fdflhs ultzLntf Pjd\\ ;fª\\u7lgs ultzLntfsf nflu klg of] cfjZos x'G5 eGg] dfGotf o; cjwf/0ffsf] /xs] f] 5 . åGån] l;hg{ f ug{] tgfj M åGån] JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf tgfjsf] l;hg{ f ub5{ . JolStut ufnL, aO] HhtL s6' lk6, ef}lts cfjm| d0f, ph/' L, d'2f dfldnf, lx;+ fTds 36gf cflbsf] sf/0f l;lht{ tgfjn] JolSt / ;dfhdf gsf/fTds c;/ kb{5 . o:tf] tgfjnfO{ ;dod} Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s] dfq To;af6 x'g] Iflt Gog\" ug{ ;lsG5 . 46 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !!