Class-8

Subject : English DAY-1 Lesson: A memorable journey from Terai to Hill Activity:1 Read the text below carefully ( Watch the video on you tube: https://youtu.be/eHLObdIQSls ) A memorable journey from Terai to the Hill I had heard that Ghale Gaun was a really beautiful place for home stay. I was keen (very interested and eager)to go there. My luck favoured me. My parents made a plan to take me to the place for five days during my vacation. As I was born in Birgunj, I had never seen the hilly region before. My first visit to Ghale Gaun made a lasting impression on me. I reached there passing many hills through green countryside. The beautiful scenery on the way appealed (attracted very much) to me. It still flashes in my memory. After spending a night at a hotel in Besishahar, early next morning we started our journey on foot. I felt it difficult to walk the hills. My father immediately realized it. We broke our journey in Baglung Pani. He told us to have a rest at Chautara. He took out a bottle of cold drink from his bag. We drank it. “Are you enjoying the scenery?” my mother asked me. “Isn’t it an exciting experience to see such a picturesque (beautiful and attractive scenery) village?” My father pointed to the village with clustered (close, in group) houses. I looked at the village. I couldn’t help saying, “Yes”. That picturesque scenery thrilled (excited, pleased) me. I forgot all the tiredness that I had felt before. Activity: 2 A. Answer the following questions. (a) Where did the writer go on holiday? (b) How many members were there on the journey? Who were they? (c) Where was the writer from? B. Fill in the blanks with suitable words. 1. Houses in Ghale Gaun were …… 2. He reached there passing many hills through green……… 3. The ………… scenery excited the writer. 4. The writer was enjoying the …………. . DAY-2 Lesson: A Memorable Journey from Terai to Hill Activity: 1 Read the text below carefully. “Mummy, I ‘m ready to move ahead. I’m not exhausted (tired). Let’s go!” I got up and walked towards the village. As we were walking, we got lost. So, my father asked a stranger (unknown person), “Excuse me, I wonder if you could tell me the way to Ghale Gaun”. The man greeted my father and said, “I’m also going there. If you like, I’ll guide you to get there.” “Thank you”, my mother replied. The man said, “The village with clustered houses is Ghale Gaun. It is situated at the northwest of Besishahar in Lamjung. It takes about a five-hour walk to reach there on foot from Besishahar. We can get there by bus too. People who cannot walk can take a bus to go there. Almost all the inhabitants (people living there) of Ghale Gaun are Ghyabre Gurungs.” We enjoyed the journey with that man very much. After about a five-hour walk we reached our destination. --1--

Class-8 “Why are they taking marigold garland with Tika?” I asked my mother. “This is how they welcome their guests”, my mother replied. We were treated with proper hospitality (friendliness). We were served with fresh and delicious organic food. We ate dal, bhat, tarkari, achar with a Gurung family. We were the paying guests there. They performed their cultural dances. Mainly, we observed the Ghantu Dance, Krishna Charitra, Jhankri Dance and Lama Dance. In the end, we observed some typical round houses there. We also looked at the Annapurna Himalayan range from the village. Thus we spent five days in a homely environment in Lamjung and returned home. Activity: 2 A. Answer the following questions. (a) Did the writer like Ghale Gaun? How do you know? (b) How were the writer and her parents welcomed in Ghale Gaun? (c) Describe Ghale Gaun in five sentences. B. Match the words in column ‘A’ with their meanings in column ‘B’. AB (a) Impression (i) friendly and generous behaviour towards guests (b) Destination (ii) a feeling that one gets about something or somebody (c) Thrilled (iii) a person that lives in a particular place (d) Hospitality (iv) a place where somebody is going (e) Inhabitant (v) overjoyed DAY-3 Lesson: A Memorable Journey from Terai to Hill Activity: 1 Read the text given on day 1 and day 2 again. Activity: 2 Write the similar type of description of any place you have visited. ( Include Name of the place, when did you visit it, with whom did you visit it, what did you do there, what attracted you the most) DAY-4 Lesson: A Visit to Godawari Activity: 1 Read the following word meanings very carefully. ( Watch the video on youtube https://youtu.be/d c3x9SakQ ) Scenic: having or allowing you to see beautiful natural features Trip: short journey/ tour Sight:a thing that one sees or that can be seen Exotic: foreign Species: Diversities, types Fern: A plant Orchid: a flower Chestnuts: katus Lush: beautiful, covered in healthy grass and plants Walnuts: okhar Subtropical: a climate zone/ region Observed: saw, detected Himalayan maples: a plant locally called as Phirphire Worth: sufficiently good Gleaming-swallow tails: bright, shiny and deeply forked tail Flock: group of Cookouts: a party or gathering where the meal is cooked and eaten outdoors. Biodegradable: capable of being decomposed by bacteria Harmony: coordination Appeal: request, attracts Inspiration: motivation, encouragement Recreation: refreshment --2--

English Activity: 2 With the help of the meaning given above read the text carefully and do the following activities. 1. Answer the following questions. (a) What makes Godawari beautiful? (b) What is Godawari famous for? (c) How many species of plants are found there? (d) In which months do we find butterflies moving around flowers in Godawari? (e) How can picnics be part of social harmony? (f) What do people do in picnics apart from eating? 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the text. 1. Srijana is the leader of the …….. team. 2. Godawari is situated at the …….. of the forested hills. 3. The leaves of oak trees …….. green all the year around. 4. Butterflies……..around beautiful flowers. 5. Picnics are often …….. with festivals. DAY-5 Lesson: Letter writing Activity: 1 Read the following letter and point out the following parts: Address Date Salutation Body Closing Birgunj, Parsa Jan. 8, 2013 Dear Nilu, How are things with you? When you left home for a homestay in Ghale Gaun, I was really sad, but now I am happy to know about your exciting journey there. Nilu, how was your holiday there? I want to know the detailed description of your journey and your experience. Will you send us a letter? Wish you a safe journey back home! Your loving brother, Satya Dev Yadav Activity: 2 Read the letter again and write a reply. Day -6 Lesson: Articles Activity: 1 Study the following tips carefully. 1. A is used before singular countable nouns and adjectives if the pronunciation starts with consonant sound.E.g. A pen, a car , a student 2. We use a before some abbreviation which begins with consonant sound .eg . a B.A student, a B.B.C program , a R.O.M, a Ph. D scholar 3. We use a before some words such as unity, useful, university, Unicorn, Universal , unique, Ewe, One , European, Union, etc. as their initial letters have consonant sounds though they start with a Vowel letter. --3--

Class-8 4. An is used before singular countable noun if the pronunciation of the words start with vowel sound. 5. We use an before some abbreviations such as SLC,FM ,I.A. , MBBS, M.A., M.Ed. , MP, NTC, HA L.L.M , SOS, etc. 6. We use An before some words such as honest, hour, honorable, heir, etc. as their initial letter /h/ becomes silent throughout its production.(For more detail look at your grammar book on the topic \"Article\".) Activity-2 Fill in the blanks with A or An. 1. It is … universal truth. 2. Gokul is … B.A student. 3. She is … Ugly girl. 4. He is … one eyed man. 5. Anita bought … inkpot at Rs 50. 6. Mr. Jhon is … European. 7. Sita is … Ph. D scholar. 8. Ram caught … owl yesterday. 9. Did you receive … SOS message. 10. We have to buy … half dozen of pens. 11. Can you write … few paragraph about cow. 12. Sita is … heir of her parents. 13. I am thinking to spend … couple of days in Pokhara. 14. Can you wait for me … hour. 15. Sandesh borrowed … umbrella from Ramesh . 16. Potato costs Rs.50 … Kilo. 17. What … lovely place. 18 What … intelligent boy. 19. What … innocent girl she is! 20. How … a Beautiful girl she is! DAY-7 Lesson: Articles Activity: 1 Study the following tips. 1. We use\" the\" before the name of rivers, name of newspapers, geographical areas, musical instrument, superlative degree, ordinal number, mountain range, religious books, seas and oceans, parts of day, directions and poles, historical period/ ages, buildings and monuments, titles and positions, scientific inventions, a noun which represent whole class of animals or things, a noun repeated in the second sentences, a noun made specific by the use of the phrase 2. Do not use any article before the name of games, colours, diseases, abstract noun, languages, proper noun, and material noun. 3. Do not use article before public places i.e.-temple, bed, church , school, collage ,hospital if they are used for primary purpose but use\" the \" if they are used for secondary purposes. E.g. He goes to …. temple to worship. He goes to the temple to take photos. (for more detail look at your grammar book on the topic \"article\".) Activity – 2 Fill in the blanks with a, an or the. 1. Crown Prince Charles of Great Britain is …. heir to the throne. 2. Kebal broke my Chair to make … wooden ruler. 3. Jinisha Keeps Busy herself in ….. kitchen every morning. 4. Rajan is … MP. 5. The Nile is … longest river in the world. 6. We need to do more for … poor. 7. Binod is ….. B.A student. 8. Janak is … M.Sc student. 9. Once Sudip saw …. cute ape in the zoo. 10. Has Sagar ever seen …. wounded man ? 11. Could you close…… door, please? It’s really cold. 12. Dinesh is …..SLC graduate. 13. …. Statue of liberty was a gift of friendship from France in the United States. 14. ….. girl in blue skirt is my sister, 15. Who is best ……student of your class? 16. Samjana doesnot want to miss the opportunity to be… doctor. 17. Tila is…… NGO officer. 18. Bichhet is ….. University Student. 19. …. European tourist visited our school today. 20. Lovin and Chudamani have climbed up….. Everest within the decade. --4--

English DAY-8 Lesson: Unseen Text Practice Activity: 1 Read the following text to do the activities that follow. Seconds before Neha entered into her bedroom when, suddenly, she heard an outcry from below. ‘It’s all over.’ she thought as she stiffened and sank down on the stairs. It was then that the baby-boy has slid through the hole, hit the second floor window-shade and landed heavily on Vikram’s chest. His strong arms closed tightly around Kanhaiya. Vikram lost his balance and fell back. Looking out through her bedroom window grille, sobbing Neha, noticed that the crowd had dispersed-even Kanhaiya was not there. She rushed down and a man on the ground floor told her that her son was safe and had been taken to a nearby clinic. Kanhaiya was being treated for minor bruises who grabbed and clung to her when she approached him .Standing by him was a young stranger who was the savior of her son ‘I have no words to express my gratefulness to you.’ She kept on telling the stranger. ‘I was only doing what I had to do.’ said Vikram. ‘I wish nobody would leave small children near windows.’ Activity :2 A. From the text find the words that are similar in meaning to the following words. a) crying b) injuries c) thanks d) ran B. Rewrite the following sentences in correct order. a. Neha was grateful to Vikram. b. Vikram managed to catch him. c. Kanhaiya fell off the window. d. He was rushed to a clinic. DAY-9 Lesson: Unseen Text Practice Activity: 1 Read the text of day 7 again and do the activities below. Activity: 2 b. How was he saved? Answer the following questions. d. Why couldn’t Neha find her son on the spot? a. How did Kanhaiya fall off the window? c. What was Kanhaiya being treated for? DAY-10 Lesson: Articles revision Activity: 1 Study the tips given on day 6 and 7 again. Activity: 2 Use ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary. - Hariram Agrawal is …wealthy businessman. - I bought … Newspaper and ….packet of biscuits. - He sat at … back of the bus. - Do you think …. Science is easy or difficult? - ...dogs in my neighbour’s house are always barking. - My sister is not afraid of …dogs. - I like …….shirt you are wearing. --5--

Class-8 - …..gold is very expensive.-…heart purifies the blood. - Where is……cap that I bought yesterday? - He came ….third in the race. - ….water in the glass is very dirty. - ……Nile is….longest river. - Is there ….university in your town? - ….New York lies in….United States. DAY-11 Lesson: Articles revision Activity: 1 Study the tips given on day 6 and 7 again. Activity: 2 Use ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary. a)…...Amazon is ….. second longest river in the world. b) There is much……… sugar in the tea. c) What……amazing picture! d) …….milk in these bottles are sour. e)…..water and ….food are often polluted. f) There is scarcity of ……….water in Kathmandu. g)……lion is ……….dangerous animal. h) Anuj doesn’t like…..milk. He never drinks it. i) Arbind is ……..one-legged man. j) Archi is reading ….old comic. k)……people of India need…..jobs. l) Can you see……igloo over there? m) There’s……..notebook in the rack. n) He earns Rs. 10,000………month. o) I have…..aunt who is…….fashion designer. DAY-12 Lesson: A Visitor’s Guide to Pokhara Activity: 1 Read the text below carefully. We warmly welcome you to Pokhara and wish you to have a good time. Here are a few things that’ll help you to make your journey comfortable. Getting here: To get to Pokhara, you can fly direct from capital city, Kathmandu or you can take a bus or taxi, enjoying the beautiful scenery. Accommodation :You can find many luxurious hotels near Lakeside, a famous tourist place. Places to visit :There are lots of beautiful places to visit. Fewa Lake, Begnas Lake, Sarangkot, Shanti Stupa, Bats Cave, Mahendra Cave, and Davi’s Falls are the main attractions in Pokhara. Time to visit :Pokhara has a mild climate throughout the year; not so cold in winter and not so hot in the summer. However, spring and autumn are the most appropriate seasons to visit Pokhara. Money: Nepali rupees is the currency. Traveller’s cheques are accepted by most banks. US dollars are also accepted. One US dollar is approximately 90 NRs. Money can be exchanged at any bank. Activity: 2 Answer the following questions. (a) How can I reach Pokhara? (b) Do I need warm clothes if I visit Pokhara in November? (c) Can I easily get a good hotel? (d) What are the important places to see in Pokhara? --6--

English DAY-13 Lesson: A Visitor’s Guide to Pokhara Activity: 1 Study the text given on day 12 again and write similar text about your village/town ( include places to see, getting there, your village/ town, accommodation, time to visit, money…) DAY-14 Lesson: Diary Writing Activity: 1 Read the given text carefully. On Friday, June 12th I woke up at six o’clock and no wonder; it was my birthday. But of course I was not allowed to get up at that hour, so I had to control my curiosity until a quarter to seven. Then I could bear it no longer and went to the dining room, where I received a warm welcome from Moortje (the cat). Soon after seven I went to mummy and daddy and then to the sitting room to undo my presents. The first to greet me was you, possibly the nicest of all. Then on the table there were a bunch of roses, a plant and some peonies and more arrived during the day. I got masses of things from mummy and daddy, and was thoroughly spoiled by various friends. Among other things I was given camera obscura, a party game, lots of sweets, chocolates, a puzzle, a brooch, Tales and legends of the Netherlands by Joseph Cohen, Daisy’s Mountain Holiday (a terrific book), and some money. Now I can buy the myths of Greece and Rome-grand. Then Lies called for me and we went to school. During recess I treated everyone to sweet biscuits, and then we had to go back to our lessons. Now I must stop bye bye we’re going to be great pals! Activity: 2 A. Match the words in column ‘A’ with their meanings in column ‘B’. AB i. Curiosity a) A flower (Polish roses) ii. Peonies b) Short story iii. Brooch c) a traditional story , folk tales iv. Tales d) rest period, a pause from doing something v. Myths e) deep interest vi. Recess f) an ornament fastened to clothing with a pin B. Answer the following questions. a. What gifts did the writer get on his birthday? b. How did the writer celebrate his birthday? DAY-15 Lesson: Sunday, 14 June, 1942 Activity: 1 Read the text given on day 14 again. Activity: 2 Now write a diary of a day including important activities you did. --7--

Class-8 DAY-16 Lesson: Ganeshman Singh; The iron man Activity: 1 Read the following text carefully. Ganesh Man Singh is publicly acclaimed (publicly praised, celebrated) as all acceptable leader of democracy. It is a sign of respect that all the Nepalese show towards him that they call him supreme (highest in rank or authority) leader. He was born to a well-to-do family on November 09, 1915 in Itumbahal, Kathmandu as the son of Gyan Man Singh and Sanunani Shrestha Singh. His father died when he was six. So, his grandfather Ratna Man Singh brought him up. He studied in Darbar High School till grade six. He was expelled (officially make (someone) leave a school or other organization) from the school for not respecting his fellow (a person involved same activity) students who were Ranas. He went to India to continue his studies. After completing his I.Sc. from Vidyasagar College, he returned to Nepal. As soon as he returned to Nepal, he planned to protest( objection, complaint) against the autocratic(relating to a ruler who has absolute power) rulers of Nepal. In 1940, he joined the Praja Parishad, the first political party in Nepal. Unfortunately he was arrested on October 18, 1940. Though he was sentenced to life in prison for anti-Rana activities, he ultimately (eventually) escaped from Bhadragol Jail in 1944. After that he fled to India. In 1949, he became one of the founding members of the Nepali Congress. Following this, he played a significant (sufficiently great) role to overthrow (remove forcibly from power.) the Rana Regime (rule) in 1950. In 1958, he became a cabinet minister. However, after the coup ( sudden and unlawful change of the government) by late king Mahendra on 31st December 1960, he was arrested and kept at Sundarijal Military Detention Camp for eight years. Yet he refused to let his spirit be broken. Instead, he became one of the main leaders advocating (supporting something publicly) democracy in Nepal after he was released on 30th October 1968. He spent many years struggling against the partyless Panchayat System. Finally, he led the Nepalese Democratic Movement in 1990 which overthrew the Panchayat System. After the restoration of democracy, in 1990, he transcended (be or go beyond the range or limits) above the party politics. Later he started working in favour of the nation and her people. Sadly, ‘the iron man’ died on September 18th, 1997 in Chaksibari, Kathmandu. Ganesh Man Singh was awarded the United States Peace Run Prize in 1990. Moreover, he was the first Asian to be honoured with the United Nations Human Rights Award which he received in 1993. He was the first commoner to receive the State Funeral in Nepal. Activity: 2 Answer these questions. (a) Who is Ganesh Man Singh? Where was he born? (b) Where did he study? (c) Why was he expelled from Darbar High School? (d) Why did he join the Praja Parishad? (e) Why was he sentenced to life in prison? f) When was the Panchayat System overthrown? DAY-17 Lesson: Ganeshman Singh; The iron man Activity: 1 Read the text given on day 16 carefully again. Activity: 2 Read the text given on day 16 and fill in the gaps . (a) There are many political parties in Nepal. We live in a multiparty ………........................ --8--

English (b) Everyone accepted Ganesh Man Singh as their leader during the Nepalese Democratic Movement in 1990. Therefore, he was known as the …………. of the Nepalese. (c) Ratna Man Singh was Badakaji. He worked in the Rana’s palaces. He had managed everything in his family. Ganesh Man Singh was born in such a................................. family. (d) If students break school rules and regulations, they can be ………….. (e) Though he was sentenced to life in prison, he …………. from the jail. DAY-18 Lesson: Ganeshman Singh; The iron man Activity: 1 Read the text given on day 16 carefully again. Activity: 2 A. Match the words in column ‘A’ with their meanings in column ‘B’. AB (a) transcend (i) bringing back a system that existed previously (b) coup (ii) to be or go beyond the usual limits of something (c) restoration (iii) the funeral given by the government in honour of a great person (d) advocating (iv) sudden and unlawful change of the government (e) state funeral (v) supporting something publicly B. Find what happened in the life of Ganeshman Singh. Write a sentence for each date given in the table. Date Event that happened in his life November 9, 1915 1940 October 18, 1940 1944 1949 1950 1958 1960 30th October, 1968 1990 1993 September 18, 1997 DAY-19 Lesson: Holi Activity: 1 Read the given text carefully. Holi is the festival of colour. It is one of the most beautiful festivals in Hindu culture. It is a joyful festival celebrating the victory (success, win) of good over evil.This festival is generally celebrated in the month of February or early March. People from Terai celebrate it a day later with joy and ceremony. --9--

Class-8 Fagu is another name for Holi. Fagu means the sacred (holy) red powder. It is mostly celebrated on the full moon, called Fagu Purnima. People play with different colours on this day. It is usually celebrated for a week in the Terai. However, it is only the last day that all people celebrate with colours. People can be seen going round the streets either on foot or on some vehicles, with a variety of colours smeared over their face and body. During this festival, family members and friends get together and celebrate the occasion with a lot of merry (cheerful and lively) making. It is also an outburst (sudden release of excitement) of youthful excitement throwing colours and water balloons (lolas) at each other. There is a traditional belief behind the celebration of Holi. The festival, ‘Holi’ comes from the name of a mythical demon, Holika. The myth about Holi reveals that Holika and Hiranyakasyapu were sister and brother. Hiranyakasyapu had a son called Pralhad. He was a strong devotee of Lord Vishnu. However, Hiranyakasyapu was an atheist (a person who disbelieves or lacks belief in the existence of God or gods) king, and planned to kill his son, Pralhad. He asked for the help of his sister, Holika. But their attempts always failed since Lord Vishnu protected Pralhad. Holika had received a blessing from Lord Bramha to be safe from fire. So she planned to kill Pralhad in fire. She jumped into a fire with Pralhad. But, Brahma’s blessing could only be used for good purposes. Therefore, Holika was burnt in the fire whereas Pralhad was saved by the grace (blessing) of God. Thus, Holi is said to be celebrated to rejoice (feel or show great joy or delight) Holika’s death. According to another story, from the Puranas and the Bhagawat Gita, Kansha sent a female demon named Putna to kill his nephew Lord Krishna. Taking the form of a nurse Putna went to Brindaban. The child Lord Krishna was growing up there. She tried to breastfeed him with her poisonous milk but the attempt backfired and she was killed. Her body was burnt on the night of Holi. So, some consider Holi as the festival of fire. Holi is a time for fun and frolic for everyone. It is the time when one forgets worldly anxieties(fear) and just enjoys the finer things in life. Activity: 2 A. Match the following words with their meanings: AB (a) ancient (i) belonging to the past (b) festivities (ii) disciple, follower, supporter (c) devotee (iii) a formal religious or public occasion (d) ceremony (iv) disbeliever in god (e) atheist (v) enthusiastic, passionate, eager (vi) the activities while celebrating a special event B. Put the following sentences in their right order on the basis of the text above. (a) Holika was killed in a fire. (b) People forget their worldly anxieties and enjoy fine things at Holi. (c) Krishna killed a female demon named Putna. (d) Families and friends celebrate Holi with a lot of merry making. (e) People throw water balloons to the passers-by. (f) People in Terai observe Holi a day later than the people in the hills. (g) Holi falls in late February or in early March. DAY-20 Lesson: Holi Activity: 1 Read the text given on day 19 carefully again. --10--

English Activity: 2 Answer the following questions. (a) In which Nepali month does Holi mostly fall? (b) What do people do with colours at Holi? (c) Who was Hiranyakasyapu? (d) What blessing had Holika received from Lord Bramha? (e) How does Holi bring people of different castes and religions into harmony and fraternity? DAY-21 Lesson: Holi Activity: 1. Read the text given on day 19 carefully again. Activity: 2 Write an essay on ‘The Festival I Like Most’ DAY-22 Lesson: Writing an essay Activity: 1 Read the following tips and copy it in your exercise book. An essay is a written composition that helps students to express their personal ideas or opinions on some topic. It is a practical piece of writing. Here is a model essay structure: TITLE ↓ Introduction (First Paragraph) Introductory statement Thesis statement ↓ Body (Mid Paragraphs) First supporting idea Transition, topic sentence Discussion, examples, and analysis ↓ Second supporting idea Transition, topic sentence Discussion, examples, and analysis ↓ Third supporting idea Transition, topic sentence Discussion, examples, and analysis ↓ Conclusion (Last Paragraph) Transition, statement reflecting back on thesis Restate key points Activity: 2 Read these points to know the organization and types of essays: • The introductory statement could be an anecdote, quotation, saying, description, striking statistic, a fact that will lead to the thesis statement. • The main idea of the essay is stated in a single sentence called the thesis statement. --11--

Class-8 • Supporting paragraphs make up the main body of the essay. They develop the main idea of your essay. • A topic sentence is the sentence that will explain what the paragraph is mainly about. Each paragraph should have one topic sentence. • We use special transition words to link your supporting paragraphs together. Here are some transition words- first, second, third, however, even though, nevertheless, therefore, in addition to, as a result of, consequently, furthermore, also, despite, etc. DAY-23 Lesson: Writing an essay Activity: 1 Read this sample essay and copy it in your exercise book Mount Everest Introduction- Mount Everest, the world's highest peak, lies in Nepal. It is the highest peak of the Himalayas. It sits on the border between Nepal and China. The summit ridge of Mount Everest separate Nepal and Tibet, Nepal is the home of ten tall mountains, and each of them has its own story. Thesis Statement-MountEverest speaks of its story through the people who have named, measured and climbed it. Topic statement – Body paragraph 1-Mount Everest is called by different names in Tibet and Nepal. Its Tibetan name is 'Jomolungma', which means ‘Holy Mother', and its Nepali name is Sagarmatha, which means 'the goddess of the sky'. Mt Everest got its name after the person Sir George Everest, a British surveyor who first tried to locate the exact position of the peak. Topic statement- Body paragraph 2-It took manyyears to figure out the exact height of Mt. Everest. In the 19th century, the Great Trigonometric Survey of India first tried to measure the height of Mount Everest. The surveyors didn't agree on the height of Mount Everest. The British government thought the height was 29,002 feet, and the Indian government said it was 29,028 feet. These days, we know for sure the exact height of 29,035 ft or 8850m because we have better tools to measure. But the official altitude of Mt. Everest that was approved by the Nepali government is 29,029 feet. Topic Sentence- Body paragraph 2-Mount Everest has its own history of its climbers. The first success climb was made by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norga in 1953. Since then Mount Everest has been climbed by more than 3000 people and many records have been set and man died. Pasang Lhamu Sherpa became the first Nepalese lady to climb Everest, and Apa Sherpa holds the record for reaching the summit more times. The oldest climber to reach Mount Everest is 76-year-old Min Bahadur Sherchan. Concluding paragraph-To sum up, it is the dream of several mountain climbers from all over the world to climb Mount Everest, and to be involved in the story of the world's highest mountain. DAY-24 , 25, 26 & 27 Lesson: Writing an essay Activity: 1 Read the tips given on day 22 and sample essay given on day 23. --12--

English Activity: 2 Write an essay on the topics below: a) Value of Time (b) Student Life and Discipline c) My Country (d) My Aim in Life DAY-28 Lesson: Transformation of Sentence Activity: 1 Study the following rules carefully. conversion of a kind of sentence into some other kind is called transformation of sentence. One kind of sentence can be transformed into another in the following ways. a) While making a sentence 'negative' (indicating 'no' or 'not') add not to the auxiliary verb (if any). (i) They are playing cowrie shells. (Affir.)-They are not playing cowrie shells. (Neg.) b) Sometimes there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence. In such situation Negatives and Questions are made by the help of 'do' or 'does' if the verb is in the present and 'did' if the verb is in the past. [Note: 'do' verbs are 'do', 'does' and 'did' and use 'V 1 ' after each] (i) Ratna eats apples.-Rama doesn 't eat apples, (Neg.) -Does Rama eat apples? (Qu) c) If you are told to transform the sentences containing always, some, somebody, someone, sometimes, something, any of— in to negative, you change them into -- never, any, nobody, no one, seldom, nothing and none of respectively. (i) She always comes to meet me. (Affir.)-She never comes to meet me. (Neg.) d) 'Some' used with the subject/object becomes no in, the negative. (i) I bought some wine. (Affir.)-I bought no wine/l didn 't buy any wine. (Neg.) e) 'Either ….or' changes into 'Neither . . nor’ in the negative. (i) Either Ram or his friends have stolen books.-Neither Ram nor hisfriends have stolen books. f) 'Must' changes into 'needn't' and 'mustn't’ in the negative, (i) You must work hard.-You needn 't work hard. (no necessity)-You mustn 't work hard. (prohibition) g) 'A lot of' changes into 'much' or 'many? in the Question and Negative. (i) There was a lot of water.-There was not much water. (Neg.) h) 'Already' changes into 'yet' in the 'Negative' and 'Qyestion' (i) He has already gone.-He hasn 't gone yet. (Neg.)-Hasn 't he gone yet? (Qu.) i) 'Always' and 'sometimes' change into fevers in the Interrogative (Question). (i) Beena always comes here.-Does Beena ever come here? (Qu.) j) 'Too', 'and so' and 'as....as' change into 'either', 'neither' and 'not so' in the Negative respectively. (i) Bhuwan loves her too.-Bhuwan doesn 't love her either (Neg.) k) Sentences with -- has to/have to/had to/used to +V1 are changed into Negative in the following ways. (i) He has to do this.-He doesn 't have to do this. l. Sometimes the verbs — has, have and had are used alone i.e. not with any other ordinary verbs. In such situations, they themselves are ordinary verbs. So, 'Negatives' and 'Questions' are made by the help of 'do' or 'does' if the verb is in the present i.e, 'have' or 'has' and 'did' if the verb is in the pasti.e. 'had'. (i) Sanu has a fever.-Sanu doesn 't have fever. (Neg.) --13--

Class-8 m) While transforming sentences into 'Wh' questions i.e. questions from Whom, Whose, Which, Where, etc., we keep the 'Wh' word given at the beginning and other changes are made according to the rules mentioned earlier. i) He lives in Kathmandu. (In to Where question)-Where does he live? DAY-29 Lesson: Transformation of Sentence Activity: 1 Study the rules given on day 28 carefully again Activity: 2 Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. - She has already done her homework. [into negative] - He believes in ghost. [into negative] - Either you or he has stolen my pen. [into negative] - Something was wrong.[into negative] - He must guide me. [into negative] - Rajesh is plowing in the field. [into negative] - Stop talking. [into negative] - Dipa has not completed her assignments. [into affirmative] - She doesn't know the answer. [into affirmative] - He rarely speaks French. [into affirmative] - Nobody is calling you. [into affirmative] - Don't make noise. [into affirmative] - Ram didn't have his lunch. [into affirmative] DAY-30 Lesson: Transformation of Sentence Activity: 1 Study the rules given on day 28 carefully again Activity :2 Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets i. Nile is the longest river in the world. [Which —question] ii. Someone hit on her head. [Yes/ no question] iii. Somebody has closed the door. [Yes/ no question] iv. He always helps the poor. [Yes/ no question] v. Some students have completed their assignment. [Yes/ no question] vi. He goes to school on foot. [Yes/ no question]Ramesh worked hard. [who question] vii. Soniya loves her mother. [Whom question] viii. They built a temple in the village. [where question] ix. They came to Berlin last Friday. [when question] x. Aakash is listening classical songs. [ what question] xi. Do it. [Into Negative] xii. I have already done my work. [Into negative] --14--

English DAY-31& 32 Lesson: Test Yourself Activity: 1 Read the text below and do the activities that follow. Holi is the festival of color. It is one of the most beautiful festivals in Hindu culture. It is the joyful festival celebrating the victory of good over evil. Fagu is another name for holi. Fagu means the scares red powder. The festival is mostly celebrated on the full moon-called Fagu Poornima. This festival is usually celebrated for a week in the Terai. However, it is only the last day that all people celebrate with color. There are traditional belief behind the celebration of this festival. The festival 'Holi' comes from the name of mythical demon Holika who had received a blessing from Brahma to be safe from fire. So she planned to kill pralhad in fire. She jumped into fire with pralhad. But, Brahma's blessing could only be used for good purposes. Therefore, holika was burnt in the fire where as pralhad was saved by the grace of the God. Thus, Holi is said to rejoice Holika's death. According to purans and Bhagabat Gita, Kansha sent Putana-a female demon to kill Lord Krishna. Taking the form of nurse. Putana went to Brindaban where Krishna was growing up. She tried to breastfeed him with her poisonous milk but the attempt backfired and she was killed. Her body was burnt on the night of Holi. So same consider Holi as the festival of fire. Activity: 2 i. Find the words in the text as indicated in the brackets. 1. blessing (Synonym) 2. Got (synonym) 3. Modern (antonym) 4. Wholesome (antonym) 5. Bad(synonym) ii) Answer them a) Why did Holika die? b) What, according to purans and Bhagawat Gita, is Holli? c) What is the meaning of Fagu? d) How is Holi observed? e) How did Putana plan to kill Krishna? 2. Write an essay on the following topics in about 150 words. a) Important of English Language b) Value of Time 3. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets. a) Pramod went to Kathmandu yesterday. [when question] b) The principal asked me some questions. [into negative] c) He lost his purse yesterday. [into interrogative] d) Anusha never studies hard. [into affirmative] e) Students have not prepared for the show yet. [into positive] DAY-33 Lesson: Transformation of Sentence Activity: 1 Study the rules given on day 28 carefully again Activity: 2 Change the following sentences into negative. a) Radhika put some sugar in her tea. b) Suraksha cut her finger. c) He loves dancing. d) Hari passed the exam. e) Geeta cleaned the room. f) Actors can earn their bread easily in Nepal. g) People used to send their children to collect firewood h) She has already finished her work. i)My brother passed his exam. --15--

Class-8 j) Ramesh always works hard. k) Nitesh often comes to me. l) Either Nima or Krishna is there. m) Put some sugar in your tea. n) He had a book. o) My boss believes me. DAY-34 Lesson: Transformation of Sentence Activity: 1 Study the rules given on day 28 carefully again Activity: 2 Change the following sentences into negative. i) My mother always takes care of me. ii) I know how this problem can be solved. iii) You did it nicely. iv) They go jogging every morning. v) My dog loves travelling in fast car. vi) Lila had a bad dream last night. vii) Manaswi likes going to cinema hall. viii) She kept the ring in the jewelry box. ix) Prem had a nice journey last week. x) Chirag studies in grade X. xi) She does her homework. xii) Somebody likes to help me. xiii) You cooked food for me. xiv) Somebody likes to sing a song. xv) He had a car. DAY-35 Lesson: Dialogue Writing Activity: 1 Read the text carefully. Dialogue is a written or spoken conversational exchange let it be formal or informal between two or more people. Some Hints A. Initial Stage (greetings and well-being) : When the persons visit each other, they greet and ask the well being of each other. So, while writing dialogue, use the greetings like: Good morning, Good afternoon or Good evening, Hello, Hi, How do you do? Then after, individuals will ask well- being of each other. B. Middle Stage (Subject matter) : After greeting and well-being, the participants of dialogue should be diverted towards subject matter. They should talk on the subject matter provided by the question. Suppose that the question is: Compose a dialogue between two friends discussing about coming Saturday plan. While writing dialogue of this question, you should mention clearly where to go on coming Saturday, when to go, how to go, what to do there etc. C. Final Stage (Ending) : You can extend your dialogue as long as you wish. But it is not better to write on conversation than necessity. When the volume of dialogue is sufficient, divert you dialogue towards ending. Don't end your dialogue forcefully. You can use any one of the following sentence before ending your dialogue. i. Oh, interval time is over. Let's go to classroom. ii. My mother is telephoning me. I have to go home now. Bye, see you tomorrow. iii. It is getting dark. Let's go home now. Bye. Activity :2 Read the given sample of the dialogue carefully. Compose a dialogue between two friends talking about a friend who is getting married. Chandrakant : Hi, Bhumika, how are you? Bhumika : I'm fine and you? --16--

English I'm fine, too. Have you heard any news? Not yet. Is there any special news? Chandrakant : Yes, Our classmate Manju Karki is getting married next month. Bhumika : Oh, to whom is she getting married? She didn't tell me anything. I met her Chandrakant : yesterday. Bhumika : I heard the boy lives in Kathmandu and teaches in campus. Chandrakant, do you have Manju's mobile number? Chandrakant : Yes , I've dialed on my mobile. Here you are. Bhumika : Thanks. Oh, my mother is calling me. I've to go home. Bye. Chandrakant : Bye. See you tomorrow. Bhumika : Chandrakant : DAY-36 Lesson: Dialogue Writing Activity: 1 Read the tips and sample of dialogue given on day 33 carefully again. Activity: 2 Complete the following dialogue choosing the correct option from the box. Passenger : Good afternoon. Counter clerk : Good afternoon, …………………….? Passenger : What time does the bus for Pokhara leave? Counter clerk : ………………………………………… Passenger : But it's already quarter past twelve. Counter clerk : ……………………….. I'll call the driver soon. Passenger : Yes, where's the driver? Counter clerk : ………………………………………….. Passenger : Then, please call him otherwise we'll be late. Counter clerk : …………………. You'd better get on your bus. Passenger : ………………………………………..? Counter clerk : About six hours. Passenger : ……………………………………………… Counter clerk : You are most welcome sir. • What can I do for you, sir? • The scheduled time of its departure time is 12.00 p.m. • I'm afraid it's getting late by 15 minute. • I think he has gone to have lunch. • Oh! Yes he's coming. • Actually, how long does it take to reach Pokhara? • Thanks for your kind information. DAY-37, 38 & 39 Lesson: Dialogue Writing Activity: 1 Read the tips and sample of dialogue given on day 33 carefully again. Activity: 2 • Compose a dialogue between a hotel receptionist and a customer in about six exchanges. The customer has just reached the hotel and he wants to stay there for some days. --17--

Class-8 • Compose a dialogue between two friends on the basis of given situation.Rita and Manju are in gift shop. They both are going to attend Sita's birthday. They are discussing about buying presents for Sita. • Write a dialogue between two friends on visiting museum. DAY-39 Lesson: Dialogue Writing Activity: 1 Read the tips and sample of dialogue given on day 33 carefully again. Activity: 2 Write a dialogue between two friends on visiting museum. DAY-40 Lesson: Writing Activity: 1 Describe the following picture in 100 words. DAY-41 Lesson: Technology Activity: 1 Read the given text carefully. A computer is an electronic device that processes information, so it is also called an information processor. The information is stored in its memory and processed to bring results. When a computer shows the result of the data processing on the monitor, it is called output. Thus, a computer works by combining the input, storage, processing and output. All the main parts of a computer system are involved in one of these four processes. Keyboard: The computer keyboard looks like a typewriter. It uses an arrangement of buttons or keys that have characters engraved (cut or carve a text or design on the surface of a hard object ) or printed on them. Each press of a key corresponds (match up) to a single written symbol. You can type text and numbers with the keyboard. The keyboard is also used for computer gaming. It is used to give commands to the operating system of a computer, so it is an input device. --18--

English Mouse: The computer mouse is a pointing device with one or more buttons and is held under one of the user’s hands. It is primarily made of three parts: the buttons, the handling area, and the rolling object. The mouse is one of the types of input unit. You can make commands with this device. Central processing unit (CPU): The work that a computer does is called data processing. It includes storing information, finding the right information and doing calculations. The part of the computer that processes the data (information) is called the CPU (Central Processing Unit), so CPU is also known as the brain of the computer. It contains only electronic components. They are called microchips. Hard drive: The hard drive sits inside the CPU casing. It is also called the hard disk. It has a huge magnetic memory. It stores all your documents and files, so it is one of the storage devices of a computer. You can have your documents stored here. Optical drive: An optical drive is also known as a CD/DVD drive. It uses light to read and write data. It is the drive you use to burn CDs, DVDs and Blu-Ray discs. It gives a computer persistent storage to allow it to save data, so it is another storage device of a computer. Monitor: A computer monitor is also known as Visual Display Unit (VDU) or screen. It looks like a television. The monitor shows the result of the data processing as an output of the computer programming, so it is one of the output devices. You have your calculations displayed (shown) on the monitor. Other common computer parts are the flash-drive and printer. Though they are not the basic parts, you would better know their functions. Flash drives are also known as pen-drives. You can have your data stored in them. Printers are output devices. They are used to print the result of your computer work. Activity : 2 A. Read the text and write ‘True’ for true and ‘False’ for false statements. (a) An optical drive processes your raw data. (b) A mouse is a display device. (c) A monitor is a television. (d) A keyboard looks like a typewriter. (e) A computer has input, process, storage, and output devices. B. Read the text and fill in the gaps. (a) A computer is an electronic machine that …… information. (b) You have your information stored in the …… (c) A …… processes the data and makes calculations. (d) A …… is a pointing device. (e) The computer monitor is also known as a ………(f) Optical drive uses …… to read and write data. (g) A keyboard and a mouse are known as …… devices. (h) CRT and LCD are the types of ……… (i) A monitor and a printer are …… devices of a computer. DAY-42 Lesson: Technology Activity: 1 Read the text given on day 39 carefully again Activity :2 and making Answer these questions. (a) Name the input devices of a computer. (b) Which part of the computer is responsible for processing information calculations? (c) What is a computer hard drive used for? (d) What is the use of the mouse? --19--

Class-8 (e) What can you do with the keyboard ? (f) Name the three basic storage devices of a computer. DAY-43 Lesson: Technology Activity: 1 Read the text given on day 39 carefully again Activity : 2 A. Read the text again and write words which mean the following. (a) Performing a particular series of operations on the information, such as a set of calculations ………….. (b) The putting and keeping of things in a special place for use in the future .................. (c) Information that is put into a system or machine so that it can operate .. ................... (d) An amount of something produced by a machine …............................ (e) To show something electronically on a computer screen …................... B. Read the text and match the words in column ‘A’ with their meanings in column ‘B’. AB (a) Monitor (i) the part of computer that controls all the other parts of the system (b) Keyboard (ii) a screen that shows information from a computer (c) CPU (iii) storage device (d) Hard drive (iv) a small device to control the movement of the cursor on a computer screen (e) Mouse (v) a set of keys for operating a computer DAY-44 Lesson: Writing Condolence Message Activity: 1 Look at the following notice of condolence and answer the questions given below. --20--

English b. Where do you find this type of text? a. What is the text about? c. Why do people write this type of text? DAY-45 & 46 Lesson: Writing Condolence Message Activity: 1 Read the condolence given below. Activity: 2 A. Write a newspaper condolence notice on the untimely demise of your friend. Use the clues given in the box: Gokul Tharu – 21 years old –sociable and helpful –a national volleyball player –killed in car accident on April, 2002. B. Image that one of your friends has had a bus accident. He died in hospital. Write a formal notice of condolence in a newspaper using the clues given in the box: Hari Kanta Sharma, 47 years old, a political leader, popular, social and helpful member of the community. DAY-47 Lesson: Leaflet Activity: 1 Read the text given on day 12 carefully again. ( Watch the video on you tube https://youtu.be/Jwcd4jNygA4 ) Activity: 2 Develop a visitor’s guide of any place you like [ include Location (where is the place / map geographic Informations ),How can people get there ? (transportation),Where to stay ?,What can they experience ? (recreational activities),What can they see ? (Sights), Specialties (special features ),Climate / good time to visit, Money, Relevant pictures] --21--

Class-8 DAY-48 Lesson: Curriculum Vitae Activity: 1 Study the following curriculum vitae (CV) carefully. Name : Rajani Acharya Personal details DOB : 28/10/1986 Address : Rupakot -3, Tanahun Phone : 0166922402 Mobile : 9849233462 Email : [email protected] Profile : enthusiastic graduate with practical experience of working in a bank Education : Year Institution/University Level Division 2003 Shree Shanti Udaya School, Kaski SLC 1st 2005 Tribhuvan Higher Secondary School, Tanahun 10+2 1st 2009 Nepal Commerce Campus, Kathmandu BBS 1st Work experience : September 2010 - August 2012 Cashier at Rastriya Banijya Bank June 2009 to August 2010 Accountant, S & S Company Interests : Dancing, travelling, conducting researches Additional Information : I have conducted three researches on the area ‘poverty in Nepal’. I have taken different types banking training. References : Dr. Chandra Upreti ,Tribhuvan University ,Faculty of Management ,Prem Bahadur Khadka, Rastriya Banijya Bank, Manager, Nepal Commerce Campus, Kathmandu Activity : 2 Prepare your own CV with the help of the sample given above. DAY-49 Lesson: Story Writing Activity: 1 Read the following story carefully. A Thirsty Crow It was a hot summer day. A crow was very thirsty. He flew here and there in search of water.He could not find any water. He sat on a branch of a tree. He saw a pitcher on the ground. There was little water in the pitcher. He was very happy to see the water in the pitcher. He tried to drink the water but the level of water was low. His beak could not reach the water in the pitcher. He thought of a plan. He dropped some pebbles into the pitcher, one by one. The level of water rose up. The crow drank the water, and feeling satisfied; flew away. Moral: Where there is a will, there is a way. Activity: 2 Develop a similar readable story with the help of the outlines given below. Give it a suitable title and find a moral lesson. King Solomon-very wise -one day two mothers with two babies come to him - one baby alive one dead - say one baby killed in accident - both mothers claim the living baby - each says dead baby belongs to the other - who is the real mother of the living baby?- Solomon thinks and gives decision - living baby to be cut into two halves - each woman will get half - --22--

English one woman agrees - the other weeps - says baby must not be killed - let the other woman have it other than that - Solomon smiles - decides the weeping mother is the real mother - gives her the living baby - other woman is punished. DAY-50 Lesson: Story Writing Activity: 1 Read the story given on day 49 carefully again. Activity: 2 Construct a readable story with the help of outlines given below. three men find-a purse in a forest- agree to divide the money.-all are hungry-one goes to buy food poisons it-the other two decide to murder him-he is murdered on his return-the other two eat the food- result-moral. DAY-51 Lesson: Story Writing Activity: 1 Read the story given on day 49 carefully again. Activity: 2 Write a story using the clues in the box. A dog eating a piece of bone under a tree-two hungry crows see him- think to take the bone- make a plan- one crow comes down and pulls the dog's tail- the dog leaves the bone and runs after the crow-the other flies down and takes away the bone –they enjoy the feast -the dog is puzzled at his stupidity-moral DAY-52 Lesson: Story writing Activity: 1 Read the story given on day 49 carefully again. Activity: 2 If you know any moral stories like this, write one of them. DAY-53 Lesson: Letter Writing Activity: 1 Read the text given on day 5 carefully again. Activity: 2 Write a short letter to your younger brother or sister asking him/her not to eat junk food because it is harmful to health. DAY-54 Lesson: Unseen Text Activity: 1 Read the following passage carefully. One of the main reasons why so many children start smoking is that they see their seniors smoking. They think that it is good to do when \"grown-up\" unseen. Moreover, they smoke in order to impress their friends. Quite judiciously, they are not ready to accept when their --23--

Class-8 seniors warn them about the dangers of smoking. It is so because they think that if smoking is dangerous, why do so many adults do it? Smoking can cause cancers, bronchitis and heart disease. The nicotine inhaled from cigarettes makes the heart beat faster and makes arteries contract. This can lead to blockages in the arteries, particularly in the lungs. Cancer and bronchitis are caused by tar and carbon mono-oxide taken into lungs .Although these harmful effects are well known, people continue to smoke. Some people carry on even after having a heart attack or a leg amputated. Activity: 2 A. Choose and tick the best answer: a) Many children start smoking because. ..... ... i) They see their seniors smoking. ii) they like smoking . iii) their parents let them smoke. b) …….. inhaled from cigarettes makes the heart beat faster. i) tar ii) nicotine iii) smoke c) Although these harmful effects are known, many people. .. . . . . . ......to smoke. i) Stop ii) think iii) continue d) Children are .. . . . .. to accept the senior's suggestion easily. i) not ready ii) ready iii) agree e) Cancer and bronchitis are………by tar and carbon mono-oxide taken into lungs. i) aused ii) increased iii) thought B. Read the text again and write words which mean the following. i) With good judgment or sense- …… ii) Cut off ( a limb) by surgical person- ……. iii) Shrink, decrease in size- ………. iv) Breathe in- …………. DAY-55 Lesson: Activity: 1 Read the text given on day 54 carefully again. Activity: 2 A. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements. 1. Children start smoking seeing their seniors smoking. 2. Smoking can cause cancers, bronchitis and heart disease. 3. Smoking is not injurious to health. 4.The nicotine inhaled from cigarettes makes the heart beat faster. 5.Children stop smoking if their seniors warn them. B. Answer the following questions: 1.Why do so many people start smoking? 2.Why don't the children accept their senior's warning? 3.What can be the cause of smoking? 4.Is smoking dangerous? Why? 5.Why don't the children accept their seniors warnings? DAY-56 Lesson: Activity: 1 Search a model of an application for scholarship yourself and study it. --24--

English Activity: 2 Write an application to your principal requesting to provide an scholarship DAY-57 Lesson: An Interview with Local Businessman. ( Watch the video on you tube https://youtu.be/ngCGQu7Ea6g ) Activity: 1 Study unit 3 from your text book page no; 24,25 and complete given activities. Activity: 2 A. Write ‘True’ or ‘False’ against the following statements. (a) Three students went to see the businessperson. (b) The parents of the businessperson were also in business. (c) The businessperson studied in a poorly facilitated school. (d) Every business activity is for profit making. (e) Education helps a businessperson to be successful. B. Read the conversation of unit 3 and match the words in column ‘A’ with their meaning in column ‘B’. AB (i) local (a) benefit from a business (ii) snacks (b) of a particular place (iii) sports (c) related to home (iv) profit (d) tiffin (v) household (e) games DAY-58 Lesson: An Interview with Local Businessman Activity: 1 Study unit 3 from your text book ( page no; 24,25 ). Activity: 2 Answer the following questions. (a) Why did the students interview the businessperson? (b) Were the businessperson’s parents educated? (c) What was the game he most liked at school? (d) How does hard-work help a business make progress? (e) What happens when you try to manage business without education? DAY-59& 60 Lesson: Self Assessment 1. Choose the correct alternative from the bracket to complete the sentences. a) She is … unique student of class eight.( a / an / the ) b) My father is …M.Ed. in English.( a / an / the) c) We go to school……… foot ( by / on / with) . d) We do our work…… ( ourselves / ourself / yourself). e) I am a student ………..( amen't I? / aren't I /aren't you?) . 2. Read the following text carefully. Ganesh Man Singh is publicly acclaimed (publicly praised, celebrated) as all acceptable leader of democracy. It is a sign of respect that all the Nepalese show towards him that they call him supreme (highest in rank or authority) leader. He was born to a well-to-do family on November 09, 1915 in Itumbahal, Kathmandu as the son of Gyan Man Singh --25--

Class-8 and Sanunani Shrestha Singh. His father died when he was six. So, his grandfather Ratna Man Singh brought him up. He studied in Darbar High School till grade six. He was expelled (officially make (someone) leave a school or other organization) from the school for not respecting his fellow (a person involved same activity) students who were Ranas. He went to India to continue his studies. After completing his I.Sc. from Vidyasagar College, he returned to Nepal. As soon as he returned to Nepal, he planned to protest( objection, complaint) against the autocratic(relating to a ruler who has absolute power) rulers of Nepal. In 1940, he joined the Praja Parishad, the first political party in Nepal. Unfortunately he was arrested on October 18, 1940. Though he was sentenced to life in prison for anti-Rana activities, he ultimately (eventually) escaped from Bhadragol Jail in 1944. After that he fled to India. In 1949, he became one of the founding members of the Nepali Congress. Following this, he played a significant (sufficiently great) role to overthrow (remove forcibly from power.) the Rana Regime (rule) in 1950. In 1958, he became a cabinet minister. However, after the coup ( sudden and unlawful change of the government) by late king Mahendra on 31st December 1960, he was arrested and kept at Sundarijal Military Detention Camp for eight years. Yet he refused to let his spirit be broken. Instead, he became one of the main leaders advocating (supporting something publicly) democracy in Nepal after he was released on 30th October 1968. He spent many years struggling against the partyless Panchayat System. Finally, he led the Nepalese Democratic Movement in 1990 which overthrew the Panchayat System. After the restoration of democracy, in 1990, he transcended (be or go beyond the range or limits) above the party politics. Later he started working in favour of the nation and her people. Sadly, ‘the iron man’ died on September 18th, 1997 in Chaksibari, Kathmandu. Ganesh Man Singh was awarded the United States Peace Run Prize in 1990. Moreover, he was the first Asian to be honoured with the United Nations Human Rights Award which he received in 1993. He was the first commoner to receive the State Funeral in Nepal. Answer these questions. (a) Who is Ganesh Man Singh? Where was he born? (b) Where did he study? (c) Why was he expelled from Darbar High School? (d) Why did he join the Praja Parishad? (e) Why was he sentenced to life in prison? (f) When was the Panchayat System overthrown? 3. Read the following notice and do the activities given below. Necon Air would like to inform its valued passengers that due to unforeseen circumstances, some of its scheduled flights may be changed until further notices. Therefore, passengers are requested to contact with the travel agency concerned or the nearest sales office or the nearest airport office of Necon Air before commencing their journey. Necon Air would like to apologize for the inconvenience caused. A. Answer the following questions. 1. What is the notice about? 2. Which air company has issued the notice? 3. Who are the passengers requested to contact with? 4. What would the Necon Air like to apologize for? 5. What may be changed until further notice? --26--

English B. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B. AB a. circumstances not expected b. commencing particular incidents c. nearest planned d. scheduled closest e. unforeseen starting 4. Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate phrase/sentences from the box given below. Shopkeeper : Good afternoon, Madam……………………… Customer : Good afternoon, I'd like to look at some shirts. Shopkeeper : ……………………………………. Customer : Terry cots if you have some Shopkeeper : …………………………………… Customer : I rather fancy those blue ones with red strips. Shopkeeper : Well, they are for ladies. Customer : ……………………………………. Shopkeeper : What's the collar-size, Madam? Customer : Fifteen Shopkeeper : Fifteen? Are you sure Madam? Customer : Yes,........................................................ . Shopkeeper : Here you are Madam. -Sure, we've and excellent range of terry cot shirts. -Cotton or synthetics, Madam? -Could you take out please? -What can I do for you?-Yes, it's for my daughter. 5. Transform the sentences as indicated in the brackets. 1. Kathmandu is 200 km from Pokhara.[Wh question] 2. This book belongs to Renu.[into Wh question] 3. He had a book. [into negative] 4. Someone hit on her head. [Yes/ no question] 5. Somebody has closed the door. [Yes/ no question] 6. Write an essay on ‘Natural Resources in Nepal’ in about 200 words. 7. Develop a readable story, using the following clues. An old women and a hen-the hen-Lays a golden egg daily-the women not satisfied- wants to get rich quickly-cuts the hen open-hen dies-no golden eggs inside-laments- moral 8. Write a newspaper condolence notice. ( Use the clues given in the box ) Bijay kr. Jha– 60 years old –sociable and helpful –CEO of Jha business corporation– killed in car accident on April, 2012. The End --27--

ljifo M g]kfnL Class-8 lbg M Ps kf7 M gk] fn -sljtf_ cWoog v08 tnsf sljtf kªl\\ Qmx¿ /fd|/L k9 / To;eGbf tn lbOPsf s'/fx¿df Wofg b]pm M g]kfn Kof/f] / kljq bz] ;fG} bo{ wf/f axg] czi] f . ;ª\\uLtsf] dn\" km'6L ljzfn 5NsL /x] em}F noa4 5fn .. kfgf v'nf kj{t kqkq 5g\\ j0f{ emF} jI[ f ntf ljlrq . vf]nf, r/fsf] Wjlg ux' \\o dGq gk] fn l;ª\\u} ax'dN\" o tGq .. sljtf uB / kB u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\\ . kB sljtfsf rf/ kª\\lQmnfO{ Znf]s elgG5 . dflysf] sljtf+zdf ‘g]kfn’ sljtfsf bO' { Znf]s 5g\\ . dflysf] sljtfz+ sf] klxnf] Znfs] sf klxnf] / bf];|f] kªl\\ Qmdf /xs] f ‘bz] ’ / ‘czi] f’ zAbx¿ pRrf/0f ubf{ p:t} p:t} ;'lgG5g\\ . To:t} t;] |f] / rf}yf] kªl\\ Qmsf ‘ljzfn’ / ‘5fn’ zAb p:t} ;'lgG5g\\ . To;} u/L bf;] |f] Znf]ssf klxnf] / bf;] f| ] kªl\\ Qmdf ‘kqkq’ / ‘ljlrq’ / t];f| ] / rfy} f] kª\\lQmdf ‘dGq’ / ‘tGq’ zAb klg pRrf/0fdf p:t} p:t} ;'lgG5g\\ . pRrf/0fdf p:t} ;l' gg] / p:t} no cfpg] zAbnfO{ cgk' f| ; elgG5 . cg'kf| ; kª\\lQmsf] clGtddf ko| fu] ePsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ cGTofgk' f| ; elgG5 . uLt / sljtfdf cg'k|f;sf] lgs} dxŒj xG' 5 . ‘b]z’ / ‘czi] f’ ‘ljzfn’ / ‘5fn’ ‘kqkq’ / ‘ljlrq’ ‘dGq’ / ‘tGq’ cEof; v08 dflysf bO' { Znfs] ltdLn] cWoog ul/;Sof} . ca tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm M s_ sljtf slt k|sf/sf xG' 5g\\ <. v_ Ps Znf]s eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < u_ cg'k|f; egs] f] s] xf<] 3_ cg'k|f; sxfF eof] eg] Tof] cGTofg'kf| ; aGb5< ª_ cg'k|f; ePsf zAbsf] k|of]u u/L bO' j{ 6f kªl\\ Qm l;h{gf u/ . cWoog v08 lbg M b'O{ ‘g]kfn’ sljtf k9 . kf7 M gk] fn -sljtf_ cEof; v08 klxnf] lbgsf] cWoog v08df lbOPsf] h:t} u/L ‘g]kfn’ sljtfdf k|of]u ePsf cGTofg'kf| ;oQ' m zAbx¿sf hf]8L agfP/ nv] . --28--

Nepali lbg M tLg kf7 M g]kfn -sljtf_ cWoog v08 ‘g]kfn’ sljtf jfrg ul/Psf ;fdu|L o6' o\\ 'adf kfpg ;lsG5 . ;Dej ePdf To;nfO{ ;G' g'xf];\\ / no yfxf kfpm . cEof; v08 != ‘gk] fn’ sljtf ;'lg;s]kl5 pQm sljtfsf] no ;Dem / cfkm\"n] klg jfrg u/L cfÇgf cleefjsnfO{ ;g' fpm . @= cleefjsnfO{ pxfFn] ;Dem]sf] s'g} Ps sljtf jfrg ug{ nufpm / ;'g . lbg M rf/ kf7 M gk] fn -sljtf_ cWoog v08 sljtf 5f]6f] xG' 5 t/ o;sf] cy{ eg] lgs} uxg / nfdf] x'G5 . 5f6] f] n]vfOdf w]/} cy{ ;dl] 6Psf] n]vgnfO{ ‘;q\" fTds nv] g’ elgG5 . sljtfsf] efiff ;\"qfTds x'G5 . efiffdf w]/} cy{ af]Sg] eflifs jfSo jf kª\\lQmnfO{ JofVof ug{] ;Lk clgjfo{ x'G5 . 5f6] f t/ dxŒjk0\" f{ c+znfO{ JofVof u//] nfdf] agfpg] / nfdfnfdf ljifoaf6 dV' o c+z dfq 5fg]/ 5f]6f] agfpg] b'j} ;Lk xfdL;uF x'g cfjZos x'G5 . oL b'j} ;Lk ePdf xfdL efiffdf ;an aG5fF} . oxfF xfdL JofVof ug{] s]xL ;Lkaf/] rrf{ u5fF}{ . JofVof ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ s]xL s'/fx¿ tn lbOPsf 5g\\ . x]/ x} t . JofVof tLg cg'R5b] df ;d]6/] nV] g'k5{ . h;cg;' f/ M klxnf] cg'R5b] M – kf7 / n]vssf] gfd yfxf eP;Dd n]Vg,] – lbOPsf] cz+ sf] d\"n ;f/ n]Vg] . bf];|f] cg'R5b] M – pbfx/0f / ts{ k:| tt' ub{} lbOPsf] cz+ sf] ;/n efiffdf l;nl;nf ldnfP/ JofVof ug]{, – ;fl] wPsf] cz+ sf] d\"n ljifodf s]lGb|t /xg,] – cfjZostfcg;' f/ ljifo;uF ldNg] pvfg, 6'Ssfsf] k|of]u ug]{ . t;] f| ] cgR' 5b] M – k|:t't c+zdf /xs] f laDa, k|tLs, cnªs\\ f/, 5Gb cflbsf af/d] f yfxf eP;Dd n]Vg,] – ;fl] wPsf] c+zsf] efiff s:tf] 5 -;/n, k|tLsfTds cflb_ To;af/]df pNn]v ug],{ – kg' M kZ| gsf] d\"n efj n]Vg] / pQm ljifosf af/d] f cfÇgf] ljrf/÷wf/0ff n]Vg] . -cl3Nnf sIffdf klg ltdLn] JofVofsf] cWoog / cEof; ul/;Sge' Psf] 5 . t;y{ dflysf s]xL ;Lkn] ltdLnfO{ k'gM To; s/' fsf] :d/0f cjZo} u/fof] xf]nf . o; sIffdf cfO;s]kl5 cl3Nnf sIffdf eGbf cln uxg / yf]/} nfdf] JofVof ug{] Ifdtf agfpg' h?/L 5 ._ cEof; v08 JofVof u/ M vf]nf, r/fsf] Wjlg u'x\\o dGq gk] fn l;ª\\u} ax'dN\" o tGq . --29--

Class-8 lbg M kfrF cWoog v08 kf7 M zAbe08f/ kofo{ jfrL zAb M bO' { jf bO' {eGbf a9L zAbx¿ h;n] Pp6} cy{ lbg] sfd u5{g\\, tL kof{ojfrL zAb x'g\\ . cy{ ;lhnf;] uF a'emfpgsf] nflu o;sf] ko| f]un] lgs} ;xof]u ub{5 . ;fy} kofo{ jfrL zAbsf] k|of]un] Pp6} cy{sf] nflu ljljw zAb rog ug{ ;lsg] xF'bf efiffnfO{ pTs[i6 Pjd\\ ljljwtfdo agfpg ;lsG5 . eflifs Ifdtfsf] klg jb[ \\lw xG' 5 . clUg M cfuf,] cgn cnª\\sf/ M uxgf, cfei\" f0f ckdfg M 30[ ff, lt/:sf/ cgdfn] M cd\"No, d\"Nojfg cg'xf/ M dx' f/, cw/ cgk' d M cgf}7f,] pTsi[ 6 clejfbg M gd:sf/, cjut M hfgsf/L, ;r\" gf, yfxf cy{ M tfTko{, efj cfdf M hggL, dftf, d'df cfrfo{ M u¿' , ljåfg\\ cfFvf M gog, g]q, nfr] g pb\\ofg M aur}F f, jfl6sf, km'naf/L ls;fg M s[ifs ls/0f M k|sfz, /lZd bz] M d'ns' , /fi6«, /fHo kj{t M lzv/, kxf8 Wjlg M cfjfh, :j/, no b]jtf M bp] tf, bj] , OZ{ j/, Oz{ , eujfg ;o\" { M lbjfs/, k|efs/, lbgs/, efg,' 3fd xfjf M kjg, jfo', ;dL/ hut\\ M ;+;f/, ljZj, kY[ jL, et\" n ;xn] L M ;fyL, ;ª\\uL, ldq ;d'b| M l;Gw', ;fu/, hnlglw gofF M gjLg, gj :jtGq M d'St, 56' sf/f cEof; v08 tnsf zAbx¿sf kof{ojfrL zAb ‘bj] s'df/L yfkf’ kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5]baf6 vfh] ]/ n]v . /fd|f], k|of;, k]|/0ff, u?' , ldq, ;;+ f/, rfSnf,] sd lbg M 5 kf7 M zAbe08f/ cWoog v08 ljk/LtfyL{ zAb M sg' } klg zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAbnfO{ ljk/LtfyL{ zAb elgG5 . ljk/LtfyL{ zAbsf] dfWodaf6 klg sg' } zAbsf] cy{ klxrfg ug{ ;lhnf] k5{ . kljq M ckljq zflGt M czflGt lzlIft M clzlIft ?lr M c?lr b[Zo M cbZ[ o OHht M aO] Hht ;lhnf] M c;lhnf] :jLsf/ M c:jLsf/ 1fgL M c1fgL an] f M ca]nf vfg' M gvfg' xg] '{ M gx]g'{ /dfOnf] M g/dfOnf] otf M ptf hf8f] M udL{ jiff{ M lxpFb kmn} g' M v'Drg' rf/] M ;fw' cfbfg M kb| fg ;hLj M lghL{j kZ| g M pTt/ ;feF m M laxfg kf| s[lts M s[lqd hLjg M d/0f lhpg M dg'{ ;u' d M bu' d{ 3fd M 5fofF ;kgf M ljkgf jfl/ M kfl/ lht M xf/ 7'nf] M ;fgf] gofF M k'/fgf] w]/} M yf/] } wgL M ul/a r9g\\ M cfn] {g v'nf M aGb :ju{ M g/s --30--

Nepali cEof; v08 tnsf zAbx¿sf ljk/LtfyL{ zAb ‘ldqtf’ kf7sf] bf;] f| ] cg'R5]baf6 vf]h/] n]v . c;do, /fhsd' f/L, ljbz] , /ft, ;v' , a[4, ns' fO{, xf:F y], sfnf,] lbg M ;ft kf7 M zAbe08f/ cWoog v08 cgs] fyL{ zAb M Pp6} zAbn] PseGbf a9L cy{ lbG5 eg] To:tf] zAbnfO{ cg]sfyL{ zAb elgG5 . Pp6} zAb klg km/s km/s kl/jz] df leGg cy{ k|bfg ug]{ ePsfn] efiffsf] ;xL cy{ a'‰gsf nflu cgs] fyL{ zAbsf] 1fg x'g' clgjfo{ dflgG5 . zAb cy{ zAb cy{ xf/ M k/fho cy{ M tfTko{ M uxgf M ;DklTt M nx/ ;fFrf] M ;To df; M bfn M dlxgf M tfnf ;fn M jif{ kq M kft M Ps kh| fltsf] ?v pTt/ M lbzf M lr7L M hjfkm b/ M efp bfp M Ps xltof/ M dfs} f M /fltdf p7/] vfOg] vfgf sfn M ;do tfn M bx M dT[ o' kIf M ;dyg{ M 9ªu\\ M kGw| lbgsf] ;do sn M emu8f M wf/f M oGq ufn] M cuF f/ M es'G8f] kf:] 6df l5/]sf] cj:yf cEof; v08 tnsf zAbx¿sf km/s km/s cy{ n]vL jfSodf k|of]u u/ M tf/, xf/, /x/, sfn, t/, b/, tf;, ;/' lbg M cf7 cWoog v08 kf7 M zAbe08f/ ;dfjz] s zJb M Pp6} zAbn] lgs} w/] } lrhsf] kl| tlglwTj u5{ eg] Tof] zAb ;dfj]zs zAb xf] . ;dfjz] s zAb;Fu ;dfjz] x'g cfpg] zJb ;dfj]io zAb xg' \\ . s'g eGg] k|Zgdf pTt/sf ¿kdf w/] } ljsNk xg' ] vfnsf zAbx¿ g} jf:tjdf ;dfjz] s zAb x'g\\ . ;dfj]zs zAb ;dfji] o zAb vn] M km6' an, elnan, lj|ms]6, sa8\\8L, 8G8Llaof], 6a] n 6l] g;, h'8f,] s/fFt], t]SjfGbf] cflb . Wfft' M ;g' , rfbF L, xL/f, dft] L, lkTtn, kmnfd, l;nf}6, tfdf, cfNdl' god cflb . rf8kj{ M b;,}F ltxf/, 57, O{b, Nxf;] f/, lzj/fqL, lth, peF f}nL cflb . kmnkm'n M cfkF , s/] f, :ofp, ;'Gtnf, sfutL, efu] 6,] df;} d, hg' f/, lnrL, cª\\u/' , s6x/ cflb . --31--

Class-8 afhf÷jfbo\\ oGq M dfbn, af;F /' L, vhF} 8L, g/l;u+ f, ;xgfO{, lutf/, tanf, 9f]ns, d[bªu\\ cflb . kz'÷rfk} fof M ufO{, uf]?, afvf| , e};F L, ;F'u/' , e]8f, ss' /' , 3f]8f, vRr8 cflb . cGg M wfg, ds}, uxF,' hf,} sfb] f,] kmfk/ cflb . a:q÷kfz] fs M bf/} f, ;'?jfn, u'Go,' rfn] f,] ;f8L, Jnfph, sldh, kfOG6, ;6,{ sf6] , 6fk] L cflb . t/sf/L M ;fu, sfpnL, dn' f, wlgof,F aGbf, s/n] f, cfn', km;L,{ ss{nf], eG6f, ufh/ cflb . u]8fu8' L M df;, e66\\ , rgf, s]/fp, af]8L, l;dL, /x/, d';/' f] cflb . ljifo M efiff, ul0ft, lj1fg, ;fdflhs, e\"ufn] , cyz{ f:q, hg;ª\\Vof, /fhgLltzf:q cflb . km'n M nfnLu/' fF;, ;okqL, dvdnL, ufb] fj/L, ;'gfv/L, rdn] L,an] L, kfl/hft, lzl/if cflb . wd{ M lxGb\", afb} w\\ , dl' :nd, O;{ fO{ cflb . hft M u'?ª, du/, /fO{, lnDa,\" tfdfª, z]kf,{ ysfnL, af| Xd0f,Ifq] L, rk] fª, bdfO{, sfdL cflb . snf M x:tsnf, dl\" t{snf, lrqsnf, jf:ts' nf, k:| t/snf, clegosnf cflb . cfe\"if0f÷uxgf M l;jm| L, cf}7F L, ltnx/L, dªu\\ n;q\" , xf/, 9ª' \\uL| , afnf, km'nL, an' fFsL, gfu} ]8L cflb . efiff M gk] fnL, cª\\u]h| L, lxGbL, dl} ynL, lrlgof,F u?' ª, efh] k/' L,gk] fn, 8f]6n] L cflb . cEof; v08 tnsf zAbx¿af6;dfjz] s / ;dfj]io zAb 5fgL hf]8L ldnfpm . dªl\\ ;/, lhNnf, e8] f, b]z, ;fn, t/sf/L, ;t] L, ¿v, dsfn,' dxfbz] , cGg, g]kfn, kf]v/f, ;nfx{ L, dlxgf, hgfj/, lrlrG8f], sf]bf,] gbL, ;x/, lxdfn, Pl;of lbg M gf} kf7 M zAbe08f/ cWoog v08 dflysf rfy} f], kfrF f}F 56} f}F / ;ftf}F lbgsf cWoog v08 k9o\\ f} . To;nfO{ kg' M :d/0f u/. cEof; v08 sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fpF e/ M s_ ‘;fu/’ zAbsf] kofo{ jfrL zAb ====== xf] . -tfn, s'jf, ;d'b|_ v_ ‘/fIf;’ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb =====xf] . -bfgj, eQm, Clif_ u_ =========== cg]sfyL{ zAb xfO] g . -xf/, tf/, rf/_ 3_ ‘lhTg'’ zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb ====== xf] . -ljho, xfg',{ vN] g', r9\\g_' ª_ ‘:jb]z’ zAbsfl] jk/LtfyL{ zAb ===== xf] . -dft[el\" d, du' nfg, k/b]z_ r_ ‘;u/’ zAbn] ======== cy{ lbG5 . -cfsfz, k[YjL, gIfq_ 5_ ‘xf/’ zAbsf] cg]sfy{s zAb ==== xfO] g . -ljho, k/fho, dfnf_ h_ ‘sn’ zAbn] ======cy{ lbbF }g . -emu8f, cfh, oGq_ em_ ========== / ========kofo{ jfrL zAb x'g\\ . -cfvF f–gog, wfs–9fs, kfn] –dfn] _ `_ ‘aQL’sf] kof{ojfrL zAb ======== xf] . -slQ, lbof], ls/0f_ 6_ ‘dlxgf’ sf] ;dfj]io zAb ====== xfO] g . -cfOt, kmfug' , ebf}_ 7_ ‘k':ts’sf] ;dfj]io zAb ======== xf] . -efUo, d'gfdbg, g]kfn_ 8_ ‘yfn’, ‘s;fF}8L’, ‘rDrf’ cflb zAbsf] ;dfj]zL zAb ====== xf] . -efF8fs'F8f, v]nf}gf, cf}hf/_ 9_ ‘dr] L’ sf] ;dfj]zL zAb ========== xf] . -lxdfn, ;d'b|, gbL_ 0f_ ‘rf/] ’ zAbsf] pN6f] cy{ ======== n] a'emfp5F . -8fsF f, km6fxf, ;fw_' --32--

Nepali lbg M b; kf7 M af]w k|Zg pTt/÷kZ| gfT] t/ cWoog v08 afw] k|Zgsf] pTt/ nV] bf Wofg lbgk' g{] s'/fx¿ M – k|Zg kqdf ePsf] cg'R5b] nfO{ /fd|/L k9\\g], – kZ| gn] vf]h]sf] pTt/ ;6Ls efiffdf ;Dej eP;Dd Pp6} jfSodf nV] g], – cgR' 5b] ÷kf7sf] dd{eGbf aflxl/P/ pTt/ gn]Vg], – pTt/nfO{ JofVof ljZn]if0f gug,{] – zAbsf] cy{ nV] g] k|Zg eP To;sf] pTt/ nV] bf zAb / To;sf] cy{ dfq lj|mot] / jfSo 9fFrfdf klg n]Vg ;lsG5 . h:t} M– crfgs M PSsfl;, eid M v/fgL – cg'R5]bdf ePsf jfSonfO{ pTt/ n]Vbf h:tfsf] t:t} g;fg,]{ k|Zgsf] sfn jf kIf;uF ldnfP/ pTt/ n]Vg], – cfÇg} df}lns zn} Ldf 5l/tf] jfSodf pTt/ nV] g] . cEof; v08 tnsf] cg'R5b] cWoog u/L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ b]pm . /fHon] afnclwsf/nfO{ ljzi] f ¿kdf x/] s] f] x'G5 . xfd|f] b]zn] klg afnclwsf/ ;+/If0fsf lglDt Pg] sfg'g agfPsf] 5 . olt xF'bfxbF' } klg xfdf| bz] sf afnaflnsf hGdl;4 clwsf/af6 kfvf kfl/Ps} 5g\\ . afn>dsf] hftF fd] f slnnf afnssf tgdg lkl;Ps} 5g\\ . 3/kl/jf/, /fHo tyf ;/fs] f/jfnfn] afnclwsf/nfO{ cfgˆ f] bfloTj ;lDemP/ sfd ug]{ xf] eg] sg' } klg afns g};lus{ clwsf/af6 jl~rt xg' ] lyPg . ef]lnsf s0f{wf/ afns cfhsf] sf/vfgfsf] afn>les aGg] lyPg . k|Zgx¿ M s_ /fHon] afnclwsf/nfO{ sg' ¿kn] x/] s] f] xG' 5 < v_ afnaflnsf s:tf] clwsf/af6 kfvf kfl/Psf 5g\\ < u_ afns g};lu{s clwsf/af6 jl~rt gx'g s] ug{'k5{ < 3_ efl] nsf s0fw{ f/ afns cfh s] ug{ afWo 5g\\ < lbg M P3f/ kf7M efUo -jfSodf ko| f]u_ cWoog v08 != jfSo lgdf0{ f -jfSodf ko| f]u_ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx¿ M s_ ljleGg zAb, pvfg, 6S' sf cflbsf] cy{ /fd|/L a'‰g], lgkftsf] k|ofu] af/] Wofg lbg,] v_ cy{ al' em;sk] l5 pQm zAb, pvfg, 6'Ssf jf lgkftnfO{ 5f6] f]5l/tf] / cy{k\"0f{ jfSo lgdf{0f ug]{, u_ 6'SsfnfO{ jfSodf ko| f]u ubf{ 6S' sfsf] cGTodf cfpg] ‘g’' kT| oonfO{ ;dflksf ls|ofdf abNg,] 3_ kf| ljlws÷kfl/eflifs zAbnfO{ pQm zAb ko| f]u xg' ] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt jfSo lgdf{0f ug,]{ ª_ jfSo lgdf0{ f ul/;sk] l5 jfSodf ko| fu] ul/Psf] c+znfO{ /]vfª\\sg ug{] . @= jfSo lgdf0{ fsf sx] L pbfx/0f M dGq M xfd|f gbLgfnfsf] lg/Gt/ aUg] kl| so| faf6 dGq lg:sG5 . dg vfg' M ul/asf] cj:yf b]v/] p;sf] dg vfof] . h7' ]Ngf] M h'7N] gfsf] 5p] df /fk] ]sf] ;G' tnfsf] af]6df lgs} kmn nfu]sf] 5 . lg M d]/f] efO t sIffdf k|yd eP/ k/' :sf/ kfof] lg. OGb|sf cufl8 :jus{ f] aofg M d:' tfªdf dlxgf lbg 3'd]/ ev/{ kmsg{ e' Psf] bfh'nfO{ kf| lKtn] d:' tfªaf/] ukm nufpg' t OGb|sf cufl8 :jus{ f] aofg ePg / eGof < cfhLjg M dfwj l3ld/]n] cfhLjg g]kfnL sljtfdf snd rnfO/x] . zflnu|fd M zflnuf| dnfO{ eujfg\\ lji0f'sf] cjtf/sf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . --33--

Class-8 cEof; v08 cy{ :ki6 x'g] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M bu' d{ , cfl;s, czfGt xg' ', l;kmfl/;, /]vflrq, cfkmGt, lvl;Ss, kv' f{ cWoog v08 lbg M afx| kf7sf] b;] f| ] / t];f| ] cgR' 5b] k9 . kf7 M efUo -syf_ cEof; v08 ‘kG' 6n] ] ;fx'sf] 3/sf] s's'/ xg' ' kf] hftL /x5] ’ eg/] lsg egs] f] xfn] f < lbg M tx] | kf7 M efUo cWoog v08 tnsf] cgR' 5b] k9 . æafa,' d}n] w]/} sfd ug{ dfq hfgF,] To;nfO{ efUo;Fu hf]8\\g hflggF . sfd u/]kl5 efUo ablng'k5{ eGg] s/' f ev{/ a'‰b} 5' . d w/] } sfd u5'{ t/ b\"weft pgLx¿ vfG5g\\ lsg < lsgeg] >d ug]{;uF k|z:t hldg 5}g . hldg xg' ]x¿;uF >dsf] dN\" o a'‰g] dg 5g} . To;n} ] 5f]/f, ca >d / hldgsf] ;DaGw xfdf| ] efUol;t hf]8g\\ ] s'/f ug'k{ 5{ / cfÇgf] efUo cfkm}F n]Vgk' 5{ . dnfO{ plxNo} o:tf] s'/f a'emfOlbg] sf]xL ePg . ca d cfkmn\" ] a'em]sf] s'/f ltdLx¿nfO{ klg a'emfpFb} hfG5' .Æ cEof; v08 dflysf] cgR' 5]b Wofgk\"js{ k9 / tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ nv] . s_ kG' 6]sf] afa'n] s] s'/f hfg] / s] s/' f hfg]gg\\ < v_ sfd ug]{n] kz| :t vfg gkfpg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] < u_ sfd ug]{ / hldg x'g]sf aLrdf ePsf bO' { km/s nv] . 3_ cfÇgf] efUo cfkm}F s;/L nl] vG5 < ª_ ‘>d’ / ‘;DaGw’ zAbsf] cy{ nv] . lbg M rfw} kf7 M aF'bfl6kf]6 / ;f/fz+ n]vg cWoog v08 aFb' f l6of]6 ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] s/' fx¿ M – kZ| g kqsf] cg'R5b] nfO{ /fd/| L k9L k'Vo s/' f÷k|;ª\\u÷;Gben{ fO{ l;;fsndn] /v] fª\\sg ug{,] – aFbfx¿ n]Vbf c;dflksf lj|mofkb ePsf] ck0\" f{ jfSodf n]Vg] / cGTodf cNklj/fd lrxg\\ -,_ /fVg,] – rf/j6f a'Fbfsf cf/Dedf -s_, -v_, -u_, -3_ n]vL j|md ;ª\\Vof /fVg,] – Pp6f ab'F f n]lv ;s]kl5 csf]{ abF' f n]Vbf pTt/ k'l:tsfsf] Pp6f x/km vfnL /fVg], – clGtdsf] abF' f n]vL ck0\" f{ jfSo eP klg k0\" f{lj/fd lrx\\g nV] g] . ;f/fz+ nv] gdf Vofn /fVgk' g]{ s'/fx¿ M – cgR' 5]bnfO{ /fdf| ;] Fu k9L dV' o s/' fnfO{ /]vfªs\\ g ug,{] – ltg ‘p’ -pvfg, plSt / pb\\w/0f_ nfO{ x6fpg,] – cg'R5b] sf zAbnfO{ u0fgf u/L sn' zAb ;ªV\\ ofnfO{ # n] efu ug,{] – Pp6f l8sfd] f ePsf zAbnfO{ Ps zAb dfGg,] – Dfly afFbfdf ;dl] 6Psf ab'F fnfO{ g} df}lns efiff z}nLdf ;f/f+z tof/ kfg{], – pTt/ k'l:tsfsf] lardf ;'xfpFbf] zLif{s nV] g,] --34--

Nepali cEof; v08 ‘b]jsd' f/L yfkf’ kf7sf] 5}6fF} cgR' 5b] k9L dV' o rf/aFb' f l6k / ;f/fz+ nv] M lbg M kGw| kf7 M b]jsd' f/L yfkf cWoog v08 ‘b]jsd' f/L yfkf’ kf7sf] rf}yf] cgR' 5b] /fdf| ]l;t k9 . cEof; v08 tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f6] f] pQ/ bp] m . s_ bj] s'df/L yfkfn] s:tf syf n]v]sL 5g\\ / tL syfdf s] s/' fnfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 < v_ pgsf sl[ tx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kf/ . cWoog v08 lbg M ;fx] | kf7sf] kfrF fF} cg'R5]b cWoog u/ . kf7 M bj] sd' f/L yfkf cEof; v08 != bj] s'df/L yfkfn] u/s] f dV' o sfd / ofu] bfgsf] ;\"rL agfpm . @= pgsf] ;]jfaf6 ljz]ifu/L s;nfO{ ;xof]u ku' s] f] 5 < lbg M ;q kf7 M sf/s / ljelQm cWoog v08 tnsf] tflnsfsf cfwf/df sf/s / ljelStaf/] ae' m / lrg. jm| =;=+ sf/s cy{ ljelSt lrx\\g ljelSt pbfx/0f ! stf{ sf/s sfd ug]{ n], af6 k|ydf !_ xl/ 3/ uof] . @_ xl/n] lhTof] . @ sd{ sf/s sfdsf] nfO{ c;/ kg{] låtLof !_ /fdn] efOnfO{ lk6\\of] . @_ l;tfn] cfkF vfO{ . # s/0f sf/s sfd ug]{ n,] af6, åf/f t[tLof !_ pbLkn] rDrfn] vfgf vfof] . ;fwg @_ d hxfhaf6 kf]v/f cfPF . $ ;Dk|bfg Kffpg]jfnf nfO,{ nflu, rty' L{ !_ /fdn] efOnfO{ ld7fO{ lbof] . sf/s lglDt @_ eujfgn] xfdLnfO{ j/bfg lbg'eof] . % ckbfg 56' l\\ 6g]÷ b]lv÷af6 k~rdL !_ hfls/ 3/af6 cfof] . sf/s cnlUug] @_ a; kf]v/fbl] v sf7df8fF} kU' of] . ^ sf]÷sf÷sL ifi7L !_ k|jz] sf] snd 5 . – ;DaGw÷:jf /f]÷/f÷/L @_ d]/f ;fyLx¿ c;n 5g\\ . ldTj gf]÷gf÷gL #_ cfgˆ L cfdf ;a}nfO{ dxfg\\ nflU5g\\ . & clws/0f /xg] cfwf/ df÷dfly ;KtdL !_ 5fgfdf lw/f}Fnf 5g\\ . @_ 6]a'ndfly sDKo'6/ 5 . --35--

cEof; v08 Class-8 != sf]i7ssf lgb]z{ fg';f/ tnsf vfnL 7fpdF f pko'St sf/s / ljelSt e/ M s_ Zofdn] ============= xnf] hf]Tof] . -k|ydf ljelSt_ v_ ?v =================== kft v:of] . -k~rdL ljelSt_ u_ d}n] ================= sfkLdf n]vF] . -s/0f sf/s_ 3_ lbbLn] ============== nfO{ lk6L] . -sd{ sf/s_ ª_ ;fyLn] d ========== SofNsn' 6] / lbof] . -rt'yL{ ljelSt_ r_ cfkm\" =============== sfd cfkm}F u/f}F . -ifi7L ljelSt_ 5_ afbn =============== s] 5 < -;KtdL ljelSt_ h_ ;fyL ============== af6 3/ uof] . -ckfbfg sf/s_ em_ xfdLn] ============= nfO{ snd lbofF} . -;Dkb| fg sf/s_ `_ d =================== /fxt afF8]F . -ky| df ljelSt_ @= sf/s / ljelSt 5'6\\ofpm M s_ /d]zn] /lZdnfO{ lk6\\of] . v_ ?vaf6e'OdF f cfkF v:of] . u_ cfdfn] dnfO{ vfhf lbg'eof] . 3_ uf/] vfaf6 cfPsf] eO' Frfnf]n] kfv] /fdf c;/ kf¥of] . ª_ dn} ] nf/} fn] ;k{nfO{ df/]/ vfN8fdf xfnF] . lbg M c7f/ cWoog v08 kf7 M gfd gfdkb M sf,] s], s'g 7fpF egL zAbdfly kZ| g ubf{ pTt/ lbg ldNg] zAb gfdkb xG' 5 . sf] <→ gfdkb s] <→gfdkb sg' 7fpF <→gfdkb sf] < M xl/, lzIfs, ufos, s]6L -‘sf]’ n] dfG5]nfO{ dfq k|Zg ug{ ldN5 s] < M kfgL, ;dfrf/, tftF L, dfof -‘s’] n] dfG5] afx]ssf cGo lrhlahnfO{ ;ªs\\ t] u5_{ s'g 7fpF < M x;+ k'/, vf6] fª, Ko7' fg, g]kfn -sg' } Ps lglZrt 7fpFsf] gfd_ cEof; v08 dflysf] cfwf/df tnsf jfSodf k|ofu] ePsf gfd zAb 5fg]/ sfkLdf ;f/ . s= o;kfln sf]/f]gfn] xfdLnfO{ ljBfno uP/ ;fyL;uF v]Ng / k9\\g glbP klg xfdL 3/d} a;]/ k9]sf 5f}F . v= /fdf| ];uF gae' m]sf] kf7sf] pQ/ nV] g lgs} sl7g xG' 5 . u= cfsfz, kftfn / cGtl/If;Dd lj1fgn] lgs} rdTsf/ u/]sf] 5 t/ slxns] fxLF lj1fg klg xfg]{ u/L dxfdf/L kml} nbF f /x]5g\\ . To;n} ] xfdLn] kY[ jLnfO{ hf]ufpg'k5{ / ks| l[ t ljgfz xg' ] sfo{ ug{x' G' g . 3= a'4n] cfk;L ;xof]u, Odfgbf/L, ;To / clx;+ fnfO{ ljzi] f hf]8 lbPsf 5g\\ . ;a} k|f0fLnfO{ dfof ug{ pgn] cfux| u/]sf 5g\\ lbg M pGgfO; kf7 M ;jg{ fd cWoog v08 xfdL ;jg{ fdkb M tnsf zAbx¿ ;jg{ fd x'g\\ . d, cfkm\" --36--

Nepali tF ltdL ltdLx¿ pm pgL pgLx¿ Tof] tL, ltgL ltgLx¿ of] oL, logL logLx¿ xh'/ xh/' x¿ tkfO{+ tkfO{x+ ¿ pxfF pxfFx¿ df;} k' m df};k' mx¿ gfdkbsf ;6\\6fdf k|ofu] x'g] k'?ifjfrs zAbx¿ sf,] s,] s'g M oL / logLx¿af6 aGg] kZ| gjfrs zAbx¿ hf,] h,] h'g M oL / logLx¿af6 aGg] ;DaGwjfrs zAbx¿ cEof; v08 xfdL, tF, ltdLx¿, ltdL, pgL, sf,] hf], pxfF Tof] ;j{gfd k|ofu] u/L Ps Ps jfSo agfpm . lbg M aL; kf7 M ljz]if0f cWoog v08 ljzi] f0fkb Ms:tf], sqf,] slt, sg' , s;sf] egL kZ| g ubf{ pTt/ cfpg] zAb ljzi] f0f kb x'g\\ . s:tf] → c;n, l/;fxf, abdf; cflb . sqf] → cUnf], ;fgf,] a8d] fgsf] cflb . slt → w/] }, yk' |}, yf/] }, cfwf, rf}yfO cflb . sg' → sfG5f], bf;] f| ] cflb . s;sf] → xfd|f,] /fdsf, d]/L, cfgˆ f] cflb . ;ªV\\ ofaf]ws zAb → Ps, klxnf], ;of,F} Psf]xf/] f], bf]xf/] f,] bh{g cflb . sf]÷sf÷sL, /f]÷/f÷/L, gf÷] gf÷gL nfu]sf zAb →cfsfzsf,] t]/f, cfÇgL cflb . gfdkbsf cl3lNt/ ko| fu] ePsf] ;j{gfdkb → Tof] 3/ of] ufO{ hg' dfG5] s] s/' f cEof; v08 ‘b]jsd' f/L yfkf’ kf7sf] rfy} f] cgR' 5b] df k|of]u ePsf ljz]if0f zAb 5fg]/ sfkLdf n]v . lbg M PSsfO;{ kf7 M lso| fkb cWoog v08 lj|mofkb M wft'df ;dfks k|Too nfuL ag]sf sg' } egfO k\"0f{ ug{] zAbx¿ lj|mofkb xg' \\ . h:t} M uof], egL, vflG5g\\, x'g]5' cflb . ljm| ofkb k|foM jfSosf] cGtdf cfO{ k\"0f{ lj/fd, kZ| gjfrs lrxg\\ lnG5g\\ . ;/:jtL ptflt/ uO{ . ltdf| ] gfd s] xf] < --37--

cEof; v08 Class-8 ‘u|Gylrq’ kf7sf] t];|f] cg'R5]bdf k|ofu] ePsf ls|ofkb l6k/] sfkLdf ;f/ . lbg M afO;{ kf7 M gfdofu] L cWoog v08 gfdofu] L M gfdkb / ;jg{ fdkbsf kl5lNt/ Pp6} l8sfdf hfl] 8P/ jf cnu a;/] gflds kb;Fu ;DaGw bv] fpg] zAb gfdofu] L x'g\\ . h:t} M ;uF , l;t, lt/, kl§, tkm{, v]/, vflt/, cg';f/, ;lxt, afxs] , ;lxt, rflx,F l;jfo, nufot, adf]lhd cflb . ;fyL;Fu, kfgLd'lg, afofFkl§, ltdf| vflt/, xltof/;lxt, k|wfgdGqLnufot cEof; v08 ;Fu, lt/, kl§, afxs] , nufot, cg;' f/ gfdof]uLx¿ ko| fu] ePsf] 5f]6f] cgR' 5]b tof/ u/ . lbg M tO] ;{ kf7 M ls|ofljz]if0f÷lso| fofu] L cWoog v08 lj|mofof]uL÷ ljm| ofljz]if0f M sxf,F slxn,] lsg, s;/L, stf h:tf zAbn] k|Zg ubf{ pTt/ lbg ldNg] ljm| ofsf] ljz]iftf atfpg] zAb lj|mofljz]if0f xg' \\ . sxfF→ tn, dfly, j/, k/, cufl8 slxn] → lxhf,] cfh, efl] n, kl;{ lsg → k9g\\ , n]Vg, af]Ng s;/L →la:tf/}, v';'Ss, YofRr stf→otf, ptf - h'g;s' } sfnsf ck\"0f{ / k0\" f{ kIfdf t}÷b} / Psf]÷Psf÷ PsL k|Too hfl] 8P/ ag]sf] cz+ ls|ofljz]if0f x'G5. afa'/fd cfh vt] uf8] b\\ } lyP . xfdLn] lxhf] km'6an vn] ]sf lyofF} . -oL uf9f zAb lso| fof]uL x'g\\ ._ - wft'df ‘P/’ / ‘g’ nfu/] ags] f] zAb ls|ofofu] L xG' 5 . h:t} M a;/] , rnfP/, l/;fP/, xf;F /] , lx8F g\\ , la;g{ , /dfpg, k9g\\ cflb . - cg's/0ffTds zAb ;a} lso| fljzi] f0f xG' 5g\\ . h:t} M kmQ' , 6\\jfNn, lv:;, 7d7d, lrldSs, x'?Ss, Kof§, 8\\ofDd, km':; cflb . - wft'df b} nfu]/ ag]sf zAb lso| fof]uL xg' \\ . h:t} M a:b,} bv] fpFb,} bf8} Fb}, ldRb}, af]Nb}, kmlsF{b} cflb . cEof; v08 ‘ldqtf’ kf7sf] cf7fF} cg'R5b] k9]/ ToxfF k|of]u ePsf ls|ofljzi] f0f zAb 5fg]/ n]v . lbg M rf}aL; kf7 M ;+ofh] s cWoog v08 ;o+ f]hs M bO' c{ f]6f ;/n jfSox¿nfO{ hf]8\\g] zAb g} ;o+ fh] s xf] . kj| z] 3/ hfG5 clg ux[ sfo{ u5{ . clg, klg, t/, jf, /, ha, ta, tfklg, lsgls, lsgeg,] cyjf, obo\\ lk, tyflk cflb . --38--

Nepali cEof; v08 clg, jf, cyjf, /, lsgls, To;sf/0f, ha–ta ko| f]u u/L Ps Ps jfSo lgdf{0f u/ . lbg M kRrL; kf7 M lj:doflbafw] s / lgkft cWoog v08 lj:doflbaf]ws M dflg;sf dgsf bM' v, ;'v, xif,{ lj:dft, O{iof{, zfs] , 3[0ff cflbnfO{ ae' mfpg cfpg] zAb lj:doflbafw] s zAb x'g\\ . h:t} M l5, wt,\\ cfxf, cfDd,} pkm\\, Po] f, s7a} /f, :ofaf;, jfx, cfTyf cflb . lgkft M cfÇgf] vf; cy{ geP klg jfSonfO{ /l;nf] agfpg cfpg] zAb lgkft xg' \\ Ù h:t} M nf}, nf, lg, kf], x,} /,] /, t, g}, xlu, Sof/], Jof/] cflb . cEof; v08 ‘efUo’ syfaf6 lj:doflbafw] s zAb k|of]u ePsf sg' } tLg / lgkft ko| f]u ePsf rf/ jfSo vfh] L sfkLdf ;f/ . lbg M 5AaL; gdg' f cEof; kf7 M zAbju{ cEof; s_ /v] fª\\lst zAbx¿sf] zAbju{ 7DofO{ n]v M pgL t 1fgL JolSt x'g\\ . ;wF} cufl8 a9\\g] sfd u5g{ \\ /] ¤ pTt/ M zAb ju{ pgL ;jg{ fd 1fgL ljzi] f0f x'g\\ lj|mofkb cufl8 gfdofu] L sfd gfd /] lgkft != dflysf] h:t} u/L tnsf /]vfªl\\ st zAbx¿sf] zAbju{ klxrfg u/L n]v M s_ cfhxfdLn] cUnf] lxdfnx¥] ofF} lg ¤ v_ ;fyLn] dnfO{ ;:' t/L syfkf] ;'gfof] . u_ cfxf ¤aur}F fdfslt/fdf| /fdf| k'mnx¿ 9sdSs k'mn]sf /x5] g\\ . 3_ cfk\"m enf] t hut} enf] eG5g\\ lg d]/f af7f;fyLx¿ . ª_ ltdLPsb]lv ;o;DduGtL ug{ ;S5f} /] ¤ r_ pgLx¿ /ftf] sldh nufP/ ;/f;/ ahf/lt/uPsf 5g\\ . 5_ æd d]/f] bz] sf] Ps 6j' |mf e\"efu tLuf/} fªu\\ nfO{ sbflk ;D' kg] 5g} .Æ h_ d klg cfkm\\gf] k6] eg{sf nflu o;sf] xTof lsg u5{' /< em_ æcfxf ¤Sof/fdf| ] :ofnsf] aRrf] /x]5 . cao;}nfO{ nh} fg'k¥of] .Æ `_ clg efn] l;x+ nfO{ ;fW] of], æcfhltdLn] d]/f] efh] gsf nflu sg' } Joj:yf ldnfOlbof} <Æ lbg M ;QfO{; kf7 M u|Gylrq cWoog v08 ‘u|Gylrq’ kf7sf] kfFrf}F cgR' 5]b cWoog u/ . cEof; v08 pQm cgR' 5]baf6 gfd, ljzi] f0f / lso| fkb 5fgL tflnsf agfO{ n]v . --39--

lbg M c¶fO{; Class-8 cWoog v08 kf7 M uG| ylrq ‘uG| ylrq’ kf7sf] ;ftfF} cgR' 5]b k9 . cEof; v08 ;ª\\lIfKt pQ/ b]pm M s_ uG| ylrqdf snfsf/n] /ª ;+ofh] g s;/L ub{5g\\ < v_ tf8kq / ef]hkqnfO{ s;/L k:' tssf] cfsf/ lbOG5 <nv] . lbg M pgfGtL; kf7 M u|Gylrq cWoog v08 ‘u|Gylrq’ kf7sf] clGtd cg'R5]bk9 . cEof; v08 pQm cgR' 5]baf6 d'Vo dV' o rf/ ab'F f l6k . lbg M tL; kf7 M uG| ylrq cWoog v08 ‘u|Gylrq’ kf7df lbOPsf zAbfy{ cWoog u/ . cEof; v08 zAbfy{ kl9;s]kl5 cfÇgf cleefjs jf bfO lbbLnfO{ zAbfy{ ;f]Wg nufpm / eg . slt zAbsf] ;xL cy{ eGg ;Sof} < cfÇgf] dN\" ofª\\sg u/ . -of] cEof; ltdL s'g} klg ;do 3/sf sfx] L g sfx] Lsf] ;xof]u lnO{ ;a} kf7df ug{ ;S5f} . o;n] ltdLsf] zAbe08f/ j[l4 eO{ efiffdf ;Ifd agfpF5 ._ lbg M PstL; kf7 M lr7L cWoog v08 ljb\\ofnon] ul/a tyf h]xg] bf/ ljbo\\ fyL{nfO{ kb| fg ug]{ 5fqjl[ Tt cfkmn\" ] kfpg cg'/f]w u/L cfÇgf] ljb\\ofnosf k|wfgfWofksnfO{ nl] vPsf] lgj]bgsf] gdg' f x]/ . ldlt M @)&^÷)^÷)# >Ldfg\\ kw| fgfWofks, >L dx]Gb|f]bo p=df=lj=, cfv] |], vf]6fª . ljifo M 5fqj[lTt ;DaGwdf . dxf]bo, pko'S{ t ;DaGwdf ljb\\ofnosf] ;r\" gf kf6Ldf ks| flzt ;\"rgf cg';f/ ul/a tyf hx] g] bf/ ljbo\\ fyLn{ fO{ 5fqj[lTt kb| fg ug{] ljifosf] hfgsf/L d}n] k|fKt u/F] . d lgDg cfly{s cj:yf ePsf] kl/jf/df hlGdPsL 5fqf x'F . lktf cs}s{ f] v]taf/Ldf clwofF al6of ugx{' G' 5 . km;' {bdf Hofnf dhb/' Lsf] --40--

Nepali sfd klg ugx{' 'G5 . cfdf 3/wGbfd} ;Lldt x'gx' G' 5 . PSnf] lktfsf] sdfOn] xfdf| ] kfrF hgfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ vfg nufpg lgs} wf} wf} k5{ . ul/aLn] d/] f] OlGhlgo/ aGg] pbb\\ Z] odf ti' ff/fkft xg' ] xf] ls eGg] zª\\sf ddf plAhg yfns] f] 5 . d]/f] cWoog, cg'zf;gsf af/d] f xh'/ nufot ljb\\ofnosf ;a} u¿' u¿' dfnfO{ cjut} 5 . o; jif{sf] jflifs{ k/LIffdf d ljlzi6 >0] fLdf pTtL0f{ ePsL 5' . cltl/St ljm| ofsnfkdf klg dn} ] /fd|f] bVvn /fvs] L 5' . lhNnf lzIff sfofn{ on] cfofh] gf u/s] f] cGt/ ljbo\\ fno :t/Lo sljtf kl| tof]lutfdf d k|yd ePsf] s'/f xh/' nfO{ hfgsf/L 5bF 5} . ljbo\\ fnon] kb| fg ug]{ 5fqjl[ Tt kf| Kt ePdf d nlIft pbb\\ ]Zo xfl;n u/L cfTdlge/{ gful/s aGg]5' . ljbo\\ fnosf] ul/df pFrf] /fVg] ;lbR5fsf ;fy of] lgjb] g >Ldfg;\\ dIf k]; u/s] L 5' . cf1fsf/L 5fqf h'df /fO{ sIff M cf7 j|mdfª\\s M bO' { cEof; v08 dflysf] lr7Lsf cfwf/df tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]v M s_ dflysf] lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ nv] ]sf] xf] < v_ 5fqjl[ Qsf] ;\"rgf sxfF lyof] < u_ hd' f /fOs{ f lktf s] sfd ug{x' G' 5 < 3_ h'df /fOs{ f] kl/jf/sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < ª_ ul/aLn] hd' fsf] k9fOdf s:tf] ;Defjgf bv] fPsf] 5 < r_ k9fO / cltl/Qm lso| fsnfkdf h'df slQsf] tu8f l5g\\ < 5_ ul/aLn] hd' fsf] k9fOdf s:tf] ;Defjgf bv] fPsf] 5 < h_ h'dfn] 5fqjl[ Q kfpg' k5{ ls kb{g} , lsg < lbg M aQL; kf7 M lr7L -k7g cEof;_ cEof; v08 kf7 % sf] lgjb] g /fd/| L k9 / cfÇgf cleefjsnfO{ ;dt] ;g' fpm . lbg M t]QL; kf7 M lr7L cWoog v08 ltdLsf] cleefjsnfO{ ljBfno, ;xsf/L jf cGo s'g} sfos{ |dsf] tkm{af6 lgdGq0ff nufotsf lr7Lx¿ cfPsf x'g ;S5g\\ . To:tf lr7Lx¿ ePdf cleefjs;Fu dfu/] x]/ . cEof; v08 ljleGg 7fpFaf6 cfPsf lgdGq0ff kq cWoog u/k] l5 ltd|f] 6f]ndf 6fn] ;'wf/ ;ldltn] cfofh] gf ug{ uO/x]sf] ;/;kmfO{ sfo{s|ddf pkl:yt xg' sf nflu lgdGq0ff kq tof/ u/ . --41--

Class-8 cWoog v08 lbg M rft} L; sfn / ltgsf kIf kf7 M Jofs/0f -sfn / ltgsf kIf_ ;fdfGo et\" → Wfft' ±of÷] P÷O{ cflb ;fdfGo jt{dfg ↓ k9\\ ± of] – k9o\\ f], k9\\ ± P – k9], vf ± O{ – vfO{ → Wfft' ± 5÷5'÷5g\\ cflb ;fdfGo eljiot\\ ↓ k9\\ ± 5 – k95\\ , k9\\ ± 5' – k9\\5,' v]n\\ ± 5g\\ – v]N5g\\ → Wfft' ± g]5÷g]5'÷g5] g\\ cflb ↓ k9\\ ± g]5 – k9g\\ 5] , k9\\ ± g5] ' – k9\\g]5', vf ± g'xg' 5] – vfg'x'g]5 ck0\" f{ kIf → Wfft' ± t}÷b} ± sfn cg';f/sf] ljm| ofkb ↓ k9\\ ± b} ± lyP – k9b\\ } lyP -ck0\" f{ et\" _ k9\\ ± b} ± 5g\\ – k9\\b} 5g\\ -ck\"0f{ jtd{ fg _ k9\\ ± b} ± xg' 5] g\\ – k9b\\ } xg' ]5g\\ -ck\"0f{ eljiot\\ _ k\"0f{ kIf → Wfft' ± Psf÷] Psf÷PsL ± sfn cg;' f/sf] ljm| ofkb ↓ k9\\ ± Psf] ± lyof] – k9]sf] lyof] -k0\" f{ e\"t _ k9\\ ± Psf ± 5g\\ – k9]sf 5g\\ -k0\" f{ jt{dfg _ k9\\ ± PsL ± xg' ]5] – k9]sL xg' ]5] -k0\" f{ eljiot\\ _ cEo:t e\"t → Wfft' ± Yof]÷y]÷Yof}÷Yof}F cflb ↓ k9\\ ± Yof] – k9\\Yof] k9\\ ± Yof} – k9Y\\ of} k9\\ ± YofF} – k9Y\\ of}F c1ft e\"t → Wfft' ± P5'÷P5÷P5g÷\\ O5 cflb ↓ lgbfp ± P5' – lgbfP5' k9\\ ± P5 – k9]5 k9\\ ± O5 – kl95 k9\\ ± P5g\\ – k9]5g\\ cEof;v08 != sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;ªs\\ t] sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fpF e/ M s_ /f]xg kf7 ================== . - k9\\ M ;fdfGo jtd{ fg _ v_ l;tfn] vfhf ================ . - vf M ;fdfGo et\" _ u_ pgLx¿ es\" Dkaf6 ========== . - afrF \\ M ;fdfGo eljiot\\ _ 3_ ltdL k|ult ================== . - u/\\ M ck0\" f{ jtd{ fg _ --42--

Nepali ª_ xfdLn] lxdfn ================ . - b]v\\ M k0\" f{ et\" _ r_ p;n] 3fOtn] fO{ kfgL================== . - lb M c1ft e\"t _ @_ sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;ª\\st] sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fpF e/ M s_ cfdf dlGb/ ================== . - hf M ;fdfGo e\"t _ v_ pxfF syf ================== . - nv] \\ M ck0\" f{ eljiot\\ _ u_ d]/f] ;fyL /fdf| uLt ============ . - ufp M cEo:t e\"t _ 3_ /fd / d dfjn ================== . - lxF8\\ M ;fdfGo eljiot\\ _ ª_ ltgLx¿n] k/LIff /fd|f] ========== . - u/\\ M k0\" f{ jtd{ fg _ r_ cfsfzdf r/fx¿ ================ . - p8\\ M c1ft et\" _ lbg M kt}F L; kf7 M sfn cWoog v08 tnsf] jfSo lgdf0{ fsf] pbfx/0f /fd/| L x]/ M ;fdfGo et\" sfnsf] ko| fu] u/L ‘ljgfzsf/L e'OrF fnf–] @)&@’sf af/]df rf/ jfSosf] cgR' 5]b tof/ kf/ . ljgfzsf/L eO' rF fnf] lj=;=+ @)&@ jz} fv !@ ut] zlgaf/sf lbg ljgfzsf/L eO' Frfnf] uof] . eO' Frfnf] &=* /S] 6/ :s]nsf] lyof] . sf7df8f}F pkTosf / j/k/sf lhNnfdf o;n] 7n' f] Iflt k¥' ofof] . sl/a gf} xhf/ dflg;sf] Hofg klg lnof] . cEof; v08 dflysf] pbfx/0f x/] L tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M s= ck0\" f{ et\" sfnsf] lj|mofkbsf] k|of]u u/L rf/ jfSodf kfv] /f ed| 0f ubf{ b]vs] f s'/fx¿sf] j0fg{ u/ . v= k\"0f{ eljiot\\ sfnsf] ko| f]u u/L rf/ jfSodf cfˆgf] efjL hLjgsf af/]df sfNklgs s'/fx¿ ;d]6L cgR' 5b] n]v . lbg M 5QL; kf7 M sfn cWoog v08 ‘yfªs\\ f’ kf7sf] rf}yf] cg'R5b] cWoog u/ . cEof; v08 pQm cgR' 5b] df ko| fu] ePsf sfnsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf ls|ofkb l6k / ltgsf sfn / kIf 5'6o\\ fpm . lbg M ;}FtL; kf7 M ldqtf cWoog v08 ljj]rgfTds pQ/÷nfdf] pQ/ nv] gsf sx] L ;Lkx¿ M o; v08df ljj]rgfTds pQ/ nV] g] ;Lksf af/]df 5f6] s/Ldf pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . ljjr] gfTds pQ/ klg ;k|;ª\\u JofVof h:t} dV' otof tLg v08df af8F /] nV] g] ul/G5 . ljljw ;Gbe{nfO{ ljZn]if0f u/]/ n]Vg'kg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] ljjr] gfTds pQ/ JofVofeGbf cln nfdf] x'G5 . t;y{ klg o;nfO{ rf/÷kfrF cg'R5]bdf ;d]6/] nV] bf k|efjsf/L x'G5 . o;sf d'Vo tLg v08df cfwfl/t /x/] ljjr] gfTds pQ/ nv] gsf ;Lkaf/] tn ;ª\\Ifk] df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ k9 . --43--

Class-8 ky| d v08 -kf| /lDes cgR' 5b] _ M • ljwf -syf, sljtf, lgaGw, hLjgL cflb_, n]vs÷;Dkfbs / ltgsf ;flxlTos ljz]iftf / of]ubfgsf af/]df nV] g,] • k|Zgn] k:| tt' ug]{ / pQm kZ| g ;fl] wPsf] kf7n] lbg] dV' o ;Gb]znfO{ pNnv] ug{] . låtLo v08 -ljZn]if0ffTds cgR' 5b] _M • o; v08sf] yfngLdf kZ| gn] ;ªs\\ ]t u/]sf] pQ/nfO{ sG] b|df /fVg], • ljifosf ;Gbe{, 36gfnfO{ ;6Ls k:| t'lt ug{] / ts{ lbbF } kl' i6 ug],{ • ljifosf /fdf| g/fd|f kIfaf/] pNn]v ub{} kfqsf] rl/qnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug,{] • efiff dfl} ns / dL7f] zn} Ldf ;/n tl/sfn] n]Vg], -o;sf nflu cfjZos pbfx/0f, pvfg, 6'Ssf cflb ko| f]u ug{ ;Sgx' 'G5._ tt[ Lo v08 -lgisiff{Tds v08_M • kf7 / n]vsaf/] pNnv] ub{} kf7df ko| f]u ePsf eflifs z}nL / lzNk-snf_ k:| t't ug{], • 5Gb, cnª\\sf/, laDa, kt| Ls cflbaf/] hfgsf/L eP;Dd pNn]v ug],{ • kZ| gn] vfh] ]sf] pQ/sf] ljifonfO{ ;xof]u xg' ] u/L cfÇgf] dfl} ns ljrf/ ki| 6 tl/sfn] k|:tt' ug]{ . cEof; v08 != ldqtf syf /fd|/L k9 . @= pQm syfdf b|f0] fn] b'k| bnfO{ lsg ;hfo lbPgg\\ < nfdf] pQ/ nv] . lbg M c7t\\ L; kf7 M ldqtf cWoog v08 cfÇgf cleefjs;Fu pxfFx¿n] hfGge' Psf] Pp6f syf ;'gfpg cg/' fw] u/ / Wofg lbP/ ;g' . cEof; v08 cfÇgf cleefjsn] ;g' fpg'ePsf] syf 5f]6s/Ldf cfÇg} efiffdf nv] . lbg M pgfGrfnL; kf7 M l;k / >d cWoog v08 ;kgfdf ;u/dfyf cFufn/] ;'t l;h{gfsf uLtx¿ ;Fufn/] p7 . ;f/ª\\uLsf :j/x¿ ;ªu\\ Lt kmg] {] u/ cfkm\" xg] {] cfFvfx¿ b]z x]g{] u/ .. cEof; v08 dflysf] sljtfz+ k9 / tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M s_ sljåf/f ;kgfdf sn] fO{ cuF fNg cfux| ul/Psf] 5 < v_ laxfg p7b\\ f s;/L p7g\\ k' 5{ < u_ afhfx¿n] s] km]g{ cfjZos 5 < 3_ cfvF fn] cfkm\"nfO{ x]g]{ ls bz] nfO{ < --44--

Nepali lbg M rfnL; kf7 M l;k / >d cWoog v08 ‘l;k / >d’ sljtf no xfn/] cWoog u/ . cEof; v08 sg' } klg ljifodf 5f6] f] sljtf n]v / cfÇgf cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpm . cWoog v08 lbg M PsrfnL; efj / cy{ cf1fy{ M tF kf7 M efj / cy{ k9\\ ± ) M– k9\\ pkm| ± OM{ –pk|mL ltdL k9\\ ± c M– k9 wft' ± c k9\\ ± g\" M– k9g\\ ' wft' ± g\" tkfO+{ k9\\ ± gx' f];\\ M–k9 wft' ± gx' f];\\ OR5fy{ M d k9\\ ± pmF M– k9\"F wft' ± pFm vf ± pFm M– vfpmF wft' ± cf}F wft' ± P;\\ xfdL k9\\ ± cf}F M– k9f}F wft' ± P vf ± cf}F M– vfcfF} tF÷t}nF ] k9\\ ± P;\\ M–k9];\\ vf ± P;\\ M–vfP;\\ ltdL k9\\ ± P M– k9] vf ± P M– vfP tkfO{÷+ xh/' k9\\ ± g'xf]cf]; M– k9\\g'xf]cf;] \\ wft' ± gx' f]cf;] \\ vf ± gx' fc] f;] \\ M–vfgx' f]cf;] \\ pm, /fd, ;Ltf k9\\ ± cf;] \\ M–k9f;] \\ wft' ± cf;] \\ vf ± cf];\\ M–vfcf];\\ pgLx¿÷O{Zj/ k9\\ ± pmg\\ M– k9g\" \\ wft' ± pmg\\ vf ± pmg\\ M– vfpmg\\ --45--

;Defjgfy{ M Class-8 ljm| ofkbdf nf÷nL pbfx/0f M d k9nF' f . xfdL k9f}Fnf . tF k9n\\ f;\\ . ltdL k9f}nf . tkfO{+ k9\\gx' f]nf . pm k9n\\ f . pgLx¿ k9n\\ fg\\ . /fd k9n\\ f .;Ltf k9n\\ L . pgL k9\\lng\\ . cEof; v08 != sfi] 7sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;ª\\s]tsf cfwf/df vfnL 7fpF e/ M s_ tF /fd|/L sfd ===================. - u/\\ M cf1fy{ _ v_ d /fdf| ];Fu sfd ================. - u/\\ M OR5fy{ _ u_ xfdL kf]v/f ======================. - ku' \\ M ;Defjgfy{ _ 3_ tkfO{+ ;]jfdf =====================. - h'6\\ M cf1fy{ _ ª_ pgLx¿ /fdf| cIf/ ==============. - nv] \\ M OR5fy{ _ @= sf]i7sdf lbOPsf wft' / ;ª\\s]tsf cfwf/df vfnL 7fpF e/ M s_ ltdL ahf/ ===================. - hfM cf1fy{ _ v_ d sljtf ================. - n]v\\ M OR5fy{ _ u_ tFn} ] syf ==================. - eg\\ M ;Defjgfy{ _ 3_ tkfO{+ xfdLnfO{ sf7df8fF} ==========. - 3'dfp M cf1fy{ _ ª_ OZ{ j/n] j/bfg ==============. - lb M OR5fy{ _ lbg M aofnL; kf7 M efj / cy{ cEof; v08 cfkmn\" ] hLjgdf lnPsf] nIonfO{ OR5fys{ ls|ofkbdf ;d]6L ‘d/] f] nIo’ zLif{sdf kfrF jfSosf] Pp6f cgR' 5b] tof/ u/ . lbg M lqrfnL; kf7 M hLjg nv] g cWoog v08 hLjgL nv] gsf sx] L ;Lkx¿af/] cWoog u/fF} . hLjgL n]vgsf dV' o tLg efu x'G5g\\ . tL tLg efudf ss] ] ;d6] ]/ nl] vG5 eGg] s'/f 5f6] s/Ldf oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] v08 M k[i7el\" d, hGdldlt, hGd:yfg, dftflktfsf] gfd, afNosfn / kfl/jfl/s cj:yf, :jefj, lzIff cflb pNn]v ul/G5 . bf];|f] v08 M k|dv' sfo,{ ;ª3\\ if{ tyf of]ubfg -;dfhdf pgsf sfdn] k¥' ofPsf kmfObf_ af/] pNn]v ul/G5 . -;flxTosf/ ePdf sl[ t-k':ts_x¿ o;d} f ;d]6g\\ _] t;] |f] v08 M ;Ddfg, k/' :sf/, d\"Nofªs\\ g, dT[ o' ePsf eP dT[ o' ePsf] ldlt / k|/] 0ff ;dl] 6G5 . --46--

Nepali hfgsf/L M d'Votof oL tLg v08df hLjgL n]lvg] x'Fbf tLg cg'R5b] df ;d]6g\\ ' k/LIffsf nflu pko'Qm xG' 5 . t/ ;;fgf kfFr cg'R5]bdf n]Vbf hLjgL /fdf| ] / :t/Lo x'G5 . k/LIffdf afx]s hLjgL n]Vbf cln nfdf] / w/] } cg'R5]bdf ;d]6/] nV] g ;lsG5 . -cfÇgf] hLjgdf lgs} d\"Nojfg\\ sfd u//] ;dfhdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'ePsf JolQmTjsf af/d] f hLjgL n]lvG5 . ;dfh;j] f, ;flxTo, lj1fg, /fhgLlt, :jf:Yo, vn] s'b cflb ljljw Ifq] df ;kmn JolQmsf] hLjgsf b'Mv, ;ª3\\ if{ / ;kmntfsf af/d] f hLJgLdf pNnv] ul/G5 ._ cEof; v08 tnsf aF'bfx¿sf cfwf/df 5f]6f] hLjgL tof/ u/ . gfd M cNa6{ cfOG:6fOg hGdldlt M ;g\\ !*&( dfr{ @$, hdg{ L dftf M efofl] ngjfbs -efof]lng gfds afhf ahfpg]_ lktf M Jofkf/L afNosfn M hdg{ Lsf] Do'lgv ;x/df lat]sf] M ;fgb} l] v cGtdv{' L :jefjsf M PsfGtk|]dL / nhfn' kj| l[ Qsf M hLjgdf ljleGg b'Mv emn] s] f ljjfx M ;g\\ !()# ldn]ef Dofl/sl;t -kl5 kf/kfrs' _] M PN;f;uF bf];f| ] lax] of]ubfg M ;g\\ !()% df ;fkI] ftfjfbsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/]sf M kl5 o;a} f6 ad agfpg] kl| jlw ljsf; ePsf] M cfw'lgs efl} ts lj1fgdf 7n\" f] ofu] bfg u/]sf M ;g\\ !(@! df gfa] ]n k'/:sf/ kf| Kt d[To' M ;g\\ !(%% df lbg M rfj} fnL; kf7 M e\"ufn] ljb\\ xs{ u'?ª cWoog v08 ‘eu\" f]nljb\\ xs{ u'?ª’ kf7sf] kfrF f}F cg'R5b] /fdf| ;] Fu k9 . cEof; v08 xs{ u?' ªsf] ‘ljb]zL;uF C0f lnP/ b]znfO{ rnfpgx' 'Gg’ eGg] egfO ltdLnfO{ s:tf] nfUof] < ts;{ lxt nv] . lbg M k}FtfnL; kf7 M eu\" f]nljb\\ xs{ u'?ª cWoog v08 ‘e\"uf]nljb\\ xs{ u'?ª’ kf7sf] 56} f}F cg'R5b] /fdf| ];Fu k9 . cEof; v08 pQm cg'R5b] af6 d'Vo d'Vo rf/ a'bF f l6kL Ps t[tLofz+ df ;f/f+z n]v . --47--

Class-8 lbg M 5ofnL; kf7 M Jofs/0f v08 -wft_' cWoog v08 tnsf] cgR' 5]b /fd|f];Fu x]/ . d}] vfgf vfPF . lxhf] klg olta]nf d vfbF } lyP.F afaf cfpg] a]nfdf d}n] vfgf vfPsf] lyPF. Ps lbg t ef]s nfus] f] an] fdf lgs} w]/} vfgf vfP5'. klxn] klxn] d lgs} w]/} ld7fO{vfGyF] . oxfF ‘vf’ wfta' f6 vfPF, vfFb} lyPF, vfPsf] lyP,F vfP5', vfGy]F h:tf lso| fkb lgdf0{ f ePsf 5g\\ . wft' egs] f] ls|ofkb lgdf0{ f ug{] eflifs PsfO xf] . wft'n] sfd hgfp5F . Pp6} wfta' f6 klg y'k|} ls|ofkb agfpg ;lsG5 . cEof; v08 != dflysf] cgR' 5]bdf Pp6} ‘vf’ wfta' f6 lso| fkb lgdf{0f u/L jfSodf k|ofu] ul/Psf] 5 . ltdL klg ‘lxF8’\\ , ‘;'t\\’ / ‘v]n’\\ wft' /fv/] dflysf h:t} ls|ofkb lgdf{0f u/L kfrF kfrF j6f jfSo agfpm . @= tnsf] cg'R5b] k9 / oxfF ko| fu] ePsf ls|ofkb l6k / tL sg' s'g wft'af6 ag]sf 5g,\\ n]v. xfdL lg/Gt/ ldlxgt] u5f{F} . ldlxgt] ugf{n] hLjgdf kmn k|flKt x'G5 . ldlxg]tL dflg;nfO{ ;an} ] dg k/fpF5g\\ . To:tf dflg;sf] hLjgdf ;kmntfn] s'b{5 . ;a} dflg; ldlxg]tL ePsf] ;dfh cfTdlge/{ aG5 . To:tf] ;dfhdf ;Eotf af; a:g5] . -wft' 56' o\\ fpFbf cfkmn\" ] 5'6\\ofPsf] cz+ df ‘g'’ / ‘g’] k|Too hf]8 . oL kT| oo hf]8]kl5 ag]sf] zAbn] sfd ae' mfof] eg] ltdLn] 56' o\\ fPsf] c+z wft' xf] gq xf]Og ._ lbg M ;TrfnL; kf7 M j0f{ljGof; -wft'_ cWoog v08 ‘ldqtf’ syfsf] klxnf] k[i7 cWoog u/ . cEof; v08 pQm ki[ 7df ‘z’, ‘if’, ‘;’ ko| f]u ePsf zAbnfO{ 5§' f5'§} tflnsfdf k|:t't u/ . lbg M c7\\rfnL; kf7 M efj :ki6 kf/ cWoog v08 xfdLn] rf}yf] lbgdf JofVofsf ;Lkaf/] cWoog u/s] f lyof}F . JofVof ug{,] efj :ki6 kfg{] / tfTko{ v'nfpg] h] eg] klg To;sf] cy{ pxL xf] . pQm ;Lkaf/] km]l/ Psk6s :d/0f u/ . cEof; v08 efj :ki6 kf/ M gk] fn k|fsl[ ts ljljwtfn] el/k0\" f{ ljZjsf] ;G' b/ d'n's xf] . lbg M pgfGkrf; kf7 M zAbfy{ cWoog v08 kf7 Ps bl] v cf7;Dd lbOPsf zAbfy{ cWoog u/ . --48--

Nepali cEof; v08 != ;dx\" ‘s’ df lbOPsf zAbsf] cy{ ;d\"x ‘v’ af6 klxrfg u/L pQ/ k'l:tsfdf n]v M ;d\"x ‘s’ ;d\"x ‘v’ HofdL j|mflGt ;ª\\3if{ dhb/' >d a6'sf] srf/} f ldlxgt] a]r}g ul/df dN\" o czfGt 56} L 5fn @= ;d\"x ‘s’ ;d\"x ‘v’ ljlrq ;a} ls;fg kj\" h{ k|tLIff l9nf] :jefjsf] nf];] af6f] x]/fO czi] f cgf}7f] kv' f{ v]tLkftL ug]{ JolSt tGq u'x\\o #= ;dx\" ‘s’ ;dx\" ‘v’ k/|] s k|]; ljkGg ljz]if kTy/ 5fkfvfgf xf};nf lbg] Zflnuf| d ul/a rf}tkmL{ lhpFbf] ;hLj rf/}lt/ uG| ylrq lgdft{ f $= ;dx\" ‘s’ ;d\"x ‘v’ dgfe] fj clt ;fgf] ;\"Id aGbfa] :t stJ{ o dgsf] ljrf/ Joj:yf bfloTj kf}jflrq efh] kq d'xfg c;xfo k|frLg zn} Lsf] lrq dn\" ;f| t] --49--

Class-8 %= ;d\"x ‘s’ ;d\"x ‘v’ ku| f9 le/kfvf] bl/b| kfvf]hUuf kx/f ul/a af/L Hofb} ulx/f] P]Zjo{ efUofb] o ljj/0f pGdTt jT[ tfGt wg ;DklTt lbg M krf; kf7 M >l' tnv] g cEof; v08 eu\" f]nljb\\ xs{ u?' ª’ kf7sf] clGtd cg'R5b] cfÇgf cleefjsnfO{ k9\\g nufpm / ltdL ;G' b} sfkLdf n]v . n]lv;sk] l5 slt z4' n]Vof} cleefjs;Fu} k:' ts x]//] hfrF . -of] cEof; ltdL cGo kf7 jf aflx/L k':tsaf6 klg ug{ ;S5f} . o;nfO{ lg/Gt/ ugf{n] z'4;Fu nV] g ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; xG' 5 ._ lbg M PsfpGg kf7 M x|:j bL3{ klxrfg cWoog v08 ‘bj] s'df/L yfkf’ kf7sf] clGtd cg'R5b] Wofg lbP/ k9 . cEof; v08 pQm cg'R5]baf6 x:| j Osf/ / bL3{ O{sf/ nfus] f zAb 5fgL sfkLdf ;r\" L agfpm . lbg M afpGg kf7 M j0fl{ jGof; cEof; cEof; v08 ‘efUo’ kf7af6 lj:do;r\" s lrGx -¤_ k|ofu] ePsf bO' ,{ k|Zgjfrs lrGx -<_ k|ofu] ePsf b'O{ / p4/0f lrGx -æ Æ_ ko| f]u ePsf b'Oj{ 6f jfSo vf]h]/ sfkLdf l6k . lbg M lqkGg kf7 M j0fl{ jGof; cWoog v08 tnsf] cg'R5]b cWoog u/ . lxdfnsf] s~rg kfgLdf / e~Hofªsf] lr;f] atf;df c;fwf/0f zlQm ePsfd] f s'g} zª\\sf 5g} . ;;+ f/sf y'k}| ;flxTosf/x¿n] lxdfnL atf; / kfgLsf] kljqtfsf] JofVof u/]sf 5g\\ . xfdLsxfF eg] hn;f| t] ;DaGwL plrt cg';Gwfg ePsf] / pkoQ' m of]hgf ag]sf] kfObF }g . cgluGtL gbLgfnf k|of]uljxLg ag]/ v/] uO/x]sf 5g\\ . clncln ko| fu] ePsf gbLgfnf klg ljleGg ;lGw / ;Demf}tfsf cfwf/df gk] fnleq gk] fnLn] ko| f]u ug{ kfPsf 5g} g\\ . xfd|f ;|ft] af6 cGoqLn] nfe lnO/xs] f 5g\\ . xfd|f] /fhgLlts ;:+ sf/ kl/jt{g xg' g;Sgfn] b]zdf ljsf; eGbf ljgfz a9L eO/x]5 . l;hg{ fsf] dfud{ f eGbf Wj+zsf] dfud{ f ;dfh cufl8 al9/xs] f] 5 . ;dfhdf p208x¿sf] x'n 7n\" f] aGb} uO/xs] f] 5 . /f0ffsfn / k~rfotsfnsf lg/ªs\\ 'z rl/q u0ftGqsf zf;sdf klg bl] vg' bM' vb\\ 5 . v'n]cfd ei| 6frf/Lsf] ;+/If0f --50--