قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية للطلاب

~I..tAI' J\"ki ~ ..,..\"., pl,- ~ (J.S' J! pt,. tJ.S' .:J' ,.\1.\"& - :4,I\:J1 ;\"'WIA - Change of pronouns:- Change tlle prOIlOll\"S and possessÏJ'e adjectitJes QccOl'ding to('0''''''011 sense lise the prOIlOllllS and possessive adjectives wl,ic/tcorrespond to the speaker and to ,lte pel'son to w!tom ,lte speechis llddressed..:,,\.i..p) } UI Jwo:--I rWI ~ Lii) ;,s:ul .:,,\.i..p) }UI ~- .•.,....\;01, \"\" '....1 .,J! \",) ., ~I) ;,s:ul ~I J!1i• .;JIB - Change of (cuses: ,'r' ~I t;;N I~Do nOl change the tenses of the verbs if the principal verb is in the: :J\"\"\"':)I JMlI ,JI> I,! JW~I l.;..jÎ .r.N 'JPresent Simple ~I tJL.<.l1Present ContinuousPrescnt Perrcel \",.::....LI tJ L.<.llFuture ~ Uli tJ L.<.ll ~IEXQmples: j says: \"They are beilutifu l flowers\"Ho is saying: \"<J.,..e. 'J)J 4'( J-\", has said: r-yIhal Ihey are beau tiful flowers will say: .r-'- say:They are saying: a.\"..... ::IJ)J '~··.L J~' have said: \"We have ail the necessary things\" .r'\"l..,. will say: '\)J.r\"l' ,L,;.'y, J' l<.lJ\" J)-'\" Ihat Ihey have ail the necessary things \":'1.,- ~)J\"..;,J' ,L,;.~' J' ,...,.lJ ~L '\"}-'\"- If t!Je maill Irerh is ;11 tire plut. we make the folloJllil'g chaliges: J:4,1\:JI ':\"1.,.\"d\" r\".a; ,,,...:-\lI ~)1 JMlI ,JIS\" I,! - - 149 -

Î Direct speech Indirect speech .r•'L-.. .\'%' r-t.,.. .r-'- r'%'Present simple .b.,.-, t)-'\"-' Past simple .L-.,- cF\"-\..Present conl illuous ~t..jL:... Past contÎnuous .r\"-\" ,,-\"\..Present perreet r~ t..jL:... Past perreet rli cF\"-\..Past simpleF uture simple .L-..,- ..r-'l.o Past perfect r\" ,,-\"\.. .b.,.-, J,i'-' C o ndition al r-..}> </j r\" ..}>r- </jFuture perCee! r~ J,i'-' Conditio nalConditio nal Jo.r- ,;rj p e r ree ! r-Conditio nal perreet il; ..}> </j Examplel': Played Was playing Pla ys Had played Is playing Had played Has played Should \"would\" pl:ly Pla yed Should \"would\" have played Shall \"will\" play Should \"would\" have played Shall \"wi ll\" have played Mi ght play Should \"would\" play Could play May play Could have played Can play Might have played Could play Might play !\" oÎ Examples:. He said. \"1 am quite wclP' .He said lhat he \Vas quite weil.- The man sa id III have secn the thief.He said that he had seen the thier.- The manager said, \"1 am - 150 -

going to tire you ail\", .::.- i.u \".,k' .û t,.;~ .;.lU- The manager said that hewas going to tire them ail, ,..:...t&.L- She said, \"1 waited for youfor six ho urs\",- She said that she hadwaited for him for six hours.- He said \"If 1 had moncy, 1 .ji5J1 JUI ~.J ;,\5' } ,;i JUwould buy a new car\".He said that if he had had money, tSr',éJ..!..1.:>:- é;l::- J.i 0lS:Jhe would have bought a new car.. 4'Î } Lo ')! ;,\5' ~I .;.lU- She said \"1 wish 1 could do that\". ,.!..U~ J.,s. ..:..s.lk...\- She said that she wishedshe could have done that..She sa id \"1 do Ilot bclievewhat he sayslt,She said that she did notbelieve what he said.He said \"1 shall sec you at my office\".He said that he should seehim at his office.The present tense may he used to the reported speech, when the sentenceexpresses a unh'ersal or a habit fact.<iIf ~I .r.\" l.o~ .f'L,11 .r-< ~~I t)L..4i1 .....)1 ~'~' jy..; .;,~ Ji ...~ ~General FuelS: :~\; ~\iJJ5'Ali naturallaws and eternal fact. .o..ùl;l\ ~W.I) ~I ~\yAJl - 151 -

He said. \"the earth is round lt .He said that the earth is round.They said. \"Angels and ':J .:J..I,.!JI) ~)lJ.1 J~ I}~Devils can not be round in one place\".They sa id that Angels and J,-'>-1) Jl5:.. ~Devils can not be round in one place. :.,1::.,. ci\! ,Habituai Faels:He said. \"We get up carly every mornillg\"JS'He sa id tha l they gel up carly every morning c.~ \?~ ,)~ ~~ J\.iShe sa id. \"After dinner. wc sit andla lk or watch tclevision programmeslt J ~ ,LcJI \"'\" 1\"\"~ .;.JIJShe sa id Ihat <l ftcr dinner, Ihey si land talk or walch television programmes. ô.;.w\ ~\.I J)..v.~ } Jy~) C • Change of nearncss indicators: \",}II Jli ;:1\" -.,;;.,Whcn tenses arc ehangcd , words indieating nearness must be ehangcd intoeorresponding words illdicatillg remotcncss.J\",}JI ~ J.I; .;JI .,;;.,w.s::J1 J-;; ~ , .....i~1 ydü .,:.,1.1.>-1 J.;.; ,-IA,II .j; J.I; ..:;,WS\" J! Direct Indirect \"\"'\This Il> Tha t ~ - -!..U~TheseHere ,'iJ> Those .!-W)ThusNow l.> there .!ll:..Today I ~ So J'JI Theo .!.\liS' (-\"\" Ihal duy - 152 -

Yesterday -ri The Iusi duyTomorrow or : the previous day = the day before yesterday ,-\" The next duy or : the following day = Ihe day after tommorowTomorrow morning...LJ\ C~ The following J\.:1i C!.,..JI morningLas! Ilight The previousAgo night BeforeCome Go Examples: jHe said, \"l watched the late!ihn la st night\" i.;rJ1 ,..t,; .U>L:. J.i ,,•~ JliHe said tha t he hadwatched the late Iilm the .\"-\"III a,1J1previo lls night. .} 4-:J.,..j ..:.J,li J.i 4'~ c:..!liShe said. \"I met my c1ass-matein this place yesterday\" •i.\"J1 .!.I.b .J15:.1.1 .!JJ;She said that she had mether class-mate in that place e.ib.Ji) ~I .cil c:..!lithe previolls day.She said, \"this is the Jast •\..11 .i.i; J.i ~ lo.r-\"straw, 1 am completely ou'tof pat ience with you l1She said that was the1ast straw and she WOlScompletely out o f patiencewith him . - 153 -

Notice that in indir«t speech it is not always necessary to replace wordsindicating nearness as the past tense of the introducing verb is often quitcsufficient..;;,~1 ..)ai.)'Ü Wb .,,))yol2ll 4J' ..,..,J ...,:.l,lI .r-< ~~1 J '\"i Ji:...\"i.lot< !,ilS\" iJ~ lo U~ .....I.;;i\"il J-All ..,..,lI.l 4J'}1 iJi ;! ...\"fil ~ 1.I1JJIHe sa id to her, \"yo u arccourt ing danger now\"he told her that she was courting danger. , )U~ ~ 4-i~ lot..r.>-iSpecial Rules For Indirect ~ &1:1 JI ti':l~ ~\::I..I ...u.\ tAJlS tatements: :0 r?l:ll r!-i - Use tlte l'erbs \"SllY 01' leU' \".r.'\"\"Î .\"i J Ij\" Jd ~1. 1Say J.,.. Sa;d JIiTell Told2 - Instead of the quotation ......l,;i~1 l:.o~ oJ' \"i J., - 2marks, use the word \"THAT\" \" iJi\" ;ws- J-.-IHe sa id , \"1 am deeply sorry\"He sa id tha t he was deeply sorry.He sa id 10 me, \"1 highlyappreciate your hospita lity\"He told me that he high lyappreciated my hospitality.He said te his rrjeod, \"1 caonot see yOll loday as lIsual\"He told his fr icnd that hecould not see him thatday as usual.She sa id nIt is time for meto go home\" - 154 -

Shc said that il was time ...,......i; Ji 41 JI -Ii ...;~ ..:J\ifor her ta go ho me. ...::...,JI JiHe sa id , \"1 will do my best , * LSJL.ü J.i.\"... • J\ita help my friendl!.He said that he would do ...;Lhis best ta help his friend. .~J...,.,:t o.JsUHe said, \"We advised him ~\"\"\" ,~ -Ii r+~ J\inot ta \Vaste his time\"He SJ id that they had ..a) ...1..,;.1advised him not ta \Vastehis lime .ci) 4,.ç.L;,\ i~ o~ )o r: They advised him not ta waste lime. ~l;J.1 ..r.:'- Jlj-JI - 2: 2 - Indirect Questions:General Ru les: :....WI ~I\".<llApply the general rules ofindire,,, speech ~\..;LI ~W\ .JsI..,il\ ~'Special mies: ';'LlI .r-'- ~)\.Çjt, : ~L;ll .JsI.tJ11 - Use the verbs ask or inquireAsk JL Wonderinquire j' LI - ii\"-' Wanl 10 know2 - Link the introducing l'crb with the rcporlcd question using:A - the saille question ward ~.J..i; .}' ~~)l1 ibi '-\"\"\"\" jwhich introduces the question JIJ-l1 , 155 -

B - the word III Fil o r IIWHETHERII \"\"W H ETH ER' JI' IF ~ - ~when the questÎon hasno question word Js. '-?J'>-< 'J Jlj-ll JI> 1;1, r4-'-'-\"1 ibl3 - Replace the interrogath'e construction by a statement construction,changing the question inta a subardinatc clause,Jlj-ll ..4-\",,\", .!.Il;) '-?)y;.1 ...,.,?? ....~'JI ...,.,?)I J \"\",\",I -3 .\"-!~ :u.-. ..,.:.. J IExamples: ,- He sa id. IIA re yOll still cross .'-\"with me?1IHe asked if 1 was st ill crosswith him.- He sa id lit s this the ma n yO ll Y' .!lI; JI> JI j fi JÎ ,1)are 100 king for ?\"He w..nted to know if that .\"'\" .:..,.,Î .:..S '-?1)1 Je-)Iwas the man 1 was tooking for.- He said, 11 00 you know the yl)-I j fÎ .:..S 1;1 ~ JLright answer ?IIHe asked if 1 kncw the . ~Iright answer.- He said. \"H ave yOli invcnted ,-?Î Wc?,1 J.i lS 1;1 ~ JLall y mea ns of communication ?I! .Jl...a;'!1 JI....) .J' ;u,....)He asked if we hadin vcnted any means ofcOl1ullunicat ion. - 156 -

- He said I1Where is thencarest post office?11He inquired where Ihe!learest post office was.- She said ItHow sha ll we get ~ 4-:JLthere1\" ..!lLo J.,...}IShe asked how they would .4-gel there. J.ail . if -:JL..- She said \"Who called while1 was out ? did he leave a message 1\" \",-'lIShe asked who called while JI5\" bl W) 4-~ ,l;;I• l;.i;lAshe was oui and whelher he .;JL..J .!lJ J.ihad left a message.- He said \"When will you ~~.I ~ ..? j fi Ji ,1)finish Ihe programme ofthis year 1\" .UI .!..lJ;He wanled to know whenwe would fini sh theprogramme of Ihat year.- He said \"What is the matter 111 ../\"1 '-i,.i>- j fi Ji ,1)He asked what the matter was. r 1.,11 .r-'- ,I.:-}1Ji ./.,1•3 3 -Indirect conunands or requests:Apply the general rules of .r-'- t~ ;...WI -'\"l.,-il1.;,J,indirect speechSpecial rules r''U. I ,\",,~I ..1,Al1Use a suitablc introducing verb according to the kind of the imperative. J'~•I t.rl 1..,; W'l\,. 1.,>-81 ';Ml J-.-I - 157 -

Command ) Cl>! ..JkJ1 <Jl.- d _Orde r ) <,;)1 ..,-\" if <J\"b.:.iTell -,.l1 ,1.,)1 <Jl.- J -Ask cJkJL J---,\"1 <Jl.- J -Request b-J I~'_ ~' <Jb- d-Beg tS ~!Pra yAdvise l.-J IJ-y c:-= . Cha nge the (orm of the \"\"yi ~ f~1 ..,.., jy imperative as follows: :.;'JIThe imperat ive /'~\ ~ To infinitive )~\ .. To go\"Go\" ~j\ ~ ~-4 .)iThe negative imperative ~\ ~ -Ta negati ve infinitive ~\ )~\Don't go ...,.....,...i; \") ~ . , Not 10 go ~-4 ~ .-; J\ EXQmp/es: J> ~ • if -,-lj,He said to his friend, \"Write jl \"\"-,--,,ail this information\"He told his friend 10 wrile _\"-' L.}-1I.!JJ;ail that informati on.The officer sa id , tlFire\" ril A JI, \"r'c J.,I.;.)IThe officer commanded his _):11soldiers to fire.He said to his friend,Don't spend aIl your money,save sorne for the future. - 158 -

He advised his friend nOl to \"yi' J5' ~ ''J j t '\"\"-'-\" ~spend ail his money and tosa ve some for the future .Ji' . 11 lr- w,..., .,;\", Ji)4 - Direct Exclamation:Apply the rules or indirect stalemenls and rcflecl the spirit of the exclamation. .~I CJ) III ~ r-l,I.l ~ \"';-1 ~Ij J:1>Su itable introducing verbs ;.,..\;... ;\",-b, 1 JwiSay with sorry.Exclaim (with regret). .li....\;... J-\",Exclaim (wi th surprise). . .. .li....i C7'\" .(L».c..c;) w.,.-l:,. C7'\"Exc1aim (bitterly). .ô) ./ C7'\"Re m a r k .Admire. L..:.......::.. •. ~ ' .' .~~\ l$~Shout (with joy) . .l>-) C7'\"He said \"What a charming actress 1\"H e remarked what i.l:..11 \" ~ Le \"c,...I <S-'1ia charming actress she was. .Jk,. ifShe said \"Oh dear ! 1 have J.i 4i! <.l:\i ô)./ ..:,.,.L.,.,10st my neck1ace\" .\A..w:. ...:..\"wShe excla imed bitterly tha tshe had lost her necklace. , 159 '

IPrep ositionslA Preposition is a word uscd for showillg the relation betwccn Iwo things. .<J.':' ~ ~')I.l1 \"l\"l J--l W> /.-1 .j~Prepositions arc uscd \Vith nouns or pronouns to show the relationshipbctwccn the lIoun or pronouo and anothcr word \"or words\".Ji l'\"\"'~I ~ ~')I.l1 .:r.-;:I }l...:dl Ji ,t-.~I ~ J--l /.-1 .jJ~ .~f i ..:..WS' Ji W> ~J .,.,....:.>JIPrepositions arc closcly lied to the Douns or pronouns which Ihey control. . ~ .jl }l...:dl Ji ,t-.~~ \.i.,iJ I,bLi) .k.,lj /.-1 .jJ~Ex amples:0 011' ( cntc r inlO details. .~\.i:ll J J>--\" 'JHe gave \Vay to her \Vishes. .lfiLf) ~' J..iJHe entercd upon a new li re. ..;~ J i-4 ~ ~ Î--'-! ..ûJD on', p ut m e in yO uf black li SlYou are hard on me. ,by-ll ~I.i J ~ 'JFor better, fo r \Varse. .~10 y-A.J. , '-1Let hint stay beside me. .,;...u •He hand led her witho ui gloves.It is no use crying ovec spih mil k. J.,Ipall) , I:,-JIDOll '[ d o tha t bchind Illy backFrom the bo tt om o f Illy hemt .~h \". J ~ \"\",1 will not look a l you r face .;,;~ 4J..lto J..iJ .t \..;, \.. .j>- ,l5:J1 0\" i.\J\i 'J ~.# ,1)) 0\" -!JJ; J'\"\" 'J ,}i Jwi 0\" .!.-l,ls- ...;,....,Î J . 160 .

Kinds of prepositions: AI ..JJY tyl 1 • Simple prepositions: ~.r ..)Jr - 1At = orr .;r-o.,.,By ;J..,.IJI From J' Through-c: -With After J::I->- .J..,' ;J..,.IJI ~ Up Under •0 \" Js- Round Till (until) Js-Iln .j Except During J-or J' Against Among JyOver JjSince .L. .rTo J'\" - J! I.,.L.Fo r Je'•! ~ • L:..\"\Like J!- .)jNear ~} .;\", Vl J...)2 - Double prepositions:From behind From within J>'I' .:r,In to Onto Js-3 . Compound prepositions: :l.;r.r ..)Jr -3Across ~ Along J-'\" Js-Behind AboutAbove ...Al>- Befo re .;rBetween BesideWithin Jj Below J'Wilh out Beyond .;\", ...,...o. b.... J>'b-.j J'--Î ~J..lt ~\)J L...:' 4 - Prepositional phrases: i)\:o:- .;;..I)~ -4On account oflnspite of Instead of .:.r- '1..ltln front of By means of ~ \JI Owing to - 161 -

At the back of ~\;J In accordance with .riJlOlJWilh For the sake of .y Ji <Il.-';, \Vith regard 10 .)~Reference 10 JI tJ\"JINex( to }~ - ~~ - ~ Out of ~ \ -4 - (;t.:. S - Participle prepositions: i;l~.1 Jr41Ji J'WI .L.....i -5Conccrning RegardingSupposing Considering AssumingExamples: : dl'\" oi1 know nothing conceminghis behaviour.What did they sayregarding my proposais? ,,-U Js- Jy..A-:J1 .:..,JI i.e\"The television broadcaststarts at half past four .....<..a;)1) <..,1)1He ran past the door ...,.,\,JI rloi cS.r.The prepositions may come at the end of tbe scntence or arter the l'erb inthe roUowing cases:lAJ J:;;,1\:11 Jly~1 JoAlI ~ Ji ~Il;~ .Ji }-I .j}- .;..,With interrogatives: e:rlt4::'l1 t.:JIJ.ltWhom did you talk with? eY~J..i r.J\"What are you looking for? y~ l.s.Which target are you pointing at? ~...,.,~ .......... \",i Js-With re.sthe pronouns: J.-jl;w. t'He does not Iike the bousewhich he lives in. ..;.,... \",.ill -.:...\"lI ..,....., 'J .;!The young man whom youspoke to is my brother. ..... r ..... ..:....JS:; \",.ill ...,.,L.:JI ....') , - 162 -

The preposition must come at the end of the sentence or aCter the verb iDthe following cases:\"\"\".r:./'JI .:..~~I ..) JoAlI \"'-! } ~I ~4J ..) }-I ,j~ =-J-oyll ~ J~I- When the relative pronoun\"l'HA1'\" is uscd:This is the kind of life Ihathe is used to.It is the opportuni ty thalhe has drcamed of.- Whcn the relative proooun .::..5 ,,\"1 <,.i,-}I ;.,J,.iJ1 ~1 is ornittcd: - .1+.11 ~iThis is the present Jpromised you of. ,It is the piece of music 1was listcning to. \"WHAT\" 4JS' ).J....a:;j t.~ -- Whcn \"WHAT\" intToduccs .aJ.•.:H ~ a clause. ..tJ ~i L. ~,~ I..i.~This is exactly what 1 am thfnking of.Thal is what you were looking fo r. .~ ~ ~ L. I..i,..That is what we warned yOll of. .~ .!.I\.iJ..i- L. Li..- With the passive voice: J~ ~I ~ -l'le is not the pers\"\" that J-c. .\".iJ1 ~I ~ \"'1cao bc relied on. . .....h:. )~'ilIt is a promise that cao be relied on. .~ )~~I ~ J.&.J ~1- When the object is understood aCter the Ûlfinitivc. .)~I \"'-! I~ J\"..oll i.Jfo. \.0= - - 163 -

Hcrc is ano.her focal point to talk about. .~ ..!Jwl ~ cSf i ~.J\"\"Y. &il ..;' lAThe use of prepositions ~\ ~_l\"\"\" J~\Common use: cS'~ J~IIdiomatic use: .,.-)l.h..pl J~I \"~ ~-? j.?\" J.f.,.\"About .. conce rning ~They were talking abou t him .You know eyerything \"Î..!., - ,y- .\"\"\" \"Y~ Iyl> .J:k' ,y- ,..;- JS' j.J\" .!J;1about my plans.About - Around \"here or there\" ·<.!.IU ,i U · - J,...He wa lked abo ut the garden.He has many friends about him . \"..u•...,.....1 Jy-,..r-Let us go about the town. .Jy- J).r-> ,\;.c...1Aboye:Above = higher in place .\"\".ùl Jy- ~.i; l, t,.The planes flew above the c1ouds.Il cost me aboye 5000 dinars • r-\"(1 . <.f.f•He is ubove suspicion. <Z' .:.,. '\",,~I ~i ~ ci) ...,..,...JI J j .:...il..- -:..1)lkJl Jc\" J~i ......... .:r )S\"i ~ ..\.il .c:..t~!J1 J j .;1Above - more than , .>.t:;1 ' -l:.>=(' c·.=.\.Their level is above average.Across: ..h...pl Jj rlJ'--' \"1The telephone post feU r . .e'!.D d . 9 \"\";1.,. <Z' . lS:...J1 Jo:J \"yi,W1 ,r .b.<..,.down across the railway line. .,,\"'.....1You may draw a lineacross the wrong paragraph. i.;.J1 ~ \Jo>. .J. \"i ~ .i!kCl-1 - 164 -

Ailer: ·W,_~ _ ~ .He is coming aftef me. 'I.$~ ~i <l.il1 will see yOll after the match.. ..'.l,WI ....., !lI)...He ran after me for half an hour. r.4s.L.. ......i..a.i ~..u. ~J J..ilShe is named after her mother. .~..u\-, r\"~ ..:...-;:.-..He is a man after my li king. .J J).;! ~) <I.i!A g a i n s t: J -~Iy\" ,. ~ ~ ~ .Against = opposite to ~I.Q.. = J.,.,pThey playcd against many strong teams.. - ./JL... - ~1 have nothing against you. .~; .J} i.ls. L 1.r.J ..!l...l...;? \".? I.$i I.$..u ~We are swimming againsl the 1..:..;( ~I ->..r-\" ~ ~ ~stream.. •\"<...0. J)r\"'1..5~. ~, . . , BetweenAmong: is uscd in case of referring to more than two persollS or things. J•i.t:.:..,:. } ~ .;r' jS'i J! i}.;\"'~1 ;;JI>- \"AmoDg\" J--l'Between: is used in case of referrÎllg to two persons or thillgs. J.~ )i ~ J! i)';'~1 ;;JI>- \"Betw..n\" J--l Examples:- He likes to stay among his friends. .~\.i~t <J.:.1 s:.L.'WI ~ <l.il -#,. She prefers ta ,il amang the pupil,.. .i,.-)WI .;\", cf ~ 4'1 -• Don't sleep among the graves. .)y.AJ\ <J.:.1 ~ 'Y -- Our schoollies between the ) b) ~\ ~:o~u ~,..z \:.::......) J..,. -museum and the court of justice. . ~\J..JI- There is nothing between me and her ~) ~ ~~ ~y. 'Y- they are always between my eyes. .~ 0::1 Wb ~ -- She put the Rose between. ~ 0'::! i,;:,)}\ ~-' - two pages of the English book. .~#.'Y\ W\ yl:5'\" 0'\" 165 .

There is a wide gap belween rJ\..JJI '-.'\" ï...t....IJ i .J..>;-ithe Soulh and lhe Norlh. .yy!-I)At: •<:.>=' ..\",.il\, - yU - M- - .).* At = Referring to a place \"lS:.l1 J! i;I..;.~ • .~I J .!.Ll,,~L1 shall mcel you al the statioll. .\"...,JI <.skL:. .J.;s. !l.,kL..l'II wa il for you al lhe sea·sidc.At school ~J..u~ At home .:..\"ILAt the door '\"':\"\"'W~ At the same ...rii~ Place 0l5:l1At the foot of the mounlain JJ-I e-'- .J.;s.Al the front of the gate Near at hand ;\"I\",JI ....\",1) .J.;s.At the end of the party J.yI J)bII- At .. Referring to time <W-I ;\"4' J1 will sec you at nine o'dock. .z;.!1 ,,.Ji;.);;)IJ •- At present.• At the moment. .......1;.11 ~\...JI Js- .:.II)...- At the sa me time.• At nooo. 'r\"U-1 .:..ô}1 d -- At midnight. .<1.>..1J1 •..v. :; -• At the first attempt.• At the age of fift y. ..:..ô}l '--'\"\"\" J -- At the end.· At sunset. .;~I .J.;s. -- At suorise.• At peace. .JiII~d - .;.l)l>... J;Î :; - .~I.:r- J - .;\"4;J1 J - .'-c')~I .J.;s. - .J).rJ1 .J.;s. - , .UI .:r'j - - 166 -

. At war. .y.J-I 0\"j -. At last.- At firse .1.\",..Î - ,'l} ~At :: Referrinof! to directions • ,....'. . CI\'~.-.\"1\"\ ,,:\.1 o•.;1\,..I. ...U1~1Have a look at this page ~I •.iJ, Js- i.;b ..;l!She is laughing at hÎm (~~) .ys. ~ 19..ilAt = Referring [0 priees •~\ . ~I ()1 ô}~,~You can have it at 100 dinars. .)~~ 4St.... J\.i... ~ J~\ ~t5:..~Gel il at any priee.1 cao not buy il at such a .~ '-$~ ~ ~\ \..l.A J!.Ç o~\..,.;. ~i 'jhigh priee.. .t'\")1 cr-\"IAt ::::z General adverbial use: JWl c>~ rU. J~\At least ijl~ At most p'Jl ~At this rateAt full speed J.wl 1..., At uny raie JI.\".. l$i .)s-Clevcr al At a limeFrightcllcd at ~r~~ J0)\Good atQuick at J -,,'v pleased al -! J)~ ASlonished al (~\>-).:/Yr.r ..:.r\" ?J.:.; J~ Bad at <../ \"o,f\" J~r Siow at J\"~Before: ~Before ~ Pdo\";tyoftime: (Ji) ..::.jJI .} .,.,..~I- You may find me at my ~U\ .}.i ~ J JJ.J- Jjoffice before nine o'clock.. .......Wl- They may arrive before next week.. ·r,L<lI Cr-''JI JiIJ..a< .Ij Ji ~ ~11.iJ,~ Thi s film will end before ..Jl!1 ~midnight • 167 .

Before = Priority of choice .J1•...:7~1 ..•.,J, iDeath before dîshonour.Before = In front of: .JWI 'J) ';')1He stood berore me.The question before us Îs ,(\..1somewhat thoroy. (Jljl) .. ifL.Î ....ü) JI .s:.:L:. c.:L.Î '-\")~I <lUI •.L. -'>-Behind: ...:...l7Behilld = At the back of:He sat behind me. ...,u;.Never say anything behinda person's back that you . ~~wou ldn', say to his face.Behind ,. Refening to lateness 'J u,.;. -'>-Î ,IJ) ,J' -1-\"Î Ji' 'JThe train is behind time.Sorne nations are still .~).j ..jj~living behind times.Bchind the times. (dl, è lJi -...:.J.;.;JI ' ô 1l;;.;iJBchind time.Behind ooc's back. r. ,Js. ,y .r'\"' }k.illBehind the scenes. .j ,;.,.; ..::JIjL. ..,.,y--'JI ~ .....;.1>.; .JJ.;.:. . ,.,.6 .~I ,IJ),J' .}\".JI ....;.l>- ,J' ~Below = Lower than a .~ <>~ JÎ ;.kA; ,J' ...\.i....Îgillen point or place.'The operaling costs arebelow the average..In boxing, don't hit below the belt. ·rl}-I J-i--Î ..,.,.rA\" 'J ,<.S)t.l.I .j - 168 -

Beneath: \"ç>,.) - ~ - JL...) \"Put this pillow beneath your head ..He is beneath his brother in intelligence. ..!.L-ÎJ J ;>L..)I oi\" c:.\"' .,\5\".il1 J \"\",i j;> ,,;1Beside: ..... DI;. . ..,...;1.,.;Beside = By tl,e side of ~I.:,.:He refused ta sit beside me. • J>iJ .)1Beside .. Apart from: \"\"\" DI;.That is quite beside the question .Beside oneself. .\..Ii t.r\"}1 J\" Ut;. Ii\" J)...\"I.,....JI .AÔ\; (~) .r-'Beside the mark (point) (question). .t.r\"}1 J\" U t;.Beyo nd : J~ -),~ - ~i - J\.Jj I..-.iWe can't drive beyond this place. ,J\5J.\ \ok 0'\" ~i ~W\ ~ 'jBeyond a person. . ~I ~ <>>'-' '\"'Y'<Beyond one's means.Beyo nd expectations. ,~\"\1 11Beyo nd the pale.Beyond comparison. Jyi.!Beyond one's reaeh.Beyond sea. ,Wy JLS\"\" \..0 J~ \"-=\"~•~\ • ~J-l>- j) ~ ,4.it:1.II) ,J}Â:! ~ ,Jl:.1! ~ \..1..::\":' .Jb..:J\ '\JJ WBeyond measure. .» .....1 j)l,.,Beyond control. .o-ù r<-\"-- --II .Jk 'During: ,!)I.>: - .\:li• 1 will vÎsit yo u during the holiday.- It did not stop raining rS\".;j l.e-'1'1 J)i>. J)jL .J.lli J)i>. .;hll Jlr. ~during the night.Priees were sore during the war. - 169 -

By, ~ - ;J:,......IJ:! - r\...\ - 0:..;. - y ~ - \"\"\",\" - J.\",>By - Nearness of place: (\"\":-'A - ;!.f\")J) J15J.I ~\"al'J• We like lO si l by the fire in winter. .~l::..!J\ }J\ '-:\"} ~ 0i ~- He al ways sils by his [al11er. .o..ul) )~ ~ Wb ..,;!By - Passing in front of: if:'-! \rLtÎ (Ijl.t) r i.~\ )~- They like to walk by the river. .j~ ~1- 1 go by yOUf h ouse everyday. 'i.)!. y r-<:\": )~ yiBy = Neamm of 'im\" (JJ) (JE ~) iiI,.JI y)ll- 1ca n'I fi nish Ihis work by tomorrow.. MI ~ J.....JI \~ '\"4-'\ ~f \"1- He will rcturn by nooo . ë~\ ~ ::'.Y\"-:'\"Br ~ Agen'r (l.h....ly) Jr\.il- Thi s exercisc is donc by me. . ~\y. j>- ..û J.r=JI l..iA- Ali the problems will be l.h....1J' ~ J5\"w.11 J5\" solved by my fathe r wher1 he cornes. .~ L.....l:S- <$...ul)Br = Manfler (means): <ll:--.i') ~I_ Yo u ea n succeed by perseverance. .ô..l8.t,. ~ .lI ~_ Yo u ean pay him by inswlm cllts. l!JJ. b. ii-Il:.;J ,:.S ..:.L~- H e will travel by air. .(ô)l6J\ ~\)1) 'r-:- )~Br = E){ pressing oaths: e' d' ;:t:U- l 'wear by God. . JJ~ r--'I- By my life. 1 will obey the 0yU 01101 J~ r--'Iscout's law. .~\..:S:J\_ He s\\'o re by his honour 10 tclilhe trllth. .~\ J~ JÎ .uA ~t - 170 -

BV :::: According to: ~~L. ...,......,. u )1 L. -- What is the lime by yOUf watch?Down: J,i...'il ,)!Referring to movement towards a lower position. .Ji--Î .\"...,) .~I J lS\"? .;r ;ij~.uJ- He fell down the stairs. .~I JD-Î Jl k.... -- They wenl down town. JI.~ ..ul .k...,.) 1.t:A~ -- Sit down. .~I -Except: \~\.,J5'- He invited ail his frie nds except Sami. '1:f\"L. \J.ç.l,.. ~li..l,..pi l,ç.~ jÂj -- Women are I1ice except for ~)} IJ.ç. ~ ûlAJJ ~LJI -their gossip and jealollsy. ..:fi'ff)For: - ~\..,J - ~ - .J t,.lb - j,.l;., - , ,J! t-.;., - J-r~ vI;\"r' '!-\"-! . ;';L...oJ . cr' .• Fo\" For the sake of J::~ - J::Î .:r' -- It is beller for yOli to have ,. , lk.......i ,1,.:..1; ,)\ ..!JJ J-Ai')l\ ,j'\" - a little rest. .Â.:>-\)1 .:..r\"- A U for one and one for ail.For = To be given 10: p.~ ~\) ~ ~).ll -- Are a il thcsc cl Olhcs for me?- 1 will bring more for yOll. ..( ul!~) j J Y -~ ....,.-1)U\ o..i..t. ~ - •..!JJ ~)\ ~L -For:::: Referring to destination vl!o~,lajjoJ\ ~1 o)~~'jj- She left for London yesterday. ......r'\"';~ ,)J.:J Ji G.l>-J -- They will set for Oran this morning. .c~\ Il:. jl./') Y.r\" 0~ - . 171 .

For\"\" In exchange for: J,.\u· 1 won't pay one dinar for Ihat. .1.;'\" J<tA.o 1......1) 1),<' e,i '1 -· For how much do you sel! that?- Don 't Iran slate word for word kJ);~~­ (~ ;.$) t,;.r r.i' '1 -For'\" In quest of .. .J WJ,· We have to send for a doctor.- Let us go for a swim. ...,..\"w l;1k ~ \"i u \"< '1 - )·>W~.L y. -For = Because of: (..,.., \"'.') . . j- He was rewarded for bravery. eJ:... -.~t.....oJ 'J~ J..il -- You will pay dearly for that. .l,I~ .!.lb ~For = In spite of: (y) e ' ~.JI;J5' -- For ail his merry, he is 110 1so hrtppy. .\~ ~\";~.o..>-/ 0\" r1-)~- For ail hi s friends he feels if J \.. ri' j, i ......}' A \"'! -lonesome. .\" li~iFor - Ouration of time: (~,J\ J~\) ô.>.oJ- 1 will stay there for five days.For the lime being _rl,i <-...>- i.ll !lLo .:.s::..L -for the presentFor = Instead of: Forever .L)IJ- 1 will act for you. Forever and never \~i) Wb e' ':10.; _ l j~1 J I ~ yjL-From: cY - e'From '\"\" Indicating starting point. (;;_\"I..L..l\ ~ ...,U.. ) i.fFrom one place to anothcrFrom the beginning to the end. .r'i J! \"l5:.. if _,,4;)1 J! \"I..yl if - 172 -

From morning to night. ., UI ? Ct,...J1 ifFrom top 10 bottom.From hand to mouth . .Ji..-Î J! J>-Î ifFrom door to door , •.Ali J! ..yI ifFrom day to day.From house to house. ...,.,\,Il y \.,lI ifFrom hand to hand.From side to side. ·ryJ rY- ifFrom place to place.From time to time . ..r''J J? ifFrom = By reason of: ...y -'< ifHe died [rom the accident. ..r''J ..,...;t.,. ifHe is suffering [rom neglect.. ..r''J j tS:- if ..r''J ..:..;) if ('. ': \".11) \"'\"' . ~.)lJ-\ ~ Ü\.... .JL•...,'1 if .,il.., \"!From = lndicating prevention: (~I u-I! o) .z,)ll) 0-!1 cou ldn't stop her [rom doing that. r!..!.\b ~ if 4-'\" ~IHe saved him [rom death. .u ).1i f •..\.i;i ..\.ilFrom\" out of (after): ~1 am speaki ng from experience. .if.\" .f ~i .,i!Don 't judge [rom appearancc.In: ./,lfoJ~ ~ '}ln = Indicating place and direction: ~A bird in hand is wo rth tenin the bush. :0~'}1) ,,1S:l.1 \"\,,l 1.P if r.; ..yI J J~ && )1 (~') ~I J>- J~ i~ln: is gcnerally used for large places, cities, towns, and centres....s;,s:J1 jS1}I) \".Ill ,i~1 ';'>\.o~ '-,-J4 i,~ \"IN\" J-.-l - 173 -

Eg: Shc lives in Co nstantineAI: is more generally uscd for smallcr or less important places (suburbs,stations, small villages etc).'.rr\"il) .....i J~I Ji i~1 J\"'SU ;;\"...J~ i,~ \"AT\" J--l .( . ... i ~I \",}JI ,..:;,u\",:1J.-<Jgg; He lives at EI-Kouba in Algiers. .......,Wl )1)-, ,'-,.iI1 ~! : J~In front of (~1Y') rL.l l n the way JJ,!)J\In the midd le ln my wayln the North .h.....) J In the South .j<J> J JJl..lJ1 Jy\"';-IIn = Indicating lime: .~,JI t:J\o.,J ' .)For Illonths l' • I l. For years ,,,,Ip -' -'\" ft-\"In February JjÏ k- J ln 1982 1982 rI. JIn April Jk -i f ) \ \" ln 1971In March ln 1992 1971 rI. J 1992 rI. .}For parts of the day: l''nll ..!d~ln the morning ln the evening \"U\ Jln aU my lifeln an hour 's time. 1n the afternoon .ra-J\ J J..\"WI .i'\"In three days' time.In the night.In a week.In: Indicating state:We were in great danger. •• ~ ~lAre yo u in good health?He is in love with another woman .. .(.$?\ 01/1 - 174 -

]n = ]ndicating reference: \"-.I\...~- We are not interestcd in music. .~}~~L....l- ln reply to your lettc r, 1 ,:,Î Jr- ,~lh.>- ~ b.j have the pleasurc of communicating ~\"'foll -:A..}.il ~Î to you the rcquired information.- In good order ..:.r- rlk .j- In such a ease.- ln comparison with. •;.)\,1.1 •.i.A J'- .j- In Arabie style. .c: ;.;~W~- In conclusion.- In short. ......rJ1},hll ~- Speak in English In public. .r1;.;1.1 .j]nto: . )..='-~ .~ \".r.b!-'j~ ~Wc use it instead of \"]N\"to denotc motion. J;-b -..}- We jumped into the waler.- He has got in ta difficulties. Jod \"IN\" ~ 'J~ J--'- He bas turoed into a wolf.Likc: as (such) (resembIing) ..s'.}-I ,)sr- You are just like me.- Don't talk like that. .,1I.1 .j l;yü .cil- Like a lot of people. ..........\.,a11 .j J,~y .cilUnlike: .y; JI Jy' .cil ..,....,. -J4. J4.- Unlike his brother, he is lazy.- Unlike his friend, he .\..LC- .}- .:..;1' belongs to a poar family. .IA.. ~ 'j .cf1:.11 ~.r.> J'- ...,..s;.. .,a. -\":')1;.,. ...\"..Î :\"\")1,.;.., J.,.s \"'1 ~ 'PAi 'ri JI ..r\" \"'1 .\";'-'-\" ~- 175 -

Neac:To express proximity:· We had lunch in arestaurant near the university.• 1 live near the school.· 1 don't sit near him.Of: & - e'Of = Ind icating origin or cause: (..,..,..JI Ji).I..o11 il\\"l) if r. • t.y- J yi ijFil <.1'.\"-- J> r.>· Many Africans die of hunger every year. .~ fjJ ';1• That is very kind of you.· He is ashamed of his son 's behaviour. P•\",,1 0\;.r'\" if .lilOf III Indicating possession or relationship (~':lUtJ\ ,i ~\ C)~) !.:J-'- The power of the law. .wilaJ1o}- The beloved ofyouth. .y~1 ~.r.-• The queen of the country. .~~I o::.L.Of =Indicating material, creation J.W\ j ô~WI C)~) t:>-' (1,;);I\"s:;J\ ,ior constitution- My watch is made of stainless steel. Î...l...<a.:! 'l w..loo...e if ~~ ?L...- Many humall artificial ~l:.b...,.:,'lI ~17-~I if Pparts are made of plastic. .~~I i f ~~ JL..if'JMake the best of your life. .~ \,. j~ ôt;..~ ~IA fam ily of five. .~I)\• 4...-.> ,y W~Of - About (conceming) (\",U;.,.) ~Have you heard of such a thing? ~1-45'\" ~~ d' .....:...-.....i1 don'l know anything of it. .~..l.b d' ,~ ($Î J.ri 'l1 am certain of that. .~~ ,y ~b liÎ - 176 -

Of - Indicating partitive relation •(;;.,.l;..JI -';:JL,JI c>~) crA piece of music.A part of the plan. .<,.i,-y w,; .<h:l-1 0\" ':rA quantity of. '0\" <,.SA lot o f. '0\" /A number of. ...:f .::.~Of = Indicating apposition: \" . ~ J.,.;.ll c>~The city o f Annaba. .~\..:s. ~..l,.oThe continent o f Arriea. .\,.i,)1 i}iOf = Forming adjective equivalent: -.......u ,\",i$... <Z'~A man of silence is a man of sense. ..,;U .lW- 0\" jiWIBirds o f a feathe r nock toget her. .c}' 4J~i Js- J\".,kllOff - Away from: , o:l~Keep off the grass. .~I .:r \"\"\",1Get off the table. .;J)uJl Js- 0\" JjrJs-The plane will take oITat seven o'clock. ).~U\ ~U\ o)l.W\ ~Switch off the li ght. ..(JI.c,l1 , .J\"JI ,.rIOff side . CJ\.>.) y.:..;Take off your clothes. J:r.liJ1 i.fOn: . . ' &1.~)\.. '\"e<:;' - ~ - '-1.' . <.\.e.On = Indicating place: (J l5:.l1 J l\"l) Js-Stick the stamp on the J \",,1kI-1 Js- C'~I ~lletter in the right upper hand corner. .JyJI .:1-'>1.;/)1Js-Put yOUf luggage on the balance, please. .~ 0\" JI,;,l1 ~i ~R J -The passengers went on board the ship. .y..JI \",,\5')1 .J..o...> - 177 -

On earth ci'}il .)<- On the moon r-ill.)<-On land ci'J '-;1 .)<- On sea .;-JI.)<-On right On left JL..!JI .)<- ~I.)<-On = Indicating days and dates! 6th·?I, ,.\/il \",t,.,J· On the Ist of March. 'c./'\"l,. ft\"- J} J· On Friday. J•.........1 ~j!· On new year's day· On that day. i\"\"JJ..1 '-:...JI <fi\" -V J .~\".)I ..'JJ; JOn\"\" Indicating state and condition ,\";'.,.Ali ,1 ;;JWI \",t,.,J· He is here on business.· On duty. . ~ J lA <il· On a journey. ....JJ..I J· On an errand.· On horseback. .<1..-\" J • \"\"yl,. J.(~) R.,,~I Js-·1 am still on holiday. .ijH .} .:Jjl,.ON - Concerning:· 1 have read a book on \"'~ - ..,...· Columbus' voyage to America. ~ç <1..-\" cr ~l6' \",i; .li! .LS:,) Jl \".rJ1On = As soon as! .)~· On receiving his letter, 1 ,.,)L,.\" if*--I '.r:--( sent him the money at once. .ë,.- 'pl J .:JL..)· On seeing him, she hurst .<,5\"~ '\"~I \";i,, \"i '.r:--( into tea rs. ~Onto: J.0 \"ON\" if J\"\" .J.-;-.sInstead 01 liON' to denote :<S\"';'1 Js-motion: - 178 -

- The box feU o nto the ground . J>-• .hi.... J)~I -- The plane feU onto the '../J'11 houses near the airport. y } cc..,.,JI ..? c.:. 6, • ;;lhJI - .)1.11Out of: yy V - ~\-'-! - VI.;.Outside of - From .01..L,l1 Ul>- <s?He ran out of the field.Do not look out of the window. .;.\;\JI if Jk; '1He did it out of kindness.Out of sight, out of mind . .w.:.JI t'I-,! .!.Il; J..i ..I.AIOut of danger.Ou t of pity. .~I;ll ,J- I~ •.;,.JI ,J- I~Out of money .Over: .)J-I ,J- I.e,..,Over = Above: .w.:.JI y~ ifThe sky is over our heads.He is going to hover over ...,-LVOover. '-\"\"'Ai -..;,; ..,... -..;,; .Ji .l...)jJ J} ,L....J\ \",..... J} ..;.,WI <s-'\" \"1 .\".;.;lll.i'\" ..? ;\";\k,J. \",.....\" ))>Over = On the other side of: <:.t' \"\";''Y\ -\"\";I.,J\ ..,Jl -.Ji VHe jumped over our heads. .l...)jJ J} i f jAl ..I.AIOver: More than:He is over twenty years now. vAi, - \"1It is no use crying over spilt milk.He will get over his troubles. .(1.1.c.;) L 0'11Round (Around) 0'r-JI J} ...,.,u-IJIA if p i ,15:,11if ,,) .10,- '1 .....,..b J>- ...,..J;.:, j Y' ~The earth moves round the sun.News around the world. - 179 -

Spacemen went round the .r-<ll Jy- Ijlk ,l.a.ill JI\".)maon several times.Through: . ..,:...1/ o~ '.. :w .. -,;.tJ:They passed through the town . .\",.!ll:ft 1)/He go t through his examination. ...;\,.,..1 j~1A goad idea came through my mind .We lea rn through crrars. .i.l? i.f.; J- ~ J-- ..:..)0>, - .L.J..,; -,..,... ,\h.>.':IITo: ~! - ~To = Indicating point of arrivai J~J ;;.kA; J_I,r,:-1 am gai ng ta the University. .......L!-I J1 '\"\"\"P ';1We came ta a turn in the road.. .J<}>JI.j ~ J1 lLo)To \"\" As far as: - ..)! - t.é ,JiHe can cou nt fram one ta ten. op 4il..1.>-1) 0'\" -loo.:! 01 ~1 read this book from beginning ta end. .~4J1 ~ ~\.J.JI if yt:.ÇJl l.k ut}To \"\" Towards: ..)! - ~Ali road, lead to Rome. _ .\..)) .)1 ,p; J}>JI J5\"J )Be kind to yo ur parents. .(.!.l,..\JI) y.c L,... ~L-.-1 0'..ùI}~)To = Marking indirect object: rl,.oJlni- J,.4JI CIl.,.,.!Don 't say that ta me. J.~) JZ '1Will yau listen ta me? ~J! ~ jALeave that ta her. .4J ~) ç..)1 will write ta you. • \" rJ\"'--'-\") \" o,•;:..H.v ~. _.,\",1...00To .,. Expressing comparison 4,jJ~\ c..t\" J ~ :9 -; \ \1 want something superior to that. ..!JJ;' ,if ~i ~ -'1),She bUlOt his letters to ashes. .b\..) ~I ? ..JJL..) ~/\"1 - 180 -

To =expressing degree:. It is accurate 10 a hai r.- My wa lch is right to a minu te.To '\" In accordance \Vith . . ~ 1.Q.9,- They were da ncin g to the tune. 'il...iUSU \..if) .)~\",è \ilS -- According to the papers..- Accord ing to law.. . . ..;:....\).. • Il W) -- According to plan.. ·.JiliU Li.:1 - ..As.\"...,)1 ~ Lü.) -Under: ~ · ,)~1 J~ .- There is a grave under the dame. J.~I ,r.i ...1...:0:-~ -- They sa I under an umbrella. . ~ J I~ -- He was livi ng under a ralse name. ·U···.;·_) ).)f r\"\"'\ J ~ .:>IS' -- Under anns. 'C')l...J\ J -- Under ou r law. .~p ~ -- Under d iscussion. . ~\ J -- Under co nsideration. . (.,,a.~.Q.H J -Until: cr->Preferable a t the beginning of sentences: J.,w.-I ~I\", 4J~1 J4Till: - ~Preferable bcfore nouns , L,....';1 Ji 4J1...o::...1 J.<:.i<and short clauses- 1 will not wait liU next week. i .r'-''-1 <LJ\".<LI .w. .iJ- Until then, he laId me ·tr--';1 '-4' ?\" ~t J - .~1y- I!,:. Ji< r-' ~'JI J>- -nothi ng about the prablem. - 181 -

~ .From a lowcr to a highcr place:- Let us walk up the hil!. ..).:1 ..,.l!- He is up a tree.- Are you going 10 swim :~Î J! ~i ~ .J:l1 Js'i J! ~, \,> - down or up the river ?With, .JjL... d ..;1 - ri ~I )L,; c: r~ J- - ~oL , _ ~ _ ~~ _ ~ _ ~\"u,J.ill,: III compally -Togetlle.. - lit cOlltact: ~- I~ _ ~~ :~- He lives with his stepfathcr. \AoO -- She lives \Vith her stepmother.- T ake me \Vith you. c:.~iC)j e:: ~ ol,j! -- Come and have dinner with us.- He met with an accident. , .~\ ~)j ~ 4-il - ...!..Lv ~~ - .L:...... ,-L:..J\ J,,,l::l J\..V - c!).0.:l~ .J .ûJ -With '\" Having- D o Ilo t sleep \Vith the windows open . .~p.o .ii1.,.J1) ~ \":J -- She is 100 king for a husba nd ..r.'J Jt.. <l CJj J' ~ 4'! - with plenty of money. . . ;~I/ c: -- With an cye ta- With relation to ., Jl..:, t..,; -With \". In respect ta - In (oollection with oU;.,. - &- 1 wallt to talk with yOli. ..!.1v \":\"'..l>d\ --4) -- Thi s lic does not go \Vith c: ~')\:J 'Y oh ~\ ~j - yOUf new su it.. ., ;-\!~\ ~-4- Compare the copies wi th the origi nal. . ~)!~ J..raJI J).; - - 182 -

- 1 have done with him . ..., ~ -:....J,; .cil -· Hand in hand witb ..· Face to face with .. J. . C::' .J, I.J, -oSide by side with .- On friendly terms with .. . . C::' \"\"\"} lp.-) -o On equal terms with ..With = By means of - by: C::' ~ JI ~ - . . C::' r~) ~ -o She fiUed my heart with love . C::' i l)WI r.li ~ -o He always begins his· lecture with a smile. ,;w.....\.';' . . . -!· With God's help.- With = Indicating manner: ..L,. ~- ,,\",)L. .cil- This machine is fragile, it ....~~ \"'.?\.... I..I.,! Wb \"'1 should be handled with care. .JJI 0-\",o With great effort.· With a heavy heurt. ;JW\ ,i ',;,0\ \",I.,.,J -· With a light heart.- With ail my heart. \" '-!..o\" ~ <l,ij <J'i'i ,.;.. -With .. lnspite of: .J i..., 4--- .}~ •· With ail hi s money. he is 01 ..,...\"., not a happy pcrson. ..r.f ,*'\"' -o With ail her bcauty , nobody usked for her hand. .J? ...,J.i, - .c) ...,J.i, - ·Cy) J5:, - 'cr \"\"~4 -J5 1'1 la;...:. ..,..,l \"1' ,,1) JI\" C::' - . I~ r\"\"'\" f.l 414 JI\" if ~)~, - .lr.Y- .l.>-I - 183 -

Within >, >-> . j - J\l,; ~b - ..,......, - ~b . jPeople shou ld live within »-'>- J I~ .;,i ,-\",UI ~ ..,.\".,their means. . .r-\"~~IIt is within easy reach. ...yl J)b J~!Within an hour. .~L C»-'>- J) J~ JWithin sight. .\"j)l J\k yi;Without: lV~ - CJ,-'-!No t having - free from - out of - beyond- She wen t o ut without his knowledge.. .~ J)..Lt ~/- -. He asked her 1l0l lO do .;,)-'; i!,..;. JW 'il 4.:.. ..Jl, - anything with out hi s conse nt. .~\y- 1 will go with you without fail.- That gocs without saying . .\"\",\:14 ~ ____L - .., rL- ) Il. -- Witholll difficulty. .~.Y'-'-\" .J)..Lt -- Wilhout wu rning. .).L\ .J)..Lt -- Wilhout notice. .)\\",,;,1 J)-'; -- Without trouble. .~b J)..Lt -- Without fear. .Jy>- J)..Lt -- Without end.- Without an exception. -.,,~ .;,)-'; .~L:.:.....\ .J)~ -- Withollt rcsult. .~ .J)..Lt - - 184 -

Idiomatic use of ......~)I\J~)l1prepositions .\"..,.JI ':',.elItCommon combinations\" (~) . . -! Y Y'-\"-'Accom pa nicd by . . (A person) (,,;.) -! Y Y'-\"-'Accomp:mied with (sornething)On account of Js-..,..,.... - yL....-• Accuse \"someone\" or ..· Advantageolls 10 .. \"someonel1 ...-! ''L.. L..z..;.....!.\" ~ ~· Take adVanl<lge or ..· Affected by .. \"\..~\" ~ v ) ~ ­· Arraid o r ..• Agree \Vith .. (.J..?'-\" ~~) -! ;6 ~· Aim at ..· Angry \Vith. . (,.,;.) (~) J' ...A!l;. -• Ambit io us o r ..• Anxiolls about .. (~) c:: .jly. - c:: ~ -· Anxious ror .. . . JI j-\", -· ApologÎse 10 .· Apologisc ror .. (~) J' -,...;,~ -· Appeal to ..· Appeal against . J>- <>ü -· Apply 10 .. JI ci\"-'-- -· Appropriate to . . J)~- C..T&. ) ..t;•,u- JI J---'\" - J ).JI ;'\"'1 ~ - ....o;L., - Ji ..Jl\" r~ - . . J 1\"')1,.. - - 185 -

- Approve of .. . . J.\" .jl)/ - fi -- A rrive at .. . Cr.'-- ~\5:...) J! J..o< -- Arrive in .. . ~ 0\5:...) J! J..o< -- Ashamed o f .- Ask for . . . .0\" Je..> -- Ask about . .- Associated with .. . û,:. .,J...., 0i lA>...:. JL., -· Astonished at ..- Aware of . . .. (~) J.\" ~ ­· Bascd on .. (Jo>- J) .. C' !I.;-'-- -- Belicve in . .· Beneficia i to .. ('-'-\" \..) J .;.>-\"-' -- Beware o f . .- Blame for . . -!IJ o- .. J t.1) ,-< r-I~- Break of .. . J.\" r;' - J.\" r.r-\" -· Break with .- Burst into tears .. . . ~,yJ; - J~ -- Borrow from .- Cali on .. ('->....all) . . J ...,... -· Cali to ..- Cali for . . . (c,J» 0-\") 0\" ifr i -- Capable of . .· Capacity for . . . . J.\" r}, - (i,~) . . .:r ~ - • -< <lAJ1 &'< - . . \,5\"4 ~ - .. 0\" J'A - . (lA>...:.) J)j! - (~) .. J.\" ,pL, - . (\.. lA>...:.) y-\" - . J.\" J,li - J.\" i JJ.A.. - - 186 -

· Ca relcss o f .. .. JJ-+- -· Cautio us of ..· Certa in of . . .:/ <..!'.?\"-\" - .:/ )J..>. -· Certificate of ..· Change in to .. · . if JS'h. -- Characterised by .· Charge against .. (i.\".-JI 0-\"\") -i i>4-!- -· Take cha rge of .· Come across .. . J! Jy., -· Come iUlQ fo rce . .- Come to pieces .. (~) J...;. <..;; -· In com pari so n with . .· Co mpensate with .. . (......) YJJ-o Ji'< -- Co mpe te with .. (u,.;. ) ~) .....,1...>, -- Complain of . .· Composed of .. J.,Ml1 ~)L.. C7\"\" -· Concentrate o n ..· COllcerned with .. -. . ...:..;.i.:.. -- Confess to ..- Co nnected with . . · t::: ~)i1, -· Conse nt to ..· Considerat ion for . . · . ~ ~r., -· Co nsult with .. · . t::: ..,-iIz, - · . if ~­ . . if -,SJ' - · . J&- ;?; - . r<' Ji ..;--- - L.~ .....r< - . . -i~ ­ ~ - -i cs-\"..< - · . J 1)\,:>1 - (~) t::: )J~ - - 187 -

- ln contact \Vith . . .. ., Jb1 ~­ - Correspond \Vith.- Cou nt for nothing .. . c:: ~ - Jiu., -- Deal with ..- Decide on . l!,.:. <f)L, 'i -- Depan from ..- Depend on upon . · . c:: J-k, -- Deprive of . .- Desire for . . \"~llj~-- Determined in .. '-' . .J J -- Devote . . ta- Die from .. .. -J'.Y-.t-- Differ from ..- Different from . ..~~­- Difference of opinion . .- Disappoinled of . . -J' (~) r.r< -- Disapprovc of ..- Dismiss .. from .. .. J ~J-- Displeased \Vith . .- Distinguish .. from .. · . ~ rj1>- -- Doubt about . .- Due ta .. .J-~-.f.f.,- · . -J'~\"­ .J'~­ . .J'~­ . <fÎ)I j)8.1 - (~ ~r') J ,1.,-)1 -,.lI.,- - (t.. l!,.:.) ~ - ..-J' .. ';\"- (~)-J\"L.. - . . J' ~- J .(t.. ,,;-) é.J..:. - Ji(t.. ,,;-) ~Ij - - 188 -

- Emerge from . . . . .:r .h< - - Employed at .. - Engaged in .. . J -..iJ;y -- Envio lls of . .- Equal in .. ,. ~ J~ -· Escape from ..- Exchange .. with .. (~) J .bN ,.....l.. -- Fail in , '- Fall in battle . . . . J '\"JL.... - J,l..o -- Fall into the hands of.· Fall in priees . . . .:r y ft' - .:r J'>'< -· Familiar with , .- Familiar to ' . . c: L. t.:,.:. J,,, -· ln favour of , .· Fear of .. · J J.!-i< -- Fear for . . .,/'\" J \":J.-? t3< -· Feed on ,' ,- Fight for. , . • \",..Î J t3< -· Fight against . , . } ....:\"il J j,r.\" -- Filled with ..- Fife inta upon , , .\"\"\"' p.o / (L. ~) J ..;,\"'-\" -· Set fire to . . . . J ......}L. -- Fit for . , , (L.~)dU - . . .:r JI>., - . ~ JI>., - . ~ cG';';'\" - -. Je-Î.:r e~ . .J..;, YJ~ - · . ~ ,j.(- ' ~10JUI ~.,L - J )UI J-'; - · . J JI'! - - 189 -

- Fond of . · . ~ r./\"\" -- Gel over ..- Get on wi th . C?J') .}<- ~ -- Get throllgh ..- Grateful to .. · pL, -- Grieve fo r.- Guilty of . . · j~-- Hesitate at ..- Identical with . . . J .:J.l - J }'L;, -- Ignoran t of .. . (~) .}<- J Ï'\" -- Immune against ..- Impatient for . . · !./ ~~..? -- Increase in . · J Li,u,.. -- Independent of ..- lnferio r to . · ., joie- -- Instead of ..- Innocen t of . . (ci'J') .i.-;, ~ -- Involved in ..- Irrespective of . . ..}<- ~­- Jealo us of ..- kin with .. J(>.wl) .. \"'..> --Keyto. · . fcr11·Jt:.i'-y.-i - - · i . . i f ';.J.; - (<....;;) if 'tfp - . J,' · .\" JY- . cr }iJ1 J\"o< - . . if JY- - · . J! r\"'< - . . J Cl;.;.. - - 190-

- Kind to .. · • -! J.,.a..:. - - Lack of . .- Liable to .. . . J!}.i';! -- Limited to ..- Live for . . · . J ;\";'.f' -- Long for . .- Look for . . . Js. (,:i....) ')-'--- -- Look after ..- Look al .. ..ri if ~ -- Loyal to ..- LOSl in .. . . J! J\"-'., -- Made in ..- Made of . . · \"'\". . -.J . ~ -- Make o ul . .- Make up for . . . .. J I ~.. -- Makc a fool of .. ~- Martyr to ..- Necessity of . . . . J~­- Neglect of ..- Obedient to .. (~) .. .j J}~ -- Object to ..- Occupied with .. (\"15:..) .; t..\"...... -- Occur to .. (•.,;.) if t..\"...... - . . r+.\"' - (i}_>-) '/Y\" - • \"'*' -• • -! I..,i+.! - (<.)-1) J (\.. '..?) . . '))r- - (..,...\".I}I) Jl.A! - . .J~­ . Js. J'r< - ~)., Jy..:..- . (~) J ;..;.., - - 191 -

· Of great use 10 (~) J 'r.? ,J,st; ); -· Opposi te to ..· Parallel 10 .. (J&.) J ..\".1... -· Participate ~ith ..- Pass from .. ('..r-) J jI... -- Pass for . .- Patient with .. ('..r- J ~) c: !l? -- Pleased with .· Pleased at .. . , (J&.) if ~ -· Prejudice against .. (J .,.\"...) ..,. WI ..,....., -- Prepare for . .- Prevcnt from .. \"C: J_-· Profit by ..- Protect from .. (~) i f J).r-' -- Proud of ..· Providc \Vith . . ('..r-) if J).r-' -- Recover from . ..c;, ..,....,., )i!:rJ -· Refer to ..· Regard for. , . J -\"\"--< - ~ -- A relation of . .- Relevant to .. . if I!,:- (~) 0 -· Rely on .. . . .:.r- ~ - . . -!)~ - .-:1 •• )).).- \"if~- . .J. I ~• - , , J IJ\,:<I - (~)J y ) - , J Jil... )i ..,.....\:.. - \" J>- -'---\"\" - - 192 -

- Rcmarkablc for . . . J C~-· Rcmedy for . . · y 1..,., -· Rcmolc from .· Repent of .. · . .)s- r-'\" -· Replace by .. • . -! J~­· Rcpl y lO ..· Rcspond to .. · . .)s- '';1 -- Rcsult from ..- Rcvcngc on . .J. .~' -.- RUIl into ..· Run throllgh .. · . y r-\"\"< -· Safe from . .. if~­- Satisfied wÎth . , r~/ J .1).f< -· Search for . . . . (1,.,.0;) '-\" -- Seek aCter .. . if • J -- Separate .. from ..- Set upon .. ifL..· Shoot at ..- Short of .. . . y .....I)-- Sick of .. ..y~­ - Similar lO .. · . J! c<\"-' -- Smile al .. . y . . J.o.i, - . . (t....>..:.) 1'\"\"\"4< - .)s- )81 ~ - · . J! p. - r- -···if j\"L;.;.1 - if r? - . J \"Le.. - - 193 -

· Sorry for . . . (ik>.) J .........i -· Speak o f .. ( IL ·J'F-- Speak on behalf of ..- Stand by .. .J'WF - --») - 1.. ~ -.,...;l\". J! --») -· Stand against . · . J cS-'-\"\" -- Stare at ..- Stare in the face of \"someone\" ci}..J1 J~ -· To starl by doing .- Strugglc for. ci\"1.. ~\" ..\".) J1.>., - (1.. ,.;-) J...., i-'! - . . ~i cr ~l5:, -- Subjcct ta .. (ü~JÂ\") .. ~ J>;'\" -- Succeed in .. · . Il C:\"\" -- Sufficicnt for . . (J>h j jl> -- Suitable for . .· Sure of . . ..j~)l. - · . cr .l5'L -· Suspect of .. · . ~j ~• •• -- Suspected of .- Sympath ize with .. c? J)..., -- Take after .- Take to .. <iL!. l'';'w. -· Take up ..· Take upon oneself . . ci -(;.\"... i,~) ~ (i;:; ..;=1i<t}l> ~l5 .i.>.Î l.h.i:Il - ...,~ Js- lA -- Take advantage of .. · '-\"-\" .iP- -· Take heed to . · . J! ...,., - - 194 -

- Take hold o f .. • • ~'-J\"'J->' - ~ ~.' --- Talk over ..- Think over .. é(L. ~) /(<LG) u\"c, -- Thirst o f . .- Trans late into .. J ~ I.j\"f­- Unjust to .- Vcrsed in . ..J~ ­- Wa it on ..- Withdraw from .. . J! r--?- -- Worth of . .- Yield to . . . . J ~lb -- Zealous for . . . J tJ' )Î - cf.\" - J>-(~) ....l.> t-'\" - 'if~- ..~.f.~- (.;:,10,-'i') J ,...t--'-' i(L. ~) J i::\".JI - (;JI.wI) J ~ - - 195 -

J- Jnterjectiolls and exclamations: CO ,...:JI.> ~W\ c:,~\ 12- Contractions c.JW-\'\ -23- Irregular verbs ,.;0\ c.J1.:.J>\ -3The interjection is merely a word or sound used to express a sudden feelingor emotion, and does not enter into the construction of a sentence.} )~ if .\",& ~ v J-\" Ji ;ws- ,ft\" Ji' ~WI ~I ci.l..l...f-1 ...,..?j J.>-J; 'JJ ;;.:\".W ;w,~~ To express ;or. l' ~'JI if \"\"..uHurra 1Hurra.~ To expl'ess gl'ief. c?/ 'c?/Oh!- To express surprise. ii}-1if \"\"..uAh! Oh!~ T0 express approval. o}Bravo!~ To express weariness. ;w..JJI if \"\"..uHeigh ~ Ho ! ,1~ To l'equire attention. J.,!Î:;J1if \"\"...u ! ..:....:.-.>Î ..,....:l\ if \"\"..u ,i - ,I} ,t,:;)l1 -,Jkl .I.,:;'J1 ..,.JhlLo! Rush! .'•- \" ''1Hark ! Hist 1~ To express repl'oo{. .....;,..al Ji r}ll if \"\"..uFie! ! ..r'I - l,; - 196 -

- Ta exp,.esl' colltempt or ridicule, ..,..\"..;1\ ..,. .,.,,&Tush ! 1 Pshaw 1Pooh •- T0 alll'act attentioll, ! \,>-/ -Hey! Hi 1 ')\>\Hello! ,.\".,..:11 MIExcla matorv sentences:- How! Whal! !..,.J U) \,. -- How wen he plays !- How nice of you 10 come ~ .JÎ .!.-L- ....;.,kI Y' ~ - to sec us ! !W)~)- How beautiful she is 1- What grand ideas you have! !4J-Î \,. -- What a fool he is ! !!l}5:;Î ~Î \,. -- There she is !- ln yo u get ! !o~Î \,. -- Thcrc goes the drive!- Away went ail his we:tlth ! !.\".. 1..> -- Herc cOllles Mohamcd ! !~ J]\, y,Î - !.r---< ..,s)l Y' 1..> - - \97 -

[ Contractions]ln English there are a number of contractions of words which areused in speech, and in wriring which reproduces spoken language, forex ample drama, direct speech in navels and short stories, personalletters. It is important that the Icarner should Icarn and make use ofthese contracted forms if he n'auts his cnglish ta sound lIarural.When contractions are writren, the t\Va words are shortened byomitting onc or tn'a Ictters and joining the words together.The letters rhat are omitted are represented by an apostrophe (')when contractions arc spoken, the tn'a words are shortened byomitting sante sounds and pronouucing the t\l'a words as one. - 198 -