قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية للطلاب

• [Contractions]IPersonal Pronouns + verb JMlI+;~\I l'V\";\"e-r\"Ob---'+-'-IO-t--,,.i:!·-·::,:-+'--J.<iI:-:·::I'1l'm ---+- lam Can', can Dot 1 havel'\'C _ _ 1 will Couldn' t could not 1 \",ould, 1 hadl'II ----+ - -daren't dare notl'd __ didn't - - did not - -doesn't does not - -don't - -hasn't do Ilot - -hal'cn't has notyou're ---+- you arc - -hadn't have Dotyou've ----+- you ha,'cyo u' lI ----+ you will had notyou'd - - you would, you had mightn' t - - tnight Ilot - -mustn't must Dot nccdn't - - need nothc's ----+- he is, he has oughtn't - - ought nothe'lI __ he willhe'd ---+- he would, he had shan't - - shall notshc's she is, she has shouldn't - - should nots h c ' II - she will \",asn't was notshc'd -- she would, she bad wcren't - - were not won't - - will not \". \". 11 . \". 11 _\". \". 11 . \".\",ouldn't -- would Dot r--hrr common conlrarlio/U .sr! l5' \";\"\";/Ip'iifs - - it is herc's here isit'Il - - il will how's how is~' c'rc that'd that would-wc'\"c wc are that ' II that will wc ha\'(~-we'lI wc will th:lt'S that is wc would, wc had--wc'd there's there is what' Il - - \",hat will? \",ha Cs what is?they're ---+- Ihey arc \",hen's when is?thcy' ,·c ----+ Ihey ha\'cthey'lI ---+- chey will wherc's where is?thcy' d ----+- Ihey \",ould, Ihey had who'd who would? who' lI who will? who ' s who is? - 199 -

Qrregular verbSJIThe 11l00't! WU! f/l/ ol/eJI r-~I-~-.-,=\"=-\-~-.---,--\-t)-\'..:.J-'-\-J-w-·C''\I infinithc paste simple past participle present par[ici~ ~I).l..Al1 ~ ~1~UI J-AJI ~.\"...,I.o 1tJ~-oW'IIIJ~J....,?a' 1)B, 1was \Yerc Been Bcing C7\"'Î I~J I<J'S' SeamingBear Bore Borne j\i. I:r-- 1;':' I:J), 1j;J.Beat Beat Bealcn/Beat Sealing (A')~ /py;' BecomingBecome Recame Decome \~ /), I.:P /~- \" \Bll'cd Bled Bled Dlccding ~! I~) /;,r )Bless BlcsscdfBlcst DlcsscdfBlcst Blessing ...il\ &- /oJ'jj j!J)4Blow Bic\\' 810\\'11 B10wing ~,.4. /J./:U.l Jlr~S BrcakingBreak Broke BrokenDring Broughl Broughl Bringing ~î I~ 1~~1i;Broadcast Broadcast Broadcasl Broadcasling ~ /;J It11\ Building8uild Built BuHl ~L!.. 1J4 Irijj I~Burn Bumt/Burncd Burnt/Burncd Duming v'~I• (<\" J, r' \_1j11(-\".J?iBuy 80ught 80ught Buying tt;;! IJoS! 1~:J.l:-!Cast Cast Cast Casting .,,-JI .) t) l2>jj IJiI -.»Catching .:.;i 1.. ~ 1..., <.wlCatch Caught CaughtChoosc Chosc C hosc il Choosi ng ..:...J,.;.;!..,r~-'!I,) -{-~ICome CllIliC COIIIC Coming ~~C\",,' Cost Cost CostingCo, Co, Col Cutting Ji?Dare Darcd Darcd DaringDcal Dcalt Dcalt Dcaling ..;.l /~, .Dig Oog Dug Digging ii~ 1.s'.JJ. I:;:..!). !j~ &\" I~ IOl ~/);-Di\\"{' Dh'cd/Dm'c Dh'cd Divillg j,ill 1\".,. 1..-\" 1.rSJ - 200 -

Do Oid • Donc Doiog j.;i I~Drill\' Drew Drawn Drawing J~~ Ir- î I~ I~~ DremlltDrc-lun DrcamtfDreamed Drcllming (Id) ~i) I~Drink Orank Dru\"k Drinking U l'-!pDrin' Drol'c D r Î l'c n Driving .)1ë~ I~.,j {.JI,;.Dwt'll Dwelt j Dwelled DweltfDwellcd Dwclling y. lilii lj j I:f..:.E\" Ale Eatcn Eating \"\Ok jj6 /jiiI<\"all Fe il r a ll c l! Falling \",,! 1..<,. Ii!j 11LF,ro F,d F,d Fecdin g '.Ill, t-\";i 1..<'\" 1~iFeel FeU Feil Feeling .;-:1 1,:,-:.l 1~iFightFind Fo ught F'ought Fighting J.'>é 1i:!'S IyûFlee round round Finding ;) 1ft I~jFl~' Fied Fied F'lccÎng ~I !~f' l'}Forbid Flew F'low IJ Flyillg • U\" :P • IJo? ~\"or bad /Forbade ForbiddcnjForbid Forbidding \"J' j .. lé:'Forget Forgot Forgotte n forgctting '<- I:r, ' ForgÎl'cn Forg ivillgForgiw Forgal'c Forsa kcn ~ l'pil~ ForswornForsake Forsook FrnzclI Forsakillg J>.; I:J} IJii Go!Forswear Forswore Ch'cn Forswca ring &' Il;...j .f;i 1_ GOlleFrcezc Froze C rowl! F'r('czing (~ ~r l .;r) ..:.Jj I:w.. GClling ,.•w I;?' 1\";' .}A'-Got Go! HUlIgGin Ga\'c Ho' Ch-jug -'->j Ij.<iG. Went Hcard Going ..r-- 1...,..;.1 HiddclI/ Hid G rowingGrOIl Grew é...,j I~i 1.).) ,)Hallg Hung Han g ing J\" I~ 1»Ha\'e B a yi ll g Hod .:\")JiHear Hcard Hcaring .w.i .,lJi 1\"\" r1:'-'\" HidillgHide Hid r- I~ 1';';'\ - 20 1 -

Hil Hil Hit Hilling \"\":,,l..Pl/~ I~~Hold Held Hcld Holdin gHutl Hurt Hurt Hurting -< WI 1J' J.;i l.iJ-.;j.,,' ~) l,Ji 11S~1Knell KepI Kept Keep in g ~I...P 1':\";1- l!/,lJKnilKnow knelt/KnecJcd Knclt/Knceled Knceling ~J-- 1.=. 1\"'.- li!J-L.y Knit/ Knitted Knit/ Knitted Knitling ~! I~I li\", d ..L\"dLea n Knew Kllown Kllowillg \" ); Iil' {JjLe., Laid Laid Layillg \"-'>\ 1:•'\" 1t:'-jLutn Led Led Leading ...Jjl!.jl Ij~ I~J I~tiLea\'c1.<,d Leallt/Leallcd Lcant/Lcallcd Leallillg ,---J' \50, l\"',-\"'1- Ij\"Lei Lcapt/Leapcd Leapt/Leapcd Leaping 1; l')l j.:,ijLI' Learnt/ Learned Learnt/ Learne Learning .,,>-, J' ~I l:r); l,kLie fo 1.j:.,:.:J' /j~'!j,Lighl Lert Lert Leaving .}>Ji / ,jÎ;. Ij~lLe~ Lent Lellt Le nding r::..:. I~~j (:J) I~jMake Let Let Letting t'PIJL'I~'Mean .!.li_ll\".f.':,- I~_}i L.y Lain LyingM~I jjJ /jûl h~j lied Lied Lyi ngMeil jL {i\"J' 1;#11r- ----Misgh\"c Lit/Lighlcd Lil/Lighted Lighting t:.;i I~\"\" ~i It?Miss pendMISlake Lost Le\" LosingOuldoOulgroll\" Mnde Ma de Making Meanl Meanl Meallillg jj li} 1,,-; Met Met Me lt ed Me lt ed Meeti ng ~! Ijd 1,) Mi sgn\'e Misgiven Mclting Misspcllt Misspcnt Misgivillg . . ~! Itl; 1~11 ôJI?.- . , .; ..:.J,.!.. jlS.JJ ~.f.\âJ1JIJI Misspellding .j;:.l Ij~ ItJW'jl J ~\Jl Mistook Mistaken Mistaking ,;.-; Ii-'j lii.;i Outd id Ouldone O uld oin g O ut grew Oulgrown Outg rowillg J' J)'i Ij~ (li;I);f Il) .~ J~ ~'\"}.;.~..:..iI:'J - 202 -

On'rlK'ar O\"crborc Ovcrborne O,'erbearing 1-.J•\"~ 1)'J· 1,i 1.:,.JiOn'rcalllC On~'rcameOn'rôa Overdid Overcome O\'crcoming ;.il 1J- .;.i;iOn~ rh('ar OycrheardQ,'crrull Ol'errnn O\"crdo llc Overdo ing .)r'/J~ I~,On!rscc O,'crsawOH'rlake Overlook Overhen rd On~ rh cnrdi n g ~lj?! /UiO\"('fChrow OYerlhrewPo' Po. Ol'err un O\"c rrunnin g \".'\" ,:... ),.J\",' It::d.'Rl'UÔ Rend/RedRidc Rode Oversecn Overseeing J- .)r. :j l.;..i,)-Ring RangRise Rose Overtakcn Ol'ertaking .;i~ l(i;'~) ~JLfRun Ran Ol'erlhrown Orcrthrowing c-.U;i 1.:..Ji l é,.\" '\" Sawed Po. Pulling ~• I.;J; It'-;S'Y Sa idSo< Saw Rend/ Red Read ing '\" 18U; li)Sel! Sold 'p' 1,,\",,' l.:,.s; Ridden Riding ,rnI Senl ~j It) !j~Sot Set Rung RingingSc\\' Sewed t'.~ tl \"~., 1~1~): .I /t?).1Shake Shook Riscn RisingSha\"e Shal'cd \"'ft 1,,-,. 1j5;Shine Shone Ron RunningShul ShulSing Sa ng Sawn Sawing ;!JSink Sank/SunkSic Sa. Said Saying A.J'i I,k; IJo,J I).J 1,,1; Seen Secing Sold Selling t, Seut Sending ..,...... 1J;. ·i ) Set SectLng K..•. /o,.:;. /~j Sewn/Sewed Sewing J);) ,1';' Shaken Shaking t) 1'; Sha ved/Shal'Cll Sha \"ing ji;. Sho ne Shining 0::: •• • Shu t Shulting .)lU It: I~ Sung Singi ng :w.ji l jii l;foi Sunk/Sunkcn Si nking 4 l:..\li l,fi ('N.. ,j\"jI') :Ji Sa' Sitting \"\"\" - 203 -

Siccp S icpt Sicpt S leeping .üJ IrtiSiideSme ll S Iid Siid S iiding ,/':11- 1(#')50.Speak S Olcll Smell S melling ~tjlt ~ ..:..;..It I~SpcedSpc ll Sowed Sown/Sowed Sowing ~ I..jPJ~t J ~yt J~Spc ndSplit S p o kc Spoken S pcll king ~ /\",rl /~Spo USpread S pcd Spcd S pccding j;.t ItriSpr in gStand S pclt Spelt S pclling J;W~I \"\" \"'\" l.foSica iStick Spellt Spent Spe ndill g G) ..... 1::';:' l';<iSirikeS lrÎl\"t' S p l it Spl it S plitting 1:;; (-..·.-,..-·..~,t- _ !.r'SunburnSl\\"eilr Spoilcd/Spoill Spoiled/Spoih Spoiling .~j- I..:.illl/~lSl\\"cepS\"-im S prcad Sprclld Spreadi ng ';' 1.»-' /))S\\-ing Spnmg/Sprung Sprung S pringing • là. ) 1-;' llkeTeach Jo;TearTell S tood Stood St:lIuling rit I\": :.~l! I.jjJThfnkThrol\\" S tole Stolen S t c a Jing ~! /j:? S tuck St uck S tieki ng .;,.iJ If) 1)) Struek St ruek St rikillg ~~\" u-.:Jt 1: ;(,Ji. ·l/~j.\"/~~ Slro\'c St rh'clI Strivi ng ~~ ';Jl.d J~ /Ù.,lo:- J)~ Sunbu rn cd S Ullburncd Su nburning ..,...;. '-'\" .(.,..-\JI) f>.:- Sworc Swo rn S w e a r in g ;-Ji I~ Swepl Swe pf Swccping ::'\"ft 1;,-5 5wam SW llm S w imnling (~~) ..:..JJJ)! I~ 5wulig Swu ng Swingi ng .;.i; IcJ 16 Took Tllken Taking J> (-) .Al I• .iwi I~i Taught Taught Tcach ing ) 1\",;; 1';' Tore Torn T e a r i ng Jl' 1;':' If:!.l Told Told T e lling Thoughl Thought Thinking (I.jJf-) .s)J I~~ (;;\ j~ 1j:.; lfJ Threw Thrown T hrow ing (~~) /~J /..jjj - 204 -

Tread Trod Trod/Trodden Treadillg (~)- ;j..J-1,(J' J,j-;) ..-,.1~Undergo Uliderwent Undergone Und ergoing p fj:J fJ~ f\"':-~Undersland UlII.lerstood Understood Undcrstanding F' f~Undcrtake Undcrtook Undertaken UndcrtaldngUndo Undid Undone Undoing .(J-lI) fJ'•Y f~Uphold Uphcld U pheld Upholding -\"i- f,•r ~i IJJo,,;.Upsct Upset U\"\",. UpscUi ng jili fU j f.;.iiWake Woke/Waked Woken/Woked Waking f t(loaj.J\") 14i~ 'JWur Wore Wom Wearing ,,:';-J1_ f~;Wed Wed/Wcdded Wedded/ Wed Wedding t)J ft)jWeep WeepingWei Wcpt Wept \Vetting .. ..Jo.(.:..;.j f~) - Wetted/Wet Wet/WcUed <Jl;!)JliWin Won Won Winning , ~ f.:..dWincl Winded Winded WindingWritc \Vrote \Vritten Writing )- ~.. i~l.C-:.'- ~ C-;l.~ J? IfJj~ l':;s - 205 -

Proverbs* The appetite COIlles \",;,Ir elltillg.* To g\"ellf evils great remedies i..,1S! i.l..1r~)U \",U;,Ij' :1, ~* The,\"e is /lever profit j;oOlIl ill-gottell gains 1.•;:;.1• '~- •'J* Good accounls make good !demls ,!,j.,I.;}jl ~ Ü.lJ.JI .:..~~I _ . -r,,,,'l';u,...,* Great minds think alike ~: - ' 1 '(1J\"J '1'1* Il's hy working at the forge ,hat yOIl become a blackmitlt 1511> i;.o.JlC' :;\".'-!, ;. ,IW• L;* Two heads are better rlrall olle ~Ij • Ù\"\" ~ ~~i.•J \.jÎ.; •., .,..! Ji*Tel/me who your [demis a~e, 1 will tell )'011 what yOIl are ';';1 ~ .;\"U\"J.\".; ' ~\" ~ ~ ., 1* The exception p\"oves the r\"le ;~WI :J~ 1LlJI* The end justifies the \",ean , , , ... ll._.......\"Y1 f',r•.•J- ..._WI* rhe,.e is /la smoke wil/lOut a fire J\:' ~ .:.~, ~ •You. ', . .*mllst while strike the iron,is hot ...... L:>L:.. -1, LA \",-,;.\";'1 \", ~- '-- '..1-... - 206-

* II is only Ille firSI Siep Ihal is diffeull \". . . , I, • ..J-'~1 j.,.b.:l.1 ...; ;J.,.b.:l.1 fr5J* Dog doesn'( eat dog* An eyefor an eye, a 100tll[0l' a footl, V! <-Il,. V! \"- 1-' ,0,_vJl,. ~_I , :; , ,* YOli l'ecogllise the (\"ee by ifS fruits L.~~ ~ o~ 1 u':;;* Who lives by the sword shall die by tire sword U-:-..!Jl,•..:;,.,.'.\"..,.. ù_._..!Jl,• ~• ' :Ü\"'\" - o..,4!J~ ..:;,...., .....il,-!JI -* Who sows the wùtd, Reaps the storm .;';\",\"WI L.,.;.;- (;!.J\"'1<~-,.J..J<, Ü:\"'\"* Like falher, like son ..,...:..~. I \" ~ ' .!,lI:.-' .!lI:' J;..!JI.* Where there's a will, there is a wuy ~51.J)'1 ,o~.J 4\"S.~)'1 ,,* Who \",ishes Ihe end \",ishes Ihe mealls ,IJoUI ~ J!L:..:;J~* Birds offealher j/ock logelher ~\"'\" 1.f..1..~.1: ~,, \" t .:,...;.6.11 - 207 '