قواعد اللغة الإنجليزية للطلاب

They have [lnl gal experiencc. .i.r.\" r-\".u .;.\".y. 'iYou h:lvc 11111 gUI Ihe ambition. .c.rk ~-~ J.>,.y. 'i Inlcrrogalin' rorm r~~1 .....,..., Have (in Ihe appropri:l1e tense + Subjecl . Exampfe.\·:Have yO ll anything to say? ~J-\"\" \.. .!J,.u J.'>Has she reccivcJ her letter?Shall we have ;\ serio tls wlk? Y.~4:iL-) ~ ~\.!..\.:l:- ~J.>. \"::\"'J.>...::.j ,Ji wyWill yOll have dinner with me tomorrow? ~ !..\i. '-tI'\" \"L.!..J\ J)O j..t>Have yOll a lot of Iroubles? ~~\.:.\.1 ..:.r \~ ~..u ~Had Illey reviscd their lessons before ....,..,~jJl j.:.i r-'-\"))J 1~1) ~Illey went ta bcd'? ~Îr!1 J! ImpcralÏ\'c t'orlll: ......')\ ~ ~I z'~1A. Affirll131h'c ImpCr3lil\"cI-Ial\"c + Object ,,<>1.11 .r''JIDo hrn'c + Objcc! JS'jll .r''JIGod. have mercy 011 me. .JJi \" <f'\">;1Have fai th.Have patiençe. .Lor JHave the cOllfage ta face life.Have 11 good time. J.1)-,\"\" .i\.)-l ~I} ~ c!.-!JjyB. Negatil\"c Impcrntil\"c (,,,.dl /il) ,-,+11 .--'Ncvcr h~n\"c + Objec! .I...f.:! I-'..<J\.' I.J,Î '1,.>\" 'iDon' t han + objeci .u,.::\.J..1 J>- F 'iNeve!\" have faith in liars. .~\, IJ,Î c:-ë 'iDon't have mercy on traitors.Never have a secret discJosed . .b <i;i 'iDon '1 have him herc. - 49 -

The usage of nrb \"10 h:l \"c\" '..u..ï ~J~I A • As a full ,\"erb:to express possession e~ , ~ .iln conycrsation, GOT isoftell added. ~I..,., ~ U~ (GOT) ;ws- \".)1..;0; J. ,;:;li,\.:1 Examplc!i: •She has fi lot of English books.Ali has a fai r complex ion. .,,~'J I ~I .:r .?JI 4<J.!1 haven't 1l111ch mo ncy.They have privale cars. .,L.,;\", .j>- iAWe had no IÎme 10 spare. .,,,..w' .:r p:..<J1cfJ.! ~ .wl> ..:,.,\}~... tT...u .~ u) l,J.! ~ B. As ail auxiliar\" \"crb Present Perreet ~I..,... , ~ ....\"rO (ofm the perfecr tense H\"') + P oIS! rI:J1 .J')l \"\"fol Fu ture Perree! Have Particip1c Past PerfeetShaH } + P.. S!Will h<l ve Participle Had + Past Participle Examples: jThey have done thei r besl. 'r-\"~ c5JW> I}..c .J.i!He hasn't finished his homework yel.Wc had discovered the truth. •..M.,. ~l) ~ ~1 had never seen him berore.Wc will ha ve prepared ol'··selves .:ü,.iJ-1 ~I .J.i!by the end of the year. .j,i .:r ,) r-' L.A;i l;'\" J,j j rC ·rWI \"'4-'< - 50 -

Ycrb to Do ~\" ! Wformation -tPrese nt JL;... Past ..'-\"\"\.. Future JL--' diddo j-W-J--'i - Y;\.•... J.-.i; -o~ (0) \.:•.J.,;.! ShaH } d odoes j-W 'r wil! 1..~I +Jy J..k/ .-J. )\..<., Doing = Present plIrticipJe y\i r--I Done = Past purticiple Jy-i-or--I US i\":e J lç-\"c..:'J1Yerb to HOf)!I as a full l'erb10 express pcrfur,llill!! an action .}IS\" J...iS\" ..J-di\" J-i J-i Ji ~ ,I,i .:r ~ Examples: •What arc they doing? ~.)~ bL.He will do his best ta win the prise,They did thcir work very weil, ,o)W-~ jyiU o~ !.SJ\....a! J~At Rome. do as the Romans do .1* ~ \yl ..ûlWe have do ne il as yotl likc. .)L.))I ~ L.S Jo.il L.)J .j Vcrb to \"DO\" as ail auxiliary \'crb .(r-\").\" \"--', \..) al to Corm thc ncgath'c .~ L.S ~l:.::lf ..ûl D o not (don't) ~\....0...4 J.a.AS 'J,Aj1' J.-..i ~I ~ ,;.r..# liD oes not (doesn' t)Did not (d idn't) - 51 -

Exumples:1 don't lîke the talkati ve persons. .,j.ut!;.I\ (..!\"~~\ ~i 'YHe didn't tell the truth. .~\ ~ r..lShe doesn'l respect him. . otA.;i. 'Y 4-ilJ 0We don't build castIes on the air. .~\~, (Ij~) t;')ü 'Y ~ (J\"\";1) J'd J\")Vou didn 't lislen carcrutly 10 his advicc.bl to fonn the interrogative:Formatioll: + Subje<:t + Infinitive . ? Ooes ~,,;#'YI ..,.....\" J' Do ~i,I.r'l1 J.:..ii J' Did ~!ljL J'Does he like English? ~..l....aZ I.~\..Do yo u prerer rcading? ~~i) JiDid Ihey belicve you? ~,-).ul Ji di,; ~What do you mea n? :JW~I J.fb ;,;.,., :#,>.J le.Where did yo u sec him?How do yO tl co me 10 school?cl to build the cmphalic fOfln ofvcrbs: Examplej':1 do see him every day.She does trust you.We do hale cowa rds.He does see lire .They do love hîm. - 52 -

dl to make question tags:Examples:Hedoesn'tcareabou tthaL doeshe ? ~~..iS' ~; ...!JJ~ \"'::\"'f-~ '1 <01Vou understand me, don't yOll? ~~..iS' ~\ .~ ..:.LiShe di d the ri ght thi ng, klJ.iS' ...,...,JÎ , ~Irdl :.;,>- c:.J.i .li!didn 't she?We don 't deny your rights, do we? ~.:.U..iS'~; ,..0i~ .f..;:, '1 ~el to give short ans\\'ers: .:J.i!\",Yes, 1 did. JAAi '1 4'l \"jS'No, she doesn' t.No, 1 don·{. \"jS'Please do. J-\".i'fI to express urgcnt requesls: :,k pl t' .le- ,II :f: r::tdJ!)Do help me this time. ,(.:1,;<) ;)1 , j\", J~L. 'Do trust me. , (~ JJI,) ~-'-\"gl la forlU the IIcgativc Impcratiyc: :,# l \"\"\"\" .ri,>::J !<$Don' t disappoint me. ,.}' ~ '1Don't do that agai n.Don't blame me. ,<,;li .!.ll; JU' '1Don't tort ure her. '<F'~ '1 .4;.i...; '1B - The dcfectives UjUI J w~1 - ...\"The defectÎ\'es do not folio\\' the same ...I} &' '1 UjUI Jw~1rules of ordinary l'erbs. .l;,WI Jw~1 ~.r' - 53 -

Present /t../~ Pa\" /...?\.. shaH ..)r- Should + intinitivc will \"'>y Would Can ~ Could MiglH , '~. May 4') 'jJ Must Ji ~'. .... infinitive r-\"'r}···· Ollghllo Need b\w.... j\S ..... Used to DareOcf('cth'cs are always fo llowcdby the infiniti\\"c. ~~~, ! ~ ~1 Ex amplcs on the usc or the \"efecl ivcs ~W, JwSlThe beadmastcr wouldn't come IOday. .r.,)1 p.J.1 .j~ .:)1 would ralher wail ifyûll don't milld. . L.ù\...o ..:...~:.JJ.:..r~ ~ b!).1..:i')l\ ..J-~iVou would better star( al once. .JlL\ J Î..l:i .Ji ~1 would l'al ber SI,lY al home J ~l J ~~\ ~iin Ramadhan. .J~) ~1 can speak many languages.Vou can llse Illy lIbrary if you ....:....W ~.J-..Ç. r-L</....\".;I JI ..,r-é\"\"'f. bl .r~ ~k...')Il ~LS:...~want. . ...:.....:) - 54 -

He CêllÙ bclieve yo u. ,~~ Ji )J.4: '1You can have Ill y car ir yO ll .)! ,j)L,.. JL..,.,...I ~are În a hurry. .~ ci ë.-SCan yO ll get ro und that? J>-~-'..l); j<WI .!..L~ J-1 ca n see the diITerence. .J.rJ1~),i iflC m wc talk? J-c.~l...o ..:,-\"\"'\" .)i J-Can yOll give me a hand? ~,j_,A..... .!..L~i1 cOllldn't remember h is \lame. .~I.? _d Ji ~ I ~COllid yO Ll d o me a ra vour? ~~).J'\" JI <.?.J.-:i J-He couldn' l hclp her. .l;;-'>-L. ~ ~He l11ay cOllle within a rew minutes. .Jfl.i.:l ~ J)6:. ~ 4\")They ma y go wit h us.May 1 use your telephone? ,L:..v J rit. 4\") J~.!.li# J\.......:......~ ~ÎThey might nOI pass the eX'lin. . Jb...;;..)1\ .} \~ ~ l/)May 1 join yon? ~r«,JI ~L...;,,;'1t, J .)~ J- 'The martyrs d ied so that . j)?)rl ~ Ji ~î ,J\" d~\ ..:...t...othe rs might live. ~\ -,r-<J) ..:rJI .r-$' j..fi -li1 ll1ay be olel bul l reel yo ung. ,Il might be il tra p,Ma y yOll be happy. .~L:. if\" ,(o~) I..:;.....! li.:. .j.r~ Jj .o.:l\.........J\ .!.1l ~\M ay you live lo ng. ..Br-'\" .j.J\ J\,.kÎMay a il yOuf dreams co me truc.YOll mU SI tell the t r uth , .~')\:...\ ~ ..u\ . .~ ,J.:L \.ri- ..~ \":l) J.:L I J ';; Ji ~and llothing but the truth. - 55 -

You must rcvise your lessons. .:,L..).J) e-\; .Ji ~berore the cxam. ..)\,.;..~I J,iYOlt must Ilot drive too fast. .;..:.~\ J .1;; ':} .)i ~You must Ilot miss that film . .~I \...Î.:l ~~ ':} Ji ~1 must sec him now. .0':;\ ~\) ,Ji ~You ought 10 respect your parents. .~..ul) i.ri .)i ~Sneh a monkey business .~~I Jl...>-~\ ~...Î.:l ~ i~' ~ ':Joughl not to be donc.You ought to look beforc you leap. .;.\"k>- -$Î Js- iU,;':}' j:.i )1;; ,Ji ~She ought to stop ealing too .,:..d) bl ',.$ §t- ':} ,Ji ~much ir sile wants to be slim. ,:loi\" :'~.J 0)-<; .)ÎYou oughl Ilot 10 go beyond the ma rk .cLl li> j)~ ~ .)Î \"\"\"\"\"YOli nccdn't be hmry. .;J.\"...JJ .;'1, ~You ncedn't come back.YOli needn't have answcred ail ..!Ji,ri .;'1, ~'t he Qllest ions.People used to think 50. .J- ;\"le-JU t 1, .'.lL.> .:.r<o..r,-l1 l1scd to go to the sladiulllcvery Friday when 1 was in the J '.Uc..~1univers it y.Thcre lIsed to be an army camp. A..!..lb .) ;fUI.)\) Ji..,.....J11 \"\"\",.il1 ..:..=1 .j ..:-S L.= ....... (fi J' ...,..M·I . ~ I.f-... L.> J.o,.fi .)\)Hc used 10 live alone. .~..J...>-' ~ 01.5'You !lever lIsed to trcat me '-'<,.hll '-4< ej-L.l..i I-,<Î cf.; r-llike th is. . 56 .

Dar..: he spcak (0 he r ? ~~ jl)/,! Y.She d'lfe IlO I refuse.How dare yOlL say slIch a th ing ? ,~)i .)>- ).J. 'J 4'! IThe ' ensesl J\"y <51\"0\" )' çi. ~,<'Thcrc arc threc main lime divisions: l........j~11 \"/ - Tlle Present 2 • Tile Pasl :~) ~j tUÎ;;~ ..l.>:-j 3 - The Future t.;LAl.I -1 .,....,111 - 2 J,iW1 - 3Thc rc are Ilnce main forms ~~.,J)~ \":.•/\"j':; ..l:>:-~~or lc nses: :'-'..},u A - The simple tenses B - The continuous censes l.h,....,J1 \"\")~ 1 -1 C • The perlect censes ir-ll \",,)~I -..,., A - The simple tenses ...1;;)1 \"\")~I -t Thl' present simple tense ;ih \",II L',\"ll .i .l:,....,J1 E)WoU1 1 - Affirmative farm .;;w~\ 4...i.......o -1The infinitive \Vith L we, yotl. chey (\"r) r-t> (-:..Ni) ~i ,.:..J ,t;i ~ )~l1 Iisten ~I clWc li sten <,?\"\"\" J'\"You IistenThey lislen j y....a; ~I} dThe Infini tive + S rjy'.-.a< S+ \Vith the third person sÎn gula r (he- she-it) ).c..ll (he , she . il) \" ,;lI -,..)WI ~He lislens . 57 ·

Shc listens ES ~</'Ir barks r(ë\") (JM ~) </' / l\~ B: l(;e ad(/ J~~ : ~.,k.;• ES for vcrbs cuding in: SH • CH • O· SS i.}WI ..J)}-4 <,pl JW~I (ES).i>.b Wish - catch· ki ss-GoHe wishes to sec you . ..:J.;..~) 0.:j; ......J...1'\"\"\"' ....:; <1Sile catches the .ballHe goes to school - .t .i .r<J\' .!.l-.i 4-'1 '-) _u.1 JI ..,...,; ';1She kÎsscs her baby. .t .~....r.1 -;, 1~.<'1•• 1ES· for ve rbs ending in ( Y) (Y) ..J.?'< '.,: \1 Jw)iJ '-,-J\,preceded by a consonant JL.. j.?'< Jr-1'and we o mit the (Y)Cry - Crics ( lES) ~) (Y) ..Ji.., r~The baby cries tr\"\" - ~ ~ JAWIDry - Ories ~He dries his c10thes near tbe fin:. .)U\ ~} ~;A. ~ ....:;1Try - Trics J)i>.\"She trics 10 unders tand everything. \".5- J5' ~ J)1.i 4-'12 - Negatil'e lorm: .jJ1 ~ .2 + Does not (doesn·l) + Infin itive ).l.allThe other PronOllns + Do not (Don·t) Infini livc -\".pl .J.<UI wJl • 58 •

She docs \"01 gct up early. .C.r~ ~)I + ;He dOl'S liaI kce p his wo rd.We do \"01 hate yOll. -....:.....JS • .::.:>v ) ....; ,\They do liaI a ttend the meetings. \ ... . ..:.>t.Y~ 'lI, j)~ --; ~!3 . Interrogative form: e~\")\ ~ .3 Docs ~ Third persan + + ~;: \ ~W \ ~ ) -'-.dlWith the othe r prolloull s: + Subjcn + Infinime ~ \"V~rb 10 DoDocs he play chess? .r~Co.k..!J1 Cr) ~Dacs sile listen to music?Do yOll pre/er il cold drink'? .~y-I! V) ~ J-'Do the)' accept the proposaI?The main usages of the ~b)~ ~' J...r'-\" .....)...:U....;. \"simple present. ~.'-'~ .....JI l )~.j .....\.::> '-:--:l t 1 .;.,~ l.A:...>~I ..h,...J1-t ,i.=ll1 - To express faets or genera l ;...\> .;.,~\" .;.,WI } ,yIA>-I Y ~stalclIlcnlsA . Etcrnal faets: (-\"'\" 'i '\" ~) i .Il \.>. •;5\,i,.. <The eart h m ovcs round the- ~ . -1The sun fi ses in the East andse ls in the West. . .....-:JI Jr- 1..~ J~l\Il rains in willl er.l n Sl1mmer il gels very hot -,..iU) J ~I ..... j ~ ....-:JIin Ihe Sahara. ~~- .-' ,il! .j .,\.:.!JI j J=!. L;;! li\". i\"\".L';, i ,1 ).1 ~ ....A;-.d1ci .,1 \".....dl ,/ . 59 .

B· Special fucts and genenll sla!ements: ~ ,~li>- , .... ~ Jl,ii - ,-\"1like travelling very ll111ch. .I.?' JI.>-)l ,,-:--,\"\"\"iWe bclievc yO ll. . ..!..li~ ~Active students alwa ys work hard. .~ j~ Wb ,-\k.!.J1 4bJIBad people !lever tell the trllth. .\J..:.Î JJ.....a.l1 j }~ 'j /,;.\;1c - Provcrbs (;);ÎJ.I JI\";:\"I) J\;.:\"I -1:Advcrsity trics friends. .,-t:i~\;1 ~ jJI..l.!J1Oiamond cm Oiamond. F·C.f'UI V\"111) ~ ~J.J.-~ J..!..u..\A wise hcad makes a close mOlilh. . 04.iU jL.,., ,y yW\Acis speak louder Ihan wo rd s .J\j:.y\ ,y ~i Jw\;\A light pursc makes a heavy heart . \"~I )-'-\" JI..;.You can Ilot teach an old r i J>- J-i'.Il5\" ;....all J ~Idog new Irick s. .rJ1 J>- J-i'.Il5\" Pl J ~I) r\"'-'1)4-- t:.,.; l,l5\" Ji ~ 'i)2 • To express habils aud .:rJW~I) .;.,I,WI ~ - 2rcpea ted actions: ;)#1Pupils go 10 school every day. ory. Ji§ '-).0.1 Jr\"~ .i.,.-)ldl1 revisc my lessons bcfore 1 go ta \"r.,J1 cP <-?))> t\"\"1) <l,I §bcd every night. ,1 shave and have a b:llh cvery Frida y.1 have a cup of coffee cvcry morning. .~ rY- J5' ~i) ,..;;~ j,!;-i3· To express present actions ·C~ J5\" ~~ j~ J)GÎ1 understand yO ll very weIl. ;.ri''J.-\ ~I..l>-'i\ ~ ..rU - 3 .L, ~ ~\' - 60 -

1 live in a very nice house. .~I) i.\". J.r- j ~i \;iThat makes me Ceel quite sick.1 Ceel lircd o ut. ,.He repcats what he says. .jI.r-:-'>'L \"\":'1 ~ 1»Devclo pmcnt starts with people. .,tp'>'~ .,..:.i .J\"\", \.. ).f-, ..;! . jL....;'>'L i\"\", (tJ..i,Jl) WI The past simple tense .k.....J\ ! gèUI FormationAffirmative Corm: ..~ ,?::lIWeak ve rbs: ..;.. W~I ~ :(~I) <1.,-,)1 J W~ IWc add (0) for vcrbs cnding in the \"owcl (E). .(E) .:JJI .jr~ ~ .;lI JWSU (0) ~Wc add (ED) for the verbs ending in a consonant Wc add (IEO) for the\"crbs whieh end in (Y) preccded by a l'owel.Jt....;lI JWSU (IED) J.,.A;J .j.i'\" ~ .;lI JWSU (ED) ~' .(!lf\"\") .;,J .j.i'\" ..;J:-' (y) .j.i'\" ~ ,Examp/es: (D) ..,.;) like - liked ~Idance - dancedhate - hated if live - lived \" li.separate-separated serve - served j} ,j.:,; cf rJ.>.receive - received ,.w hope - hoped JiEXUltll!./es: (ED) , betray, betrayed Cl\.>.annoy, annoyed (.:\") 1 stay, stayedplay , plllyed delay, delayed .~ .:.,S...~spray, spmyed .~ , J\"I ,J>-I of) . 61 .

EXlllllp/('.\·: ( / ED)cry. cned .._1..0 occupy.occupied ~ - j>-Isupply. suppliee! muhiply. mulliplied L copy, copied Jû;.L. apply. applied :J:J certify. certified c-'envy. cnvied ~ -\",1dassify. da~ si lledNatify, Notified ; .; J f ,~ Yy.<.~ r i - »-1 Strong verbs (lrregu lar verbs) .6i Ji ~ JW'l1 ,.i.\"IThese verbs should be lcarn! by heart:l -,..!iRJ E.Wll1lp//!S: ,\".'.\"i' Dug • Buill Dig J; Broughl Dug Build Bled Bring ~/ F ied Buill Bleed Foretold Brought Flee Li Bled F o r e l e ll Did n OI + FIed + F o r e t o ld Nega tive (o rm : + + cf'll ~Subject Infinitive J.w11 EXfll11p/es: .•) r.l r.l......c.a;1 did not sec him.Wc did not believe him. ../!1 1\"\"':';L, r.lThey did not discliss the matter.He did not get up early. 1';'\" Jo.B r.lSile did not catch the bus .wlJ-1 J>-li r.l Interrogative (orm: r4,.i;....~1 ~Interrogntive Pronoun + Did + Subject + Infiniti ve + (rest of sen tence) +? - 62 -

Examples: 1Oid you mect the Minister? ..r~..J...JY1\ ..:....L. \i 1 ~Oid he help yo u?Oid they arnve on time? ~ ~~L.. ~Oid the workers go on st rike? J Y.~\"-;--\"'UI ...:..J}I \~) ~'-:\"\"'\~\":J\ JU \ &G y.Did she win Ihe prize? (~~JL;...~ ..:..jI'; jA) ~~JL;...I ~J jADid 1 say something wrong? ~\.6..,:.. ~ ..:..Ji jADid your brother retllrn from abroad? y.~C)L;l.... \ .:/ ~ .)\J:..The main usages of the ,,-,\",,1l1 .J')J <,...,l)1 .:;,>jl.A:.....>j1past simple tcnse .,....,III .) i ).J.:... JWi ,y- .,.,.,.dl - 1[ - Tocxpress pasi repcaled actionsExamples:Last year. 1 pla yed tennis every day. (Y- J5' ?I -,...Ji G.S .,-,\"\"Ill (WIHe always did his best. .o..lp.-- uJLa; J~ Wb .)lS'She never spcnl her money fooli shly. .~ !A.)yii ...j~ J.; ~He often set his face (0 o pposit io n. .4..;:.J\......,jj LS...I.....a-::.: t... t)t&. ..)~They kept thei r failh with us. . . - r.l.l..o r~ ~ l.,kil>- .ci!You never la id me Ihe truth. .1-,,1 J.,.<JI ~..LA;He a lways went to cxtremcs. .0'\11 .) ,-pL..:,) j).;, Wb jl>They always paid him in the sa ille coin. .<L.WI ~ Wb .;..~Wc loo k a bit o f wa lk, cve ry morning.After lunch, he slcpt a while. .CL.\" J5' )\,li ~ 15 .,I.\Al1 .M; )\,li (c, jl> (~.1 (c, ,IMI .M;) - 63 -

.:r2 - To express ac,ions ,h.. 'ook i ~ J~ .:...JJ Jwi ...\",.,u -2 J.~Ul j\")' ~place du ring a pcriod of lime in the pastT he l)a51 simple tense is usually ;~\s. ~I ~LI.' ~uscd will! time indicato rs such as: ~ ~j .JI} ~lronce aUpOIl tlllle (~~I J (ft./ I)L~~.)l5\" Las! Monlh -?~I ft-'JI\"Ye sl e r d a y ...,....i Las! night ~ll\~\LaSI week ~lll t\"...~I Las! friday ~ll\~\ Las! ye<lf ~U.\ ï.:...J1 Long aga J0J.W1 :;t..}}\I~' 199' J1991 (1. Ago ~o.J...b~Examplt·s:Why did the trame stop las! night? ~~U, U)J\ )))\ ~.T ..:.....0i bUOur tcum won the match yeslc rday. ....r\"';~ il)J\ 4,) C:!JThey cul her out. .~ 1f.1v ...\..ilHe rcceivcd a letter from his falher -G .,..ut)..:.r .;JL.,) ~ ..wa wcck ago. , . ~ t.r.-'\"We enj oycd our holiday very much. . L:.;jl:.:-I.,. \~ ~\ J..i\J ..wl lived in London fo r ri ve ycars. ''':''\.f-'\"...r->- o.:ll J.\:J ...:.......:.s-They went 10 the wcdding party la SI Frida y. .~I1\ ~\ jlj)l :ü..i..,I.. lyA)..l.iJThe fururesimp/c tense h, ...JI , ~.ë·; .llFormatioll alll/lisage. .J~'il) ~#,AffirmatÎve fonn: ~ W>'I '\"-A ~ Pure future: ~~I~I-i'JJ '-?-)t>- JolyoJ\ ~ Js- J.i:-l.1 ..;,-'>- ....\".\" \.\"'\" ..,aJt>- \ J.i:-I.\ j.o.o;--, .\";'~I ~\ '\" Ji i,')~ ;;~ .ù 0foPure future is uscd whcn the future action dcpcnds upon sOllle externalfactors and not on any person's will or intention. -64-

1/ + Sha ll/will + Infinitiv~ + Shall/will We + Infinitive Vou + Will + Infinitive He + Will + Infi nitive She + Will + Infinitive Il + Will + Infinitive + Will + Infinitiv:;I\, They Examples: .I...\S:. •1 shall see you tomorrow. !.lI}...We shaU have dinner at my house.She will Iravel abroad nexi week. J.~ s:L!.J\ J)\..:.:.:...... J!• )~ .J,.il.1 /:...\"...-'JI UlJ-1He will be of age next month. ·Î.')\i.!\ ~\ J.!.)I j\"\" ~Js-They will gel what they are Jooking for. . 4!,j~ L.. 0~The president wi ll give an important I.,.~ ~\.b.:. ~)I ~speech thi s evcning. ,s:Ll\ LkB - Coloured future v UJ.~ .:.)11) .:.fol J,.a;-ll -yWe lise ,,,;s type to falk abolll J,.a;-ll ,J' uJl 1':\" J...\"-'fllturity mixed with sOllle other .:..rAI1J,.a;-ll .:r ...\"dJfeelillgs nlc\" as J!.o cS/Î .r~Determination ~I ,(.rJ1 Willingness <.?)I ,..,.)1Promise ~}t Threat 0,-4'11Commnnd • Obligation Jw,'1'1 ~I '/\"1\E:camples: !LiYou will pay dearly fo r that. .l,I~ .!JJ, ,;rS c!~1 will meet you Ihis morning. .CL.al1 1':\" ..!..U,\;Î J Y - 65 -

You sha ll do as 1 say. .J}Î I..S' JU' jr-All shall be weil.1 will save yO Ll the trouble. .J5'-·rlJ! \.,. ,js- j ~ ,,..;. ,We will never forget that as .~ l::.I..\ ..:.J.#. Ji)L.. J.>- L.~ L. ..:1l~ ~ Jlong as wc a re living. ô~\ ..l.JYou shall have this over my dead body. . ? ~ :Jl -!.).b Jt:.; JHe shall tell the truth. .'-.i,.i.J-1 J-\", j r-It shaH be donc immed iately. .JY-\ J ./~\ J ~C - Immediate futu« (<$)-,,\"1) -,..;.;AII J:.i'-llTo express immediate futurc, wc use the present continuous tcnsc Examples: .y} ;;...l.:!~ ;;J~ I.$~He is buying a new car soon.She is getting married soon. .Y} [J?He is coming to sec me this morning.They are leaving at six o'c1ock. 'c.~\ \.k ~J'4.J. i f rWc are go ing out at seven. Js-,4...,..;.U\ 4s-U\ jJ);'~ FU/II1'e ;11 tire past Js-.~LJ\ ~U\ Cr:--- J~U\ A.J\ ;'L.:J.\ ~\ ShOUld } + Infinitive WouldExamples:JHe said that he would be faithful to me l..aJ.:;...... J ~ 4.i~ Jti .ûJShc told him that she wo uld tuke ~ ~~ ...;r ..J ..vJcare of every lhi ng. \"-r ~She thought he would fo rgive her ofTence. 4ï,L.l J' j)~ 4.iÎ 0~\ - 66 -

1 wantcd to know if you would .L... .j1•:-.come with us.She said that she would be my lady. ..r)j J~ ~l .::J. Negative forro : ,El ....,...,V Shall + Not (sha n' t + Infinitive' + Not (shouldn't) + Infinitive Should + Infinitive Will + Not (won't) + Infiniti ve,../ '-.. Would + Not (wouldn't) Exa m p les: j '\" QiHe will not send a n answe r. V,.\". Jo--' JYo u will not sec me again . .\"'C .jl; JThey wo uldn 't accept your invitation. ..!J;r ' Ij,<, JThey shaH not agree on th is. J.U.• Js- 1.01.1'We will not congra tulate you . .ê.l4' JInterrogative form(lnterrogatiw Shallpronou n) Should + Subject + Infinitive + (rest of sentence) + ? Will J'Lill + (J-'ll) J.w11 + (<1..).1y,) + ~ Would • E:wmples:Will you miss me indeed? Jo~lÂ>- .j~Shall wc go to the thea tre tonight? ~<l,lJI ,.i. Cr ....li Ji -.,.....i.e- JoSh,d l 1 begin work now? ~J'JI J..JI L,i JoWill this bring about good results? ~i.l;e- C!\"' .!.lJ; ~ Jo - 67 -

~~ ~)j oi)1 o~ J:Zi\"\"iShall ! keep waiting for ages?Will you take this wornan as a wire? ~,,4-i '1 l,. JI ) lk.:i'11J J>Going ro' '1l,;1 ,1 Il~lt is used to express futurity coloured with intention or a feeling ofcerlainly or probability.r\",,1......-'11) yi ~ tr.all J,i:;-ll ~ (Going To) ~AA:...J .Jl.:.>-'11 ) i .:r.,A,l~It must nol be used to express simple or pure fulure. .r• J ~• .\"-\":lI ) 1.k,...,I1 J,.<:-ll .,.\".:lJ ~ '11 \"'\"'\" Examp{es: 11 understand what you are going to do. , ..u...; ~; L. ~\He is going ta buy a new car. .o~..l=o:- 0).::-..... t..?~ls she going to walk homeor take a taxi? Ji~ ~\ ~l;:..,. ~When are you going to fini sh this work? ~o?i o),-=- ~L ~i \"J....J\ \~ ~ t?It is going la rain. .\"L.....J\ ~She is going la have a baby. .b}.,.... ~J JS'\"\;What are yOll gaing la have for dinner? ~\"L:..J\ 0i ~; bL.They are going ta hold anothcr meeting tomorrow. .\..\..C:..ri \"W ..J)~He is going ta start work right now . .1)\"; J-JI J t.A--She is going to ring him up. .~t. \" JL..,,;'11 -'<J 4-i1 The continuous tenses ;,..;;..J.I <:.,.î:llFormation: \",#1Affirmative form. .•':A,l'11 ..,.., .iJ};pc <J' 0~ yS.J\" <J'j Y' ~I <J')I - 68 -

1 - The auxiliary (TO BE) ~\" .......) (\";:\"') :..U , J-.AI' - ,in lhe appropriale tense r iJ ,} .!.ll.iJ) .:..)-'>- .::..;)2 - The mai n verb J.JF-l1 • \".-\"lll J ,t) ..dl(VERB + ING) )1 r i -':\"-\"'-1 j Y. '4') :.\"....,:)1 2 .J>-\; r-I ..\". J .j~) <il;t,t.:... .....\". ~ W\"Am Were shall be }ls will be + Verb + ingAce r'--' r'--' r'--' He was playing He will he playingHe is playing -,...1,JIS' -,...1, Jh--........L- .ilNegative form Be + Ilot + Verb + ingHe is not playing. .-,...1, 'J \"'!He was not playing.He will not be playing. .-,...1, ~ r-l J J.c,-JJI 1\"...,...... J~Interrogative form : rW;..::l1 ~Be + Subjcct + Verb + ing ... + ? :JIs he playing? ~-,...1, Y' j>Was he playing?Will he be playing? ~-,...1, J IS' j> J~-,...111 1\"...,...... J h-- j> - 69 -

Usage:The continuous tenses are lIsed when the attention is foclIsscd on theaction itself as a primary whercas timc indication comes in objecth'cthc second place........, ..;.,J.l..1Jo- ~ ~l..:>~I ,,\5' I;! \.. <JI>- .} ir=-ll \"\"J'JI ~ .»..,.;\:JI ~I.ill .} .,.;iJ .;)~ ;;..;~ \"t\" \..Î '.,.-t...Î Jo>The present continuous tense ~\ t 1L..a.llUsage Jl..o:....~11 - This lensc is lIscd to express an action that is happcning at the momentof speaking. ~I ;;..;) \";\")J.l..1 .} r\"-' ..;.,~ \"\"' .rU ~ .:r'JI loU -1Examples:Il is raining. .(\";\"-l>.; )dl J)} ,J'II) ~ 4'!You are asking for tro uble.You arc hid ing the truth. .J>~I \"\"' ~ .!.1)1 a m not blaming yo u a l ail.Your ea r is bleeding . ~I ~.. .;..N\",· 1Am 1 intfuding? ,1 hope 1 am nOI disturbing you. .• •She is gctting worried. Jo-.J)U.~I & }I 'J \;12 - To express the neUf future .t.,..) j ? ..:J.;~i .:>1 Examples: (~~) t;Ï Jo) ~jh;i t;Ï Jo1 am not coming here uny mo re.Evcrything is going 10 be a il righl. .~ C~j! ) .\...4.0 .)'pi ~i y ) ...;Iii \",iJ., .li! ~.J'iJl J.4-l.1 if .,.,.;dl - 2 j .<.Sf'i if G> J! .,.;i J ·rl..; l.o Jo- .)~ '</- J> - 70 -

You are spo iling the whole effort. Ylib*\", ~ .:11.\" Certain \"crbs are not gcncrally used J--1'i ~ JwÎ !lia , in the continuous tcnscs. Thcy are: :<l') .,...=-.lI .J')I JA - Ycrbs of perception: (!lI),~I) \"\";-1 Jwi -i • Hear e::--s\"\" cS) Touch cr1Sme ll Feel r iTasteB - Ve,.bs offe(! lùIgs amI r WI .r irll Jw~1 -..,., S1u/es of mimI .f..iil .:\"-;\,.)Love .:..,..•1 Remembe r .fj;Hale ForgetNotice ,j' Mean ~ .b-'i Wan! Forg ive ?•Believe ~! Recoil ec i Galh er .>1)Kn ow -.Jf Su pposeCare e;L:Like -:-p ! 'r i Wi shOis like c..w ,j'j;Recognize ..;..:.-i RefuseThink Observe t\"'\" ,j' .J'.r'! .!l).>1 ,.y.,;. Jj...47- - rs:':; .si ,~)Underst an d r-+' ..,a;J .b- ~C - Verbs dcnoting rcla tionships:Belong 10 Ap pear ConsiSl ofSeem, appea r - 71 -

Con tain <?~ Ha ve, possess é..L4SuitOwn '-:-\"l.! 'rl~ ./'1Matter r-\" é..L4 Fit r!':!., ,~ln thcse three cases the present JtJL:oli J.4.i .:..,\">i':I1 .:,,'i\>.1 •.\0simple instead of the present U.4l1 .:r 'J~ .l:,....,J1 V Lallcontinuo us .r-J.I EXQmpfes:We hear the roar of aeroplanes everyday Î ~ § .,:..,\)lb.l\ ~ ~We smell fumes come out ~\ ~I))I )~I.: ~of the facto ries. .~L...J.\ 0'\"We sec heaps of rubbish everhwhere.1 feel a very sharp pain y J.:\"t>'.,. 4.,.L....i!\ il.!i )~4 ...voL:.; . .)~ ~~ ~\This shop belongs to my famil y. ..}5W -!,l.l. (0\5'JJI) ü j\.J.-1 1.\01 suppose they want to sel! it. .~ .))..I.:!.;:! ~t ..wiJJ)They hate singing but love music ~}\.:\"~ j:W\ l>y:.~ ~11 smell something burning. J ~ j:-? ~\) r--=-iJ eUShe tastes the quant ity of sa lt in the food. il...bJ\ l ~ J)..i; 4-ilThat suits me very weIl. .L.IJ 0\"\"l.! ..!.lJ~ 01However, these \"crbs can be used in the present continuous whcn they havespecial mcanings4l0h. 1.0= ~I U.4l1J 4l~1 ~ Jw~1 ,.\o.:>li , .!lJ.~) .....\>- 01.0.0 Examples: J.).6.1.1 ~')L.•.1 am seeÎng her off at the aÎrport.1 am seeing you tomorrow. .I~ !l1)L - 72 -

He is feeling his way in the darkness. . ci '-'<Jo ~ .01Are you forgetting your promise? ·i)I.kJ1* Usage of the past continuous ~~~J <f'l;:;Î ,...:....11 ,,..p1.\1 J1...0;...1 •1 - To express an action which was going on during a certain time in the pastJ J .:r......\11 iJ;A' .;JJ J')I.:. .;,J~1 Ir-' \"IS\" .;,.\>- p,& _1Examples: l'i .1They were studying ail this morning. 'c.~\ LiA ~ JYJ~ IiI.$\" .ûJ1 was hoping against hope. .~ J-Î 'Y ~~ J J-i JWere yo u spying on them? ~~ ~ J ~They were plundering. .)~ IjlS J.ilShe was busy doing her homework. .J)I ~\}I ~b~ ;j~ ..:...ilS' ..ûJ2 - To indicate that an action was going on at a time wben anotber actiontook place: Jf i Jd .w.; ~jJl .;J.,II Ir-' \"IS\" (~.\>-) ~ \"i ~.P - 2 Examples: .::.1\" \".r.li.'1'1cf)-\" \5 L,;While we were studying English,it bega n to rain. )ai ,\...JIShe \Vas relu rning home, whenthe thieves kidnapped her. \..= -:..,JI Ji i.llt? -:...;IS\" ..Li! .cT'~I 4Al='1While 1 was sleepi ng, the telephone rang. .....,Ai4Jl J'f. J;, Wli ..:...5, ~ ;c....'1'1 JIS\" L,; 4.,t? ~I ..Li!While the teacher wastalking 10 her, she fainted o ut. .I.f.v ~When they arrived, we were watching T.V. '\~J \...~ jW;J\ .lAl.!..; l:S' ..ûJWhile he was playi ng football i..Li!1 i.f ~ JIS\" L,;he fell and broke his arm. ..u;.\), .r-S'J ..k.i.... - 73 -

Usage of tlle future eontinuous: ~\ ! }...i:;..J\ ! I~\1 - To express a (uture action I~ i.;~ ~ 0'\" ~ _1that wiU bc going on at a gh'en lime. J J J,~I ~ ..:.jJ ..!JJ»IExamples: •When you ca li me up. 1 will be ..)\"s-L ~u. r..I ~ \....J..:s..lying in Illy bed. ~ ., J.~\) \...L:lWhat will you be doing tOlllorrow? ~\...l? .J...A; j ~ -$ll\ L.They will be working for two more ~..u. J-ll J J)~week s, i..~. \",~.t~\• ·V\"~,:,J\"\"\"2 ' To express definite future: 0)11) .IS'jll J,A:-li .:r ...,,& - 2Examples: jj1will be seci ng yau in a fcw minutes.. (.,.,'Jli.) J')\:.:. ~ • ~6- ..!.ll:ol•iL. j çL..)We will be Leavin g in a few days. .,j:!).'ltA\". j ~ Î~i ~ J)\>..T he bus will be moving in a few minutes. .Jm.) ~ J')\:.:. ili1j.1!J~The Perlee' Tenses: 4.,...\;.l\ 4.,.:....)'1\Formatiol/ :Affirmative \",#1 .:..t,:'Y1 ~ ::.rJ? if J~ tl;)l if)!l ,The auxiliary (TO HAVE) in (.!,.I.l.Î) ... WI J.-'ll _ 1the appropria\" tense .j~ .!.lI.\J) .!J.!.>-I e}) .;,-'j e;-PY- r) JJ,i::-ll } ..,..,UI } O...J.I2 - Thc main \'crb (past participle) J !J~J ~)I ~\ _ 2 ....,r:J1) J.,...u1 1'\"\"\"1 jJ~ .(,,1; .!J.!.>-I . W ~ -:.J\':JI \" .. -v') , 74 ..

l ) L,;... \"\",L. ~ Hos Had Shalt haVe } Will have Have Jyil' t'\" + PllS( ParticipleThey have comeThey had comeThey will have come Negative form:to Have + not + Past participle of the main verbThey have not come ,)~ ,.-1They had Ilo t come I)r\"->- .û If.,s:, ,.-1They will nol have come I)r\"->- .û If.,s:, JInterrogative form e~':;..·:)1 ~to Have + $ubject + Past participle of the main vel'b?Have they come? ~ \)~ ~Had .hey come'Will they have come? J>~I)r\"->- .û IflS' ~\).......:=- J.j If~ .Y>* Usage of the present pcrfcct (ense rl:.JI t)1..4l1 J~1 QIl is used in the J~follo wing cases: : 4 81 .,:..:ILl!al to express an action which ~..r! .l.:..a f ~ r:r ~ liis just finishcd (ÔF) 0~J have J' lIst received yo ur letter ~)~ c..:..Jr-\ .. ~L..J ~. ~She has just fini shed her work :JI.>- 4L>- \'.:..;.;1 .til - 75 .

You have misunderstood me ~ \"\"Li .li!He has just phoned meHave you heard anything about him? .r,-\"- \". '\"; I:\".A;\,. <$ .., r--\" .li! y\"\", ,..;- <$i \"'--\"-\" J>b/lo express an action that bcgan in the past and is still going on at present'r---..,.:-1>-' ci}'? J'j~J .....11' J Î.., (.:-....) J.i,y- \"\"dI!y Examples: •.:...1..,.:-- ~ o..u )I.J.' J J~ .J...ij {)• He has lived in Algeria fornine years (He still li ves in Algeria). ·UI.J.' J ~ JI}.,,)d• He lived in Algeria for nine yea rs.. ..:...'f- ~ o-U ) I}-' J-~ ..û! \"U'.J.\ J(Now. he is no longer living in Aigeria). .:}-j\ w~ ...loo.:! ~)Wc have learnt Spanish for two ~ o..u 4l:--'.lI L..J.,.; J.ilyears (still learning). .(~ LIj'1)1have never secn sllch a wOllderful film. .;,y)} o~ t.....Y LI.) ..v.L:J ~They havcn't finished yet. \*. ..l.oo.? ~ ~1 haven' , galle over Iheir answers yet.He has always becn dear 10 me. .~ ~~~I ~,) ~1 have never heard of that. .Js- 'fi/' Wb j\) ..tA} W I~i .!.lI~ c:---Î ~ •We haven't decided yet . ..l.oo.? .J~ ~cl to refcr to the present result of an J!41J..\ ~\ 0)L.;..J'J Ir::..action ~Examples:He has ruined his career. .dl)\" \" ~ .J...ij1 have read many English ~Ij -y5 ,y P l ...:..Î} J.ilgrammar books. .~#.'11 ;.JJ\Shehaswrittenmanyshortstories. .~~I ~\.J r.SJI (~) ..:...Jl-Lil \" 76 \"

They have enjoyed their stay inConstantine very muchWe have revised nearly half of the programme. .~li).1 ~ ~? ~I) ..lÂlHe has given up smoking. .0»'...;)1 .:.r tlii ..Li!1 have had a rough time. .L......= \,i).:.:......;...i..Li!You have done enough work J..JIif ,,~I ..,. le \"---\" ..Li!for the day. ·r..,lI1 have missed yo u .!J;J...Â;;ÎI .J.ÂlHe has broken his engagement with her 4-.:.- ~\"b>- t-' .J.Âldl for actions that took place al an JciJ ..:.J...\.>- ~I J~~I Ilindetinite time l..b...t ~Extllllp les1 have see n Ihis man before. 'cP if Je-)I I.e. ..:..,ij ..Li!Have you seen the film at YL.:.,...JI .j J').,.11 ~I ..:..,ij Jo-the cinema?He has often treated her nicely. .....Ah!, 4l--t..\" J IS\" \.. I.,I~1 have often heard people ..!.J); J}.ri< cr L:J1 ..:......- \.. Ir.>saylllg 50.We have a lready sludied Ihis subjecl. 'cP if tr\"}1 I.e. L..j , ..Li!You have told me that before. .cP if .!.Il; If.r.\"i ..Li!- For actions that took place at a definite time , the simple pas! must he usedJ..b,-,JI .\".:-111 J\.wo;...I ~ , ....... ci) .;.l.... ..rI JW',ij ;.,...J4 -1 heard this news las! sunday. ,~lI.\ ..L-'YI ~I 1.lA ...:.....-.-...He met his friend a t seven o'dock. Js-.~UI ~UI JI,;~...l.,.::o ..!..Al- The present perCeee lense is usually used Ol\&. r\;;11 Û\..:I:ÙI ~ -with the Collowing lime indicators: 4iWI ~)I J\"'jJJI ~ ·77·

5incc -w Already (t.i, l..) J,i ;r.Ever Wb (\~i Never \~\J ust Latcly \?Y 1\~1 J,ü .G ,<b.JJ1 ,'16-50 far j'il cr Not yet .Cv. '-'\"\"\"'Up to now Up to the present j'i' Ji ?]J..l .:...i,li ...s>Now j'YI Today r.J1 OftenThis morning C~\ Li..:. Jjl,>-';, pi ,U~T his week tr-'11 li> Always WbThis month ;.:...JI o..iA. ..<-'!' li> This year.. Present Perrect and Past Simple can be round in one sentence \Vith S INCEc: J c: fo.(SINeE) ,-,>-1) lJ...\" .!:,-,II \".., ~I ~I.f< ,) ~I:J I U.Al.1 -Examples:cP ,;-,>-.. Si nce they arrived here, they have i -Cil - W 1 Cr\" ?JI made a lot o f pro blems. .LA ~r\"') b.. We haven ' t received a nything -lc< r+\" ,,,r. cfi Jl:; ,J - fro m [hem sÎnce they lefl... They havell't come here since they .1yL--J Ji fini shed the work. Ji b LA Ji 'A ,J -* Since: from a fix ed lime in -J....J1 '..\".3 ...; .:....G-.....o ...:...j) :.A.:,.o .:>the past up till now. JJI c.? \"\"Ill* For: for a length of lime up to now --:...i)1 Cr\" ~ i? :,.Il • .J'>I c.?1 haven', caten for lïfteen hours. i.u.~L. 15 \..l..b J)L:;Î ,JJHe hasn't \Vritten to me since his departure. ...L.. -J b ~. . . r-'1c:-She has lived in Oran for seven years. -<.oh.-' iJ.. JI ..).,· c:...,;.~ .li! .T '-'Vou haven't spoken to me for more tha n -lc< ~ ,J -!.Lith ree duys. . -ri'; ;;)\; . 78 .

He has visited me cvcry day for thelast fonnight.He has telephoned me everyweek since the beginning of the yea r. * Usage olt/te past pel'{ect tellSe :J.,i .\" J-.i ~ ~To express an action that was complctcd bcforc:A - Ano ther past action .r'i \"'\"\.. J'\" - ÎB - A particular past lime \"\",11\ J .:- .:-ô) - ..\"wc have in mind .j\"-Û\ J y\.. Examples: • oi! Jo- He lold me that he had met .P~lQj if J.i ..;~ J j..J -her at las1. - .\..r.>-Î ~#.':JI 4iû~ ~I.i/. v C::' .J-..ç. I..l::!- He had studied an English course J:,) .J.iJ -.before he started working with 01 J:ian English Company. ~#.I ~;:,.- After wc had finished dinner wc \"L;.J\ W)w 0\ ..l..oo-;> - lalked a bit .~ uJ.:i- She thanked him for what he .J...i L.. Js- ~~ .J.iJ - had done fo r her. .4J.:.:-Î if- 1 gave my son the present which if' ~~I ~I ~Î -1 had bough l for him . .J ~.r-\ .li d,r::.- After Ihey had gODe away, he feliionesomcness. .~) ~ ô.k>-.,.t~ .ûJ -As soon as they had a rrived, they \)J~ \~) 0i :)~decided to leave .oJ:)WI - 79 -

The past Prefec! tense is used with C;' rl:ll Ii\"lI.l ~the following time indicators: :<,;\"JI .\",.yi Jl'i.lllDeforeAfter Already J' ifAs soon as Until WhenExample:,.:He said that he had al~eady visitcd Algeria. .y.y JI)-I )j ~ ~~ Jli -1 knew that tbey had gone ta the 1..r.A-> J.i ~~• ..:....J; ..li! -cinema. .L..;,...JI JiACter wc had had tea, wc relaxed .They cOllld not arrive on timebecause they had missed the train.They d id not know the truthuntil they had found the cvidcnce.When he had finî shed his work he went ouI. .C? ~ ~i \...~ - *rt;J\ ! h·qp JI ( 1Jr;.:1• Usage of the future perfecllensep To express an action that will bc r:~ ~ ...j Jd ,y- ~complcted before:A p Another future action .r'ï J,.i:-- J-.i - iB - A particular future momentwc have in mind. JJ,.i:;-ll iJ:!U cJJ -y J.\"\".\JI JlLoExamples:They will have fin ished the U rtl if 1.*1 .(i If~project before next summer. ·t,WI ~I - 80 -

- He will have telephoned us befo re 6o'clock. .....>UI ~UI J,i- By nexl yeur, 1 shaH have c...,5 ..li J;-L e\.iJ1 ~WI Jp,., written five plays. ..;..,\,,>-r-\" ~- We shall have done everythi ng J ',F- Y u.... ..li J~ - in an hour.- 1 hope yO ll will nol have forgotten .~L.. j j ; ..li J~ 'J JI y )yOuf promise by tomorrow, .-\".11 Jl,l~ ~~J The Perlect Conlinuous Tenses ~ ~\ ~t;j\ w./i\Formation :,'!:! tf.!1C 1'0 have (in the appropria te tense) + been + verb T ing ~ :if:!f\" ;r ~I ~WI ;r)1 iJfo;.J} \"'-pUI JÎ é:}~1 (BEEN) ~WI ;r)1 .j4J (BE) ~UI J<.ill .~I -.,.-.- ~I Usage ~\"'I* The perfeet eontinuous tenses arc used ofo-LI ~WI :i.:,..j~1 ~ ..to eXI>ress the duration of an action: :~ /,~I ~ ,~J - Up,o ,Ire p,.esellf: :?lj..\ ~yl? -1- Prese\"t pel/ect COl/tÙl/lOUS r~ b Cl l.,;:..o- He has been talking sincc F JI).. Y'J J.'-\"J .L. he arrived, .(t.\6;i;1 0J»- They have been working for many hours, rJ ~ J i-'<_\.Ç .;..,~L.. .L. -2 - Up to a certain past time: .(t.\6;i;1 0;»- Past perfect continuous :\"'\"\" .,.-\"\" ciJ ? - 2 .r'--' ~li .,.-pt.. - 81 -

· When the te lephone ran g 1 had beensleeping for len hours. ..c-t.L.. i ? i..u t.,JI .j ~}<:--I· He had been listeni ng IO music ~rU e-'-' Jly.'J Jl5\" - for severa l ho urs when 1.o..J.:s. ..:...\s.L.. o..whis falher returned home . .,.ul) J..»3 - Up 10 a certain future time: iJ:'-' J..<;--o .::.JJ .? - 3· Futu re perfeet con tinuousAt the end o f this year, 1 shal l ..l.i .r'-\" .t~ j,i:-- -have been teaching English for j çL.. 'tWI 1.Loo <,1.;; .} - <,#'JI Wli ..r-).J;; ~fifteen years. . ~ 15 o:ÜBy the end of this month, he will havebecn play ing football j ~ ft-'-ll <,1.;; c: t-CiJ1 i.? ..,....J .l.ifor seve n yems. ..c-I.f--\" é'-\" i:Ù - 82 -

CHAPTEDSThe interrogative orQuestioningThe Interrogative form of the vcrbs can be made as follows: ln case of thesimple present and the simple past wc introduce the auxiliary verb \"To Do\"before the subjcct..k,...JI tJW:lI Al1>- J :.}. W- JW:,u .,.~'il AA,..oJI iJfo~ \.il1J.,i (J-.i;) ~WI JMlI J-.-' .k,...J1-F\"I1IJr. \. ,;v{ Does (it-she-he \"\"\"(j Do hi,. + ee-}+ Subj\"\" + Infin\"'\" + (Ros'of \"n:onool + ?, ,,,,C D,d('.I\"'+ee-l + J-WI + ).c..ll + (<W-1~l + ~Do you believe me? ~)W tif. L. Js- ,!.l;t ~ J\"Do yOll fee l weil enough? ~,.LAi ~) J\"Docs he make himself clear?Docs she agree to work with him? ~\"'\" J-.JI Js- wlr if J\"Does he know the motive? ~c'I:UI j fi J\"Did yOll visit Oran? ~.)If') \"\"~j J\"Did he want to see me alone? ~,1';;1 Js- li'j~ ,,) J\"D id they come by train? ~~\k.iJl, 1) j \,,- J\" ln case there is an auxiliary: ,~,L.. .y..; 'y.J AlI>- .-jThere will be a subject inversion 1/\"1\", ~ loLilI é\". \")-....L\"i, \"·U ..Li ..\?WI J-illAuxiliary + subject + (verb + ing) ... ? :J - 83 \"

Presen t Perreet Past Perreet l, Was + S + V + ing ... ? + s + v + ing? Were Me Present Perreet Past Perreet Has +s+ verb +ed? Had + S + verb + ed . . ? H aveWould Will Should Shall }Can + , + verb? CouldMighl May +S+Dare Need (verb) ... ? Must OughtJ <,]....Î )1WÎ ~\S\" , Ir- i-\",WI JWSIJ <,.....JI, J..-;-J ~I .i.)- ln ail thcse cases, the answers .i-\"'w )1WÎ ) <W-Imust begin with \"Yes or No\" J -.,:.,t~b:-'il !J~ .,:.,t'i1J.1 \".lA ~ \"'i Ji ~\" ;.y !Ji ~ Examples: k ...,,)1 J .!Lul) J> J>~4.:.. ;.,..;,~ \;'..ul)Is your rather al home? ~t.r.ll ..,.;~ ;~~I J>Is her mother angry wit h her?Is the teacher absent today? ~;.;-\"\" ~ J>Are they ail traitors?Are they still playi ng chess? ~tJo..'.lI J yJ, I}lj LoÎHave you anything rurther to say?Has she hea rd abou t that? ~<.S.r'Î JljÎ .!.l,..u J> k.lJ.i, ~ J> - 84 -

Have you been there? Y.!.I~ ~ ~Ca n one comma nd love?Need yo u leave 50 soo n? Y~ \ ~fi • • ~ ~Dare they spea k 50 about us? jlSha H we ha ve sa me coITee? ..l> 1 G-i'Y~.;-ll o~ ;.J.>1;....ll ~ •~ Y\.:s.. lfu ~..lJ-I Js- 'j/,:! ~ Y;~\ ~ J)L:.iiea n you describe yo ur home- town? y'.!..~J.,. ~-' ~ ~Might they come this afternoon? Y~\ ~ \j\"•~ jl• ~ ~Can you prove it? Y~) ..:.A~\ ~iJiWould it surpri se you to discover the truth? y~\ ~ ~~iQuestion wordsWho? j>WJ Y./ How old? Yrs- \.. How taH? U). \..Wh om? Jyuill Y./ Ho w hîgh? Yt lii) \.. How long? (if )!) YJ). \..Whose? .!lJWJ Y./ (.}) How wide? How deep? YJ>.r \..What? ,l;..SI.! Ybt.. How large? How fn r? YJ.->- \..Wh îch? JI.::>:-Al ~~i How henvy? YtL.il \.. How fast?When? .)L.)J d-' How orte n? Y~ \..Wherc? .:>l5:...U ~Ji YJZ • )1 Jj) \..Why? Jo)JI Ji ~ YI;~ y~j \" \.. Y'/ r5How? JI.l-I } y,..<.u y..;..,>How many? 1,-\" ,.s-How much? (.r\"') Y}\"\"\", L.Who? <-..SJI Ji Su bjcc lIt is uscd for pcrsons J'I,;,.;..~~to ask about the subjcct Jo\"\"1 ,;r JIJ-ll Jo\"\"1 -,Ji J)-'!without subject inversion - 85 -

Exumples: ~..,} .!.l.t,t; :/'Who met yo u first? ~Jy'_>Ji, .J c--- :/'Who a llo wed him ta get in?Who told her thi s nonsense? ~,I...oli li\" 4J J\i :/'Who can la y me a hand'?Who wish to drive him to Blida? ~ô~LJ.1 J.; J -'-€ Ji ~ :/'Who put off the light? ~ô)l,..-J~ ô.yJI J! .i>.i J ~.1- :/'Who couId survive the accident? ~(CL.dI ) ).,.01 w,i \",..\JI .:.r ~..:..~u-\ i f ON! ~ i fWh om? Object \"J.,...It is used: 1f'1.>-:..)u.:.rto ask abolit persons (complement) or objeet. ·)Jftl Ji J.,.....J.' J'J--ll• WhOIn \Vere you talking \Vith? • !\" Qi1 was lalking with the landlady. ~~ .o.S .:.r c: -· Wh oIn did they invite to the pany? .-;.llll ;w..t... c: ~-\"\"i .o.S They in vited most of thei r friends. \}J-I J! Ir' .:.r -· Wholll did yO ll aecompany in yo ur . ~\i.....i ~ Ir ' J..iJ journey? .'J... ~ I .:.r - 1 aœompa nied Illy yO llnger brothe r.· Whom wo uld yO ll like 10 sec? . ..;.~;j,.)1 1 would like ta sec the head lllaster of thi s school. .)0-->'->1 .......i ~I J..iJ· Who1l1 could yO lL ge t in touch with? ~\",jJ J 0 ; \",..\JI .:.r - J..J..,. ~j) J~) .4.....)..ll\ o~ Js- .ft Ji ~I \",..\JI .:.r ~..... JL.a;1 - 86 -

Whosc?1t is used for perSOIlS to ask about the possessor \".rJ1,?L.o, ~ ~I ~ Jlj-lI ..,.,I,;.;.'>I! ~Examp/es: il· Whose gardell is this ? ~o~ i f ~J.:,- -lt is ours. .«U 1..,·.'.1. . Lâ,.•.\.>. 1'\"·ë-'1'.· Whose is this dog? «oC.>-L.o Cf\" ~cJS:J1 Ij\", J. -lt is mine. \"JI} ~ '-'1- Whose Illfl1 is it?It is hers. ~..:.r\" Jj:J -- Whose is this beautiful house?It is Samia 's. .•4J. Lo.JY '-'1· Whose book did yO li borrow? ...~J,J-I .::..dl Ij\", J. - .~L......:..,..., ~\ ~..:..~\ i f '-:\"\"t:S' -1 borrowed Nabil's book. .J,,; ,,\",15 \"\".;\"....1 .li!R· Whose poem did you learn by heart? ~-,...Ij y -:..JID- Cf' i.J.,..ci -It is El Moutanabi's poem . •~1 i.J.,..a.i 4'1- Whose hOllse did the thieves rob? ~..,.,.rdJ 1 Jj\"\"\" Cf' ~ -They robbed ou r teacher's hOll se. .~;l:....1 ~ I}j\"\"\" .li!Whal?A - It is used to ask about things in gcneral IISubject or Objectll .\"~ J.,.... )1 ,yli\" \..~ .\,.)~\.:.f\" Jlj-U J..-:-s-I Examples: ~~u '-'? b\.. •What is wro ng with your wateh ? .fli, ~ 4'1Il loses five minutes. i;'-bIt is live minutes fa st. ..fü,~ - 87 -

- \Vhat places did yOll sec?1 saw the citadel and the oldroyal palaces.- What wo uld he say about liS? ~L< Jyi,-- I;\.. -He wouId say we are not polile. l;t J .. J.)i,.i.,,.. / .. .~They are intending 10 occupy the building. .~I J~I J)Y. ~1- What so rt of men is he? ~Y' Jl,-)i J t i \",Î -He is a serious onc. .\"Î Jl.,.o,\"\"~\.:.:.\" t..f.h:- ~ 001- What do yOll hide under yo m overcoat? ~~ J ~ bL. -Nothi ng at aiL .J)I.k'lI J>. '<? \"- \Vhal do Ihey want? ~J )--4..1- bL. -They want not hing. .~ Cl)-\!,,< \"B - to ask about a pcrson's profession ~ 4.0 .r Jlj-U -y\Vhat is he? ~\"'+' \..H e is a n cnginee r.H e is a dOCIOr. 'J'-4' \"1C - What ... like? .~ \"1- What is he like? ~l .:r Jlj-ll ''\"He is la ll wi th broad shoulders andcurtY black hair. ~.JS:.::. \.. -- Wha! is (his bird like ?Il is like the owi. v\"'-\"~. <'.1 1· J1.' y\" ·1- What is his work like?It is no t good enough. \"• .~ .)r...Î ..\"..::. ) ~) ~)\kJI li.> J-<\":' \.. - ....r.ll ~ \"1 .• ~';u\"-Î~\)..- .\"l6jl ..,; l< I.l,e- ~ . 88 .

Which? ~ 1$1ft is used to ask about a limited ~JJ$I )~~, 4.J\" Jlj-lI ~ 0choie. ~ Ji ,t,.:..i \"-' .:J' ,~ 0\" JI)..J),Examples: •..,.l>...\.i \"-' .:J' ,· Whieh o r these singers is éJ,j,. \"\".,111 ,'!Y. .:J' <?iyo ur favollrite?· Whieh one do you ehoose? ~~I· Whieh priee does suit you?· Whieh hand do yo u use in writing? ~)~ o...l-I) I.?•'- Whieh sllbjeel do you prerer?· Whieh o r thcse girls is your sister? kl.,...l, j'-' <.Si ~;,,1.:5:J1 = ~ ~ \"i ~J.'W t.r\"y <?i ~~i ..:..L::..JI o..k <.SI \"\"When?* Jt is used to ask about the lime .~)I 4f Jlj-U ~ 0· When eould you see her? ~LA\j 0Î ~ r..? -· \Vhen will these da ys fini sh? ~Î~)rl o..k ~ ~ -- When are yOli going to put lin js:J \...l- ~ ~ -end to ail these troubles? ~\"--\",,W.\ o..k· Whcn did yOll see him ror the last time? ~o/ ? ~ \"-=:!i) d-\" -Where? ~..J.!1* It is uscd 10 ask about the place .IJ~I 4f Jlj-U ~ 0- Where are you? ~~I• J •From where shaH we start lhis year?· Where ha s she been? I- Where were yOll gOÎng? ~ÎW \ \..k •\~ • i f JI ~~IS' Ji ~~\.) ..::...:S Ji Ji \" 89 \"

~Jfol L~ ~Î,,:,i ~ JiJ!-oWhere ca n 1 find such ac reature?Whe re d id you waste ail Ihis lime? ~...:...i}' L~ J5' ~i JiWhy ? ~\JUIf is used to ask about the reason or purpose ..f'j HJ1 ~\ .:.f' J'j-U ~Why didn'I you listen 10 her? ~4-:Jl ~ ~ bUWhy cou Id you not come earl ier? ~\~ .J..,...aJ-I ~ ~ \.)UWhy ' Ire yO ll bored rriend? ~~...L..,.::. ~ <.#~ ...:..,.;i bUBut why? ~bU ~)Wh y do you prerer ro ma ntic poet ry ? \s-,jl,..))\ ~\ ~ \.:oUH ow? ,...;.-.)It is uscd Co ask about the manner ;yi$J1 .r Jlj-JJ J.-::-ior stafe .lJl.>-l }- H ow is he gelling on? ~.w. .j .r.-' ...:..? -- H ow did Ihey know Ihal? ~.!-Il; I} f ...:..? -- How arc yo u now? D o yO LL rcel ~ J> ~.J'JI .!-Ill>- ...:..? - bette l\"?- How d id yOLL get thcrc? ~~- How cO llld 1 k now that he ~.!lu. J! ..:.L) ...:..? - is a cunning person? \"'~ j fi .Ji J ...:..? - ~.?\.. ~-Examples: • l 'i Qi ~ <$i - L - .? - .? - ~ - ~- How o ld are yO ll? ~.!lr rS -- How much d id Ihal cOsI yo u? r5 -~~.:o ..!..LJS'- How long ago was Ihal? k.lh .JI) ........ ..y <$i L -- H ow orten have 1 asked yO li :':\"\"<0 .;,i -!J.:.. -:..J1 iy ~ -10 stop wasting yom lime? ~$)~.r - 90 -

- How long must we go on waiting? ~)\k~ 1 \"' JA-- <.? ?- How far is it from Consta ntine '.6' • if ~WI rS to Annaba?- How tall are you? J!~ ;., ~- How heavy are my bags?- How many friends are yOll k U). \.. going 10 in vite? rS~~l.i.- :.Jj)- How much does he owe yOll? J.lli ,1i_,.,,'1'1 ,~ rS ~I\"\"\"y-'\"-' k JJ ._-'-\"... rs·:, ~- .T- 91 -

CHAPTER6Active and Passive (\"..,.J ....lJ ~'Voice cJ~.JJ c.r.J'.. A - Active Voice* The \"crb is in the actÏ\'c voiee ,,.hen the subject is the docr of the action . .J..ill ~\i JA i~1 iJp., \.-'\" r~ .,r.ll ..,... J J..ill iJh •Wc ail love our country ~.lL' .-....,..; l.....\"..>-J\" \". B - Passive Voice ,l~ ..;JI .\"\"T he vcrb Îs in the passive \'oiec when the subjcct undcrgocs the action.th ;?.ill JA LI:.,J.I iJfo \.= J~ .r.ll ;;.;.,.... J J-Ali iJfo • .J-Al1 ...);Our counlry is loved by us t...,...\". \;... y F'\"\" ~-lI,How to for,\" the passh'c voiec: \" l..\"..u, \Ml' .i-< ..;,..5The passive l'OieC is formcd by using the approprialc tense of the verb \"toben with the past participlc of the ,'crb.r.l1'\"\"\"1 t'''to b,\" J-.ill..,....,L\1 ..:r')1 rl.l.%:.....~ J~ l ;;.;.,.... iJfo • .J-Ali J\".... Examples:Sile si ngs Hice songs.• Nice so ngs arc sung by her. , She sa ng nicc songs. .;,,;.j,J <!\"t?1 ~.. Nice Songs \Vere sung by 11er. .'~-.Ly1 ~.. ';,,;j.,J ~t?Î • . 92 .

She wîU sing nice songs. .i..iJ:J J\.i.Î ~Nice so ngs will be sung by he r. .4-=k--1):' ~ ~ 0\.i.ÎShe is singing nice songs.Nice songs are being sung by her. .4A.J=J J\S.Î ~ '+il J.N,4-=k--I):' ~ J\.i.iShe has sung Ilice songs. ,~ J\S.\ ~ J.AJNice songs ha\'c been sung by her. . ~IJ'I ~ ~ 0\S.Î\"By + Agent\" is always omitted, \"~WI + ~I)!\" o)L:;..jj).where the doer is either c1ear from l,.l j&-WI I.Jh ~ WI~the meaning, of no interestor unknown to us ~i I.$~ ~ , ~I ,;r ~IJ ' ~J;A-- ~ Ji I.:J, .6.:-:31 - Simple present, past simple and future: 1~\J ~1l1 ,t)l.41\ -1 Present Future Pasl '? Shall JWas + ( PaSI~ Is Will be Were Parliciplc) A\" Will be ~Examples: jj 1\" 01The shock dazed him -,• He was dazed by the shock. .......\...\"lI 0\"' ~;He drives his own car• His own car is driven by him. '-.p\;1..1 <iJt,... , >'< .;1We shaH know the result.• The result will be known. .-.:h....ly ,\.i; <iJt,...Rights are never granted buttaken by force ~I~\"\";r''''';y \"\";'.B \"\";Y ,;,.,.,..01 J- ,.\"...,.l.,- PJ C'-' 'Y JyiJ-1 ôA i>.y .. 93 ..

~L, -,..Jl.hll j..,.; L.J2 - Dcfccth'c Vcrbs ......W\ ,lw\":lI-2For m a t io ll: \"\"p:;;.I\ 1 D.v + B, + pp 1 \"'-';UI j...J1 Op.., Jr<il,-'Exumples: dThey should arrange everything.- Eve rything should be arrunged.- The mystcry muy be c1eared up 500n.What can not be cured 11H151be cndu red. .~ Ji ~ rLI2.JI \.kThis system must be changed ,•- ,....:;..J1 ;;;... \":II 3 - The ConfIil uous cnscs ...-\"\.. t)-\"\" WW'IS } + being + P.P ,.;- l, '\" ~ Ac, Examplcs: .Jlyi ?, \.. .l>-iSomeonc is black mailing him ? .Jlyl ~lHe is being blackma ilcdHe \Vas rcading an English book I,~I ,~ ifi ~\5' ifi .;,\5' I,~I ,~An English book was being rcadWc are not being neglect ing you ~ 'J lelYou are Ilot being neglected ~ /.:.êl - 94 -

4- The Pcrfect tcnses:Formation:C)L;,.. ......l- Ha> Had + Been + P.P Have i ItellExamples: L..,J;.o l>-~ lyi-i>- ..Li!They have made a grea l success ........ .û ~é.~ ~..\.>- ..Li!A greal success has been made ~.;; ..Li!He has double - crossed us or.-.Î \.. ~.•We have been double - crossed .!..U.i, J\"'Î ..Li!Saille body has told him thalHe has been lold thalHe had already broken hi s promise of'\") ...;J.;.Î ..Li!His promise had already been broken ...;J.;.Î .û JI) oJ,s.) , 5- The Imperath'c ~ .5 + Object + Be \"J.,..<l'\"Take aU thiogs iota consideration- Let aU lhîngs be ta ken intoconsidera tion.- or: Ali things should be taken intoconsidera tion.Give your work more interest il...:;;:.':1\ if \..\,!)- ~ k\- Let you r work be given more interest. 'i~'Y! if !~f ~ dl..s- t)or: Vour work must be given more interesl. - 95 -

Do this qu ick ly \"'.ri liA> JdlLet this be done quickly. .\"'.ri .!.U; J..;,Ior : This sho uld be done qllickly. \"~~\"JI\" ili...\"JI -6 6- Question\"Apply the fo rement ioned rules and .?.i.l\ wl.. ..u:.\yAJ\ ~notice the subject inversion .~W\ t!'J 0 ..12-':JJ[ Be J-..> J 1JJ-'\" Do J-..> ] Examples: , 1\" QIDid they sec you? \'~JÎ) ~We re you seen?Have yo u had lunch? \'~..5 ~Has lunch been had? ~~Li.;J\ ~JG jAHave any questions becn asked about me?How have 1hey been received? ~~\.w\ JJ; jAWhen will the next meeting be held? , ~~ ~I\" ~I jA ...:....>-):0 ~\~\ J.? t..~i.)l.iJI ~':JI ~ d-\"* N.B: Sentences conta ining twa abjects: :~~ Js- ~~\ J.J-I <>Either of those objects may bccome the subject of the passive voice. .~Il ~ ,) ~ .;,:J.,..u1.ft~ '-\" <.fi -Usually, the personal object is made the subjcct of the passive. .~WJ L,lU ~I J.,..ul ~ \. i,~Exampl(!!>':1 bought her a nice presentShe was bOllght a nice present - 96 -

A nice present was bought for her. .''<.,' c:.--.-r''1 l.A-...6J ;\"-.coHe will give me something \.. \.0,.:. ~- j r, '1 will be given somethingSomething will be given to me . \.. \.0,.:. ~L, 7 - Passive Infinitive -J ~\..i~ \"I~ ,_,;.JI ,.....a.ll -7FOl\"matioll: :.:r-#IC .=JThere To Be (in the infinitive) +.J~P.P, ' J\are laws ta be issued ~ 0:,-i\ji ~l:A ,Hi s life is to be saved .;.,il:>- ' ~ ..i.4.:; J\There is nothing to be worried about Jl,J1 Jo.-\" \.. ~\"\" crJ8- Intransitive Verbs ....j)'JI JW'l1 -8Intransitive verbs that can be made transitive by the addition of apreposition, can be used in the passive voice.~ .r. .j.r. ;ijw.~ '-l-'\"\"\" Jwi Ji ~~ ~ .jl ...j'>\ll JW~I J-J~ ,r.il AA,..# 4-1~1 Examples:She was laughed at by everybodyThis matter must be looked intoHe was looked upon as a great hero - 97 -

C The Imperative Form ]1/ The second Derson Im/Jerative c::.....P~ L jJ\ ~ I IPositive Form: 'Ir Roth singular and plural second person imperative (orms are formed with the infinitive without \"to\",\",I\".,I ;u....•M' .~ . fo •J Î 1~.;A-o ..,IS' <1>-, ..,...,l>..JJ .!'~1 AA,...> .., .\"To\" \"'J.l.! )J..o1I ~I~I; ~ Sil down! I..,..J>.-I Stand up! (..,.#' ,y) IJ>.<'I , c:-)Clean il! ~\ Go 8ack! ~IJI' 1Negative Form: \" is used with \"do not\" (don't) + the infinitive.j:J1 ;;.,J1...> ;u...,.. without \"to\" , rrTd ' .j)~ JMlI J..\...a...o + :'do not\" ~\ ~b\ Î\~~ ~_ (0 Don't smoke! I.}--\" 'i Don't lie! ,\",J$:; 'i Don't write on walls! Don't go Dear the faire JI).c!-1 Js- -,-5.; ''1 ):JI J' ...\"fo'1IIJ The (lrstand the third persan imperative .I.,)ùl.t?......jll ~ I II(l, He, She) (~ 'J\") ..,...:WIPositive Corm: is used with \"let\" + subject or pronoun + thea:...~1 a.l.o,;.- infinitive wi thout \"to\",M' .~ . • )~ + ~I } j<LilI + \"let\" tl..L>.:....l, J.\"\"-' ,\"to\" 0)~ ~\ Let me go out let him 1her do as he 1she Knows C.r'Î <.j'\" (J.1\") J fi W' (~) j..;, (~') \"', Let them practise what sports they prefer. ·JA .}JI WoUI Jr-.Jl.ç ~' - 98 -