Gulmohar hindi main book answer key for class 7

8 ubZxqyeksgj 6- fgna h ikB~;iqLrd f'k{kd nf'kZdk eq[; fo'ks\"krk,¡  ikB~;xr mn~ns';] thou&ewY; rFkk ikB&lkjka'k dk lkFkZd lekos'kA  ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrjA  vH;kl iz'u&i=kksa osQ mRrjA  dk;Z&i=kksa osQ mRrjA fMfT+kVy osc liksVZ  f'k{kd@f'kf{kdkvksa osQ fy, VsLV tsujsVj (Test Generator)A  iqLrdksa osQ lkFk ,fuesVsM vkWfM;ks&fo”kqvy lhúMhúA  vkWuykbu liksVZ osQ fy, fDyd djsaµwww.fullcircleeducation.in  vius vewY; lq>ko rFkk ftKklk dks fuEu irs ij Hkstsaµ[email protected]  vkidh ek¡x osQ vuq:i dk;Z&i=kksa dh lkWÝ+ V dkWih miyC/ djkus dh lqfo/kA (Progressive Educational Publishers) Sharda Press Pvt Ltd New Delhi-110002

Published by: 4238 A, 1-Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 Phone: 40556600 (100 Lines) Fax: 40556688 Website: www.fcepl.in E-mail: [email protected] © Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Branches: • Ahmedabad • Bengaluru • Chennai • Dehradun • Guwahati • Hyderabad • Jaipur • Kochi • Kolkata • Lucknow • Mumbai • Ranchi NEW EDITION “This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action.” Printed at:

vkeq[k ubZ xqyeksgj ¯gnh ikB~;iqLrd f'k{kd nf'kZdk 6&8 dk fuekZ.k Nk=kksa osQ ekxZn'kZu osQ fy, fd;k x;k gSA f'k{kdksa osQ fy, ;g iqLrd vR;ar mi;ksxh gSA bl iqLrd osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa rd lHkh vè;k;ksa dk lgh mn~ns'; igq¡p losQxkA bl fn'kk esa gekjh ikB~;iqLrdksa dh Ük`a[kyk ^ubZ xqyeksgj ¯gnh ikB~;iqLrd* esa o£.kr lHkh vè;k;ksa dk fofHkUu ¯cnqvksa osQ ekè;e ls o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ikB ls lacaf/r fofHkUu ¯cnqvksa osQ f'k{k.k gsrq fuEufyf[kr laosQr fn, x, gSaµ  ikB dk mn~ns';µblesa ikB esa fufgr ewy mn~ns'; dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA  ikB~;xr thou&ewY;µblesa ikB ftu thou&ewY;ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSa] mudk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA blls Nk=kksa esa uSfrd ewY;ksa osQ fodkl esa lgk;rk feysxhA  ikB dk lkjka'kµblesa ikB dk laf{kIr lkjka'k fn;k x;k gSA  f'k{k.k&laosQrµikB okpu ls iwoZ f'k{kdksa dks laosQr fn, x, gSa] ftlls i<+kus esa lqfoèkk gksxhA  cPpksa ls iwNsaµikB i<+kus ls iwoZ fo\"k; ls lacafèkr iz'u iwNs x, gSaA blls cPpksa dk ikB osQ izfr #>ku c<+sxk rFkk ikB dh i`\"BHkwfe le>us esa Hkh lgk;rk feysxhA f'k{kd vU; iz'u Hkh iwN ldrs gSaA  ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iz'u iwNsaµiz'u iwNus ls cPpksa dks ikB esa ^D;k* rFkk ^fdruk* le> vk;k gS] ;g vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA  Nk=kksa osQ vH;klkFkZ izR;sd vè;k; osQ varxZr nks dk;Z&i=k fn, x, gaSA  ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrjµblesa ikB~;iqLrd osQ vH;klksa osQ mRrj fn, x, gSaA  dk;Z&i=k osQ mRrjksa dk Hkh lekos'k fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr iqLrd f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa ,d iz;kl gSA ;g iqLrd f'k{kdksa dh lgk;rk rFkk lqfoèkk osQ fy, gh gSA izcqn~/ f'k{kd&f'kf{kdkvksa osQ ijke'kks± dk lnSo Lokxr gSA µizdk'kd (iii)

fo\"k;&lwph d{kk & 6 1- vk jgh jfo dh lokjh--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2- vU;k; dk fojks/--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 3- ljI+kQjks'kh dh reUuk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 4- fxYyw--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 5- iqjLdkj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21 6- Xykscy ok²ex-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 7- esjh ;wjksi ;k=kk------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 8- MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 9- HkfDr osQ in---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 10- xk¡o cM+k ;k 'kgj -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37 11- dye vkt mudh t; cksy!--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 12- feBkbZokyk-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 13- ljLorh ikB'kkyk--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48 14- esjk cpiu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 • vH;kl iz'u&i=k&1 osQ mRrj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55 • vH;kl iz'u&i=k&2 osQ mRrj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 4

d{kk & 7 1- ojnku --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58 2- ns'kizse dk nke!-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61 3- izo`Qfr dk lkfUuè; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64 4- 'kghn dk i=k---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68 5- dksf'k'k djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrh -----------------------------------------------------------------72 6- ohj ckyd-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------76 7- izk;f'pr----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80 8- LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------84 9- lfjrk---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88 10- iQkfg;ku dh Hkkjr ;k=kk-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------92 11- tc eSaus igyh iqLrd [kjhnh ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------96 12- fgEer vkSj ¯”knxh -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------100 13- nksgk&n'kd-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------104 14- cnyk rks eSaus Hkh fy;k Fkk -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------108 • vH;kl iz'u&i=k&1 osQ mRrj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111 • vH;kl iz'u&i=k&2 osQ mRrj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 112 5

d{kk & 8 1- ig#,] lko/ku jguk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------114 2- lk, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------118 3- esjh lkgfld ;k=kk -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------122 4- eSa gw¡ muosQ lkFk [kM+h------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------126 5- fHk[kkfju---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------129 6- vYcVZ vkbaLVhu---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------133 7- iQk¡lh ls igys -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------136 8- lkbfdy dh lokjh----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------139 9- deZohj-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------143 10- floaQnj vkSj iq#---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------147 11- esjk fon~;kFkhZ thou----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------150 12- Hkfo\"; dk Hk; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------154 13- laLo`Qfr D;k gS\\---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------158 14- uhyw --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------162 • vH;kl iz'u&i=k&1 osQ mRrj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 165 • vH;kl iz'u&i=k&2 osQ mRrj ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 166 • d{kk 6] 7 vkSj 8 osQ dk;Z&i=kksa osQ mRrj ------------------------------------------------------------------ 167 • d{kk 6] 7 vkSj 8 dh dk;Z&if=kdk---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 209 6

d{kk & 6 • vk jgh jfo dh lokjh • vU;k; dk fojks/ • ljI+kQjks'kh dh reUuk • fxYyw • iqjLdkj • Xykscy okW²ex • esjh ;wjksi ;k=kk • MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj • HkfDr osQ in • xk¡o cM+k ;k 'kgj • dye vkt mudh t; cksy! • feBkbZokyk • ljLorh ikB'kkyk • esjk cpiu 7

1 vk jgh jfo dh lokjh ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Nk=kksa dh dYiuk&'kfDr dk foLrkj djuk vkSj lw;ksZn; osQ vuqie n`'; osQ fo\"k; esa tkudkjh nsukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % izo`Qfr dh lqanjrk dk lEeku djuk pkfg, rFkk blosQ laj{k.k osQ fy, mik; djus pkfg,A ikB dk lkjka'k % izLrqr dfork esa dfo us lw;ksZn; dk cgqr gh ltho fp=k.k fd;k gSA og dgrk gS fd tc lw;ksZn; gksrk gS rks ekuks ,slk yxrk gS fd tSls lw;Z fot;h gksdj vius uo&fdj.kksa osQ jFk ij vk:<+ gksdj pyk vk jgk gSA bl 'kqHk volj ij dfy;ksa vkSj iq\"iksa ls iwjk jkLrk ltk;k x;k gSA ckny ns[kus ij ,sls izrhr gks jgs gSa] tSls lsodx.k Lof.kZe oL=k /kj.k fd, gq, muosQ Lokxr osQ fy, [kM+s gksaA i{kh :ih canhx.k vkSj pkj.k mldh iz'kalk esa dhfrZ xku dj jgs gSaA fnu osQ jktk lw;Z dh lokjh fudyus vFkkZr lw;ksZn; osQ dkj.k rkjksa dh I+kQkSt Hkkx [kM+h gqbZ gSA dfo osQ vuqlkj lw;Z viuh thr dk t'u eukuk pkgrk gS] ysfdu jkr osQ jktk panzek dks jkg esa fHk[kkjh cudj jkLrs esa [kM+k ns[k >sai tkrk gSA dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo us ;g n'kkZus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd ifjorZu lalkj dk vVy lR; gSA tks dy jktk Fkk] vkt jad cuk [kM+k gSA vr% vfr mRlkfgr gksus dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gSA bl dfork dk ewy lans'k ;gh gS fd euq\"; dks vkusokyh izR;sd ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed ifjfLFkfr osQ fy, rS;kj jguk pkfg,A f'k{k.k&laosQr % Nk=kksa ls dfork osQ ewy Hkko osQ fo\"k; esa ppkZ dhft,A cPpksa ls iwNsa %  lw;ksZn; gksrs gh izo`Qfr esa D;k&D;k ifjorZu gksrs gaS\\  lqcg&lqcg ?kj esa gksusokyh pgy&igy osQ fo\"k; esa crkb,A  jkr gksus ij D;k&D;k ifjorZu vkrs gSa\\  nq'eu eSnku NksM+dj dc Hkkx tkrs gSa\\ 8

iz'u iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bl dfork esa izo`Qfr osQ ekuoh; :i osQ fo\"k; esa i<+saxsA dfork i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  vkidks ;g dfork oSQlh yxh\\  bl dfork osQ fo\"k; esa lcls jkspd ckr D;k gS\\  jktk&egkjktkvksa dh 'kkgh lokjh dkSu&lh gksrh Fkh\\  lw;kZsn; dk o.kZu vius 'kCnksa esa dhft,A n`';&JO; lhúMhú % ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls dfork i<+kdj nks&rhu ckj bl dfork dk lLoj okpu dhft,A ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) lw;Z uo&fdj.kksa osQ jFk ij lokj gksrk gSA ([k) cknyksa dks vuqpjksa dh miek nh xbZ gSA (x) pk¡n dks jkr dk jktk dgk x;k gSA fyf[kr 1- (d) jfo () ([k) uo&fdj.k dk () (x) fcuk f[kyk iwQy () 2- (d) dfy;ksa vkSj iwQyksa ls ([k) ^pkj.k* dfork esa if{k;ksa dks dgk x;k gS vkSj os lw;Z dk ;'kksxku dj jgs gSaA (x) dfork esa ^jkg dk fHk[kkjh* pk¡n dks dgk x;k gSA 3- (d) lw;Z dh lokjh vkus ij dfy;k¡ f[ky mBrh gSaA ([k) fogx dk dhfrZ&xk;u vkSj rkjksa dh I+kQkSt dk Hkkxuk gesa ;g laosQr ns jgs gSa fd lw;ksZn; gksusokyk gSA (x) dfork esa jFk dh Hkwfedk uo&fdj.kksa us] vuqpj dh cknyksa us] I+kQkSt dh rkjksa us vkSj fHk[kkjh dh Hkwfedk pk¡n us fuHkkbZ gSA 4- (d) if{k;ksa dk pgpgkuk dhfrZ&xk;u tSlk yxrk gSA dfo us if{k;ksa dks pkj.k osQ leku crk;k gSA ([k) uo&fdj.ksa jFk dks ltkdj jfo dh lokjh dk Lokxr djrh gSa vkSj cknyny lsod cudj rks i{kho`na pkj.k dh Hkk¡fr dhfr&Z xk;u djosQ jfo dh lokjh dk Lokxr djrs gaAS (x) jkr dk jktk pk¡n fHk[kkjh cu x;k] D;ksafd lw;Z dh rs”k fdj.kksa ls mldk izHkko lekIr gks x;k vkSj og fuLrst gks x;kA 9

(?k) lw;ksZn; osQ le; laiw.kZ ifjos'k esa ue;ukfHkjke n`'; mifLFkr gks mBrk gSA pkjksa rjiQ g\"kZ ,oa mYykl dk ekgkSy O;kIr gks tkrk gSA l`f\"V osQ lHkh vo;o thoar gks mBrs gSaA iwQy f[ky mBrs gSaA i{kh pgpgkus yxrs gSaA euq\"; vius nSfud fØ;kdyki esa yx tkrs gSaA lw;ksZn; gksrs gh ,slk izrhr gksrk gS] tSls laiw.kZ èkjrh ij ,d u;k thou vk x;k gksA 5- ^d* ^[k* uo&fdj.k jFk ckny vuqpj fogx pkj.k rkjs lSfud pk¡n jkr dk jktk Hkk\"kk&Kku 1- (d) jkosQ'k 'kf'k fgeka'kq ([k) u{k=k flrkjk rkjk (x) es?k ?ku ty/j (?k) izHkkdj jfo fnudj (Ä) ukSdj pkdj vuqpj 2- (d) rkjd dkjd èkkjd ([k) Hkkxh tkxh nkxh (x) pkj.k rkj.k dkj.k 3- (d) u;k ([k) ukSdj (x) lksuk (?k) lwjt (Ä) fHk[kkjh fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡ g¡lrs&[ksyrs • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ?ksjk le; • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ikB ls vkxs 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- gfjoa'kjk; cPpu osQ ledkyhu oqQN pfpZr dfo;ksa@dof;f=k;ksa osQ ukeµ egknsoh oekZ] lqfe=kkuanu iar] lw;Zdkar f=kikBh fujkyk] lqHknzk oqQekjh pkSgku] xksiky flag usikyh vkfnA 10

2 vU;k; dk fojks/ ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Nk=kksa dks vU;k; dk izfrjks/ djus dh f'k{kk nsukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % gesa lekt esa viuk vfLrRo cuk, j[kus osQ fy, fuMj cuuk pkfg, vkSj vU;k; dks dHkh Hkh lgu ugha djuk pkfg,A ikB dk lkjka'k % ys[kd us vius cPpksa dh xouZsl twfy;k dks ru[okg nsus osQ fy, cqyk;kA twfy;k cgqr gh Hkksyh&Hkkyh yM+dh gSA og yxHkx nks eghus ls fcuk ru[okg osQ dke dj jgh gSA ys[kd us mlls dgk fd eSaus rqEgsa rhl :cy izfrekg ij ukSdjh ij j[kk Fkk vkSj vc rqe nks eghus dh ru[okg ys yksA twfy;k us mUgsa crk;k fd mldh ru[okg pkyhl :cy r; gqbZ Fkh vkSj mls dke djrs gq, nks eghus ik¡p fnu gks x,] ij ys[kd ekuus dks rS;kj ugha gq,A mUgksaus dgk fd nks eghus osQ lkB :cy gq,A mUgksaus fglkc yxk;k fd twfy;k us jfookj dks NqV~fV;k¡ yha vkSj blosQ vykok rhu NqV~fV;k¡ vkSj yh FkhaA mUgksaus mlosQ ckjg :cy dkV fy,A vU; dkj.kksa ls Hkh lkr :cy vkSj dkV fy,A lkFk gh twfy;k osQ n~okjk pk; dh I;kyh vkSj IysV rksM+us osQ nks :cy dkVsA dksY;k dh tSosQV iQV tkus dk Hkkj Hkh twfy;k dh ru[okg ij iM+kA twfy;k dk psgjk ihyk iM+ x;k] ij mlus ,d 'kCn Hkh ugha dgkA og tkurh Fkh fd ys[kd >wB cksydj mls Bx jgs gSa] fiQj Hkh mlus dksbZ fojks/ ugha fd;kA og ys[kd dh gk¡ esa gk¡ feykrh jghA mlus fiQj Hkh bZekunkjh fn[kkrs gq, dgk fd mudh iRuh us mls rhu :cy fn, FksA ys[kd us ;s jde Hkh mldh ru[okg esa ls dkV fy,A ys[kd us lc dkVdj mls lkB esa ls osQoy X;kjg :cy fn,A twfy;k us /U;okn dgrs gq, os iSls viuh tsc esa j[k fy,A ys[kd dks bl ckr ij cgqr xqLlk vk;k fd twfy;k us mUgsa iyVdj tokc ugha fn;kA ys[kd us mlls ekI+kQh ek¡xh fd mUgksaus mlosQ lkFk ,slk ozwQj e”kkd fd;kA ys[kd us mls le>k;k fd dHkh Hkh fdlh Hkh izdkj dk vR;kpkj lgu ugha djuk pkfg,A vPNk bulku dgykus osQ fy, nCcw] HkhjQ vkSj cksnk cuuk vko';d ugha gSA viuk vfLrRo cuk, j[kus osQ fy, iwjh 'kfDr ls bl lalkj ls yM+uk gksxkA f'k{k.k&laosQr % Nk=kksa dks i<+kus ls iwoZ vU;k; dk fojks/ djus osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA cPpksa ls iwNsa %  xousZl dkSu gksrh gS\\  :cy fdu ns'kksa dh eqnzk gS\\ 11

 D;k vkius dHkh vius ekrk&firk ;k vè;kidkas dks ij's kku fd;k g\\S ;fn gk]¡ rks og ?kVuk crkb,A  D;k vkius ,slk e”kkd fd;k gS] ftlls fdlh dks gkfu gqbZ gks\\ vkius oSQls lq/kj fd;k\\ iz'u iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd bl dgkuh esa ,d xousZl osQ fo\"k; esa i<+saxs] tks pqipki ys[kd dk vU;k; lgrh jgrh gSA ckn esa ys[kd mls le>krs gSa fd vU;k; djus dh gh rjg vU;k; lguk Hkh xyr gSA ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  vkidks ;g dgkuh oSQlh yxh\\  ;fn vkidks dksbZ Bxs ;k /ks[kk ns] rks vki D;k djsaxs\\  vkiosQ HkkbZ&cgu dksbZ xyrh djsa] rks mUgsa oSQls le>k,¡xs\\  vkidks bl dgkuh ls D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % iqLrd osQ lkFk miyC/ djkbZ xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls cPpksa dks ;g ikB i<+k,¡A ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) twfy;k ys[kd osQ cPpksa dh xousZl FkhA ([k) isM+ ij p<+us osQ dkj.k dksY;k dh tSosQV iQV xbZ FkhA (x) :cy :l dh eqnzk gSA (?k) bl dgkuh osQ ys[kd varksu ps[ko gSaA fyf[kr 1- (d) pkyhl :cy () ([k) ukSdjkuh us () (x) twfy;k osQ osru ls cseryc dkVuk () (?k) vU;k; dk fojks/ djuk pkfg, () 2- (d) twfy;k dks ys[kd osQ ?kj dke djrs gq, nks eghus ik¡p fnu gq, FksA ([k) ys[kd us twfy;k dh rhu fnu dh NqV~fV;k¡ fxuhaA (x) rhu :cy] bls twfy;k dks ys[kd dh iRuh us fn, FksA 3- (d) ys[kd us twfy;k dks mldh ru[okg dk fglkc djus osQ fy, vius ikl cqyk;k FkkA ([k) twfy;k ys[kd ls [kq'k Fkh] D;ksafd vU; ekfydksa osQ foijhr mUgksaus mldk fglkc dj cps gq, iSls ns fn,A (x) bl lalkj esa nCcw rFkk Hkh# yksxksa osQ fy, dksbZ txg ugha gSA 4- (d) twfy;k Hkksyh&Hkkyh] bZekunkj vkSj drZO;fu\"B Fkh] blfy, og pqipki vU;k; lgrh jghA ([k) ys[kd us twfy;k ls ekI+kQh ek¡xh] D;ksafd mUgksaus mlosQ lkFk ,d NksVk&lk ozwQj e”kkd fd;k Fkk] tcfd mldk mn~ns'; twfy;k dks lcd fl[kkuk ek=k FkkA 12

(x) ys[kd twfy;k dks vU;k; dk fojks/ djus dk lcd fl[kkuk pkg jgs FksA (?k) ;fn eaS tfw y;k dh txg gksrk@gksrh] rks vius mQij gksuos kys vU;k; dk fojk/s djrk@djrhA 5- (d) gesa lgh vkSj xyr esa varj le> esa vkuk pkfg,A ;fn dksbZ bulku tkucw>dj vius iQk;ns osQ fy, gekjs lkFk xyr dj jgk gS] rks gesa mldk izfrdkj djuk pkfg,A ;g ugha fd pqipki mlosQ n~okjk gksusokys vU;k; dks lgrs jguk pkfg,A ([k) bl fueZe lalkj esa lh/s&lPps vkSj Hkys yksxksa dks ew[kZ le>k tkrk gSA >wBs vkSj Bxh djus okys yksxksa n~okjk lPps yksxksa dk 'kks\"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA vr% Hkksys&Hkkys vkSj lPps yksxksa dks viuh iwjh 'kfDr osQ lkFk bl ân;ghu lalkj dk izfrdkj djuk gksxkA Hkk\"kk&Kku 1- (d) fuHkZ; ([k) lIrkg (x)ân;ghu 2- (d) O;fDrokpd laKk twfy;k :cy dksY;k ([k) tkfrokpd laKk xousZl ekyfdu iRuh (x) Hkkookpd laKk nnZ i<+kbZ ozQks/ 3- (i) vU;k; (ii) brokj (iii) NqV~Vh (iv) Mk;jh (v) ru[okg (viii) fglkc (vi) Hkh# (vii) fouhr 4- (d) lksp esa iM+uk µ ekfyd us funksZ\"k eksgu ij pksjh dk vkjksi yxk;k] rks mldk psgjk ihyk iM+ x;kA ([k) cgqr xqLlk gksuk µ cPpksa dh 'kjkjrsa ns[kdj vè;kid vkx&ccwyk gks x,A (x) xLq lk 'kkra djuk µ firk th dk oQz k/s n[s kdj ekrk th us mu ij BMa s ikuh dk NhVa k ekjkA (?k) ulhgr nsuk µ cPpksa dh 'kjkjr ns[kdj vè;kid us mUgsa lcd fl[kkus dk eu cuk fy;kA fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡ g¡lrs&[ksyrs 1- gesa vius vfèkdkjksa osQ fy, fujarj la?k\"kZjr jguk pkfg,A fouezrk] f'k\"Vrk] la;e] vknj] {kek vkfn xq.k ekuo dks Js\"B cukrs gSa] ¯drq vius vfèkdkjksa ,oa gdksa dh frykatfy nsdj ughaA dgk tkrk gS fd ftruk xyr vR;kpkj djuk gS] mlls T;knk xyr vR;kpkj lguk gSA gesa ges'kk xyr vkSj vR;kpkj dk izfrokn djuk pkfg,A lkekU; thou esa cgqr lkjs ,sls yksx gSa] tks nwljs dh lgu'khyrk ,oa fouezrk dk uk”kk;”k I+kQk;nk mBkrs gSaA gesa ,sls yksxksa ls ges'kk lkoèkku jguk pkfg, rFkk vius gd vkSj vfèkdkjksa dk dHkh Hkh guu gksrs ugha ns[kuk pkfg,A 2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ?ksjk le; 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ikB ls vkxs 2- lksfo;r la?k dh eqnzk dk uke µ jfl;u #cy 13

3 ljI+kQjks'kh dh reUuk ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Nk=kksa dks Hkkjr osQ egku ozQkafrdkjh rFkk vxz.kh Lora=krk lsukuh jkeizlkn fcfLey osQ la?k\"kks± ls ifjfpr djkukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % gesa ns'k osQ fy, viuk loZLo cfynku djusokyksa dks ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, vkSj muosQ izfr o`QrKrk dk Hkko j[kuk pkfg,A ikB dk lkjka'k % bl ,dkadh esa fcfLey th dh IkQk¡lh ls ,d fnu igys tsy esa gq, ek¡&csVs osQ feyu dks laoknkRed 'kSyh esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA tsyj fcfLey dks crkrs gSa fd mudh ek¡ feyus osQ fy, vkbZ gqbZ gSaA os oqQN lkspdj viuh ek¡ ls feyus ls euk dj nsrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd ek¡ dks eq>ls feydj nq[k gksxkA oqQy feykdj os viuh ek¡ ls feyus dh fgEer ugha tqVk ik jgs FksA rHkh mudh ek¡ tsy esa izos'k djrh gSa vkSj u feyus dk dkj.k tkuuk pkgrh gSaA os muls iz'u djrh gSa fd viuh tUe nsusokyh ek¡ ls D;ksa ugha feyuk pkgrs\\ mudh ek¡ le>krh gSa fd ftl Hkkjr ek¡ osQ fy, os oqQckZu gksus tk jgs gSa] os iwjs Hkkjr dh ekrk gSaA ;g muosQ fy, lcls cM+h [kq'kh dk fnu gSA fcfLey dgrs gSa fd gekjk ns'k xqykeh osQ paxqy ls eqDr gksdj vk”kknh dh lk¡l vo'; ysxkA tc ns'k vk”kkn gks tk,xk] rc mudh rlohj fdlh ,slh txg j[k nh tk,] tgk¡ ls os vk”kknh dk t'u ns[k losaQA mudh rlohj dks lcdh u”kjksa ls cpkdj j[kk tk,] D;ksafd rlohj ns[kdj lcdks mudh ;kn vk,xh vkSj [kq'kh osQ ekSosQ ij lcdh vk¡[ksa xhyh gks tk,¡xhA mudh ek¡ ;s bPNk iwjh djus osQ fy, rS;kj gks tkrh gSaA os mUgsa vius gkFkksa ls cslu osQ yM~Mw f[kykrh gSaA fcfLey muls dgrs gSa fd os bZ'oj ls ;g izkFkZuk djrs gSa fd vxys tUe esa Hkh os gh mudh ek¡ cusA ;g lqudj mudh ek¡ jksus yxhaA fcfLey muls dgrs gSa fd vxj os blh rjg vk¡lw cgk,¡xh] rks os viuk cfynku ugha ns ik,¡xsA mudh ek¡ dgrh gSa fd ;s [kq'kh osQ vk¡lw gSaA os tsyj ls iwNrh gSa fd D;k eSa IkQk¡lh osQ le; mifLFkr jg ldrh g¡wA tsyj mUgsa euk dj nsrs gSa] D;ksafd mUgsa ,slk dksbZ vkns'k ugha feyk FkkA fcfLey mUgsa le>krs gSa fd mUgksaus vius csVs dks Hkkjrekrk dh xksn esa Mky fn;k gSA mUgsa vc dksbZ I+kQoZQ ugha iM+uk pkfg,A fcfLey dh ek¡ muosQ flj ij gkFk isQjrh gSa vkSj ogk¡ ls izLFkku djrh gSaA f'k{k.k&laosQr % Nk=kksa dks i<+kus ls iwoZ Lora=krk lsukuh jkeizlkn fcfLey osQ fo\"k; esa crk,¡A 14

cPpksa ls iwNsa %  gesa vius ns'k osQ izfr fdl izdkj dk Hkko j[kuk pkfg,\\  gekjs ns'k dks vk”kknh oSQls feyh gS\\  gesa vius ekrk&firk osQ izfr oSQls Hkko j[kus pkfg,\\  ns'k osQ izfr gekjs D;k&D;k drZO; gSa\\ rnqijkar cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bl ikB esa Hkkjr osQ egku ozQkafrdkjh jkeizlkn fcfLey osQ fo\"k; esa i<+saxsA ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  vkidks ;g ,dkadh oSQlk yxk\\  vki ns'k osQ vej Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa dks fdl izdkj Jn~/katfy nsaxs\\  vki jkeizlkn fcfLey osQ fo\"k; esa D;k lksprs gSa\\  ;fn vkidks ns'k osQ fy, oqQN djus dk volj feys] rks vki D;k djuk pkgsaxs\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+k,¡ rFkk fcanqokj ppkZ djsaA ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) jkeizlkn fcfLey Hkkjr osQ egku ozQkafrdkjh vkSj vxz.kh Lora=krk lsukuh FksA ([k) tsyj osQ eu esa fcfLey osQ izfr viusiu dk Hkko blfy, Fkk D;ksafd os Lora=krk laxzke esa ohj flikgh FksA (x) ek¡ fcfLey th osQ fy, cslu osQ yM~Mw ykbZ FkhaA fyf[kr 1- (d) jkeizlkn fcfLey () ([k) ek¡ () (x) mudh rlohj lcdks jQyk nsrh () (?k) [kq'kh osQ () 2- (d) fcfLey dks R;kx] ohjrk vkSj ns'kizse dk ikB mudh ek¡ us i<+k;k FkkA ([k) ek¡ us vius gkFkksa ls cslu osQ yM~Mw dk Hkksx fofLey dks yxk;kA (x) ek¡ ;g pkgrh Fkha fd os fcfLey dh iQk¡lh osQ le; ogk¡ ekStwn jgsaA 3- (d) tsyj Hkkjrh; vkSj lTtu O;fDr FkkA ([k) fcfLey ek¡ ls feyus esa blfy, fgpfdpk jgs Fks fd ek¡ dks mudh cph gqbZ ,d fnu dh fT+kanxh dks ns[kdj n[q k gkxs kA mUgas bl ckr dk Mj Fkk fd mudh Hkhxh vk[¡ kkas dks n[s kdj mUgas viuh ekrS ij viQlkls u gkus s yxAs 15

(x) ek¡ us fonk gksrs le; fcfLey ls Hkkjr ek¡ dh lsok vPNh rjg ls djus dks dgkA 4- (d) ek¡ us cpiu ls gh fcfLey th dks R;kx] ohjrk vkSj ns'kizse dk ikB i<+krs gq, ykyu&ikyu fd;k FkkA ([k) fcfLey us viuh ek¡ osQ lkeus ;g bPNk izdV dh fd tc vk”kknh dk igyk t'u euk;k tk,] rc mudh rlohj dks dgha ,slh txg j[k fn;k tk,] tgk¡ ls os lkjk t'u viuh ml rlohj osQ ”kfj, ns[k losaQ] ysfdu ml rlohj dks dksbZ u ns[k ik,A (x) ozQkafrdkjh jkeizlkn fcfLey dh ek¡ R;kx] ohjrk] Lusg vkSj eerk dh lk{kkr ewfrZ FkhaA (?k) iQk¡lh osQ fnu ek¡ us ogk¡ mifLFkr jgus dh izkFkZuk tsyj ls dh] D;ksafd os viuh larku dks vius gh gkFkksa ns'k osQ fy, oqQckZu gksrs ns[kuk pkgrh FkhaA 5- fdlus fdlls fdlus fdlls (d) ek¡ us fcfLey ls ([k) tsyj us fcfLey ls (x) ek¡ us fcfLey ls (?k) ek¡ us fcfLey ls Hkk\"kk&Kku ([k) tUeHkwfe (x) 'kghn (?k) vej (Ä) ,dkadh 1- (d) ns'koklh (p) Hkkjrh; 2- (d) rqels dksbZ feyus vk;k gSA rqelsµ eè;e iq#\"kokpd] dksbZµ vfu'p;okpd ([k) eSa viuh ek¡ ls ugha feyw¡xkA mRre iq#\"kokpd (x) ek¡ eq>s xyr er le>ksA mRre iq#\"kokpd (?k) rw viuh ek¡ dks bruk Hkh ugha igpku ldkA eè;e iq#\"kokpd (Ä) ;s yM~Mw eSa ckn esa [kk yw¡xkA ;sµfu'p;okpd] eSaµmRre iq#\"kokpd (p) D;k I+kQoZQ iM+rk gS\\ iz'uokpd (N) rqEgsa vius&vki ij ;dhu ughaA rqEgsaµeè;e iq#\"kokpd] vius&vkiµfutokpd 3- (d) ugha] ugha] tsyj lkgc! eSa viuh ek¡ ls ugha fey¡wxkA ([k) gk¡! eSa gh rks gw¡A D;k viuh ek¡ dks igpku Hkh ugha ldrk\\ (x) ixys! rw viuh ek¡ dks bruk Hkh ugha igpku ldk\\ (?k) iky&iksldj viuh larku dks vius gh gkFkksa ls ns'k osQ fy, oqQckZu dj nsus esa Hkh ,d vthc&lh [kq'kh gSA (Ä) th ugha! gqDe u gksus osQ dkj.k eSa e”kcwj gw¡A 16

4- (d) eSa viuh ek¡ ls ugha feyw¡xkA ([k) eq>s Mj gS fd ek¡ dh Hkhxh vk¡[ksa] dgha esjs dneksa dks Mxexk u nsaA (x) vU; lkèkkj.k fL=k;ksa dh rjg eSa Hkh jksus&ph[kus yxw¡xhA (?k) Hkkjr dh lqanj&lyksuh èkjrh gekjh gksxhA (Ä) ;s cslu osQ yMMw rsjs fy, cukdj ykbZ gw¡A fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡ g¡lrs&[ksyrs • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ?ksjk le; • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ikB ls vkxs 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM osQ nks\"kh vaxzst vfèkdkjh vks Mk;j dks yanu tkdj ekjus okys vfèkdkjh mèke ¯lg FksA tujy Mk;j yanu osQ oSQDlVu gkWy esa ,d eh¯Vx dj jgk FkkA tSls gh eh¯Vx [kRe gqbZ] mèke ¯lg us viuh fjokYoj ls] ftls mUgksaus vius tSosQV esa Nqik j[kk Fkk] tujy Mk;j ij xksfy;k¡ nkx nhaA 17

4 fxYyw ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Nk=kksa esa i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ izfr ekuoh; izse dh Hkkouk tkx`r djukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % fdlh Hkh tho&tarq dks gkfu ugha igq¡pkuh pkfg,A ikB dk lkjka'k % ysf[kdk us cjkens esa fxygjh osQ NksVs&ls cPps dks ?kk;y voLFkk esa iM+k ns[kk] rks mls mBkdj os mls vius dejs esa ykb± vkSj mldk mipkj fd;kA mUgksaus jQbZ ls jDr iksaNdj ejge yxk;kA jQbZ dh iryh cRrh nw/ esa fHkxksdj mls fiykuk pkgk] ij mlus ugha fi;kA rhu fnuksa osQ mipkj osQ ckn og Bhd gks x;kA lHkh mls fxYyw dgdj cqykus yxsA mlosQ dk;Zdyki ns[kdj lcdks vk'p;Z gksrk FkkA og ysf[kdk dk è;ku viuh vksj vkdf\"kZr djrk FkkA Hkw[k yxus ij og fpd&fpd djosQ lwpuk nsrk FkkA og dktw vkSj fcfLdV cgqr e”ks&ls [kkrk FkkA fxYyw f[kM+dh dh tkyh osQ ikl cSBdj ckgj ?kwerh gqbZ fxygfj;ksa dks viusiu dh n`f\"V ls ns[krk FkkA ;g ns[kdj ysf[kdk us mls eqDr dj fn;kA tc os dkWyst ls ykSVha] rks mUgksaus ns[kk fd fxYyw fiQj ls dejs osQ Hkhrj vk x;k FkkA og ges'kk ysf[kdk dks pkSadkrk jgrk FkkA og muosQ flj ls iSj rd nkSM+ yxkrk jgrk vkSj fnuHkj fxygfj;ksa osQ >qaM dk usrk cuk jgrk FkkA og gj Mky ij mNyrk&owQnrk jgrk FkkA ysf[kdk osQ ikl cgqr ls i'kq&i{kh Fks] ij fxYyw buesa viokn FkkA og ysf[kdk osQ lkFk [kkuk [kkrk FkkA og ,d&,d pkoy mBkdj cM+h lI+kQkbZ ls [kkrk FkkA bUgha fnuksa ysf[kdk dks ,d eksVj nq?kZVuk esa vkgr gksdj oqQN fnuksa rd vLirky esa jguk iM+kA ftrus fnu ysf[kdk vLirky esa jgha] mrus fnu rd fxYyw viuk fiz; vkgkj dktw rd dks cgqr de [kkrk FkkA ;g okO+kQ;k ysf[kdk osQ izfr fxYyw osQ vikj Lusg dk lcls cM+k mnkgj.k FkkA gkyk¡fd fxygfj;ksa osQ thou dh vof/ nks o\"kZ ls vf/d ugha gksrhA ,d fnu mlus oqQN ugha [kk;kA og jkr dks vius >wys ls mrjdj ysf[kdk osQ ikl vk;kA mlus vius BaMs iatksa ls mudh m¡xyh idM+ yhA mUgksaus m\".krk nsus osQ fy, ghVj Hkh tyk;k] ij dksbZ I+kQk;nk ugha gqvkA vxys fnu gh og fdlh vkSj thou esa tkus osQ fy, lks x;kA lksutwgh dh yrk osQ uhps fxYyw dh lekf/ cukbZ xbZA f'k{k.k&laosQr % i<+kus ls iwoZ ikB osQ osaQnzh; Hkko ls Nk=kksa dks voxr djk,¡A cPpksa ls iwNsa %  vki i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ lkFk oSQlk O;ogkj djrs gSa\\  ;fn vki fdlh i'kq&i{kh dks ?kk;y voLFkk esa ns[ksaxs rks vki D;k djsaxs\\ 18

 D;k vki dksbZ i{kh ikyuk pkgsaxs\\ ;fn gk¡] rks D;ksa\\  D;k i'kq&if{k;ksa dks oSQn djuk mfpr gS ;k vuqfpr\\ dkj.k lfgr crkb,A rnqijkar cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl dgkuh esa fxygjh vkSj ysf[kdk osQ eè; Lusgiw.kZ laca/ osQ fo\"k; esa i<+saxsA ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  bl js[kkfp=k dks i<+dj vkidks oSQlk yxk\\  D;k i'kq&i{kh izse osQ cnys izse nsrs gSa\\  vki i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, D;k djuk pkgsaxs\\  bl js[kkfp=k osQ fdl i{k ls vki lokZf/d izHkkfor gq,\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+k,¡ rFkk tho&tarqvksa osQ laj{k.k ij ppkZ djsaA ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) ?kk;y fxygjh osQ cPps dks ns[kdj lcus ysf[kdk ls dgk fd dkS, dh pksap dk ?kko yxus osQ ckn ;g cp ugha ldrkA vr% bls ,sls gh jgus fn;k tk,A ([k) ysf[kdk us iwQy j[kus dh ,d gydh Mfy;k esa #bZ fcNkdj mls rkj ls f[kM+dh ij yVdk fn;kA bl izdkj] fxYyw dk ?kj cukA (x) ysf[kdk fxYyw dks dkcw esa djus osQ fy, mls idM+dj ,d yacs fyI+kQkI+ksQ esa j[k nsrh FkhaA fyf[kr 1- (d) fxygjh dk () ([k) dktw () (x) nks o\"kZ () (?k) lksutwgh dh yrk osQ uhps () 2- (d) lksutwgh gh dyh dks ns[kdj ysf[kdk dks fxYyw dk Lej.k gks vk;kA ([k) eksVj nq?kZVuk esa ?kk;y gksus osQ dkj.k ysf[kdk dks vLirky esa jguk iM+kA (x) xjfe;ksa esa fxYyw ysf[kdk osQ ikl lqjkgh ij ysVk djrk FkkA 3- (d) ?kk;y fxYyw dk bykt #bZ ls mldk jDr iksaNdj vkSj ?kkoksa ij isaflyhu dk ejge yxkdj fd;k x;kA ([k) fxYyw vius ?kksalys dks Lo;a fgykdj >wyrk vkSj dejs osQ Hkhrj vkSj f[kM+dh ls ckgj u tkus D;k ns[krk&le>rk jgrk FkkA mldh blh le>nkjh vkSj dk;Zdyki ij lcdks vk'p;Z gksrk FkkA 19

(x) ysf[kdk dh vLoLFkrk osQ nkSjku fxYyw dh fLFkfr n;uh; jghA og viuk fiz; vkgkj dktw Hkh vYi ek=kk esa ysrk FkkA (?k) ysf[kdk dks pkSadkus osQ fy, fxYyw dHkh iwQynku osQ iwQyksa esa fNi tkrk] dHkh ijns dh pqUuV esa vkSj dHkh lksutwgh dh ifRr;ksa esaA 4- (d) ^feV~Vh gksdj feV~Vh esa fey x;k* ;g okD;ka'k fxYyw dk lksutwgh dh dyh dh tM+ esa feV~Vh gksdj fey tkus dh ?kVuk dh vksj laosQr djrk gSA ([k) ysf[kdk dk è;ku vko`Q\"V djus osQ fy, fxYyw muosQ iSjksa rd vkdj ljZ ls insZ ij p<+ tkrk vkSj fiQj mlh rs”kh ls mrjrkA mldk nkSM+us dk ;g ozQe rc rd pyrk] tc rd ysf[kdk mls idM+us osQ fy, u mBrhaA (x) fxYyw dh lekf/ lksutwgh dh yrk osQ uhps cukbZ xbZ] D;ksafd mls og yrk lcls vf/d fiz; FkhA Hkk\"kk&Kku 1- vuqLokj µ ijarq lans'k laf/ vuqukfld µ eq¡g m¡xyh vk¡[kksa 2- fnu  jkr lEekfur  viekfur laf/  foPNsn vxyk  fiNyk l?ku  fojy bPNk  vfuPNk 3- (d) 'kk[kk ([k) iq\"i (x) lqcg (?k) le; (Ä) bykt (p) Nwuk 4- (d) vuknj ([k) vLoLFkrk (x) foLe; (?k) m\".krk (Ä) viukiu (p) fo'okl 5- tkfrokpd laKk O;fDrokpd laKk Hkkookpd laKk cPpk lksutwgh gjhfrek ?kj fxYyw vk'p;Z i'kq dktw viusiu • fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;ksa ls lacafèkr lHkh iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=k Lo;a nsaA 20

5 iqjLdkj ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Nk=kksa esa ns'kizse] R;kx ,oa cfynku dh Hkkouk tkx`r djukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % gesa vius ns'k osQ lkFk dHkh fo'okl?kkr ugha djuk pkfg,A ns'k osQ lkFk ges'kk oI+kQknkj jgsa rFkk dke esa bZekunkjh cjrsaA ikB dk lkjka'k % dkS'ky esa ,d izfln~/ mRlo dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk FkkA bl mRlo esa egkjkt fdlku cudj banznso dh iwtk djrs vkSj gy tksrrs FksA bl ckj ftl [ksr dks os tksr jgs Fks] og e/qfydk uked ;qorh dk [ksr FkkA izFkk osQ vuqlkj jktk us ml [ksr dk pkSxquk nke e/qfydk dks vnk djuk pkgk] ij mlus og nke ysus ls euk dj fn;k] D;ksafd iwoZtksa dh Hkwfe cspuk mlosQ fy, vijk/ FkkA mlus Lo.kZ eqnzk ls Hkjh Fkkyh jktk ij U;ksNkoj dj fc[ksj fn;kA ogha vfrfFk osQ :i esa vk;k ex/ dk jktoqQekj vjQ.k Hkh [kM+k FkkA og e/qfydk osQ :i dks ns[kdj eksfgr gks x;k FkkA jkr esa e/qfydk o`{k dh Nk;k esa pqipki cSBh FkhA ogk¡ jktoqQekj vjQ.k igq¡pk vkSj mls Hkwfe fnyokus dk vk'oklu fn;kA e/ qfydk us mldh lgk;rk ysus ls euk dj fn;kA bl ?kVuk osQ i'pkr e/qfydk nwljksa osQ [ksrksa esa dke djrh vkSj dfBu ifjJe djrh FkhA blh izdkj o\"kZ chrrs x,A ,d fnu mldh >ksaiM+h esa jktoqQekj vjQ.k fiQj vk;kA mlosQ lkFk dbZ lSfud FksA mlus eèkqfydk ls crk;k fd og ex/ dk fonzksgh gS vkSj og vius ckgqcy ls ,d u, jkT; dh LFkkiuk djsxkA mlus ;g Hkh dgk fd og e/qfydk dks viuh jkuh cukuk pkgrk gSA eèkqfydk us ;g izLrko Lohdkj dj fy;kA og dkS'ky ujs'k osQ ikl xbZ vkSj mlls nf{k.kh ukys osQ lehi taxyh Hkwfe dh ek¡x dhA jktk us mldh izkFkZuk Lohdkj dj yhA ,d fnu vjQ.k us dgk fd vkt mldh fot;&;k=kk vkjaHk gksxh vkSj og dkS'ky dk jktk cusxkA e/qfydk lkspus yxh fd vjQ.k dk lkFk nsdj og ns'knzksg dj jgh gSA og dkS'ky ujs'k osQ ikl xbZ vkSj lkjh ckrsa lkI+kQ&lkI+kQ crk nhaA jktoqQekj vjQ.k vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk idM+k x;k vkSj mls izk.knaM feykA jktk us e/qfydk dks iqjLdkj nsus osQ fy, dgk] rks mlus Hkh vius fy, izk.knaM ek¡xkA bl izdkj mlus viuh djuh dk izk;f'pr Hkh dj fy;kA f'k{k.k&laosQr % Nk=kksa dks i<+kus ls iwoZ ikB osQ osaQnzh; Hkko ls voxr djk,¡A cPpksa ls iwNsa %  D;k vkius fdlkuksa dks [ksrksa esa gy pykrs ns[kk gS\\ crkb,] os oSQls gy pykrs gSa\\  o`Qf\"k osQ fy, fdu midj.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\\ 21

 xk¡o osQ yksxksa dh jgus dh 'kSyh 'kgjh yksxksa ls fdl izdkj fHkUu gS\\  D;k vkidks dksbZ vPNk dk;Z djus osQ fy, iqjLdkj feyk gS\\ mi;qZDr iz'uksa dks iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl dgkuh esa ,d ;qorh osQ fo\"k; esa i<+saxs] tks vius fy, Lo;a izk.knaM ek¡xrh gS vkSj viuh djuh dk izk;f'pr Hkh djrh gSA ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  vkidks ;g dgkuh oSQlh yxh\\  mRloksa dk gekjs thou esa D;k egRo gS\\  iqjLdkj mRlkg c<+krs gSaA D;k ;g ckr lgh gS\\  ljgn ij [kM+s lSfud ns'k osQ fy, fdl izdkj viuk drZO; fuHkkrs gSa\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % cPpksa dks iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+k,¡ rFkk ppkZ djsaA ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) egkjkt oqQekjh e/qfydk osQ [ksr esa gy pyk jgs FksA ([k) e/qfydk osQ firk okjk.klh ;qn~/ osQ ohj FksA (x) t;'kadj izlknA (?k) v#.k ex/ dk jktoqQekj FkkA fyf[kr 1- (d) banz dh () ([k) ¯lgfe=k () (x) lsukifr () 2- (d) dkS'ky osQ fu;ekuqlkj tksrh xbZ Hkwfe dk pkSxquk ewY; fn;k tkrk FkkA ([k) thfodk dh [kkst esa dkS'ky ex/ dk jktoqQekj vjQ.k vk;kA (x) JkcLrh nqxZ ij nf{k.kh ukys osQ ikl ls vkØe.k gksus okyk FkkA 3- (d) ,d fnu osQ fy, dkS'ky egkjkt dk fdlku cudj banznso dh iwtk djus vkSj gy tksrus dk mRlo izfln~/ FkkA ([k) jFkksa] gkfFk;ksa vkSj HkhM+ osQ eè; egkjkt dh lokjh vkrh FkhA ckts ctus yxrs vkSj oqQekfj;ksa n~okjk iq\"i o\"kkZ dh tkrh FkhA rnqijkar egkjkt fdlku cu banznso dh iwtkdj gy tksrrs FksA nwljs jkT;ksa osQ ;qod] jktoqQekj Hkh bl mRlo esa Hkkx ysrs FksA (x) e/qfydk us dkS'ky ujs'k n~okjk nh xbZ Lo.kZ&eqnzkvksa dks egkjkt ij U;ksNkoj dj mUgsa gh okil ykSVk fn;kA (?k) mRlo esa jktk fdlku cudj banz nsork dh iwtk djrs Fks vkSj [ksr esa gy pykrs FksA 4- (d) jktoqQekj v#.k osQ ns'k ls fuokZflr gksus dh otg ls mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr cgqr cnrj gks pqdh Fkh] ftldh otg ls e/qfydk dks muosQ izfr lgkuqHkwfr Fkh vkSj lkFk&lkFk 22

jktoqQekj v#.k dk vius izfr lEeku ns[kdj cgqr gn rd e/qfydk osQ ân; esa muosQ izfr izse dk chtkjksi.k Hkh gks pqdk FkkA bUgha lc dkj.kksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i e/qfydk us v#.k dh enn dhA ([k) e/qfydk us dkS'ky ujs'k n~okjk fd, x, midkj vkSj vius firk dh dhfrZ dks vidhfrZ esa u cnyus dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr gksdj lsukifr dks gksusokys vkozQe.k dh lwpuk nhA (x) e/qfydk us dkS'ky ujs'k ls nf{k.kh ukys osQ lehi viuh ”kehu osQ cjkcj taxyh Hkwfe [ksrh osQ fy, ek¡xh] D;ksafd v#.k vkSj mlosQ lSfudksa dks lqjf{kr fBdkus dh ”k:jr FkhA (?k) bl dgkuh esa eq>s lcls vPNk vkSj vkn'kZ ik=k eèkqfydk yxhA eèkqfydk esa tgk¡ viuh ekr`Hkwfe osQ izfr vR;ar vuqjkx gS] ogha og ekuoh; lacaèkksa dks Hkh mruk gh egRo nsrh gSA blhfy, mlus vius ns'k osQ lkFk nzksg ugha fd;k cfYd Lo;a ,oa vius I;kj dks gh cfynku dj fn;kA Hkk\"kk&Kku 1- (d) iqjLdkj ([k) fe=k (x) fnol (?k) vfuPNk (Ä) fo;ksftr (p) v/hj (N) Hk{kd (t) vLohdkj (>) nq[k (×k) fu#Rlkg 2- lery µ xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k izèkku µ xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k pkSxquk µ la[;kokpd fo'ks\"k.k ml µ lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k bruh µ ifjek.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k 3- jsI+kQ j~ (µ)Z µ ioZrekyk] lkSan;Z] Lo.kZ] folftZr] izkFkhZ] o\"kZ] izkFkZuk] o\"kkZ] nqxZ insu j~ ( z] ª) µ banz] eqnzkvksa] funzk] vuqxzg] jk\"Vª] izk.k] 'kh?kz] izgjh] izk.knaM fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡ g¡lrs&[ksyrs 1- eèkqfydk us viuk LokFkZ viuh bPNk&'kfDr] foosd vkSj vkRecy osQ cy ij thrkA 2- jktoQq ekj v#.k osQ fonkz gs h cuus dk dkj.k ogk¡ dk 'kkld cuus dh mldh egRokdka {kk,¡ jgh gksxa hA 3- exèk osQ izkphu bfrgkl dh :ijs[kk egkHkkjr dky osQ iqjk.kksa esa feyrh gSA exèk izkphu Hkkjr osQ lksyg tuinksa esa ls ,d FkkA ckSn~èk dky rFkk ijorhZ dky esa Hkkjr dk ;g lcls vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh tuin FkkA blfy, ;g dgk tkrk gS fd izkphudky esa exèk dk bfrgkl gh Hkkjr dk bfrgkl FkkA ?ksjk le; • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ikB ls vkxs • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 23

6 Xykscy okW²ex ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Nk=kksa dks tyok;q vkSj i;kZoj.k esa cnyko ls gksusokys nq\"izHkko ls voxr djkukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % i;kZoj.k gekjk j{kk dop gSA bldh j{kk esa gh gekjh j{kk fufgr gSA ikB dk lkjka'k % Xykscy ok²ex (/jrh dk xjekuk) dh leL;k osQ pisV esa viuk ns'k Hkkjr Hkh gSA ekSle oSKkfudksa dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr dk vkSlr rkieku 0-57 fMxzh lsfYl;l izfr lkS o\"kZ dh nj ls mQij mB jgk gSA /jrh osQ xjekus dh eq[; otg ^xzhu gkml izHkko* gSA Hkfo\"; esa tyok;q ifjorZu ;kuh rkieku osQ mrkj&p<+ko dk vuqeku yxkus osQ fy, 1988 esa la;qDr jk\"Vª la?k n~okjk ,d oSKkfud ny dk xBu fd;k x;k FkkA baVjxouZesaV iSuy vku DykbesV psat (vkbZúihúlhúlhú) uke ls xfBr bl iSuy osQ vuqlkj 1990 dk n'kd ekSleh bfrgkl dk lcls xeZ n'kd FkkA ,slk vuqeku gS fd 2100 bZú rd i`Foh osQ vkSlr rkieku esa 1-4 ls 5-8 fMxzh lsfYl;l rd dh [krjukd o`n~f/ gks ldrh gSA vfu;fer ekSle vkSj c<+rh xehZ osQ dkj.k igkM+ksa dh pksfV;ksa vkSj /qzoh; bykdksa esa ”keh ciZQ rs”kh ls fi?ky jgh gSA nqfu;k Hkj dh ciZQ fi?kyus ls lkxjksa dk tyLrj yxkrkj mQij mBrk tk jgk gSA vkbZúihúlhúlhú dh uohure fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj ;fn leqnz dk tyLrj osQoy ,d ehVj mQij mB tk,] rks nqfu;k osQ dbZ fgLls lkxj esa foyhu gks ldrs gSaA Xysf'k;j fi?kyus ls i`Foh dh tyok;q dks xaHkhj [krjk igq¡p ldrk gS] D;ksafd i`Foh ij ekSleh pozQ cuk, j[kus esa lkxjksa vkSj Xysf'k;jksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA / jrh ij rkieku o`n~f/ esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM xSl dks isM+&ikS/s yxkdj de fd;k tk jgk gSA blh izdkj ;fn [ksrksa esa tqrkbZ u djosQ tSfod o`Qf\"k viukbZ tk,] rks izR;sd o\"kZ ,d gsDVs;j o`Qf\"k ls 2-7 Vu dkcZu MkbZ&vkWDlkbM ok;q esa ?kqyus ls cp ldrh gSA dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM mQtkZ osQ ijaijkxr lk/uksaµydM+h] dks;yk] xSl] isVªksy] Mhty osQ iz;ksx ls mRiUu gksrh gSA vr% mQtkZ osQ vijaijkxr lk/uksaµiou pDdh vkSj lkSj mQtkZ dk iz;ksx c<+kdj ge Xykscy ok²ex dh leL;k ls fu”kkr ik ldrs gSaA i;kZoj.k gekjk j{kk dop gSA vr% bldh j{kk esa gekjh j{kk fufgr gSA f'k{k.k&laosQr % Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ Xykscy ok²ex ls gksus okys tyok;q ifjorZu osQ ewy dkj.kksa vkSj nq\"ifj.kkeksa ls voxr djk,¡A 24

cPpksa ls iwNsa %  Xykscy ok²ex dk nq\"izHkko Hkkjr ij D;ksa iM+ jgk gS\\  /qzoksa ij teh ciZQ osQ fi?kyus dk D;k dkj.k gS\\  ”kgjhyh xSlksa dks fu;af=kr djus esa isM+&ikS/s fdl izdkj gekjh lgk;rk djrs gSa\\  mQtkZ osQ vijaijkxr lk/uksa dk iz;ksx c<+kus ls gesa D;k izkIr gksxk\\ blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl ikB esa /jrh dk rkieku c<+us ls i;kZoj.k dks gksus okys uqdlku osQ fo\"k; esa i<+k;k tk,xkA ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  Xykscy ok²ex gekjs fy, fdruk [krjukd gS\\  Xysf'k;j fi?kyus ls D;k gkfu gks ldrh gS\\  mQtkZ osQ ijaijkxr Ïksr dkSu&dkSu gSa\\  D;ksVks laf/ osQ D;k izko/ku gSa\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ;g ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu dh leL;k ij ppkZ djsaA ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) i`Foh osQ xjekus dh otg ^xzhu gkml izHkko* gSA ([k) Hkkjrh; ekSle oSKkfudksa dk dguk gS fd Hkkjr dk vkSlr rkieku 0-57 fMxzh lsfYl;l izfr lkS o\"kZ dh nj ls mQij mB jgk gSA (x) i;kZoj.k Hkfo\"; dk lqj{kk dop gSA fyf[kr 1- (d) vk/k fMxzh lsfYl;l () ([k) 420 () 2- (d) isfjl tyok;q le>kSrs osQ vuqlkj oSf'od rkieku o`n~fèk dks 0-5 fMxzh osQ Lrj rd ykuk gSA ([k) i`Foh ij ekSleh pØ cuk, j[kus esa lkxjksa vkSj Xysf'k;jksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA (x) tyokq; ifjorZuksa ij 1997 esa D;ksVks lafèk gqbZA 3- (d) Hkkjr osQ eqacbZ osQ leqnzrVh; Hkkx] v.Meku&fudksckj n~ohi vkfn osQ leqnz esa Mwcus dk [krjk gSA ([k) vfu;fer ekSle vkSj c<+rh xehZ osQ dkj.k igkM+ksa dh pksfV;ksa vkSj /qzoksa ij ”keh ciZQ rs”kh ls fi?ky jgh gSA 25

(x) èkjrh oQs rkieku eas on` f~ èk dk e[q ; dkj.k Xykcs y okfW ex± gAS Hkkjr dk vklS r rkieku 0-57 fMxhz lfs Yl;l ifz r lkS o\"kZ dh nj ls Åij mB jgk gAS blh oQs dkj.k iF` oh xjek jgh gAS 4- (d) HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfo/k osQ lk/uksa dks tqVkus osQ fy, mQtkZ osQ Ïksrksa dk vR;f/d iz;ksx gks jgk gSA blls ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbM] tyok\"i] ukbVªl vkWDlkbM vkfn dh ek=kk bruh c<+ pqdh gS fd ;g /jrh ij vkus okyh lw;Z dh xjeh dks ckgj ugha tkus nsrhA bls gh xzhu gkml izHkko dgrs gSaA ([k) Xysf'k;j fi?kyus ls i`Foh dh tyok;q dks xaHkhj [krjk igq¡p ldrk gS] D;ksafd i`Foh ij ekSleh pozQ cuk, j[kus esa lkxjksa vkSj Xysf'k;jksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA (x) isfjl tyok;q le>kSrs dk mn~ns'; oSf'od rkieku esa o`n~f/ nj dks 2 izfr'kr ls uhps ykdj 1-5 fMxzh dh o`n~f/ rd lhfer djuk gSA 5- (d) (v) ([k) (iv) (x) (i) (?k) (iii) (Ä) (ii) Hkk\"kk&Kku 1- (d) vf/dka'k ([k) ¯prk (x) Lo;a (?k) vk¡dM+k (Ä) igq¡p (p) ok;qeaMy (N) laf/;k¡ (t) ijaijkxr 2- (d) Hkh ([k) gh (x) rks (?k) dh (Ä) fd 3- (d) orZeku ([k) xzke (x) o\"kZ (?k) ukbVªl (Ä) isVªksy (p) vaVkoZQfVdk (N) /qzo (t) leqnz fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;ksa g¡lrs&[ksyrs 1- bèkj dkiQh fnuksa ls ge lc ;g vuqHko djrs vk jgs gSa fd 'kjn ½rq esa BaM dkiQh de gksrh tk jgh gS vkSj xjeh osQ izdksi dk nk;jk c<+rk gh tk jgk gSA ,slk Xykscy okWfe±x osQ dkj.k gks jgk gSA Hkkjr dk vkSlr rkieku 0-57 fMxzh lsfYl;l izfr lkS o\"kZ dh nj ls c<+rk tk jgk gSA ;g vR;ar gh ¯prk dk fo\"k; gSA 2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ?ksjk le; • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ikB ls vkxs 1- jkr esa gesa isM+ osQ uhps blfy, ugha lksuk pkfg, D;ksafd ml le; isM+&ikSèks dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkMM dk mRltZu djrs gSa] tks gekjs 'kjhj osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSA 2- ihiy osQ o`{k dh ,d izeq[k fo'ks\"krk ;g gS fd ;g jkr ,oa fnu & nksuksa esa vkWDlhtu NksM+rk gSA bls euq\"; osQ LokLF; osQ fy, cgqr gh ykHkiznk ekuk tkrk gSA 26

7 esjh ;wjksi ;k=kk ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Nk=kksa dks ;k=kk&o`Rrkar osQ ekè;e ls ns'k&fons'k osQ egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa dh tkudkjh nsukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % izLrqr ;k=kk&o`Rrkar esa of.kZr fHkUu&fHkUu laLo`Qfr;ksa vkSj jhfr&fjoktksa dks i<+dj vius O;fDrRo dks ldkjkRed :i ls le`n~/ djsa foaQrq viuh Hkkjrh; laLo`Qfr dh ekSfydrk dks Hkh cuk, j[ksaA ikB dk lkjka'k % bl ikB esa Hkkjr osQ izFke jk\"Vªifr MkWú jktsanz izlkn dh ;wjksi ;k=kk osQ o`Rrkar dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA ;g mudh igyh fons'k ;k=kk FkhA os ikuh osQ tgk”k ls ;wjksi tk jgs FksA Lost ugj ls xq”kjrs le; tgk”k osQ eqlkfI+kQjksa osQ fy, eksVj n~okjk oSQjksa uxj vkSj ¯LiQDl ns[kus tk ldus dk izca/ FkkA izlkn th us Hkh ?kweuk mfpr le>kA lHkh ;k=kh eksVj esa lokj gksdj oSQjks igq¡psA ogk¡ vtk;c?kj esa fijkfeMkas dh [kqnkbZ ls fudyh gqbZ ph”kksa dk lqanj laxzg fd;k x;k FkkA dbZ ukeh vkSj izrkih ckn'kkgksa dh efe;k¡ ;gk¡ lqjf{kr gSaA mu fnuksa ogk¡ osQ fuokfl;ksa dk ,slk fo'okl Fkk fd vkjke osQ lHkh lkeku 'ko osQ lkFk xkM+us ls ijyksd esa muls lq[k ik;k tk ldrk gSA oSQjks osQ i'pkr ys[kd m¡QV ij lokj gksdj fijkfeMksa rd x,A ;s cgqr gh m¡Qph pkS[kVh bekjrsa gSaA ¯LiQDl dk eq¡g euq\"; vkSj 'kjhj tkuoj dk gSA ;g ,d cgqr cM+h ewfrZ gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd izkphu dky esa blls Hkfo\"; dh ckrsa irk pyrh FkhaA ;g lc ns[kdj lHkh ;k=kh jsy ls iksVZ lbZn igq¡ps vkSj vius dejksa esa tkdj lks x,A jkLrs esa tks ns[kus dks feyk] izlkn th lc ns[krs x,A bVyh osQ u”knhd fllyh Vkiw ls gksdj tgk”k xq”kjkA dbZ fnuksa osQ ckn izQkal igq¡psA eklsZYl igq¡pus osQ ckn ogk¡ osQ Hkh n'kZuh; LFky ns[ksA fiQj jkr dh xkM+h ls isfjl osQ fy, fudy iM+sA isfjl ls Mksoj gksrs gq, ys[kd ekpZ osQ rhljs lIrkg esa yanu igq¡psA izlkn th ;gk¡ eqdnes dh iSjoh osQ fy, vk, FksA ;gk¡ igq¡pdj izlkn th fnu&jkr dke esa O;Lr jgsA f'k{k.k&laosQr % Nk=kksa dks i<+kus ls iwoZ ;wjksi dh HkkSxksfyd ,oa lkaLo`Qfrd fLFkfr osQ fo\"k; eas ppkZ djsaA cPpksa ls iwNsa %  vtk;c?kj D;k gksrk gS\\  fijkfeM fdls dgrs gSa\\  D;k vkius ikuh osQ tgk”k dh ;k=kk dh gS ;k ikuh dk tgk”k ns[kk gS\\  Hkkjr osQ izFke jk\"Vªifr rFkk iz/kuea=kh dk uke crkb,A rnqijkar cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl ikB esa Hkkjr osQ izFke jk\"Vªifr dh igyh&fons'k ;k=kk osQ fo\"k; esa i<+saxsA 27

ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  ^?keq DdMh+ ;kuh ;k=kk djus dks Hkh i<k+ bZ dk ,d vxa ekuk tkrk gAS * D;k vki blls lger g\\aS  vkidks bl ikB ls D;k&D;k tkudkfj;k¡ feyha\\  ;k=kk osQ fofHkUu lk/uksa osQ uke crkb,A  D;k vki ;k=kk osQ fy, tkrs gSa\\ vkidks ;k=kk djuk oSQlk yxrk gS\\  ;fn volj feyk] rks vki dkSu&ls ns'k dh ;k=kk djuk pkgsaxs vkSj D;ksa\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+k,¡A ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) ys[kd yanu tk jgs FksA ([k) eksgutksnM+ks dh [kqnkbZ esa fudys xsgw¡ cks nsus ij mx x,A (x) ys[kd mQ¡V ij p<+dj fijkfeM ns[kus x,A (?k) ys[kd bVyh osQ lehi fllyh Vkiw osQ ikl ls xq”kjsA (Ä) ys[kd eqdnes dh iSjoh osQ fy, ;wjksi x, FksA fyf[kr 1- (d) ladksph () ([k) Lost ugj () (x) oSQjksa () 2- (d) fons'k ;k=kk ls ,d fnu igys ys[kd us lfPpnkuan ¯lg osQ ;g¡k es”k ij [kkuk [kk;kA ([k) Lots ugj ls tgk”k ls xqtjrs le; FkkeW l oqQd oQa iuh us fLiQa Dl fn[kkus dk icz aèk fd;kA (x) ys[kd osQ jlksb, dk uke xkso/Zu FkkA 3- (d) ys[kd ;k=kk osQ nkSjku iqLrosaQ i<+dj vFkok Vgydj viuk le; fcrkrs FksA ([k) ¯LiQDl cgqr cM+h ew£r gS] ftldk eq¡g euq\"; dk vkSj 'kjhj tkuoj dk gSA izkphu dky esa blls iz'u fd, tkrs Fks vkSj ;g Hkfo\"; dh ckrsa crk nsrh FkhA (x) ”kehu ns[kdj ;k=kh blfy, izlUu gksrs Fks fd mUgsa leqnzh&;k=kk osQ nkSjku pkjksa rjiQ ty gh ty ns[kus dks feyrk Fkk] tc dHkh bUgsa ”kehu fn[krh Fkh rks mudk izlUu gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA 4- (d) ys[kd us vtk;c?kj esa fijkfeMksa dh [kqnkbZ ls fudyh gqbZ ph”ksa ns[kha vkSj lkFk&lkFk mUgksaus izkphu felz osQ izrkih ckn'kkgksa osQ lqjf{kr j[ks gq, 'ko (eeh) ns[ksA ([k) izrkih jktkvksa osQ 'ko ns[kdj ys[kd dks euq\"; osQ thou dh vfuR;rk lkI+kQ&lkI+kQ fn[kus yxhA (x) mu fnuksa felz osQ fuokfl;ksa dk fo'okl Fkk fd vkjke osQ lHkh lkeku ;fn 'koksa osQ lkFk xkM+ fn, tk,¡] rks ijyksd esa Hkh muls os vkjke ik ldrs gSaA 28

(?k) y[s kd dks yna u eas dfBukbZ vuHq ko ugha gbq ]Z D;kfas d mUgas ogk¡ Hkh fgna Lq rkuh [kkuk feyus yxkA 5- (d) vtk;c?kj osQ laxzg vkSj fo'ks\"kdj izrkih jktkvksa osQ 'ko ns[kdj] euq\"; osQ thou dh vfuR;rk lkI+kQ&lkI+kQ fn[kus yxhA ,sls n`'; ns[kdj ;g ekywe gksus yxrk gS fd ge tks oqQN vius cM+Iiu osQ en esa djrs gSa] og lc rqPN vkSj vLFkk;h gSA ([k) felz osQ e`r 'kkldksa osQ 'koksa dks fijkfeMksa esa lqjf{kr j[kk x;k gS] rkfd ejus osQ ckn Hkh mu 'kkldksa osQ uke bfrgkl dh iqLrdksa esa dk;e j[ks tk losQA Hkk\"kk&Kku 1- (i) (d) vlkj ([k) vfo'okl (x) vf'k{kk (?k) vliQy (Ä) vLFkk;h (p) vO;oLFkk (ii) ns'kh  fons'kh lqanj  oqQ:i lkSHkkX;  nqHkkZX; Lons'k  fons'k fo'ks\"k  lkekU; fuR;  vfuR; 2- fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; ikjlh lTtu gydk uk'rk lqanj laxzg 3- (d) eSa vtk;c?kj dh oLrq,¡ ns[kw¡xkA ([k) dHkh fLaiQDl dh ewfrZ cksysxhA (x) ”kehu ns[kdj lc [kq'k gksaxsA (?k) ;k=kk esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gksxhA 4- (d) (b””kr) fL=k;ksa dk lEeku djuk pkfg,A (,d tSlk) eSa vkSj esjk HkkbZ ,d leku fn[krs gSaA ([k) (nwljk) fon~;ky; esa esjs vykok dksbZ vU; ugha igq¡pkA (vukt) bl o\"kZ [ksrksa ls vUu dh vPNh mit rS;kj gqbZA fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡ g¡lrs&[ksyrs 1- (d) vtk;c?kj ([k) ¯LiQDl (x) fllyh (?k) fijkfeM 2- ueZnk] xaxk] ;equk] czg~eiq=k] dkosjh] lryqt] psukc] eankfduhA 1- (i) vtk;c?kj (ii) itkok] (iii) fllyh] (iv) FkkWel oqQd (v) Lost ugj 2- xaxk] ueZnk] ;equk] czg~eiq=k] lryqt] eankfduh] dkosjh] lj;wA 3- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ?ksjk le; • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ikB ls vkxs 1- Lost ugj yky lkxj rFkk Hkweè; lkxj dks lacn~èk djus osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ FkhA lu 1869 esa ;g ugj ;krk;kr osQ fy, [kksyh xbZ FkhA bl ugj osQ LokfeRo dks ysdj xzsV fczVsu rFkk felz osQ chp ;qn~èk gqvkA 2- iukek ugj ,d ekuo fufeZr tyekxZ gS] tks iukek esa fLFkr gS rFkk iz'kkar egklkxj ,oa vVykafVd egklkxj dks tksM+rh gSA 29

8 MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Nk=kksa dks lektlsod] f'k{kkfon vkSj lafo/ku fuekZrk MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj osQ thou ls ifjfpr djkukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % f'k{kk thou dk vk/kj gSA d\"V lgdj Hkh f'k{kk izkIr djuh pkfg,A 'kksf\"kr vkSj oafpr oxZ dks lekt dh eq[;èkkjk esa ykus dk ;FkklaHko iz;kl djuk pkfg,A ikB dk lkjka'k % MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj dk tUe 14 vizSy] 1891 bZú esa egq] bankSj (eè; izns'k) esa gqvk FkkA muosQ firk jketh vaxzs”kh lsuk esa lwcsnkj FksA lsokfuo`Rr gksus ij lsuk osQ ,d LowQy esa 14 o\"kks± rd iz/ kukpk;Z jgsA 1909 bZú esa mUgksaus ,yh¯iQLVu dkWyst ls baVj dh ijh{kk izFke Js.kh esa mRrh.kZ dh vkSj blh chp muosQ firk th dk fu/u gks x;kA mPp f'k{kk vftZr djuk eqf'dy gks x;kA foaQrq vacsMdj th us viuk iz;kl tkjh j[kkA iQyr% cM+kSnk (orZeku oM+ksnjk)ujs'k l;kthjko n~okjk izkIr Nk=ko`fRr osQ lgkjs mUgksaus 1912 bZú esa chú,ú dh ijh{kk mRrh.kZ dh vkSj mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, vesfjdk x,A 1914 bZú esa mUgksaus U;w;kWoZQ fo'ofon~;ky; ls ,eú,ú dh fMxzh izkIr dhA Nk=ko`fRr can gksus ij 1920 bZú esa iSlksa dk bar”kke djosQ os iqu% yanu x, vkSj cSfjLVj cudj Hkkjr okil ykSVsA dkykarj esa 'kkgw th egkjkt dh enn ls mUgksaus egkjk\"Vª ls ^ewduk;d* uked lekpkj i=k fudkykA 1936 bZú esa vacsMdj th us bafMisaMsaV yscj ikVhZ uke ls ,d jktuhfrd ny dk xBu fd;kA 1936 esa gq, izkarh; pquko esa vius vusd lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk vacsMdj th Hkkjh cgqer ls fot;h gqbZA 1941 bZú esa mUgsa xjhc j{kk lykgdkj lfefr dk lnL; fu;qDr fd;k x;kA 1945 bZú esa vacsMdj th us ihiqYl ,stqosQ'ku lkslk;Vh dh LFkkiuk dhA bl laLFkk us lektlsok osQ vusd dk;Z djus osQ lkFk&lkFk 1946 bZú esa fln~/kFkZ dkWyst [kksykA Lora=krk izkfIr osQ i'pkr Lora=k ns'k dk u;k lafo/ku cukus gsrq mUgsa lafo/ku fuekZ.k lfefr dk vè;{k cuk;k x;kA 1952 bZú esa vacsMdj th jkT;lHkk osQ fy, pqu fy, x, vkSj Hkkjr ljdkj osQ dkuwu ea=kh cusA vacsMdj th osQ fy, ekuo lsok loksZifj FkhA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd f'k{kk gh ekuo lekt dk mn~/kj dj ldrh gSA vR;f/d ifjJe djus osQ dkj.k os chekj gks x,A 6 fnlacj] 1956 dks mudh e`R; gks xbZA 1990 bZú esa mUgsa ej.kksijkar Hkkjr jRu dh mikf/ ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA 30

f'k{k.k&laosQr % Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ f'k{kk osQ izpkj&izlkj osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA cPpksa ls iwNsa %  MkWú vacsMdj us vius vuq;kf;;ksa osQ lkFk fdl /eZ dks xzg.k fd;k\\  Hkkjrh; lafo/ku osQ fdl vuqPNsn osQ n~okjk NqvkNwr dks fu\"ks/ fd;k x;k gS\\  Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dks cuus esa fdruk le; yxk\\  loZizFke Hkkjr jRu iqjLdkj fdl o\"kZ vkSj fdUgsa iznku fd;k x;k\\ blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl thouh esa ge MkWú vacsMdj osQ fo\"k; esa i<+saxs] tks ekuo tkfr vkSj ekuoh;rk dks loksZifj ekurs FksA ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  vkidks ;g ikB oSQlk yxk\\  Nk=ko`fRr D;k gS\\ D;k ;g vc Hkh ljdkjh Lrj ij es/koh Nk=kksa dks iznku fd;k tkrk gS\\  iqLrosaQ Kku&izkfIr o euksjatu dk loksZRre lk/u gSaA D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\\  vkidks bl ikB ls D;k f'k{kk feyrh gS\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % cPPkksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ;g ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj MkWú vacsMdj osQ O;fDrRo vkSj o`QfrRo ij ppkZ djsaA ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) vFkkZHkko osQ dkj.k Mk- Hkhejko vacsMdj dks mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus osQ fy, nwljksa dh enn ysuh iM+hA ([k) cM+kSnk ujs'k l;kthjko dh lgk;rk ls MkWú vacsMdj f'k{kk izkIr djus vesfjdk x,A ¯drq vFkkZHkko osQ dkj.k mUgsa ykSVuk iM+k vkSj iSls dk bartke dj os iqu% 1920 esa yanu x,A (x) vFkZ'kkL=k o jktuhfr'kkL=k osQ vè;;u osQ fy, Hkhejko yanu x,] ¯drq vFkkZHkko osQ dkj.k mUgsa ykSVuk iM+k vkSj iSls dk bar”kke dj os iqu% 1920 esa yanu x,A (?k) MkWú vacsMdj us dksYgkiqj esa nfyrksa osQ lEesyu dh vè;{krk dhA 31

fyf[kr 1- (d) U;w;kWoZQ () ([k) cM+kSnk () (x) ekuo lsok () 2- (d) Mk- vacsMdj dk tUe egq (bankSj) eè; izns'k esa gqvk FkkA ([k) Mk- vacsMdj dks dksyafc;k fo'ofon~;ky; ls MkWDVj vkWiQ fiQykWliQh dh mikfèk feyhA (x) Mk- vacsMdj us 'kkgwth dh enn ls ^ewduk;d* uked lekpkj&i=k fudkykA 3- (d) Hkhejko us f'k{kk tkjh j[kus oQs fy, mnkj] nku'khy rFkk f'k{kkiesz h /uh ykxs kas ls lgk;rk ekx¡ hA ([k) Hkhejko vacsMdj dh #fp iqLrdksa dk vè;;u rFkk Kku izkIr djus esa FkhA Hkhejko osQ 'kks/ izca/ dk fo\"k; Fkkµ^Hkkjr osQ fy, jk\"Vªh; ykHkka'k % ,sfrgkfld ,oa fo'ys\"k. kkRed vè;;u*A (x) fo'o esa Hkkjrh; lafo/ku dh x.kuk fo'o osQ Js\"Bre lafo/kuksa esa dh tkrh gSA (?k) f'k{kk osQ ckjs esa vacsMdj th dk ekuuk Fkk fd f'k{kk gh ekuo lekt dk mn~/kj dj ldrh gSA 4- (d) Hkhejko vacsMdj ,d Kkufiiklq O;fDr FksA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ekufld LokLF; dks Bhd j[kus osQ fy, iqLrdksa dk vè;;u vfr vko';d gSA eSa mudh bUgha fo'ks\"krkvksa dks viukuk pkgw¡xkA ([k) MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj dk ekuuk Fkk fd ftl izdkj 'kjhj dh LokLF; j{kk o o`n~f/ osQ fy, Hkkstu ”k:jh gS] Bhd mlh izdkj ekufld LokLF; dh j{kk o o`n~f/ osQ fy, fu;fer :i ls vPNh iqLrdksa dks i<+uk Hkh ”k:jh gSA ge ftruh vf/d iqLrosaQ i<+saxs] mrus gh vf/d fon~oku rFkk rjDdh'kqnk cusaxsA (x) 1936 búZ eas bfa MiMsa Vsa yscj ikVhZ cuhA lu 1936 esa gq, ikz arh; pquko eas bl ikVhZ dks Hkkjh liQyrk feyhA vca sMdj th vius vusd lkfFk;kas osQ lkFk Hkkjh cgeq r ls fot;h gq,A (?k) Lora=k ns'k Hkkjr dk u;k lafo/ku cukus gsrq ,d ^lafo/ku fuekZ=kh lfefr* dk xBu fd;k x;kA MkWú Hkhejko vacsMdj dks lafo/ku fuekZ.k lfefr dk vè;{k cuk;k x;kA vacsMdj th us viuh ckSn~f/d oqQ'kyrk ls ,slk vuwBk lafo/ku cuk;k fd mls ns[kdj ns'k&fons'k osQ lHkh jktuhfrd fo'ks\"kK vk'p;Zpfdr gks x,A 5- (d) iqLrosaQ Kku dk vlhe HkaMkj gksrh gSaA oqQN iqLrosaQ bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] foKku o lkekU; Kku dh gksrh gSaA ogha oqQN iqLrosaQ gkL;] O;aX;] pqVoqQys] ukVd ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSa] ftuls gekjk Kku&lao/Zu gksus osQ lkFk&lkFk euksjatu Hkh gksrk gSA ([k) f'k{kk ls tkx:drk vkrh gSA tkx:d gksus ij O;fDr vius vf/dkjksa] drZO;ksa osQ izfr lps\"V jgrk gSA f'k{kk izkIr O;fDr viuh csgrjh osQ fy, iz;Ru'khy gksrk gS] ftlls 32

varr% lekt esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd f'k{kk ls gh ekuo lekt dk mn~/kj djus esa liQy gksrk gSA Hkk\"kk&Kku 1- (d) l;kthjko us Hkhejko dks mPp f'k{kk izkIr djus gsrq vesfjdk HkstkA ([k) blh chp Hkhejko us ,d 'kksèk izcaèk fy[kkA (x) vè;;u osQ fy, Hkhejko yanu Hkh x,A (?k) Hkhejko vius èkqu osQ iDosQ FksA ([k) gemez meznjk”k rkmez (Ä) ogk¡ ls cSfjLVj cudj Hkkjr ykSVsA (?k) 'kks/xzaFk 'kks/dk;Z 'kks/u 2- (d) tUenkrk tUetkr tUefnu (x) mPprj mPpre mPpdksfV (Ä) izfr:i :ijs[kk :id ([k) ftlesa tkuus dh bPNk gks (x) bfrgkl 3- (d) dkWyst dk iz/ku vf/dkjh ls lacaf/r (?k) viuk ns'k (Ä) ftlesa Kku dh I;kl gks (p) tks iz'kalk osQ ;ksX; gks (N) de [kpZ djusokyk 4- (d) mez ([k) bfErgku (x) xzg.k (?k) Lojk\"Vª (Ä) izfrf\"Br fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡ g¡lrs&[ksyrs 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ?ksjk le; 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ikB ls vkxs 1- Mkú vacsMdj us yanu esa gq, izFke xksyest lEesyu esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA 2- Mkú vacsMdj us vius vuq;kf;;ksa osQ lkFk ckSèk èkeZ viuk;kA 3- Mkú vacsMdj us turk dks tkx:d djus osQ fy, ^ewduk;d* uked lekpkj&i=k fudkykA 33

9 HkfDr oQs in ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Nk=kksa dks Hkxoku Jh o`Q\".k dh cky&yhykvksa ls ifjfpr djkukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % ekrk&firk dk thou esa lcls fo'ks\"k LFkku gksrk gSA vr% mudk vknj djuk pkfg,A ikB dk lkjka'k % izLrqr ikB esa lwjnkl osQ nks inksa dk ladyu fd;k x;k gS] ftuesa Ñ\".k dh cky&yhykvksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA izFke in esa ekrk ;'kksnk Ñ\".k th dks lqykus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSaA os yksjh xkdj mUgsa ikyus esa >wyk >qyk jgh gSa rFkk nqykj jgh gSaA os xk jgh gSa fd muosQ iq=k dks uhan D;ksa ugha vk jgh gSA os mUgsa lqykus dk gjlaHko iz;Ru dj jgh gSaA dHkh JhÑ\".k vk¡[ksa can dj ysrs gSa] ftlls ;'kksnk th eku ysrh gSa fd os lks jgs gSaA fiQj yksjh lqukuk can dj nsrh gSa vkSj ekSu gks tkrh gSaA rHkh Ñ\".k th cspSu gksdj mB tkrs gSaA ek¡ ;'kksnk iqu% yksjh xkdj mUgsa lqykus dk iz;kl djus yxrh gSaA Hkxoku o`Q\".k dh bl vn~Hkqr cky yhyk dks ns[kdj lwjnkl th dgrs gSa fd ;'kksnk dks tks lq[k izkIr gks jgk gS] og lwj vkSj eqfu;ksa dks Hkh nqyZHk gSA nwljs in esa cky o`Q\".k ek¡ ;'kksnk ls panz :ih f[kykSuk ysus dh f”kn dj jgs gSaA os ;'kksnk th ls dgrs gSa fd vxj mUgsa euokafNr f[kykSuk ugha fn;k x;k rks os vHkh /jrh ij ysV tk,¡xs] dHkh mudh xksnh esa ugha vk,¡xsA os xk; dk nw/ Hkh ugha fi,¡xsA f[kykSus ugha nsus ij os osQoy uan ckck osQ gh iq=k dgykuk pkgsaxsA os ek¡ ;'kksnk osQ fy, ijk, gks tk,¡xsA f'k{k.k&laosQr % i<+kus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks izLrqr inksa osQ ewy Hkkoksa dks laf{kIr :i ls crk,¡A cPpksa ls iwNsa %  Hkxoku JhÑ\".k osQ fo\"k; esa vki D;k tkurs gSa\\  o`Q\".k th dks [kkus esa D;k ilan Fkk\\  os dkSu&lk okn~;&;a=k ctkrs Fks\\  muosQ fiz; l[kk lqnkek osQ fo\"k; esa crk,¡A iz'u iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bu inksa esa Jh Ñ\".k dh cky&yhykvksa osQ fo\"k; esa i<+saxsA 34

dfork i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  D;k vki Hkh vius ekrk&firk ls f”kn djrs gSa\\  Ñ\".k th osQ ekrk&firk osQ fo\"k; esa crkb,A  ;fn vkidh dksbZ f”kn iwjh u gks] rks vki D;k djrs gSa\\  D;k vki vius ekrk&firk dks ukjk”k djrs gSa\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls bu inksa dks Nk=kksa dks lquk,¡ vkSj lkFk&lkFk buosQ vFkZ ls mUgsa voxr djk,¡A ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) ekrk ;'kksnk Jho`Q\".k dks lqykus dk iz;kl dj jgh gSaA ([k) ;'kksnk yksjh xk jgh gSaA (x) o`Q\".k panz&f[kykSuk ysus dh f”kn djrs gSaA (?k) lwjnkl Jh gfj osQ HkDr gSaA fyf[kr 1- (d) o`Q\".k dks lqykus dk () ([k) o`Q\".k dh papyrk ns[kus dk () (x) dfo lwjnkl () (?k) /jrh ij () 2- (d) ;'kksnk uhan dks dkUgk osQ ikl vkus dks dg jgh gSaA ([k) Ñ\".k nwèk ihus ls euk dj nsrs gSaA (x) Ñ\".k ekrk ;'kksnk dh xksn esa ugha vkuk pkgrs gSaA 3- (d) ekrk ;'kkns k dks oQ` \".k th cyq krs g]aS ij os ugha vkrhAa blls O;koQq y gkds j os mB tkrs gAaS ([k) ;'kksnk Jho`Q\".k dks lksrk gqvk le>dj yksjh xkuk can dj nsrh gaSA (x) o`Q\".k dh cky&yhyk dks viuh vk¡[kksa ls ns[kus dk lq[k ;'kksnk ik jgh gSA (?k) nlw js in eas cky oQ` \".k us ek¡ ;'kkns k ls pna &z f[kykuS k yus s dh f”kn dk o.kuZ fd;k x;k gAS 4- (d) ;'kksnk o`Q\".k dks lqykus osQ fy, mUgsa ikyus esa >qykrh gSa] fgykrh] nqykjrh gSa] iqpdkjrh gSa vkSj yksjh xkrh gSaA ([k) Jh o`Q\".k tc viuh vk¡[ksa can dj ysrs gSa] ;g ns[kdj ;'kksnk eku ysrh gSa fd o`Q\".k lks x, gSaA 35

(x) tc ;'kksnk ekSu gks tkrh gSa] rks o`Q\".k cspSu gksdj mB tkrs gSaA (?k) f[kykSuk ysus dh viuh f”kn dks iwjk djokus osQ fy, o`Q\".k osQoy uan ckck osQ iq=k dgykuk pkgrs gSaA (Ä) lwjnkl dh gkfnZd bPNk JhÑ\".k osQ fookg esa eaxy xhr xkus dh gSA Hkk\"kk&Kku 1- (d) >qykuk ([k) xkuk (x) lksuk (?k) yksVuk (Ä) nqykjuk (p) vkuk (N) uhan (t) dHkh (>) 'kh?kzrk ls (×k) djsaxs (V) lqykuk (B) vHkh 2- (d) dfj ([k) dky (x) esjh (?k) >yd (Ä) eq[k (p) jQr 3- (d) iq=k] csVk ([k) 'kf'k] jkosQ'k (x) fo\".kq] ukjk;.k (?k) ';ke] fxfj/j (Ä) nsork] izHkq (p) tuuh] ekrk ([k) eq[kj 4- (d) txkuk (?k) jksuk (x) nq[k (Ä) iqjkuh fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡ g¡lrs&[ksyrs 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ikB ls vkxs 1- HkfDrdky osQ oqQN izeq[k lar dfo rFkk mudh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡µ • lwjnkl µ lwjlkxj] lwjlkjkoyh] lkfgR; ygjh • jl[kku µ izse okfVdk] lqtku jl[kku • dchjnkl µ chtd • rqylhnkl µ Jhjkepfjreul] fou; if=kdk iz'u 2 ,oa 3 Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 36

10 xk¡o cM+k ;k 'kgj ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgjksa dh fo'ks\"krkvksa rFkk dfe;ksa ls Nk=kksa dks voxr djkukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % nqfu;k dh izR;sd oLrq dk viuk egRo gSA fdlh dks NksVk ugha le>uk pkfg,A vkRelEeku djuk vPNh ckr gS] foaQrq vgadkj ls izsfjr gksdj fdlh dks rqPN le>uk fcyoqQy xyr ckr gSA blls izR;sd balku dks cpuk pkfg,A ikB dk lkjka'k % ,d ckj xk¡o vkSj 'kgj osQ chp jkg pyrs viuh Js\"Brk dks ysdj rdjkj gks xbZA xk¡o us Hkkjr dks xk¡oksa dk ns'k crkrs gq, [kqyh /wi] lkI+kQ gok] ygygkrs [ksr vkSj gfj;kyh dks viuh fo'ks\"krk crk;kA blosQ tokc esa 'kgj us xk¡o dh dfe;ksa&'kkSpky;] Luku?kj vkSj izdk'k dh O;oLFkk osQ vHkko dks fxuk;kA 'kgj dks Lo;a viuh rkjhI+kQ djrs ns[k xk¡o us dgk fd jkr esa fctyh osQ izdk'k esa txexkusokys 'kgj osQ ?kj fnu esa lw;Z osQ izdk'k osQ fy, rjlrs gSaA xk¡o us Lo;a dks 'kqn~/ ikSf\"Vd Hkkstu dk mRiknudrkZ crk;kA izR;qRrj esa 'kgj us crk;k fd esjs ;gk¡ Hkh vukt eaMh] lC”kh eaMh] vLirky vkSj vU; oLrqvksa osQ ck”kkj gSaA LowQy] dkWyst] flusek] vLirky vkfn osQ gksus ls yksxksa dks f'k{kk] euksjatu vkSj LokLF;&j{kk osQ lk/u Hkh lgt gh izkIr gSaA 'kgj us vius ;gk¡ c<+rh tula[;k dk dlwjokj xk¡o dks Bgjk;kA xk¡o us crk;k fd okLro esa ge nksuksa dks gh tula[;k&o`n~f/ ls mRiUu vusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA xk¡o us 'kgj osQ c<+rs vkdkj dks vius vfLrRo ij [krjk crk;kA 'kgj esa ubZ&ubZ vkoklh; cfLr;ksa osQ fodkl osQ dkj.k ikl&iM+ksl osQ xk¡oksa dh [ksrh dh Hkwfe dk vf/xzg.k fd;k tk jgk gSA iQyr% o`Qf\"k dh Hkwfe ?kVrh tk jgh gSA varr% xk¡o vkSj 'kgj us ,drk dk ifjp; nsrs gq, ,d&nwljs dks viuk iwjd crk;kA lfEefyr Loj esa nksuksa us dgk fd ge nksuksa dh izxfr ls gh jk\"Vªh; fodkl dk ekxZ iz'kLr gksxkA f'k{k.k&laosQr % ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd xk¡o gh fodflr gksdj 'kgj curs gSaA 'kgj vkSj xk¡o ,d&nwljs osQ lg;ksxh gSaA cPpksa ls iwNsa %  LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku D;k gS\\  fdl o\"kZ rd Hkkjr osQ lHkh xk¡oksa osQ fon~;qrhdj.k dk y{; fu/kZfjr fd;k x;k gS\\  xk¡oksa esa tUe ysusokys nks dfo vkSj nks ys[kdksa osQ uke crk,¡A 37

 Hkkjr dh fdruh izfr'kr tula[;k xk¡oksa esa fuokl djrh gS\\  ^uekfe xaxs* ;kstuk D;k gS\\ blosQ i'pkr Nk=kksa dks crk,¡ fd xk¡o dks fodflr dj vkn'kZ xk¡o esa ifj.kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  xk¡o vkSj 'kgj ij vk/kfjr ;g laokn vkidks oSQlk yxk\\  [ksrksa dk vkdkj NksVk D;ksa gksrk tk jgk gS\\  [kkn~;kUu esa feykoV D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS\\  o`{kkjksi.k ls D;k ykHk feyrk gS\\  ikSf\"Vd vkgkj D;k gS\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ;g ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj xk¡o rFkk 'kgj dh fo'ks\"krkvksa ls ifjfpr djk,¡A ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) Hkkjr dks xk¡oksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA ([k) ifjokj c<+us ls [ksrksa dk dbZ ckj c¡Vokjk gqvkA (x) jk'ku dh nqdkuksa esa ?kfV;k vukt feyrk gSA (?k) xk¡o us viuh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks\"krkvksa dks fxuok;k gSµ[kqyh èkwi] lkI+kQ gok] ygygkrs [ksr] ckx&cxhpksa dh gfj;kyh bR;kfnA fyf[kr 1- (d) nq\"ifj.kke ([k) iyk;u (x) vfèkxzg.k 2- (d) 'kkSpky; vkSj Lukukxkj dh O;oLFkk xk¡oksa esa ugha gSA ([k) lw;Z osQ n'kZu u gksus dh (x) gfj;kyh osQ ckjs esa yksxksa esa psruk vkbZ gSA 3- (d) mRre LokLF; osQ fy, ikSf\"Vd vkgkj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ([k) xk¡o osQ yksx ou laink vkSj ikl&iM+ksl dh gfj;kyh osQ ykHkksa dks Hkwy x, gSaA (x) xk¡o dks 'kgj osQ c<+rs vkdkj ls [krjk eglwl gksrk gSA 4- (d) tula[;k o`n~f/ osQ dkj.k [ksrksa dk dbZ ckj c¡Vokjk gqvk] ftlls vc yksxksa osQ ikl 38

NksVs&NksVs [ksr jg x, gSaA ifjokjksa dk vkdkj c<+k] ysfdu [ksrh dh Hkwfe lhfer gksus osQ dkj.k yksxksa us ¯prk fd, fcuk ouksa dks dkVdj u, [ksr cuk,A pjkxkgksa dks Hkh [ksrksa esa cnyus yxsA blosQ Hk;kud nq\"ifj.kke lkeus vk,A ([k) o`Qf\"k vkSj ckxckuh gksus ls vukt] iQy] lC”kh vkfn 'kqn~/ oLrq,¡ vklkuh ls fey tkrh gSaA o`Qf\"k osQ lkFk xk¡o osQ yksx i'kqikyu Hkh djrs gSaA i'kqikyu ls yksxksa dks 'kqn~/ nw/] ngh vkSj ?kh ljyrk ls izkIr gks tkrk gSA (x) xk¡o dh thou&'kSyh esa Hkh vc dkI+kQh ifjorZu vk;k gSA xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgjksa dks vkil esa tksM+us osQ fy, iDdh lM+dksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk tk jgk gSA f'k{kk vkSj LokLF;&j{kk dh lqfo/kvksa osQ izlkj osQ fy, xk¡o&xk¡o esa LowQy ;k vukSipkfjd f'k{kk&osaQnz vkSj FkksM+h&FkksM+h nwj ij vLirky [kksys x, gSaA fon~;qrhdj.k dk dk;Z rs”kh ls py jgk gSA txg&txg ikuh dh Vafd;k¡ cu jgh gSaA 5- (d) xk¡o vkSj 'kgj esa vU;ksU;kfJr laca/ gSA xk¡oksa ls iQy] 'kkd] lfC”k;k¡] vukt vkSj nw/ 'kgj vkrs gSaA cnys esa 'kgj xzkeh.k yksxksa dks jks”kxkj iznku djrk gSA 'kgjksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk dks lqn`<+ vk/kj xzkeh.k yksx gh iznku djrs gSaA bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd xk¡o vkSj 'kgj ,d&nwljs dh dfe;ksa dks nwj dj iwjd dk dke djrs gSaA ([k) Hkkjr dks xk¡oksa dk ns'k dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjr dh 70 izfr'kr tula[;k xk¡oksa esa fuokl djrh gSA ns'k osQ jkT;ksa esa fLFkr xk¡oksa esa y?kq Hkkjr dk fny /M+drk gSA ns'k osQ fdlh fgLls esa ge D;ksa u pys tk,¡ ogk¡ tkus ij Hkkjr dh gh laLo`Qfr izfr¯cfcr gksrh gSA vr% ge dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjr dh vkRek xk¡oksa esa clrh gSA Hkk\"kk&Kku 1- (d) fuHkhZd gksdj pyuk@?keaM esa jguk ([k) 'ks[kh ekjuk (x) vkReiz'kalk djuk (?k) Ny djuk] /ks[kk nsuk (Ä) ikl dk /u Nhuuk (p) iqjkuh ckrsa nksgjkuk (N) nksxquk ?kkVk gksuk 2- (d) viw.kZ ([k) 'kgj (x) ckg~; (?k) eg¡xk (Ä) v'kqn~/ (p) vuko';d(N) ijra=k (t) nqyZHk (>) voufr (×k) fouk'k 3- (d) rqe ([k) esjh (x) eq>s] rqEgkjs (?k) mlesa 39

fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡ g¡lrs&[ksyrs 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- Hkkjr dks 2020 rd owQM+keqDr rFkk 'kkSpky;;qDr cukus dk y{; j[kk x;k gSA 3- vkn'kZ xzke ;kstuk xk¡oksa osQ fuekZ.k vkSj fodkl gsrq pyk;k tkus okyk dk;ZØe gSA bldk eq[; y{; xzkeh.k bykdksa esa fodkl djuk gSA bl dk;ZØe dk 'kqHkkjaHk Hkkjr osQ izèkkuea=kh ujsanz eksnh us t;izdk'k ukjk;.k osQ tUefnu 11 vDVwcj] 2014 dks fd;kA 4- Hkkjr osQ iwoZ jk\"Vªifr ,úihútsú vCnqy dyke us bafM;k fotu 2020 osQ uke ls igyk MkWD;wesaV rS;kj fd;k Fkk] ftls igyh ckj lu 2020 rd Hkkjr dks ,d fodflr ns'k osQ :i esa fodflr djus dk liuk ns[kk x;k FkkA ?ksjk le; • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ikB ls vkxs 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- Hkkjr dh iapk;rh jkt iz.kkyh esa xk¡o ;k NksVs dLcs osQ Lrj ij xzke iapk;r ;k xzke lHkk gksrh gS] tks Hkkjr osQ LFkkuh; Lo'kklu dk izeq[k vo;o gSA ljiap bldk izèkku gksrk gSA xzke iapk;r osQ dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gSaµfu;kstu ,oa fodkl] fuekZ.k] f'k{kk] iz'kklu] LokLF; ,oa dY;k.k] ty izcaèku vkfnA 3- czsu Mªsu dk vFkZ gksrk gSµizfrHkk iyk;uA blosQ varxZr ;fn fdlh O;fDr dks mldh ;ksX;rk osQ eqrkfcd dke ugha feyrk] rks og nwljs ns'k vFkok LFkku ij viuh izfrHkk dk bLrseky djrk gSA 40

11 dye vkt mudh t; cksy! ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Nk=kksa esa jk\"Vªizse dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % gesa mu 'kghnksa dh oqQckZuh ugha Hkwyuh pkfg,] ftUgksaus ns'k osQ fy, vikj ;kruk,¡ g¡lrs&g¡lrs lgh gSaA ikB dk lkjka'k % bl dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo us mu Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa dks Jn~/katfy nh gS] ftUgksaus fuLLokFkZ Hkko ls ns'k dh Lora=krk osQ fy, dke fd;k vkSj g¡lrs&g¡lrs ns'k osQ fy, vius izk.kksa dh vkgqfr ns nh gSA dfo mu yksxksa dk ueu dj jgs gSa] tks ns'k dh cfyosnh ij vius izk.k U;ksNkoj dj x, gSaA ns'k osQ ohj mu y?kq nhiksa osQ leku gSa] ftUgksaus ljgn ij [kM+s rwI+kQku :ih nq'euksa dk fuMjrk ls lkeuk fd;k gSA bUgksaus dHkh vius LokFkZ osQ fy, fdlh ls oqQN ugha ek¡xkA dfo us Lora=krk osQ ckn ik'pkR; 'kSyh esa j¡xs ,d oxZ ij dVk{k Hkh fd;k gS] tks va/s O;fDr dh Hkk¡fr ns'k ls ljksdkj ugha j[krsA bUgsa osQoy vius&vki ls eryc gS vkSj os viuk LokFkZ gh ns[krs gSaA ns'k ij viuk loZLo gkse dj nsusokys ohjksa dh xkSjo xkFkk osQ lk{kh lwjt] pk¡n] i`Foh vkSj leLr czg~ekaM gSaA dfo viuh dye ls mu ohjksa dk t;xku djus osQ fy, dgrs gSaA f'k{k.k&laosQr % i<+kus ls iwoZ Nk=kksa esa ns'kHkfDr dh Hkkouk tkx`r djsaA cPpksa ls iwNsa %  gekjs ns'k dks Lora=krk dc izkIr gqbZ\\  fdlh Hkh ns'k dks foHkktu osQ le; fdu&fdu leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS\\  fuLLokFkZ Hkko ls fd, x, dk;ks± dk iQy oSQlk feyrk gS\\  oqQN Lora=krk lsukfu;ksa osQ uke crkb,A iz'u iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crkb, fd os vkt bl dfork esa mu 'kghnksa osQ fo\"k; esa i<+saxs] ftUgksaus ns'k osQ fy, viuh oqQckZuh ns nhA 41

dfork i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  vkidks ;g dfork oSQlh yxh\\  bl dfork dks i<+dj vkiosQ eu esa oSQls fopkj vkrs gSa\\  'kghnksa osQ izfr gekjh lPph Jn~/katfy D;k gksxh\\  lPps ns'kHkDr esa dkSu&dkSu ls xq.k gksrs gSa\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % iqLrd osQ lkFk nh xbZ ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls dfork i<+k,¡A ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) dfo ns'k osQ fy, 'kghn gksusokys ohjksa dh t; cksyus dks dg jgk gSA ([k) dfo us dye osQ ekè;e ls Lora=krk osQ flikfg;ksa dh t; cksyus dh ckr blfy, dh gS D;ksafd dye osQ n~okjk dgh xbZ ckr fpjLFkk;h ,oa dkyt;h gksrh gSA (x) rwIkQkuksa esa vufxur nhi ty&tydj cq> x,A fyf[kr 1- (d) ohjrk () ([k) cfynku dh osnh () (x) rhuksa Bhd gSa () (?k) izk.kksa dh vkgqfr osQ cnys oqQN u pkguk () 2- (d) viuRo] izse ([k) lw;Z] panz vkfn ohjksa] 'kghnksa dh efgek osQ lk{kh gSaA (x) tks yksx vKkuh gSa rFkk ftUgsa bfrgkl osQ ckjs esa oqQN Hkh ugha irkA 3- (d) dfo us 'kghnksa osQ jDr dks yky f'k[kk,¡ dgk gSA ([k) ohjksa dh efgek osQ lk{kh] lw;Z] panz] èkjrh vkSj laiw.kZ czg~ek.M gSaA (x) /jrh ns'k ij ej&feVusokys ohjksa osQ ¯lgukn ls lge xbZA 4- (d) ^dye] vkt mudh t; cksy* iafDr dk Hkko ;g gS fd dfo viuh dye dks ns'k osQ ohjksa dh iz'kalk osQ fo\"k; esa fy[kus osQ fy, dg jgs gSaA ([k) ^tks p<+ x, iq.;osnh ij] fy, fcuk xjnu dk eksy* bu iafDr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls dfo ;g dguk pkgrs gSa fd ns'k osQ ohj ns'k osQ fy, tku dh ijokg ugha djrs vkSj fcuk dksbZ ewY; fy, viuk loZLo cfynku dj nsrs gSaA 42

(x) ^vxf.kr y?kq nhi* dk iz;ksx dfo us ns'k osQ de vk;q osQ cfynkfu;ksa osQ fy, fd;k gSA ns'k osQ fy, 'kghn gksdj bu fd'kksj ohjksa dk var gqvkA (?k) ^fpVdkbZ ftlus fpaxkjh* ls dfo dk laosQr ns'k osQ ;qokvksa n~okjk pgq¡vksj ozQkafr dh vy[k txkus ls gSA Hkk\"kk&Kku 1- (d) ijkt; ([k) iki (x) vueksy (?k) x.kuh; (Ä) c`gr (p) fuxy 2- (d) p~ $ ba $ x~ $ vk $ j~ $ bZ ([k) o~ $ , $ n~ $ bZ (x) b $ r~ $ b $ g~ $ vk $ l~ $ v (?k) Hk~ $ mQ $ x~ $ vks $ y~ $ v 3- ¯yx opu dkjd vfLFk;k¡ L=kh¯yx cgqopu deZ rwI+kQkuksa esa iq¯Yyx cgqopu vf/dj.k xjnu dk L=kh¯yx ,dopu laca/ ¯lgukn ls iq¯Yyx ,dopu dj.k 4- (d) /jk] /fj.kh ([k) jfo] fnudj (x) 'kf'k] jkosQ'k (?k) 'ksj] oujkt 5- (d) fot; ([k) vxf.kr (x) fouez (?k) loZfiz; (Ä) foKku (p) Lons'k fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡ g¡lrs&[ksyrs • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ?ksjk le; • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ikB ls vkxs 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- jkeèkkjh ¯lg ^fnudj* dks muosQ moZ'kh egkdkO; osQ fy, o\"kZ 1972 esa KkuihB iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA 43

12 feBkbZokyk ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Nk=kksa dks ekuoh; fj'rksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % NksVs cPpksa ls Lusg djuk pkfg,A ikB dk lkjka'k % bl dgkuh osQ izkjaHk esa ,d f[kykSusokyk f[kykSus cspus vkrk FkkA NksVs&NksVs cPps mldh vkok”k lqudj igq¡p tkrs gSa vkSj mlls eksyHkko djus yxrs gSaA og cPpksa dks muosQ euilan f[kykSus cgqr gh de nke esa ns tkrk FkkA nks NksVs cPpksa pqUuw&eqUuw us Hkh mlls f[kykSus fy,A mudh ek¡ jksfg.kh f[kykSuksa osQ de nke lqudj cgqr gSjku gqbZA Ng eghus ckn gh ogk¡ ,d eqjyhokyk eqjyh cspus vk;kA og eqjyh ctkus esa Hkh mLrkn FkkA og e/qj eqjyh ctkdj cPpksa dks cgykrk FkkA jksfg.kh us mldh vkok”k lquhA mlus vius ifr ls cPpksa osQ fy, eqjyh [kjhnus osQ fy, dgkA mlus nks iSls dh eqjyh csph vkSj vkxs c<+ x;kA mls fiQj ls lkjs cPpksa us ?ksj fy;k vkSj og eqjyh cspus yxkA jksfg.kh us vuqHko fd;k fd dksbZ Hkh isQjhokyk cPpksa ls brus I;kj ls ckrsa ugha djrk gSA ljfn;k¡ 'kq: gks pqdh FkhaA rHkh xyh esa feBkbZokyk cPpksa dks vkok”k yxkus yxkA jksfg.kh us nknh ls dgk fd mls cqykb,] cPpksa osQ fy, feBkbZ ysuh gSA nknh us mls cqyk;kA feBkbZokys us dgk fd ;s ubZ rjg dh feBkb;k¡ cgqr gh ”kk;osQnkj gSaA og ,d iSls dh lksyg feBkb;k¡ csp jgk FkkA nknh us mlls iPphl nsus osQ fy, dgkA rHkh jksfg. kh cksyh fd ;g fiQj Hkh dkI+kQh lLrh ns jgk gSA mlus pkj iSls dh feBkb;k¡ [kjhnhaA jksfg.kh us mlls iwNk fd D;k vki igys Hkh ;gk¡ vk, gSaA og cksyk fd dbZ ckj vk pqdk g¡wA mlus feBkbZokys ls iwjh dgkuh crkus osQ fy, dgkA mlus xaHkhjrk ls dgk fd og vius uxj dk lcls izfrf\"Br vkneh FkkA og viuh iRuh vkSj nks cPpksa osQ lkFk jgrk FkkA vc iRuh vkSj cPps ugha jgsA mls bu cPpksa esa vius cPpksa dh >yd fey tkrh gSA mlosQ ikl iSlksa dh dksbZ deh ugha gS] fiQj Hkh cPpksa osQ lkFk le; O;rhr djus osQ fy, og ,sls dke djrk jgrk gSA ;g dgdj og ogk¡ ls pyk x;k vkSj mlus feBkbZ osQ dksbZ iSls Hkh ugha fy,A f'k{k.k&laosQr % Nk=kksa dks i<+kus ls iwoZ ikB osQ ewy mn~ns'; ls ifjfpr djk,¡A 44

cPpksa ls iwNsa %  isQjhokys dkSu gksrs gSa vkSj muosQ ikl D;k&D;k lkeku gksrk gS\\  eksyHkko djuk D;k gksrk gS\\  vkiosQ fdrus HkkbZ&cgu gSa vkSj vki muosQ lkFk oSQlk O;ogkj djrs gSa\\  vkidks dkSu&lh feBkbZ lcls vPNh yxrh gS\\ iz'u iwNus osQ i'pkr cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd os vkt bl dgkuh esa ,d izfrf\"Br O;fDr osQ fo\"k; esa i<+saxsA og cPpksa dk Lusg ikus osQ fy, dHkh f[kykSusokyk] dHkh eqjyhokyk] rks dHkh feBkbZokyk cudj vkrk gSA ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  vkidks ;g dgkuh oSQlh yxh\\  D;k vki dksbZ okn~;&;a=k ctk ldrs gSa\\ vkidks dkSu&lk okn~;&;a=k lcls vPNk yxrk gS\\  D;k vki vius ekrk&firk dh lsok djrs gSa\\  D;k vki vius ?kj dk lkeku [kjhnus Lo;a tkrs gSa\\ D;k vki eksyHkko djrs gSa\\  vius vklikl lI+kQkbZ dk oSQls è;ku j[krs gSa\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB i<+kb, rFkk cPpksa osQ fopkj tkfu,A ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) f[kykSusokys dk xkuk lqudj ?kjksa esa gypy ep tkrh FkhA ([k) feBkbZokyk e/qj Loj esa xk jgk Fkkµ cPpksa dks cgykusokyk] feBkbZokykA (x) fot; ckcw us eqjyhokys ls pqUuw&eqUuw osQ fy, eqjfy;k¡ [kjhnhaA (?k) isQjhokys osQ Loj dk izHkko ,slk Fkk fd mldh vkok”k lqudj cPpksa dk >qaM mls ?ksj fyf[kr ysrk FkkA 1- (d) nks () ([k) jk; fot;cgknqj () (x) eqjyh () (?k) feBkbZokys dk () (Ä) cPpksa dh () 2- (d) fot; cgknqj osQ cPpksa us lcls igys f[kykSus [kjhnsA ([k) ewjyhokyk nks iSlksa dh ,d eqjyh csprk FkkA 45

(x) feBkbZokyk] f[kykSusokyk rFkk eqjyhokyk ,d gh O;fDr FksA 3- (d) f[kykSusokyk ^cPpksa dks cgykusokyk f[kykSusokyk* xkrs gq, xfy;ksa esa ?kwek djrk FkkA ([k) ejq yh osQ nke lqudj fot; ckcw us dgk fd rqe yksxksa dks >wB cksyus dh vknr gksrh gAS (x) nke lqudj jksfg.kh gSjku Fkh] D;ksafd f[kykSusokyk lLrk lkSnk csprk FkkA (?k) feBkbZokys osQ ifjokjtuksa dk var gks x;k Fkk] bl ckr dk Lej.k vkrs gh mldh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw vk x,A 4- (d) eqjyhokys osQ vkus ij cPpksa dk >qaM mls ?ksj ysrk vkSj lc mlls vius euilan jax dh eqjyh [kjhnrs FksA ([k) isQjhokyk uxj dk izfrf\"Br vkneh FkkA edku] O;olk;] xkM+h&?kksM+s] ukSdj&pkdj lHkh oqQN FksA mldh iRuh vkSj nks NksVs&NksVs cPps Hkh FksA (x) feBkbZokys us jksfg.kh dks vius foxr thou osQ ckjs esa crk;kA mldk foxr thou dkI+kQh [kq'kgky FkkA (?k) isQjhokys osQ nq[k dk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd mlosQ ikfjokfjd [kqf'k;ksa dk var gks x;k FkkA mldh iRuh vkSj cPps nqfu;k NksM+dj tk pqosQ FksA vius cPps dh >yd vU; cPpksa es ans[kdj mlus vius lq[k ls mcjus dk jkLrk fudkykA 5- (d) bl iafDr dk vk'k; ;g gS fd ftl izdkj lkxj dh fgyksj vFkkZr ygjsa ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd tkrh gSa] Bhd mlh izdkj f[kykSusokys dk eknd xku gj xyh rFkk gj ?kj esa igq¡p tkrk FkkA lkjs cPps mlosQ ikl >qaM cukdj igq¡p tkrs Fks vkSj blh izdkj xkrk gqvk og vkxs c<+ tkrk FkkA ([k) bu iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; ;g gS fd le; osQ gsj&isQj ls dksbZ ugha cp ldrkA f[kykSusokyk Hkh vius uxj dk cgqr izfrf\"Br O;fDr Fkk] ij le; us ,slh djoV yh fd og Hkh f[kykSus csprk fiQj jgk FkkA 6- fdlus fdlls (d) jksfg.kh us cPpksa ls ([k) fot; ckcw us eqjyhokys ls (x) jksfg.kh us nknh ls (?k) jksfg.kh us nknh ls (Ä) feBkbZokys us jksfg.kh ls 46

Hkk\"kk&Kku rn~Hko xyh&xyh fgyksj oqQN&oqQN 1- rRle nke isQjhokyk e/qj m¡xyh le>nkj eknd mNyus&owQnus [kM+s&[kM+s e`nqy gksugkj gkFkh&?kksM+s nqcyk&iryk 2- NksVs&NksVs uUgh&uUgh eqjyhokyk eNyhokyk 3- okyk vljnkj pednkj nkj gkj ikyugkj [ksougkj fo\"k; laoèkZu xfrfofèk;k¡ g¡lrs&[ksyrs 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- isQjhokyk isQjhokyk gekjh eqgYys esa vdlj vk;k djrk gSA le; osQ vuqlkj mlosQ n~okjk csph tkus okyh oLrq,¡ cny tkrh gSaA og dHkh f[kykSus csprk gS] dHkh xqCckjs csprk gS rks dHkh cPpksa osQ [kkus&ihus dh pViVh lkexzh ysdj vkrk gSA mlosQ gkFk esa ,d ?kaVh gksrh gS] ftls og gekjs eqgYys esa izos'k djrs gh ctkuk izkjaHk dj nsrk gSA vU; isQjhokyksa dh rjg og eq¡g ls vkok”k ugha yxkrkA mldh ?kaVh dh vkok”k lqurs gh cPps 'kksjxqy djrs vkSj viuh euokafNr ph”ksa ikus dh yyd esa lM+dksa ij fudy vkrs gSaA isQjhokyk cM+s gh izse vkSj mRlkg osQ lkFk cPpksa dks mudh euilan ph”ksa csprk gSA ?ksjk le; • Nk=k Lo;a djsaA ikB ls vkxs 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 47

13 ljLorh ikB'kkyk ikB&;kstuk ikB dk mn~ns'; % Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ le; f'k{kd vkSj Nk=kksa osQ jk\"Vªoknh fopkjksa vkSj muosQ varl±ca/ksa ls fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks voxr djukA ikB~;xr thou&ewY; % lelkef;d jk\"Vªh; psruk dks vaxho`Qr djrs gq, vgadkjghu thou thuk pkfg, rFkk f'k{kdksa dk vknj djuk pkfg,A ikB dk lkjka'k % bl ikB osQ ekè;e ls ys[kd us ljLorh ikB'kkyk esa vius i<+kbZ osQ fnuksa dks ;kn fd;k gSA lu 1920 esa rhljs nj”ks esa ys[kd dk uke bl fon~;ky; esa fy[kok;k x;kA rc og ljdkjh vFkok vn~/Z ljdkjh LowQy FkkA blosQ oqQN fnu ckn gh ljLorh ikB'kkyk cnydj jk\"Vªh; ljLorh ikB'kkyk gks xbZA ,d fnu LowQy osQ eSnku esa Nk=kksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dh gqbZ lHkk esa fons'kh diM+s u iguus dh izfrKk yh xbZA jk\"Vªh; ikB'kkyk curs gh bl fon~;ky; osQ cgqr ls iqjkus f'k{kd pys x, vkSj muosQ LFkku ij u, f'k{kd vk x,A ,d ckj xka/h th >k¡lh vk,A 'kke dks 'kgj esa mudk Hkk\"k.k FkkA firk th osQ lkFk ys[kd Hkh mudk Hkk\"k.k lquus x,A bl laLej.k esa ys[kd us vius xq#tuksa dks ;kn fd;k gSA cztHkw\"k.k yky f=kikBh ^fu'py* dfo] ukVddkj vkSj vè;kid FksA ,d vU; vè;kid #nzukjk;.k th Mªkbax i<+krs FksA #nzukjk;.k th panz'ks[kj vk”kkn osQ ije fe=k] Hkxoku nkl ekgkSj vkSj lnkf'ko jko tSls ozQkafrdkfj;ksa osQ f'k{kd jg pqosQ FksA ekLVj Lo:iukFk vaxzs”kh osQ f'k{kd FksA mudh fy[kkoV cgqr gh lqanj gksrh FkhA ys[kd us vius fon~;ky; osQ Js\"B f[kykfM+;ksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gSA gjukjk;.k fliZQ rhu Mx nkSM+dj rs”k xsan isaQdrs FksA xaxk/j /hjs isaQdrs Fks] ysfdu f[kykM+h osQ iSj osQ ikl xsan frjNh gksdj foosQV ij tk yxrh FkhA vius uke osQ vuq:i gh Hkhedk; vkdkj okys Hkhe izrki ¯lg iqQVckWy osQ cgqr vPNs f[kykM+h FksA ljLorh ikB'kkyk osQ jk\"Vªh; gksus osQ ckn nks o\"kks± rd ogk¡ osQ okrkoj.k us ys[kd osQ eu ij ,d vfeV Nki NksM+h FkhA f'k{k.k&laosQr % Nk=kksa dks ikB i<+kus ls iwoZ Lora=krkdkyhu la?k\"kZ osQ ckjs esa crk,¡ rFkk Hkkjr osQ yksxksa esa jk\"Vªh; psruk dk izpkj&izlkj fdl izdkj gqvk] blosQ ckjs esa foLrkj ls crk,¡A xn~; lkfgR; osQ egku vkykspd jkefoykl 'kekZ osQ ckjs esa crkrs gq, lkfgR; dh fofHkUu fo/kvksa ls ifjfpr djk,¡A 48

cPpksa ls iwNsa %  >k¡lh fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS\\  >k¡lh dk fdyk D;ksa izfln~/ gS\\  ozQkafrdkjh fdUgsa dgk tkrk gS\\  Hkkjr osQ orZeku nks rs”k xsanck”kksa vkSj nks fLiu xsanck”kksa osQ uke crkb,A  fons'kh diM+s dk cfg\"dkj fdl vkanksyu esa fd;k x;k\\  D;k vkius ys[kd jkefoykl 'kekZ dh dksbZ vU; jpuk i<+h gS\\ rnqijkar cPpksa dks crk,¡ fd vkt bl laLej.k esa ge Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ le; LowQyksa esa iSQyh jk\"Vªh; psruk osQ ckjs esa tkusaxsA ikB i<+kus osQ i'pkr cPpksa ls iwNsa %  ;g laLej.k vkidks oSQlk yxk\\  panz'ks[kj vk”kkn dk uke D;ksa izfln~/ gS\\  oans ekrje~ dh jpuk fduosQ n~okjk dh xbZ\\  jkepfjrekul osQ jpukdkj dkSu gSa\\  Jhjke dh ek¡ dk uke D;k Fkk\\  oSQosQ;h osQ iq=k dkSu Fks\\ n`';&JO; lhúMhú % Nk=kksa dks ,fuesfVM lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ;g ikB i<+k,¡ vkSj Lora=krk vkanksyu osQ ckjs esa crk,¡A ikB&vH;kl osQ mRrj ekSf[kd 1- Nk=k Lo;a djsaA 2- (d) >k¡lh dk lcls cM+k eksgYyk lnj gSA ([k) esMy ij tkWtZ iape dh rlohj cuh Fkh (x) ljLorh ikB'kkyk cnydj jk\"Vªh; ljLorh ikB'kkyk gks xbZA (?k) ykyk xaxk lgk; dks jk; cgknqj dk f[krkc feyk FkkA fyf[kr 1- (d) lnj () ([k) iqQVckWy () (x) ekLVj () 2- (d) ys[kd dk LowQy esa uke rhljs n”ksZ eas fy[kok;k x;kA ([k) esMy nsus okys ekLVj lkgc [kw¡[kkj eqnzk esa jgrs FksA (x) ekLVj Lo:i ukFk vaxzsth i<+krs FksA 3- (d) esMy nsus okys ekLVj lkgc iwjs vaxzs”k HkDr FksA og [kw¡[kkj eqnzk esa jgrs FksA 49

([k) ljLorh ikB'kkyk osQ jk\"Vªh; gksus dk vFkZ Fkkµljdkj ls laca/&foPNsnA (x) jk\"Vªh;rk dh ygj us Nk=kksa vkSj vè;kidksa osQ laca/ ,dne cny fn,A vuq'kklu dh leL;k tSlh dksbZ ph”k ugha jg xbZA 4- (d) esMy rk¡cs ;k ihry dk cuk FkkA esMy ij fczfV'k 'kkld tkWtZ iape dh rlohj cuh FkhA ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd ys[kd dks esMy feyus ij muosQ jk\"Vªoknh cM+s HkkbZ us izlUurk izdV ugha dhA ([k) vlg;ksx vkanksyu dk ljLorh ikB'kkyk ij O;kid izHkko iM+kA LowQy osQ eSnku esa fon~;kfFkZ;ksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dh lHkk gqbZ vkSj mlesa fons'kh diM+s u iguus dh izfrKk yh xbZA fons'kh xksy Vksfi;k¡ vkx esa tykbZ xb±A ljLorh ikB'kkyk jk\"Vªh; ikB'kkyk gks xbZ vkSj ljdkj ls mldk laca/&foPNsn gks x;kA (x) ljLorh ikB'kkyk jk\"Vªh; psruk dk x<+ FkhA xka/h Vksih iguusokys ftrus f'k{kd bl ikB'kkyk esa Fks] mrus >k¡lh lfgr dbZ vU; ftyksa osQ oqQy LowQyksa esa ugha FksA bl fon~;ky; esa ,d ckj dkaxszl dk dksbZ vf/os'ku Hkh vk;ksftr gqvkA mlesa Hkkjr osQ dksus&dksus ls cM+s usrk vk, FksA (?k) jkepfjrekul dk v;ksè;kdkaM i<+krs le; f=kikBh th dk oaQB d#.kk ls vo#n~/ gks x;k] vk¡[ksa NyNyk xb±] ?kuh ew¡Nksa esa vksaB oqQN dgus dk foiQy iz;kl djrs gq, ls izrhr gq,A ,slk yxrk Fkk f=kikBh th LowQy osQ dejs esa ugha gSa] rqylhnkl osQ lkFk Hkjr vkSj dkS'kY;k dk lk{kkr n'kZu dj jgs gSaA 5- (d) ljLorh ikB'kkyk osQ f'k{kd Lora=krk osQ iqtkjh FksA jk\"Vªoknh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr ;s f'k{kd Nk=kksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl pkgrs Fks] blfy, i<+kbZ osQ vykok [ksy&owQn esa Hkh lkFk jgrs FksA ,d&nwljs dh Hkkoukvksa dks le>us osQ dkj.k vuq'kklughurk tSlh dksbZ leL;k ugha jg xbZ FkhA ([k) ekLVj #nzukjk;.k ys[kd dh d{kk esa Mªkbax i<+krs FksA i<+kbZ osQ vykok os thou 'kkg dh VkSfj;k ij nkSM+dj p<+uk fl[kkrs FksA dykbZ&iatk yM+kus dh f'k{kk nsrs FksA ew£r cukuk fl[kkrs FksA bUgha dk;ks± ls ys[kd muls dkI+kQh ?kqy&fey x, FksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ^ekLVj* 'kCn ys[kd osQ fy, fe=k dk i;kZ;okph gks x;k FkkA Hkk\"kk&Kku 1- (d) esjk ([k) og (x) eSa (?k) mudk (Ä) ge 2- (d) nwj ([k) djhc (x) ;gk¡ (?k) ftrus] mrus (Ä) vPNh (p) ,dne 50