GT lý luận và pháp luật về quyền con người

["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua, \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean l\u0129nh Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V\u00a0 v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi2. C\u00c1C\u00a0QUY\u1ec0N\u00a0KINH\u00a0T\u1ebe,\u00a0X\u00c3\u00a0H\u1ed8I\u00a0V\u00c0\u00a0V\u0102N\u00a0H\u00d3A\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV, trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp TRONG\u00a0LU\u1eacT\u00a0QU\u1ed0C\u00a0T\u1ebe\u00a0 c\u1eadn li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba nh\u00f3m, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau: 5.1. KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T Nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf (economic rights), bao g\u1ed3m: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a - m\u1ed9t trong f) Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. hai nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. X\u00e9t \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi g) Quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. nh\u1eadn trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1948 (UDHR), sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n Nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (social rights), bao g\u1ed3m: ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a (ICESCR) (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng h) Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1966). i) Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Trong khi danh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do n\u00eau \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ICESCR, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 j) Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n. c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung (general comments) c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ICESCR (\u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a). Nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a (cultural rights), bao g\u1ed3m: B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn (concluding observations) m\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i k) Quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n tham chi\u1ebfu khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng l) Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. 1 Xem c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee6y ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i: http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/ C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 english\/bodies tr\u00ecnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng 197 h\u1ee3p (m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t) c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong UDHR v\u00e0 ICESCR. 1 Xem c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i: http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/issues\/education\/training\/index.htm 2 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady: V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, xem Manfred Nowak, U.N Convenant on Civil and Political Rights \u2013 ICCPR Commentary, N.P. Engel Publisher (t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005). V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, xem Mashood A.Baderin & Robert McCorquodale, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Action, Oxford University Press, 2007... V\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do n\u00eau trong UDHR (c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a), xem Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n 1948 \u2013 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, Gudmundur Alfredsson v\u00e0 Asbjorn Eide (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), NXB Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2010 198\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Quy\u1ec1n UDHR C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebfu ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n sinh s\u1ed1ng do nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1ch quan v\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 ICESCR qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng an sinh \u0110i\u1ec1u 22 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 6, 7 v\u00e0 8 Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong ICESCR \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 ICESCR. Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng: C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 ICESCR C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00ecnh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 \u0103n, m\u1eb7c, Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 duy \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 ICESCR nh\u00e0 \u1edf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ec ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 ICCPR th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 v\u00e0 14 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng thi\u1ebft ICESCR y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 gia \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 v\u00e0 25 \u0110i\u1ec1u 15 ICESCR \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00ecnh. l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, theo \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c Quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 hi\u1ec7n, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u1eb1m: Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c a) C\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc - k\u1ef9 khoa h\u1ecdc. thu\u1eadt; b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt sao cho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 5.2. N\u1ed8I DUNG C\u00c1C QUY\u1ec0N KINH T\u1ebe, X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I V\u00c0 V\u0102N H\u00d3A ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t; 5.2.1. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng (the right to gain and sustain an adequate standard of b) B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m living) c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1ef1a theo nhu c\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 ICESCR, \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0103n, m\u1eb7c, \u1edf, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf,v.v.. trong \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ghi quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. nh\u1eadn trong \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 4 (th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 6 n\u0103m 1991), s\u1ed1 7 (th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 16 n\u0103m Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 1997), s\u1ed1 12 (th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 21 n\u0103m 1999), s\u1ed1 14 (th\u00f4ng UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 22 n\u0103m 2000), s\u1ed1 15 (th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n 29 n\u0103m 2002)1. th\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0103n, m\u1eb7c, \u1edf, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 4 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111au \u1ed1m, t\u00e0n ph\u1ebf, g\u00f3a b\u1ee5a, gi\u00e0 nua ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: 199 1 Xem c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y trong: http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/bodiesIIICESCR \/comments.htm. 200\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng, k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed h\u1ee3p l\u00fd\u201d (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7). c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng1, nh\u01b0ng Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 ICESCR l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d theo nh\u01b0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ICESCR kh\u00f4ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, kh\u00ed Th\u1ee9 hai, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eadu, sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00ednh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, cho d\u00f9 tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 ICESCR s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cb\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh anh ta\u201d (himself n\u00e0o, bao g\u1ed3m: and his family). Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf theo nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung \u1edf - B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd: Quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ICESCR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1966, ng\u00e0y nay, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 thu\u00ea (c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng hay t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n), nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, nh\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 t\u1ea1m \u1edf trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 h\u1ed9. c\u1ea5p, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c... Trong m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i \u1edf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t Th\u1ee9 ba, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i, t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t hay c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c. quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1i che tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i an to\u00e0n, b\u00ecnh y\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng - T\u00ednh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ti\u1ec7n nghi v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng: M\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t b\u1edfi hai l\u00fd do: M\u1ed9t l\u00e0, n\u01a1i \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, an ninh, ti\u1ec7n nghi quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ICESCR, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u201cph\u1ea9m ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 chung, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t, \u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt s\u00e1ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m, v\u1ec7 sinh, gi\u1eb7t gi\u0169, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, ng\u1eef nh\u00e0 \u1edf, trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf x\u1eed l\u00fd r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i, tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p. l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf. Hai l\u00e0, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong - T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: M\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 chi Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 \u1edf, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch ph\u00ed \u1edf m\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chi tr\u1ea3 cho n\u01a1i \u1edf kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chi tr\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c nhu trong Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c. \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0: \u201c...n\u01a1i \u1edf v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang t\u01b0, kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian, an ninh, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, s\u1ef1 - C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: M\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian 1 Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1u 25(1) Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u 5(e) (iii) C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c ri\u00eang t\u01b0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3ng, l\u1ea1nh, \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, m\u01b0a, n\u1eafng, t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, \u0111i\u1ec1u 14(2) C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe hay l\u00e0m l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; \u0111i\u1ec1u 27(3) C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, \u0111i\u1ec1u 10 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc y t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf do ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u1ea7n III (8) Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Vancuv\u01a1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a ra n\u0103m 1990. 8 (1) Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ILO v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (s\u1ed1 115, 1966)... - C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: Nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i, tr\u1ebb em, 201 202\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV, nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chi ph\u00ed, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 khung th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 y t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, n\u1ea1n gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f3\u201d (\u0111o\u1ea1n 12). nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda thi\u00ean tai, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, tuy c\u00e1ch thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. nhi\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf di d\u1eddi n\u01a1i \u1edf. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: - \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m: Nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u01a1 s\u1edf y t\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cc\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf di d\u1eddi\u201d (forced eviction) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 khu trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c di d\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u00f4 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01a1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec5m hay g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd hay b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng - Th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a: Nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf di d\u1eddi theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u s\u1eed h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ICCPR v\u00e0 ICESCR (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Th\u1ee9 hai, vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf di d\u1eddi n\u01a1i \u1edf l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t ICESCR, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i \u1edf, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ICCPR v\u00e0 ICESCR. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t hay nh\u00e0 \u1edf quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, t\u1ef1 do c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ee9 ba, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c di d\u1eddi n\u01a1i \u1edf l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thanh to\u00e1n ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea nh\u00e0 hay b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n trong nh\u00e0 thu\u00ea m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng th\u00ec c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ICCPR v\u00e0 ICESCR vi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngay nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (\u0111o\u1ea1n 11). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 vi\u1ec7c di d\u1eddi n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 di d\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n nh\u00e0 \u1edf thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp thu \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb di c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua cam k\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1i \u0111a vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb di h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. d\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng (\u0111o\u1ea1n Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh 13). Vi\u1ec7c di d\u1eddi c\u1ea7n theo c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0: (a) s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng th\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb di d\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn; (b) th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t (\u0111o\u1ea1n 10). C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb di d\u1eddi; (c) th\u00f4ng tin trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb di d\u1eddi v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch di d\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed th\u00f4ng qua chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea5t sau khi di d\u1eddi; (d) tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n 32 c\u1ee7a Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf, trong \u0111\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n: \u201cx\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c di d\u1eddi; (e) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n di d\u1eddi trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft x\u1ea5u ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 \u1edf, c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hay v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb di d\u1eddi; (f) \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 203 204\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb di d\u1eddi; (g) h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb di d\u1eddi n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, Th\u1ee9 ba, n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 15). th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng h\u00e0m \u00fd: (i) S\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m (x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, vi\u1ec7c di d\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n di\u1ec7n v\u0103n ho\u00e1, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u \u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; (ii) Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp \u0111ang r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng do nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m c\u1eadn l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb di d\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 8). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, nhu c\u1ea7u \u0103n h\u00e0m \u00fd m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy tr\u00ec, t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u00e0, n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho h\u1ecd (\u0111o\u1ea1n 16). ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u sinh l\u00fd, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi (\u0111o\u1ea1n 9). B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 12 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 an to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba t\u1eeb Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 ph\u00eda Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh t\u1eeb ghi nh\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, tuy nhi\u00ean, ICESCR \u0111\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m do n\u1ea1n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3, v\u1ec7 sinh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9m, th\u1ef1c c\u1eadp v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ed1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t...Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m y\u1ebfu cho vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t sinh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 n\u01a1i \u1edf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m (\u0111o\u1ea1n 10). Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ICESCR s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \\\"b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh anh ta\\\" nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb phi dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, trong \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i cho t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng(\u0111o\u1ea1n 11). Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb n\u01a1i qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n con s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u (\u0111o\u1ea1n 12). Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0111o\u1ea1n 4). \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0m \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u00e0i Th\u1ee9 hai, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m khi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 nam hay ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c n\u1eef, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn hay tr\u1ebb em, \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh hay c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, trong ph\u1ea9m \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee7 \u0103n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh, tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ed1m n\u1eb7ng, h\u1eb9p l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh kinh ni\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea7n kinh. dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh, tuy V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng h\u00e0m \u00fd n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb thi\u00ean tai, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi x\u1ea3y ra th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 t\u1ef1 t\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c do nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 6). v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m (\u0111o\u1ea1n 13). 205 206\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea9m th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho m\u1ecdi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an ninh l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ra (\u0111o\u1ea1n 21). v\u1ec1 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 16). S\u1ebd l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 an ninh l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ebfu qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 17). Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c an to\u00e0n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p song h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch d\u1ee5c, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 25). Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 vi t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111o\u1ea1n 18). th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef... (\u0111o\u1ea1n 26). Nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 15 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: Nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m: ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n; kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m; ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 3). Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y h\u00e0m \u00fd m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, an to\u00e0n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c; ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c chi tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2). ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng; kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh ho\u1ea1t Th\u1ee9 hai, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc bao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea9m th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c... (\u0111o\u1ea1n 19). th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ho\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ed9c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 8). Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 do Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ecb t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n c\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111o\u1ea1n 10). Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 khu v\u1ef1c doanh ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y (\u0111o\u1ea1n 20). ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00eau \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 11, 12(1) ICESCR. S\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a.C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, tuy nhi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (\u0111o\u1ea1n 11). 207 208\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Th\u1ee9 ba, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 lao h\u1ee3p trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: l\u00fd, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i\u2026 T\u00ednh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 cho nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec7 sinh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gi\u1eb7t qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, n\u1ea5u \u0103n v\u00e0 lau \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 UDHR, theo \u0111\u00f3: (1). M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, quy\u1ec1n d\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO). c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p; (2). M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ngang nhau cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i an to\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c vi vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00e0o; (3). M\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5t, h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc nguy hi\u1ec3m cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f9 lao c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, m\u00f9i, v\u1ecb. h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; (4). M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c gia nh\u1eadp c\u00f4ng bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7n \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00edch, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ed5 sung cho quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 23, \u0110i\u1ec1u 24 UDHR quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i v\u00e0 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m: (i) b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng. ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh; (ii) b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ICESCR c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00eau \u1edf UDHR t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7n \u00edch v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi 6, 7 v\u00e0 8. Theo Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 6, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i; (iii) b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c do h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ho\u1eb7c an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd; (iv) b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an ninh c\u00e1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 khi ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc; (v) b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n (vi) \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng cho to\u00e0n d\u00e2n; (vii) \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc; (viii) \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec3n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng; (ix) th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec7 sinh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 22). \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 ICESCR kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5.2.2. Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f9 lao c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, h\u1ee3p h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, \u0111\u1eb7c l\u00fd (right to work, right to just and favourable bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m: a, Th\u00f9 lao tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 remuneration) m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd; b) Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u00e0nh Trong lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1nh; c) C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ngang nhau cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t l\u00ean kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0: quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, quy\u1ec1n 210\u00a0 209","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cao h\u01a1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n x\u00e9t t\u1edbi th\u00e2m ni\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c; d) S\u1ef1 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c gia cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. vi\u1ec7c, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f9 lao cho nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ec5. 5.2.4. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 ICESCR kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, l\u1eadp gia v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n do m\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, theo quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n (ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 ICCPR), c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c trong ICCPR v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em. quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 v\u00e0 Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 UDHR. Theo Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 16, gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt do T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ILO) th\u00f4ng qua. Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ILO \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em, d\u00f9 sinh ra trong hay ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n bao tr\u00f9m c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi ngo\u00e0i gi\u00e1 th\u00fa, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 nhau. l\u00e0 B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf - international labour code). C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a ILO c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ea5t C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a UDHR sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a c\u1ea3 trong r\u1ed9ng, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lao ICCPR (\u0110i\u1ec1u 23, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf tr\u00ean) v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 ICESCR, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ban \u0111\u00eam, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, lao \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em\u2026 \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 ICESCR y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean: (1) D\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 5.2.3. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (the right to social gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh - t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u01a1 security) b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 trong khi gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em \u0111ang Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 22 UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c; (2) D\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 trong m\u1ed9t n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng: \u201c...m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i...\u201d kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi sinh con..;(3) \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 22 UDHR sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00e0o v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00fd \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 ICESCR, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia do xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c... th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 ICESCR, \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111o\u1ea1n Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 ICESCR, \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 19 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung n\u00e0o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ed5 sung cho quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u00e1o c\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, \u1ee6y ban x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 ICCPR ghi nh\u1eadn gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1: (i) ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf; (ii) tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p t\u00e0n t\u1eadt; (iii) tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0; (iv) tr\u1ee3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p tai n\u1ea1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng; (v) tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111au \u1ed1m b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n; (vi) tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5t can thi\u1ec7p tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o gia \u0111\u00ecnh (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). nghi\u1ec7p; (vii) tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p gia \u0111\u00ecnh; (viii) tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p l\u00e0m m\u1eb9; (ix) tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng (survivors\u2019 benefits). C\u0169ng trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, \u1ee6y Th\u1ee9 hai, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, ban nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh an th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, do \u0111\u00f3 ICCPR kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a chung v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi 211 212\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo phong t\u1ee5c hay ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc, Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, th\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 ICCPR. kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c 5.2.5. Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch y t\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh y t\u1ebf do T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf Th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 UDHR, theo \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1edbi (WHO) tri\u1ec3n khai, ho\u1eb7c ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0103n, m\u1eb7c, \u1edf, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch Th\u1ee9 hai, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft... C\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, c\u1ea5m tra t\u1ea5n, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 UDHR sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u tin, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, \u0111i l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do 7, 11, 12 ICESCR; \u0110i\u1ec1u 10, 12, 14 CEDAW, \u0110i\u1ec1u 24 CRC, \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c n\u0103m 1965, Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee9 ba, \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 ICESCR kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai n\u0103m 1993. Ngo\u00e0i ra, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u00f2n tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n khu v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 WHO, theo \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ecfa m\u00e1i h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u0103m 1961 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i (\u0110i\u1ec1u 11), Hi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u0103m 1981 c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d. (\u0110i\u1ec1u 16), Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u0103m 1988 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 10)\u2026 Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: t\u1ef1 do Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 ICESCR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 sinh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb can thi\u1ec7p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u1edf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m y t\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd; quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n thi trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe... h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em; c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 v\u1ec7 sinh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 (1) \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 nghi\u1ec7p; ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba, x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, b\u1ec7nh ngo\u00e0i da, b\u1ec7nh h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c; v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ecdi C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 trong ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1ed1i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf khi \u0111au y\u1ebfu. quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u1ed1t cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 ICESCR, \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ecdi nguy c\u01a1 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 gien di v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y truy\u1ec1n, t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 14 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 22 n\u0103m l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a 2002 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 213 214\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb do b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba cung c\u1ea5p; b\u1ea3o Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e1 ng\u00e0nh y t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 l\u00e0: (a) Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a s\u1edf, h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf; b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, (b) Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf . ngh\u1ec1 y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n y t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7t ra ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean: kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ho\u00e1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh; ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i hay h\u1ea1n kho\u1ebb, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u1ee5c c\u1eaft b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c n\u1eef; th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 g\u1eb7p r\u1ee7i ro ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb7c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xin t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111au; kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed li\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5m ho\u1eb7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u0103m s\u00f3c d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea5m b\u00e1n ra nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p s\u00e1ch y t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, tr\u1eeb khi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng ch\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m\u2026 Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u00e1nh thai v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, k\u00ecm gi\u1eef ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ee7 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng s\u1ea1ch, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 th\u00edch sai th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c sinh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng sinh s\u1ea3n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 an to\u00e0n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u00ed, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t,v.v., m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, qua ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 b\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf qu\u1ed1c doanh, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed s\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 y t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, sinh h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea3i ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7n, tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb,v.v.. c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang. \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng 215 216\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u b\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1, tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c) B\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi HIV\/AIDS, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb sinh s\u1ea3n, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1, thu\u1ed1c g\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nghi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c\u2026 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi; d) Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ho\u1eb7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 5.2.6. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (the right to education) th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc; e) Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 r\u00f5: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 s\u1edf. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1eaft cho \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. Kho\u1ea3n 3 bu\u1ed9c. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hay cao h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng (Kho\u1ea3n 1). Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho con trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i theo \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Theo Kho\u1ea3n 4 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, l\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau khoan dung v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong kho\u1ea3n 1 c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 duy tr\u00ec ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. Theo Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc, theo \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 v\u00e0o l\u00fac tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 UDHR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 v\u00e0 14 ICESCR. vi\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 ICESCR \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00f3i chung, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1eb1ng: C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, cam k\u1ebft, trong v\u00f2ng hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u0103m s\u1ebd l\u1eadp ra v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ti\u1ebft, nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00f3. m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, khoan dung v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 ICESCR, \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ed9c, s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng duy tr\u00ec ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (Kho\u1ea3n 1). Kho\u1ea3n 2 trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 13, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 21 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m 1999, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: n\u00eau r\u00f5: Nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: a) Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n con ph\u00ed v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; b) B\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n 217 218\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o; (ii) C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb xa); (iii) Chi ph\u00ed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec7c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, trong khi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u0103ng ph\u00ed cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 d\u1ea7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed \u1edf c\u1ea5p trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1eadc cao; l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). (c) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o Th\u1ee9 hai, v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. M\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, cho d\u00f9 d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, bao g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp hay t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c, ch\u00ednh quy hay phi ch\u00ednh quy, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(1) ICESCR. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh, sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00eau trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft; trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 v\u00e0 2 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, \u0110i\u1ec1u 26(2) UDHR, Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (1990), C\u00f4ng (d) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng: Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 K\u1ebf th\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong Th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. ho\u00e1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Th\u1ee9 ba, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00eau c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i trong Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: \u201cGi\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean song m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ecdi d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho tr\u1ebb em ngo\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, g\u1eafn k\u1ebft gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n1 tuy n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7): 50 (a) T\u00ednh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3: Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n2 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 9). Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c bao 51 g\u1ed3m c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1ec7 sinh ri\u00eang cho h\u1ecdc sinh nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ed9i dung gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y... th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho (b) C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn: Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ee5c d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(2)(b) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00e0o. T\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ba c\u1ea5p d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc \u201cd\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau\u201d, do \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung \u0111\u1ed9: (i) T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 1. Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u201cnhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d l\u00e0: 219 \u201cnh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eef, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfm s\u1ed1, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1) v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9) c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, tham gia \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp\u201d (\u0111i\u1ec1u 1). 2. B\u1ed9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, 1999 (UNICEF), ph\u1ea7n 1, trang 1. 220\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c Theo n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(2)(d), nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u201cm\u00e0 ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc sinh trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc\u201d c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0103n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau (\u0111o\u1ea1n 10). Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(2)(b), gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n, hay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u201cph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 22). V\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u201cnhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u trong Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed\u201d. C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp\u201d c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai \u201cch\u01b0a tham gia ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c hay kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc\u201d m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n tri\u1ec3n khai tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u201cnhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (\u0111o\u1ea1n 23). ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u1ee5m Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i hay gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u201cm\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u201d y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p t\u00ednh; n\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em, thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc trong ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea7n th\u1ed1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau (\u0111o\u1ea1n 13). C\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201ct\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. V\u00ec gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u01b0u ti\u00ean cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i, n\u00ean gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc \u1edf hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mi\u1ec5n m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 25). ph\u00ed \u1edf c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc cao h\u01a1n (\u0111o\u1ea1n 14). Th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u201ct\u00edch c\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201c\u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u1edf qu\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed3n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng ICESCR y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u01b0u ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, \u201cgi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 ti\u00ean cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc (\u0111o\u1ea1n 26). c\u1eadp\u201d (\u0110i\u1ec1u 26(1)), do v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n coi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 15). Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eadc cao c\u0169ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong ICESCR, nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng s\u1ebd t\u0103ng c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cung c\u1ea5p nh\u00f3m b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 26). kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb xa. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eadc cao l\u00e0 trong khi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t, ICESCR y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u201cli\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc \u201cph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y\u201d. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1eadn\u201d, th\u00ec gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eadc cao \u201cph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(2)(e) c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c\u201d (\u0111o\u1ea1n 19). \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 27). Th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i chung, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (fundamental education) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (basic education) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. d\u1ea1y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean 221 222\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn. \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u2013 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay tu\u1ed5i \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(3), tr\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (\u0111o\u1ea1n 34). vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u2013 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 28). Cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c - \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc cho con em h\u1ecd, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng hay t\u01b0, mi\u1ec5n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u201cnh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111o\u1ea1n 35). nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n\u201d. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 cho n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n, v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf. 13(4), trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cquy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ebfu \u0111i k\u00e8m theo n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(1). Theo h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(4), m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do th\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4ng qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, h\u1ecdc l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y c\u0169ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, thu th\u1eadp t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o hay x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. sang \u201cc\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ho\u1eb7c lo s\u1ee3 nh\u00e0 tr\u1ebb, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. Chi\u1ec3u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111i li\u1ec1n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 tham v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, bao g\u1ed3m ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, gia c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(4) ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m (\u0111o\u1ea1n 39). kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00f3m trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 30). Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m, v\u1ec1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc. H\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba, v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb3ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 2(2) c\u1ee7a c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c ICESCR kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 hay b\u1ea3o h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3 l\u1edbp. Kh\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c trong ICESCR, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 bao h\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m trong lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (\u0111o\u1ea1n 31). nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u2013 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i C\u1ea7n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u201ct\u00edch c\u1ef1c\u201d, x\u1eed trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u2013 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c trong k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 41). vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ho\u1eb7c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf sau khi Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u, trong khi ICESCR quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ra (\u0111o\u1ea1n 32). Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ngay \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c 223 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0: (i) ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u201cs\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 224\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o\u201d; (ii) (vii) c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u2013 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh \u201cnh\u1eefng ti\u00eau quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 43). Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 t\u1eebng chu\u1ea9n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u\u201d theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(3) v\u00e0 (4); (viii) kh\u01b0\u1edbc b\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc; (ix) \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u201cph\u1ea3i x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng nhanh v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 59). c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t\u201d c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 ICESCR, \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3y, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 11, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean: (i) B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 20 n\u0103m 1999, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u2013 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(1); (ii) Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u2013 Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c n\u00eau trong n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y h\u00e0m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(1); (iii) T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c \u00fd kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1eebng \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d (kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng) c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf b\u1eadc c\u01a1 s\u1edf. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 th\u1ee5c; b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba, t\u00ednh trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 v\u00e0 3 ICESCR bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 6). Tuy nhi\u00ean, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i h\u1ecdc; th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc cho d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 con em h\u1ecd..\u201d n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7). v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i; t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t Th\u1ee9 hai, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed h\u00e0m \u00fd gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n r\u1ed9ng tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1edf cho m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1ebb em hay c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc ph\u00ed n\u00e0o. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh, ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 thu l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5y trang d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p, ho\u1eb7c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m, nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c mua v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng...) l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y. gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc bao g\u1ed3m: (i) ban h\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3n ph\u00ed gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c - \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7). \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh; (ii) kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c; (iii) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9 ba, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng qua k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u2013 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(1); (iv) kh\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c trong v\u00f2ng hai n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(1); (v) kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y (vi) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 8). C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ebf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trung h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eadc cao theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 13(2)(b)-(d); ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi l\u00fd do l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean thi\u1ebfu ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea7n tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd 225 226\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ki\u1ebfn chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua\u201d k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec (1). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f9 lao c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 9). b\u1eb1ng, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. (2). 5.2.7. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc (the right to take (3). s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. part in cultural life and the right to free scientific progress) (4). (5). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 UDHR. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u (6). n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a (7). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc hay ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n \u0110i\u1ec1u 15 ICESCR c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 UDHR, theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n: a) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1; b) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; c) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n m) Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ecfi \u2013 \u0110\u00e1p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (Kho\u1ea3n 1). Theo Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 15 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, NXB C\u00f4ng an Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, 2010. ICESCR, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc cam k\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. (8). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c C\u00e1c Kho\u1ea3n 2 v\u00e0 4 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00eau r\u00f5, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ebf - Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khoa h\u1ecdc (9). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. (10). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 15 ICESCR, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n 1948- M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, Nxb Lao h\u00f3a ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh (11). United Nations: Human Rights: Question and Answers, trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 15 ICESCR v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 UDHR. Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1, 1994. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V (12). United Nations: The Compilation of International Human Rights Instruments, New York and Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1, 1994 . 227 (13). United Nations: Manual on Human Rights Reporting, Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1, 1997. (14). Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: General Comments or Recommendations adopted by United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies, Volume 1) (15). United Nations: The International Bill of Rights, Fact Sheet No.2\/Rev.1, Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1, 1996. 228\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0V:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0kinh\u00a0t\u1ebf,\u00a0x\u00e3\u00a0h\u1ed9i\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0h\u00f3a\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 (16). Basic Documents on Human Rights, Clarendon Press- Oxford, 1994. (17). Appraising the United Nations Human Rights Regime, Oxford University Press, 1996. 229","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua sau hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u0103m 1966 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ngVI\u00a0 ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. LU\u1eacT\u00a0QU\u1ed0C\u00a0T\u1ebe\u00a0V\u1ec0\u00a0QUY\u1ec0N\u00a0C\u1ee6A\u00a0M\u1ed8T\u00a0S\u1ed0\u00a0\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 NH\u00d3M\u00a0NG\u01af\u1edcI\u00a0D\u1ec4\u00a0B\u1eca\u00a0T\u1ed4N\u00a0TH\u01af\u01a0NG\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a 6.1. KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T trong hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1966. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng (vulnerable groups) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng binh s\u0129 b\u1ecb \u1ed1m, b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103m 1864 (C\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 trong \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 I) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng binh s\u0129 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ecb \u1ed1m, b\u1ecb M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c chung n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft (t\u00f9 binh), th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n... v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi gian di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang. C\u1ea3 ti\u1ec5n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919 l\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao nh\u00f3m, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ILO) v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao h\u01a1n b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u00e1c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng... c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. X\u00e9t trong ph\u1ea1m vi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m: ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ebb em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi chung v\u1edbi HIV, ng\u01b0\u1eddi di t\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u01a1i l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng HIV\/AIDS... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua sau th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1960, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o...), ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 tr\u1ebb em, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a do, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i... Theo d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian, danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn b\u1ed5 sung, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 cao v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong nhi\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf, c\u00f2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef. t\u1ebf, khu v\u1ef1c, qu\u1ed1c gia, \u1edf trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i). Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef (L\u1eddi n\u00f3i ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0110i\u1ec1u 16), quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em (\u0110i\u1ec1u 25(2)). h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1966, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc) c\u00f3 229 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0: Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 n\u0103m 1953 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u0103m 1926, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed5 sung v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a 230\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed...), cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u0103m 1956, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe sinh s\u1ea3n...), cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u0103m 1949, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i...), ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1951, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch n\u0103m 1954, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c n\u0103m HIV...), ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u01a1i l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n 1957, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u0103m 1952, C\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ed1c n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t, \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n n\u0103m 1957, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i...), ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f4n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, tu\u1ed5i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n n\u0103m h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecd...), ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n 1962, Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em n\u0103m 1959, Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean h\u1ecd...)... h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c n\u0103m 1963... Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng trong lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n t\u1ebf. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1945, nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n do nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1edf m\u1ee9c kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t. qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 UNESCO, ILO... th\u00f4ng qua. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t L\u00fd do ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5 sung cho hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1966 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c 6.2. QUY\u1ec0N C\u1ee6A PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee THEO LU\u1eacT QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chung cho to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong UHDR, ICCPR Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ICESCR, tuy nhi\u00ean, do v\u1ecb th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb (do h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef) n\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef thu vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n. h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c tranh cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i t\u1ebf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y, ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII), \u1edf ch\u00e2u quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y. \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi h\u1ecd tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u1ec1 Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quy ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con sau, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i b\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (feminism). X\u00e9t chung, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i b\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p n\u1ebfu \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u1eb1m xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi. \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. Ho\u1eb7c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u 232\u00a0 quy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho tr\u1ebb em (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, gi\u00e1o 231","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cao quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t (ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em). tri\u1ec3n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 Tuy nhi\u00ean, CEDAW c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc do ILO ban h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n) cao k\u1ef7 XX. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t.1 \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ra \u0111\u1eddi. h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, cho d\u00f9 CEDAW hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c gia nh\u1eadp. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1945 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u2018b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng...\u201d (L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u). Ba H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 II t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Vi\u00ean (\u00c1o) n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 (1948), UDHR x\u00e1c l\u1eadp nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi n\u0103m 1993 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng (Tuy\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng) r\u1eb1ng: \u201cQuy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c (c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 v\u00e0 2). Ti\u1ebfp r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn\u201d (\u0111o\u1ea1n 18 ph\u1ea7n I). V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng theo UDHR, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadt qua nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i, bao g\u1ed3m C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p sang m\u1ed9t trang m\u1edbi, theo \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1ebd vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u0103m 1949; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u0103m 1952; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n n\u0103m 1957; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, tu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf chung v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb 1975 \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec3u khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1962... Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc 1999, b\u1ed1n H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (\u1edf M\u00eahic\u00f4 n\u0103m b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf 1975, \u1edf C\u00f4penhagen (\u0110an M\u1ea1ch) n\u0103m 1980, \u1edf Nair\u00f4bi (K\u00eania) n\u0103m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1966 l\u00e0 ICCPR v\u00e0 ICESCR 1985, v\u00e0 \u1edf B\u1eafc Kinh (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) n\u0103m 1995) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra (L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 2(2), \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 c\u1ee7a hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y)... nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u0110\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1975- t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb 1985 l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u1eadp k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u201d ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u00ec v\u1eady, 6.2.1. CEDAW \u2013 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 n\u0103m 1967, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef CEDAW l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 9 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay (CEDAW) v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 18-12-1979. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 3-9-1981, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (core international human t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 8-2011, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 187 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean1, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai rights instruments). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, CEDAW kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c l\u1eadp c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 ra nh\u1eefng 52 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn 1 Ngu\u1ed3n http:\/\/treaties.un.org\/Pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV- 8&chapter=4&lang=en 1 Xem chi ti\u1ebft t\u1ea1i http:\/\/www.un.org\/womenwatch\/daw\/cedaw\/reservations-country.ht 233 234\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt (b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, quan h\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 6 v\u00e0 7). \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o.., \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u00f3. 6.2.2. Nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng trong CEDAW Theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a CEDAW, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi (hay b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam 6.2.2.1. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1eef) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p (m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c), b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00ean Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 c\u1ee7a CEDAW, \u201cph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi, do ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0: \u201c...b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hay h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf h\u01a1n nam gi\u1edbi. CEDAW c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng hay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, CEDAW s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh). Theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a, d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tham gia, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1eefa nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 nhau trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, n\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, tham gia \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hay h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c1. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef, \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, c\u1ea3 trong kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a (c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ICESCR), trong B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0 lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 16 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 30 n\u0103m 2005 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban nh\u00e2n. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u00e2y ra, k\u1ec3 (v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3 b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 ICESCR)2 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, b\u00ecnh Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh sau: 53 Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed theo ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh hay v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u00ec m\u1edbi mang ngh\u0129a v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong lu\u1eadt ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c (kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp th\u00eam \u1edf ph\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00ec l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y). do gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 1 v\u00e0 3). C\u0169ng theo \u1ee6y ban, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9 hai, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u201ch\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf\u201d n\u00eau trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n, b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1eeba 1 Xem Gender Briefing Kit, UNDP Vietnam, 2004, tr.11. 2 Ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch 236\u00a0 d\u1eabn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y: http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/bodies\/cescr\/ comments.htm. 235","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 nh\u1eadn (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ed1 khi \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 cha, ch\u1ed3ng, ho\u1eb7c con trai \u0111i c\u00f9ng, trong khi nam gi\u1edbi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai \u0111i k\u00e8m); trong khi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u2018lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb\u2019 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed). ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (\u0111o\u1ea1n 13). Th\u1ee9 ba, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u201ct\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i\u201d h\u00e0m \u00fd nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n 6.2.2.2. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n; trong khi s\u1ef1 \u201cv\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e1\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 v\u00e0 3 CEDAW, \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau: Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u201cth\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d h\u00e0m \u00fd n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh - Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf; c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; trong khi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u201cc\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn\u201d n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef - Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f2n kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u201cth\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1; quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf1. - Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 th\u1eeba - B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a con trai). Trong khi t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c sai - Th\u1ef1c thi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi, khi\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 phi nh\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hay doanh nghi\u1ec7p. vay v\u1ed1n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u00ean ch\u1ee7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, trong khi tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y). - \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. C\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 16 (\u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau tr\u00ean) c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, theo \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n \u1edf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00ec l\u00fd do l\u1eabn gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan (\u0111o\u1ea1n 12), \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef do b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay phi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hay c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng 1 Xem CEDAW - Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, s\u0111d, tr.31. ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m, tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia 237 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. 238\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef. con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (UNHRC - c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ICCPR), trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 4 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 13 n\u0103m 1981 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 CEDAW, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ban (v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 ICPCR)1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau r\u00f5, trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ngay khi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed 54 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, \u1ee6y ban CEDAW, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 25 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 16 (\u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau tr\u00ean) \u1ee6y nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n hay \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd gi\u1eefa ph\u1ee5 ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi (\u0111o\u1ea1n 14). (\u0111o\u1ea1n 17), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 theo Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 4, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ngay khi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 6.2.2.3. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 theo Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u 4, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u01b0u ti\u00ean nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 CEDAW cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi. Trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 25, nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (hay c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1ee6y ban CEDAW \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Kho\u1ea3n 1 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi (temporary special measures) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u 4, theo \u0111\u00f3, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf Kho\u1ea3n 1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nam b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ecf th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00ean c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gh\u1ebf hay v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan, t\u1ed5 th\u1eddi. Trong khi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i Kho\u1ea3n 2 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t mang ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng do nam gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc gi\u1eefa hai gi\u1edbi, do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m, hay d\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khi tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 c\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 hai \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 15 v\u00e0 16). ngang nhau. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 52 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 7 n\u0103m 1988 v\u00e0 Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 25 th\u00f4ng qua X\u00e9t chung, c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 4, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 13 n\u0103m 2004, U\u1ef7 ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n CEDAW (\u1ee6y ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ban CEDAW) \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 nhau v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng mang t\u00ednh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Theo v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, n\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u1ee6y ban, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi (positive discrimination) v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. Th\u00f4ng 1 Ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung c\u1ee7a HRC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y: th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/bodies\/hrc\/comments.htm. bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 2 Ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban CEDAW \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y: http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/bodies\/cedaw\/comments.htm. 240\u00a0 239","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c 6.2.2.5. Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ngang b\u1eb1ng, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd, trong ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 nhau v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 CEDAW y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf h\u01a1n. ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m. Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 19 do U\u1ef7 ban CEDAW th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 6.2.2.4. S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 11 n\u0103m 1992 n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o, m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, l\u1ea1m \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 CEDAW y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng ma tu\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, chi\u1ebfn tranh, xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c, khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5... (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 14, 15, 16). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0, c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, d\u1eadp khu\u00f4n v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 n\u1ea1n du l\u1ecbch t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (trong v\u00e0 th\u1ebf th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i qua m\u00f4i gi\u1edbi (\u0111o\u1ea1n 14) v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hay tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed3ng \u2018gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u2019, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, t\u00e1i ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c con c\u00e1i... \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m... cho nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c. ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chung c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng trong vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u1ecfi m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a CEDAW th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 t\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3, nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y con) c\u00f3 t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 hay khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m. gi\u00fap h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 6.2.2.6.Quy\u1ec1n tham ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 CEDAW y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n tham ch\u00ednh), theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (nh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi\u201d). Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n: (i) B\u1ea7u c\u1eed, \u1ee9ng c\u1eed v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan d\u00e2n c\u1eed v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1ee5 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n; (ii) Tham gia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p; x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang (iii) Tham gia c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 3 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 6 n\u0103m 1987, U\u1ef7 ban Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 23 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c U\u1ef7 ban CEDAW th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i CEDAW \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 16 n\u0103m 1997 n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n phong t\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef. quy\u1ec1n tham ch\u00ednh, theo \u0111\u00f3: 241 242\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, \u1ee9ng c\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n tham ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9: \u0111\u1ecba nh\u1eb1m: (a) B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. gi\u1eef c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00f4ng khai; (b) L\u00e0m cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; (c) Kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng Trong c\u00e1c Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 8 (th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 7 n\u0103m 1988) v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 23 (th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 16 n\u0103m hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n tham ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; (d) Gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o 1997), U\u1ef7 ban CEDAW y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (\u0111o\u1ea1n 45). ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n tham gia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ea7n nh\u1eb1m 6.2.2.8.Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m: (a) Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7; (b) Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5; (c) C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (\u0111o\u1ea1n 46). b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn c\u00f2n di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n tham gia c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch theo ch\u1ed3ng, ho\u1eb7c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ea7n nh\u1eb1m: (a) B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ban h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m hai qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, con sinh ra ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch theo cha... Do v\u1eady, \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; (b) Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, CEDAW y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, khuy\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp, thay \u0111\u1ed5i, gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c kh\u00edch ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (\u0111o\u1ea1n 47). t\u1ecbch, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch ch\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a cha, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, \u1ee6y ban CEDAW c\u0169ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch cho con. th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tham gia v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean n\u1eef, 6.2.2.9.Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n... (\u0111o\u1ea1n 15). \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00eau \u1edf Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 CEDAW c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng (c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p), \u1edf t\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh, ngh\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh hay kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, khu v\u1ef1c, qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc cao l\u00ean... T\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n cho r\u1eb1ng con g\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp cho con trai. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, nh\u00f3m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng...(\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). th\u1ea5y, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf trong 6.2.2.7. Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong vi\u1ec7c tham gia c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1c quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u1eadu, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 c\u01a1 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c tham gia c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Qua \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, 244\u00a0 243","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0: Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 n\u00eau nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong quan h\u1ec7 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00ec l\u00fd do h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n hay sinh \u0111\u1ebb, trong \u0111\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c; ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 thi c\u1eed, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, bao g\u1ed3m: a) C\u1ea5m k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, sa th\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi l\u00fd do c\u00f3 thai, ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebb hay c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trang b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc; h\u1ecdc b\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp; k\u1ebft h\u00f4n; b) \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebb v\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u00e2m ni\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 khi \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; c) Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng thao; ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf con c\u00e1i; d) B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 mang thai tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i; e) \u0110\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 CEDAW, U\u1ef7 ban CEDAW, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chung s\u1ed1 12 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 8 n\u0103m 1989 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o chung cho c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc sinh nam n\u1eef, s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i, qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u1edf n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y); t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ph\u1ee5 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb n\u1eef tham gia c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean; gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u1eef sinh chung s\u1ed1 13 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 8, \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em l\u01b0u \u00fd c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh g\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc. \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0: ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c gia nh\u1eadp ngay C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 100 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ILO (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1); nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, 6.2.2.10. Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed phi gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2); h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 nhau (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). gi\u00fap ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, qua \u0111\u00f3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 CEDAW c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 CEDAW y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i gia... Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c chung c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 17 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 nhau khi tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng); quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 10 n\u0103m 1991, \u1ee6y ban CEDAW ch\u1ecdn ng\u00e0nh, ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m; c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 an ninh vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n n\u00e2ng cao; c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh khi l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 lao v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 trong c\u00f4ng th\u1eddi, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef an to\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh \u0111\u1ebb (Kho\u1ea3n 1). \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp 245 246\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 qu\u1ed1c d\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 16 c\u0169ng th\u1eddi, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c thi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 10 n\u0103m 1991, U\u1ef7 ban cho r\u1eb1ng, di\u1ec7n c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an sinh v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho ph\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh n\u1eef l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n do th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. t\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho m\u1ecdi Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 19 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 s\u1ee9c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 11 n\u0103m 1992, U\u1ef7 ban y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t kh\u1ecfe sinh s\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m l\u1ef1c th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i. \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 29,30). Ngo\u00e0i Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 24, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 CEDAW, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban CEDAW c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ILO), trong \u0111\u00f3 14 (th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 9 n\u0103m 1990) v\u00e0 19 (th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 100 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nam phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 11 n\u0103m 1992) y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c thi v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eef cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 nhau. nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c nguy h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u01b0 t\u1ee5c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf \u00e2m v\u1eadt n\u1eef, t\u1ee5c b\u1eaft ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 thai v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i 6.2.2.11. Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb con ph\u1ea3i \u0103n ki\u00eang, t\u1ee5c \u0111a th\u00ea, t\u1ee5c tr\u1ecdng nam khinh n\u1eef d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh cho thai nhi ho\u1eb7c \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i mang thai \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 con trai. Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 15 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee6y ban th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1edfi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 9 n\u0103m 1990 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh n\u1edf v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i con \u2013 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch HIV v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd l\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng HIV\/AIDS. Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y do chung s\u1ed1 24 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee6y ban th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 20 n\u0103m 1999 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n, trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng khi x\u00e9t chung, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi. tin, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 CEDAW y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t kh\u0103n nh\u01b0 trong xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang, b\u1ecb bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef cao tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khuy\u1ebft n\u1eef trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh t\u1eadt. \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia 6.2.2.12. Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u1eb9, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y, tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, ph\u1ee5 v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 thai ngh\u00e9n, sinh \u0111\u1ebb v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i con, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p gia \u0111\u00ecnh, qu\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. l\u00fd, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0 vay v\u1ed1n ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng... C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef - m\u1ed9t Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 12, U\u1ef7 ban CEDAW \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef. V\u1ec1 chung s\u1ed1 24 t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 20 n\u0103m 1999, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh 248\u00a0 247","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, do g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u0111a vai tr\u00f2 v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, r\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u1eddi gian vui ch\u01a1i, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u1ee5 khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ngay trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef. th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c (hay s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t), quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 con c\u00e1i, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i... S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 CEDAW y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi trong ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh: (i) H\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng - kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u1ef3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t. B\u00f9 l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i gia \u0111\u00ecnh; (ii) T\u00edn d\u1ee5ng, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: vay ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quy\u1ebft h\u00e0ng, th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tham gia c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng..) v\u00e0 (iii) Tham \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. C\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 bao g\u1ed3m: (i) B\u00ecnh 6.2.2.13. B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0110i\u1ec1u 15 CEDAW kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 - \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a th\u00ea c\u0169ng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea3o h\u00f4n cho tr\u1ebb em; (ii) B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 khi h\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 so v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n k\u1ebft th\u00fac, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nam trong th\u1eddi gian h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 ly h\u00f4n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi trong m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 giao k\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n chung trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh; quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i; vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 con, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n sinh; \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng... \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd d\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c cho, nh\u1eadn con nu\u00f4i; nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u1ecd t\u00ean, s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c thi h\u00e0nh. ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng. Trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 21 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 11 Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 16, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 21, U\u1ef7 ban n\u0103m 1992, U\u1ef7 ban CEDAW n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 CEDAW n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1eef trong vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ed7 \u1edf hay ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u00f2a qu\u1ed1c gia, tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gia \u00e1n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt,v.v. \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 13). \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111a th\u00ea l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 7,8,9). \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 nghi\u00eam c\u01b0 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng hay b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh c\u0169ng tr\u1ecdng cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd, v\u00ec v\u1eady, \u1ee6y ban khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng hay b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a th\u00ea (\u0111o\u1ea1n 14). \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 10). qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p ho\u1eb7c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu (\u0111o\u1ea1n 15). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, U\u1ef7 6.2.2.14. Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh ban cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i cho nam gi\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 CEDAW \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang t\u01b0 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c 250\u00a0 249","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 n\u1eef; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m trong v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 16, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 19, U\u1ef7 ban l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 \u1ee6y ban CEDAW \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau trong CEDAW n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tri\u1ec7t s\u1ea3n n\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1 thai c\u1ea5u Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 19, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 con v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n. kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n sinh. U\u1ef7 ban c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i 6.2.2.15. Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n n\u1ea1n b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ea1m l\u00e1nh cho nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ec7 Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec3m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 (v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc) l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng \u0103n c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c; Th\u1ee9 hai, do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecbu g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u0111a vai tr\u00f2 v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0o n\u0103m \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u01a1n 1993. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 12 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i so v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb; Th\u1ee9 ba, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4ng phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 8 n\u0103m 1989, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c th\u00f4n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u201cv\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n thi v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn. kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u1edf trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. C\u00f2n trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 19, \u1ee6y ban x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 CEDAW x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m quan s\u1edf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cb\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi \u201c..nh\u1eb1m g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, tinh quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: (i) Tham gia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, \u0111e do\u1ea1 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p; (ii) Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady hay s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng tin, t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ho\u00e1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh; (iii) H\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef...\u201d (\u0111o\u1ea1n 6). \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh x\u00e2m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; (iv) Tham gia c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea1m ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh quy v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng; quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed hay tr\u1eebng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5; (v) Tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; (vi) Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o; quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 an ninh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt; quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; (vii) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n chia t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe...(\u0111o\u1ea1n 7). ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c khi quy ho\u1ea1ch n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n; (viii) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh, \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u01b0\u1edbc, giao \u1ede h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng, th\u00f4ng, th\u00f4ng tin. ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u1edbi g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t 252\u00a0 251","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 14, trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 16 th\u00f4ng qua Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 XX, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u201cquy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em\u201d m\u1edbi t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 10 n\u0103m 1990, \u1ee6y ban CEDAW \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp sau m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean thu th\u1eadp s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi \u1ee6y tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1914-1918). Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ban v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ebb em \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p gia \u0111\u00ecnh (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n) m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch... T\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. Trong Khuy\u1ebfn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1923, b\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 17, \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u tra Eglantyne Jebb - ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Qu\u1ef9 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ebb em c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh n\u0103m v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 1919 - \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m 7 \u0111i\u1ec3m, trong \u0111\u00f3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. Trong th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. V\u00e0o n\u0103m sau (1924), b\u1ea3n Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb s\u1ed1 11, \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u00fd c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean th\u00f4ng qua (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em). S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cquy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em\u201d l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 h\u01a1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n... ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 6.3. QUY\u1ec0N C\u1ee6A TR\u1eba EM THEO LU\u1eacT QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t T\u1eeb l\u00e2u tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em t\u1eeb c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sang kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng quan t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. l\u00fd, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y coi tr\u1ebb em nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV, \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng \u201ct\u00e0i s\u1ea3n\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em (b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Spedale Degli Innocenti \u1edf Florent, Italia). cha m\u1eb9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t khi tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt H\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb em s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 tr\u1ebb em t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, tr\u1ebb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a; b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ch\u0103m l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9. s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb l\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i gian d\u00e2m v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i; t\u1ed9i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em; gi\u1ea3m \u00e1n v\u00e0 ho\u00e3n thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em thai, \u0111ang nu\u00f4i con nh\u1ecf...1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t m\u1edbi. V\u1edbi m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1948 v\u00e0 hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 55 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u0103m 1966 l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n... tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. ho\u1eb7c\/v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n. Do v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u01b0a mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u201cc\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng\u201d v\u1ecb th\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, quy chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. h\u1ee3p, do \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 c\u00f2n non n\u1edbt c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, ngay trong UDHR, ICCPR v\u00e0 ICESCR, tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn 1 Xem Qu\u1ed1c Tri\u1ec1u H\u00ecnh Lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u 295, 313,404, 453, 604, 605, 680. 254\u00a0 253","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a CRC b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1959, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb em. Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em (Tuy\u00ean N\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 Li\u00ean s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf hay c\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em (CRC) v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. ng\u00e0y 20-11-1989. V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung, so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, CRC c\u00f3 T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n nay, CRC v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 - C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a chung v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb em m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, c\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 hai Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ebb em trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n... v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea9m khi\u00eau d\u00e2m tr\u1ebb em (c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 2000), c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc - C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a ILO (m\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 138 quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 trong lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 182 v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t), c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c... - C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh 6.3.1. CRC - v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb em n\u00f3i chung) nh\u01b0 tr\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em em t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tr\u1ebb em m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m, tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, tr\u1ebb em trong xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang... CRC l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, g\u1ea7n - C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n tr\u1ebb em \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t lao ho\u1eb7c gia nh\u1eadp c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 X\u00f4mali. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em, tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea7m s\u00fang, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0: ma tu\u00fd v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em...; - Tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t - C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em. th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i hay l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd. Theo c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n - Tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho CRC, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. - Tr\u1ebb em c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 255 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n. N\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ebb em c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ngay t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u01a1 \u1ea5u; 256\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 - Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed: Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd em tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong CRC, t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 sau khi ra \u0111\u1eddi\u201d. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb em c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng giai t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n... \u0111o\u1ea1n \u201ctr\u1ee9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac tr\u1ebb ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi. - L\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em: Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi trong 6.3.2.2. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb em, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u00e0ng V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean). \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed tr\u1ebb em - T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em: Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 hay c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb em th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ef1 do xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0u da, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n hay \u0111\u1ecba 6.3.2. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a CRC v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, cha m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. 6.3.2.1. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u1ebb em Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 2, \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em \u2013 c\u01a1 Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 1, tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi 18 tu\u1ed5i, tr\u1eeb khi ph\u00e1p quan gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n CRC \u2013 trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 4 th\u00f4ng lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edf, trong qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 33 n\u0103m 20031 cho r\u1eb1ng, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ee9c tr\u1ea7n tu\u1ed5i 18 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0u da, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 18 tu\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i th\u00ec xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh (sexual orientation) v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe (health status) (bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HIV v\u00e0 b\u1ecb vi\u00ean. thi\u1ec3u n\u0103ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em. Theo B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 6 th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 2005, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, n\u1ebfu m\u1ee9c tr\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em c\u00e0ng cao v\u00e0 t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng mang t\u00ednh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi CRC s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. v\u00f4 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i cha m\u1eb9, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n hay t\u00ecm Hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1ch quy \u0111\u1ecbnh mang t\u00ednh \u201cm\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo\u201d nh\u01b0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 CRC ki\u1ebfm quy ch\u1ebf t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb (\u0111o\u1ea1n 18). c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 theo c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111i \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 5 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 34 n\u0103m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, 2003 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u00eau trong \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean CRC l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00ean Li\u00ean gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb em nh\u01b0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 c\u1ee7a CRC. 1 Ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y: C\u0169ng theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, CRC kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb khi n\u00e0o http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/bodies\/crc\/comments.htm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, nh\u01b0ng theo L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec: \u201c...tr\u1ebb em c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 258\u00a0 257","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb em, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n non n\u1edbt c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00ean kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, ph\u00e1p, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng l\u01b0u vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em. ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe nh\u01b0 ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng, dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c... 6.3.2.3. L\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em Th\u1ee9 hai, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, theo \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean), ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a CRC, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 9, 18, 20 v\u00e0 21. Theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, trong c\u00e1c B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 4 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 7, \u1ee6y ban tr\u1ebb em ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean xem x\u00e9t trong m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb em c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00edch ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p hay t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e1ng; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, danh d\u1ef1, nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m... ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb em trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p cha m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong CRC m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong hai ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y quan kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y. ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed5 sung c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m tr\u1ebb em, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ea9m khi\u00eau d\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 3, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 5 \u1ee6y v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang. ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 6.3.2.5. T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m trong m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan m\u00ecnh l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u1ee6y ban N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a CRC. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb, trong m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb em. Trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 7, \u1ee6y gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh ban n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi trong m\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ebb em c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9, th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em (\u0111o\u1ea1n 13). v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. 6.3.2.4. S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em C\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ecdi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em h\u1ed9i...) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0: ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp, c\u00f2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t. vi\u1ebft th\u01b0, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang... C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 6, c\u00f3 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i nghe theo c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i l\u1eafng nghe, t\u00f4n Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u201cs\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n\u201d (survival) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em. Do tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng 260\u00a0 259","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 tr\u1ecdng, nghi\u00eam t\u00fac xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n hay nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cam k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 11, 12). Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 12, \u1ee6y ban Quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 7 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 34 n\u0103m 2005 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh 6.3.2.7. Vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 r\u1eb1ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. \u1ee6y ban l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, bao h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh trong g\u1ed3m gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5, trong t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n... c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c con c\u00e1i l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chung c\u1ee7a li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb. \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb (\u0111o\u1ea1n 14). Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a CRC, theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb 6.3.2.6. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc; ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng khi d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 th\u00edch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb em. quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. Theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u01b0u ti\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c giao tr\u1ebb em Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 4, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 5, cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hay Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng b\u1edfi tr\u1ebb em r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng khi b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed1 vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i huy \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1eb9, gia \u0111\u00ecnh. bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t (\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp hay tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 7, \u1ee6y ban ph\u1ee7) \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 bao g\u1ed3m ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1ch ly tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi cha m\u1eb9, tr\u1eeb khi vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch ly nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111em hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 2 v\u00e0 10). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u1ee6y l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho tr\u1ebb, b\u1edfi tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng khi b\u1ecb ban c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn t\u00e1ch ly kh\u1ecfi cha m\u1eb9. \u1ee6y ban khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb em trong Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i. Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e2n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c thay th\u1ebf d\u00e0i t\u00edch, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u1ebb em, d\u00e0nh ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch cho b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c h\u1ea1n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hay nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cho nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em r\u01a1i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em...(\u0111o\u1ea1n 10). \u1ee6y ban nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb cha m\u1eb9 b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i hay x\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c; tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh cha m\u1eb9 xung \u0111\u1ed9t 261 262\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean; cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nu\u00f4i con v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do s\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfe hay t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n...(\u0111o\u1ea1n 18). \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb (\u0111o\u1ea1n 17). nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb em, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch 6.3.2.8. C\u00e1ch ly v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf thu nh\u1eadp, l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c, n\u01a1i \u1edf v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc coi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em cho h\u1ecd...(\u0111o\u1ea1n 20). tr\u1ebb em nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch ly tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi cha m\u1eb9 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 CRC, nguy\u00ean C\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 nh\u01b0ng t\u1eafc c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch ly tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi cha m\u1eb9 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 CRC y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho tr\u1ebb. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9, ho\u1eb7c trong n\u00e0y c\u0169ng n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch ly tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 khi tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb cha m\u1eb9 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, sao nh\u00e3ng ho\u1eb7c khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u00edch cha m\u1eb9 s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch ly nhau v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb h\u1ee3p cho tr\u1ebb em th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn trong CRC, theo (Kho\u1ea3n 1). S\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch ly gi\u1eefa tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 T\u1eeb n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 v\u00e0 x\u00e9t trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong CRC, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y: Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u1edbi cha, m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho tr\u1ebb. v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, tinh th\u1ea7n (v\u1edbi Ngo\u00e0i ra, Kho\u1ea3n 4 \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 CRC c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo), v\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 hai, em b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ly kh\u1ecfi cha m\u1eb9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn (d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c cha, m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 cha v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, hay ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n tr\u1ebb em, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn) v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em khi c\u00e1c em \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef, b\u1ecf t\u00f9, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y \u0111i xa hay b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft. Trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, CRC y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p cho cha m\u1eb9, cho \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 4 th\u00f4ng vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 33 n\u0103m 2003, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, tr\u1eeb khi vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 5, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. Th\u00eam tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 ra y\u00eau th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ebb em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. Tr\u1ebb em c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1eeba (ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi) c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed1t. Trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 7, \u1ee6y ban cho 6.3.2.9. \u0110o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng, quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn con c\u00e1i lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 10, tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 cha m\u1eb9 m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c tr\u1ebb (\u0111o\u1ea1n 16). \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 gia kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 cha v\u00e0 m\u1eb9, tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 263 264\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 quy\u1ec1n r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u00ean v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00e1i. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t, nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, nh\u00e2n khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u00ean v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd th\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01a1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf... v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 CRC quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 c\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, quy\u1ec1n xu\u1ea5t, nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh v\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u00ean v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd h\u1ecd t\u00ean, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch cho tr\u1ebb em ngay gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p sau khi sinh, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft cha m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ai v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha m\u1eb9 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c sau khi ra \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan trong CRC. qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0: v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 6.3.2.10. C\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ebb em ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, cho nh\u1eadn con nu\u00f4i... v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 CRC, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 6 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 11, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 35 n\u0103m 2005, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c cha, m\u1eb9 hay m\u1ed9t b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cha, m\u1eb9 nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia mang tr\u1ebb em ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i hay gi\u1eef tr\u1ebb em \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em v\u00f4 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. kh\u00f4ng cha m\u1eb9 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Theo \u1ee6y ban, CRC \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em hi\u1ec7n C\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em (\u0111o\u1ea1n 12). quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1edbi (m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i) ly th\u00e2n, ly h\u00f4n m\u00e0 tranh nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n nu\u00f4i con. N\u00f3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em ra n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n, tr\u1ebb em nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, di c\u01b0 \u2013 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u00e1n l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o hay kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c em \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p. b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o. \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em v\u00f4 th\u1eeba C\u0169ng theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 11, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng cha m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u00fd k\u1ebft, tham gia n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ba d\u1ea1ng: t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. \u1ede kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u1edf th\u1eddi vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t, nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh. \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf ngay t\u1ea1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em v\u00f4 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng cha m\u1eb9, 6.3.2.11. H\u1ecd t\u00ean v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh (\u0111o\u1ea1n 13). \u1ee6y ban 265 266\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, trong \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m hai Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed5 sung CRC, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em v\u00f4 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng cha m\u1eb9 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 15)... T\u1ef1 do k\u1ebft giao, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh (\u0110i\u1ec1u 15) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp, th\u00e0nh 6.3.2.12. Duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 CRC kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc, Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 13,14,15 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00eau \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c em b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cb\u1ea3n s\u1eafc\u201d c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, h\u1ecd t\u00ean v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh... t\u1ee9c do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chung. l\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 phong t\u1ee5c, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c). \u1ede V\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00eau \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc \u0110i\u1ec1u 13,14,15, \u0110i\u1ec1u 17 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh (truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf, ho\u00e0n bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin, s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, c\u1ea3nh...) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch, h\u1ecd t\u00ean, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c...) t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau (b\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e0i, v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn, internet..), c\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cung c\u1ea5p cho tr\u1ebb em ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u00fang c\u00f3 6.3.2.13. C\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em n\u00eau C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 13, 14, 15, 17 CRC c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 29 CRC. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 (\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc khi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ef1 do quy\u1ec1n) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t; t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 duy, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng; k\u1ebft giao, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m tr\u1ebb em ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin, v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y... T\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t (\u0110i\u1ec1u 13) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c em c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, ti\u1ebfp 6.3.2.13. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 nh\u1eadn, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 CRC th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 k\u1ef3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 thanh danh. T\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 duy, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 14) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, theo ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng theo Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 theo \u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0o. V\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, th\u01b0 t\u1eeb, nh\u1eadt k\u00fd, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 vi\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em... S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p 267 268\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3i x\u1ea5u, vu c\u00e1o, xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c, nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y tr\u1ebb em l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, loan truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef... c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb hay c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c em. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 7, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em cho r\u1eb1ng, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u0103m s\u00f3c thay th\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf gia 6.3.2.14. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, sao nh\u00e3ng \u0111\u00ecnh (cho l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i) ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh (nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u...) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00ec cho th\u1ea5y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb (\u0111o\u1ea1n 36). Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf em kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1, nh\u00e2n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c thay th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. ph\u1ea9m, b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng (t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hay l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c), b\u1ecb b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c ho\u1eb7c sao nh\u00e3ng s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i ho\u1eb7c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi \u0110i\u1ec1u 21 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u0103m s\u00f3c thay th\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 cho tr\u1ebb em \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb em (Kho\u1ea3n 1). Kho\u1ea3n 2 tr\u1ee5c l\u1ee3i, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho nh\u1eadn con nu\u00f4i. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a sao nh\u00e3ng, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea5p, x\u1eed l\u00fd, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u1eb1m mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng cho tr\u1ebb. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n sau tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb em nh\u1eb1m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nguy c\u01a1 tr\u1ebb em khi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00e1ng tin b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, sao nh\u00e3ng. c\u1eady v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, cha, m\u1eb9, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 7, \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c cho nh\u1eadn tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em cho r\u1eb1ng, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c cho tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ee5ng, sao nh\u00e3ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n (\u0111o\u1ea1n 36). ch\u0103m s\u00f3c thay th\u1ebf cho tr\u1ebb \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 6.3.2.15. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c cho tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong hai \u0110i\u1ec1u 20, 21 v\u00e0 25 c\u1ee7a CRC. \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t B\u1ed5 sung cho c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 21 v\u00e0 22, \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh (t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi hay v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n) vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean, b\u1ecf r\u01a1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ho\u1eb7c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n cha m\u1eb9 nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t ch\u0103m s\u00f3c thay th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p cho tr\u1ebb s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c thay th\u1ebf. em. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 ki\u1ec3m tra ho\u1ea1t C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c thay th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 g\u1eedi nu\u00f4i, nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u0103m s\u00f3c thay th\u1ebf tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf (trong ho\u1eb7c ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc), h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c Kafala theo lu\u1eadt H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u00f3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec1 ra trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. tr\u1ebb v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb em (do Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t khi c\u00e2n 6.3.2.16. Tr\u1ebb em t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u0103m s\u00f3c thay th\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng 270\u00a0 269","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 22, tr\u1ebb em t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n hay \u0111ang xin quy ch\u1ebf t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quy ch\u1ebf t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 29, 30). \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng em kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u0111i k\u00e8m, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng theo \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ban \u0111\u1ea7u (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 31, 32); vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 (Kho\u1ea3n 1). Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00eau r\u00f5, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nhi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9, t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n hay \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho tr\u1ebb (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, c\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a 33 \u0111\u1ebfn 38); vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed n\u01a1i \u1edf (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 39, 40); vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hay phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 41 \u0111\u1ebfn 43); quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm cha m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 41, 45); quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 46 gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n hay t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm quy ch\u1ebf t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn 49); ch\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 50 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha m\u1eb9 hay c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn 53); kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh em, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trang (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 54 \u0111\u1ebfn 60); vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi quy ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0o m\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n hay t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 64 \u0111\u1ebfn 78); vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, h\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng kh\u00e1c (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 79 \u0111\u1ebfn 94)... Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 22, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua B\u00ecnh 6.3.2.17. Tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 6 n\u0103m 2005 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em v\u00f4 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cha m\u1eb9 \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 Theo \u1ee6y ban, nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t cao b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1i hay c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi quy ch\u1ebf t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). \u1ee6y ban cho t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean CRC c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em n\u1eb1m \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m trong quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh cho tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u0103m kh\u00e1c, tr\u1ebb em nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, tr\u1ebb em t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n s\u00f3c c\u00e1c em s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, hay xin quy ch\u1ebf t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n theo \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111o\u1ea1n 12), nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vui ch\u01a1i, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. n\u00e0y (\u0111o\u1ea1n 18). \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc C\u0169ng theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a CRC, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau ph\u00e1p ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ra trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, tr\u1ebb em t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n hay xin quy ch\u1ebf t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1ee3i \u00edch ngh\u1ec1 cho tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 19 \u0111\u1ebfn 22), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 23, 24) v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u1ede g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 chung, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em (\u0111o\u1ea1n 25). tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, trong \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean vi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2007. v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, bao g\u1ed3m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ed1c n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng, danh d\u1ef1, nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u1ede g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 23, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 26 \u0111\u1ebfn 28); nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin, th\u00f4ng qua B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 9 n\u0103m 2006 ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n hay xin tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Theo \u1ee6y ban, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 CRC (nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 271 272\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em), v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. Theo \u1ee6y ban, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 8 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m: (a) T\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn 10), trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c r\u00e0 so\u00e1t v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng cho tr\u1ebb em k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (\u0111o\u1ea1n 17). s\u1edf nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 trong to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; (b) B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee6y ban cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f9m b\u1ecdc (\u0111o\u1ea1n 11). \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em; (c) B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch l\u01b0\u1ee3c, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c gia trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n, v\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe sinh s\u1ea3n, v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (\u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9; (d) B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ecdi 18). Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 9, \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, l\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c em; (e) B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em t\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu th\u1eadp, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea (\u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nguy h\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c 19); ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch (\u0111o\u1ea1n 20); c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p (\u0111o\u1ea1n 21); \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (\u0111o\u1ea1n 22); gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t (\u0111o\u1ea1n 24); ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfn theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; (f) B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tai n\u1ea1n, th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o chuy\u00ean gia (\u0111o\u1ea1n 26); nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fa \u00fd khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch c\u1ed1 \u00fd ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 \u00fd, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch do b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tai n\u1ea1n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n quan tr\u1ecdng trong CRC v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt giao th\u00f4ng; (g) B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c em kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi h\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 28 \u0111\u1ebfn 80). t\u1ea3o h\u00f4n, gi\u1ebft tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i v\u00ec danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u1eaft b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn sinh d\u1ee5c n\u1eef; (h) B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m 6.3.2.18. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng; (i) Th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n cho tr\u1ebb em. \u0110i\u1ec1u 24 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u 6.3.2.19. M\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0: d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 27, tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ban \u0111\u1ea7u; ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y cho tr\u1ebb em, cha m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau khi sinh; ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng; th\u00f4ng tin, gi\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, tuy nhi\u00ean, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em; gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u1edf tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em; ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng b\u1ec7nh, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cha v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh; tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tr\u1ebb em... nh\u00e0 \u1edf, cho c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 hay Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 24, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1 4 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 33 n\u0103m 2003, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau ra nhi\u1ec1u nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng con c\u00e1i, c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc hay \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn 274\u00a0 273","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 G\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 CRC kh\u1eb3ng trao quy\u1ec1n cho tr\u1ebb em th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea9m, l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2)... hi\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em 6.3.2.21. Tr\u1ebb em thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Tr\u1ebb em thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 v\u00e0 27, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, trong B\u00ecnh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong CRC. T\u00ednh d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 7 n\u0103m 2005 cho r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3i y\u1ebfu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nguy c\u01a1 c\u00e1c em b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u00e8o s\u1ebd h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0110i\u1ec1u 30 n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, tr\u1ebb em thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1, theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eady, \u1ee6y ban khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh. c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u201cch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ee3 tham chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u00fap v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em, tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 169 c\u1ee7a ILO v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba (1989) v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an sinh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu (\u0111o\u1ea1n 26). ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u0103m 1992. 6.3.2.20. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c 6.3.2.22. Ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, vui ch\u01a1i, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 28, 29 CRC ghi nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. Ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, vui ch\u01a1i, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u Theo c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed, s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u00e1t em. \u0110i\u1ec1u 31 CRC th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, vui ch\u01a1i, tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1edf b\u1eadc cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1, nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap tr\u1ebb em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. 6.3.2.23. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u0110i\u1ec1u 32 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m chung s\u1ed1 1 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 26 n\u0103m 2001, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nguy hi\u1ec3m, c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 em cho r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1 ra trong CRC l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc \u0111a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). \u1ee6y ban c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng, do c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ra ngo\u00e0i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m, nh\u1eb1m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em. 275 276\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 32, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ebb em trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m, trong nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n d\u1ee5ng hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ILO v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea9m khi\u00eau d\u00e2m. \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 138 v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (1973) v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 182 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t 6.3.2.25. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft c\u00f3c v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n (1999). B\u1eaft c\u00f3c v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi vi 6.3.2.23. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ma tu\u00fd ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. Tr\u1ebb em r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ma tu\u00fd; v\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0110i\u1ec1u 33 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0110i\u1ec1u 35 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5t ma tu\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o b\u1eaft c\u00f3c, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec, d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea5t ma tu\u00fd. \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, khi\u00eau d\u00e2m hay khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ma tu\u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t k\u00edch th\u00edch b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1). Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m tr\u1ebb 6.3.2.24. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c em v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea9m khi\u00eau d\u00e2m tr\u1ebb em (n\u0103m 2000). Theo Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 n\u00e0y, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c mua b\u00e1n c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 B\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb \u0111em trao \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00f2n b\u1eaft c\u00f3c tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 b\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ebb em \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a du l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n, l\u00e0m con nu\u00f4i, khai th\u00e1c t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, khi\u00eau d\u00e2m... c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tin h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 lan tr\u00e0n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng 6.3.2.26. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u 36 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u0110i\u1ec1u 34 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 32, m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c l\u00f4i k\u00e9o, \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c 33, 34 v\u00e0 35 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t tr\u1ebb em tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m m\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em theo b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 kh\u00eda d\u00e2m, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ebb em trong bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n hay t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u khi\u00eau d\u00e2m. c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, c\u1ea7n tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 6.3.2.27. \u0110\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea9m khi\u00eau d\u00e2m tr\u1ebb em (n\u0103m 2000). Theo Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 37 v\u00e0 40 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong \u00e1p th\u01b0 n\u00e0y, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay giao d\u1ecbch d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong n\u00e0o do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t tr\u1ebb em cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 xem \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c; m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m tr\u1ebb em c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c em v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee9 d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c; khai th\u00e1c t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd 277 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng to\u00e0 \u00e1n v\u00e0 278\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1eb3ng UNAIDS, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2010, tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 33,3 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ebb em c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi HIV, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 2,5 tri\u1ec7u tr\u1ebb em. Ri\u00eang trong n\u0103m 2009, c\u00f3 2,6 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1, tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m HIV, 1,8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y.1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa, kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1o, tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1p l\u00fd... Vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft, giam gi\u1eef, b\u1ecf t\u00f9 tr\u1ebb em ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0o ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c lo\u1ea1i vi r\u00fat HIV \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u00edch h\u1ee3p ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giam gi\u1eef tr\u1ebb em chung v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, ra. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y lan c\u1ee7a HIV hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch. \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng: tr\u1ebb em kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay nh\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh trong su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1980 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1990 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 chung th\u00e2n. k\u1ef7 XX, s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00e1 6.3.2.28. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em trong xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1ch ly ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 38 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng, tr\u1ebb em nghi\u1ec7p) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y lan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi 15 tu\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, khi d\u1ecbch. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em t\u1eeb 15 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi 18 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u01b0 gi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed1t x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb cao tu\u1ed5i xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, v\u00e0 t\u1ea9y chay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c. May m\u1eafn l\u00e0 theo d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng vir\u00fat HIV Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, c\u1ea7n tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp t\u1eebng gi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0o xung h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 d\u1ecbch t\u1ea3 hay d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang (n\u0103m 2000). c\u00fam... HIV ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, truy\u1ec1n m\u00e1u (c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec5m vir\u00fat) v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e0 6.3.2.29. Ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 t\u00e1i ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n tr\u1ebb m\u1eb9 s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV sang con trong b\u00e0o thai. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf em l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n HIV c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0110i\u1ec1u 39 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n trong xung trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang, b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, tra t\u1ea5n hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, gi\u00fap c\u00e1c em ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i gi\u00fap v\u00e0 t\u00e1i ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y lan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0o \u201cb\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i\u201d, t\u1eeb 6.4. QUY\u1ec0N C\u1ee6A NH\u1eeeNG NG\u01af\u1edcI S\u1ed0NG CHUNG V\u1edaI HIV\/AIDS THEO LU\u1eacT QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe 1 Ngu\u1ed3n, UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, 2010, t\u1ea1i http:\/\/www.avert.org\/world HIV\/AIDS l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 -aids-day.htm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 80 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u1ee7a 280\u00a0 279","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng do h\u1ecd t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch che d\u1ea5u t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea7n: Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh HIV\/AIDS; Ch\u1ec9 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb, Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch HIV\/AIDS m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 r\u1ee7i ro tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u00e2n h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u00e2n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS. h\u1ed9i v\u0103n minh trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c Theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, t\u1eeb th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1990 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, tuy nhi\u00ean, C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, HIV\/AIDS trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch HIV, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho b\u1ea3n h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u bao g\u1ed3m: C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi HIV\/AIDS trong HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (1996); Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 \u201cNh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n c\u1ea9m nang cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d (1999); Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS n\u00f3i chung, v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp theo nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec9nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (2000); Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp theo nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Tuy\u00ean 6.4.2. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 C\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng B\u1eafc Kinh (2000); Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (2000), Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS \u2013 Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (2001)... Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n 6.4.2.1. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng HIV\/AIDS, quy\u1ec1n con \u0111\u00f3, C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, HIV\/AIDS. th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i 6.4.1. C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh trong vi\u1ec7c Nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a HIV\/AIDS. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi HIV\/AIDS m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng, t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi l\u1ebd, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a HIV\/AIDS do Cao u\u1ef7 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c\/Trung t\u00e2m Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n HIV t\u1eeb 23 \u0111\u1ebfn 25-9-1996. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. gia trong vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh HIV\/AIDS. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m hai 282\u00a0 281","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng khi ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e1nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng HIV\/AIDS mang t\u00ednh c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng n\u1ea1n; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do b\u00e0y t\u1ecf ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 xa l\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do nh\u1eadn, trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng tin; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng h\u1ed9i; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh; Quy\u1ec1n nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n HIV trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng an sinh, tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn HIV\/AIDS n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, hay thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n \u00e1c, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng qua thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t y t\u1ebf. Theo lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n \u1ede g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, c\u1ea5m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n quan \u00edch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 UDHR, ICCPR v\u00e0 ICESCR. v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t khi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb... nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 HIV\/AIDS. danh m\u1ee5c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng n\u00eau r\u00f5, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng. nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c (other status). V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ICCPR \u2013 trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS, vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed chung s\u1ed1 18 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 37 n\u0103m 1989 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5m ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, \u0111i l\u1ea1i, an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m HIV; vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 khi c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c x\u00e9t trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec5m HIV. nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec5m HIV c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi; chia t\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng... 6.4.2.2. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m nguy hi\u1ec3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, HIV kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m qua Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong ph\u00e1p nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3, bao g\u1ed3m: 6.4.2.3. C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho qu\u1ed1c gia Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng; Quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 12 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh HIV\/AIDS. C\u00e1c 283 284\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n HIV trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ma tu\u00fd v\u00e0 cung trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau: c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn HIV\/AIDS cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y. Lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n cho ph\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh trao Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed5i b\u01a1m kim ti\u00eam; hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 ho\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef, cung m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t b\u01a1m kim ti\u00eam. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p, t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n (v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng t\u00ednh c\u00f9ng tham gia, t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p ngh\u0129a tin, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh, v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn HIV\/AIDS trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 giam c\u1ea7m c\u00e1ch ly \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ban, ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9 nhi\u1ec5m HIV d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh... g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan li\u00ean b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd chung ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, r\u00e0 so\u00e1t, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ban h\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong m\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, l\u00ean k\u1ebf b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi HIV\/AIDS. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh ho\u1ea1ch, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ri\u00eang t\u01b0, b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 HIV v\u00e0 trong x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m HIV. Lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS. C\u1ea7n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS. C\u1ea7n ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 trong \u0111\u00f3 Th\u1ee9 ba, r\u00e0 so\u00e1t, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn HIV\/AIDS \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 y\u00eau v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh HIV\/AIDS \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng, c\u1ea7u s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 y t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ban th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho HIV\/AIDS, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt h\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, r\u00e0 so\u00e1t, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t: c\u1ea7n ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c tham gia c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n r\u00e0 so\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn HIV\/AIDS nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec5m HIV l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quan ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh HIV\/AIDS ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi... v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qui \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n HIV ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng1 : C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c (bao g\u1ed3m ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi nam, th\u00f4ng d\u00e2m v\u00e0 mua b\u00e1n d\u00e2m) gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean. Lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 56 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng HIV an to\u00e0n, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed 285 1 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 ng\u00e0y 25-6-7-2002. 286\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t b\u1ec7nh, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n Th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed th\u00f4ng qua gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e0o ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c mang t\u00ednh t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea9y ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV\/AIDS. m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang nh\u1eb1m thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn HIV\/AIDS. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, b\u1edfi HIV\/AIDS bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng To\u00e0 \u00e1n, ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, ki\u1ec3m tra, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 kh\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1edf, x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n, h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\/quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 HIV \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, lu\u1eadt, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, qu\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng HIV\/AIDS. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u1ee9ng x\u1eed cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n li\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c, s\u1ed5 tay, s\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn quan \u0111\u1ebfn HIV\/AIDS: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 khu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa, gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c kho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 quy t\u1eafc \u1ee9ng x\u1eed li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.. HIV\/AIDS trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 quy t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 Th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, t\u1ea1o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi. em v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eb1m ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n hay nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng x\u1eed b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf x\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eb1m tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y1. con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0: (i) Thu th\u1eadp 57 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 1 Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hai nh\u00f3m ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, c\u00e1c \u1ee6y ban CEDAW v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean quan; (ii) Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS trong c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7; (iii) H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh HIV\/AIDS. Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 15 do \u1ee6y ban CEDAW th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c cho m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 9 n\u0103m 1990 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ee9c, lu\u1eadt, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 HIV\/AIDS c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9ng suy gi\u1ea3m mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi (AIDS). Trong Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y, \u1ee6y ban k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh HIV\/AIDS. Theo \u1ee6y ban, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u CEDAW \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m HIV v\u1edbi hai nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vai tr\u00f2 sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng tham gia c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe 288\u00a0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng HIV\/AIDS. B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 3 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean CRC v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n 287","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 tr\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em g\u00e1i khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp \u1edf nh\u00e0, 25% trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn HIV\/AIDS; (iv) H\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 6% \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c tri\u1ec7t s\u1ea3n2... tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u00e0i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS; (v) Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i; vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn HIV t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf: C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u0169 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n h\u1ecd nh\u1eb1m chia s\u1ebb ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn HIV\/AIDS, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh HIV\/AIDS tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u1ec9 sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u00ean tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u00e0 6.5. QUY\u1ec0N C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI KHUY\u1ebeT T\u1eacT THEO LU\u1eacT QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn t\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi 6.5.1. Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. Thay cho vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (disable persons) c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd mi\u1ec7t th\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p, hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO), t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 t\u1eadt (persons with disabilities). T\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u1edbi, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 650 tri\u1ec7u, chi\u1ebfm 10% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 mang h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m khuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. th\u00f2i tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, theo kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WB) v\u00e0 Qu\u1ef9 Nhi \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2007, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u (UNICEF), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 10% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i song, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, t\u1eadt chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 19% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 20% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o tr\u00ean th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a UNESCO v\u00e0 ILO, 90% s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf t\u1eadt trong ICCPR v\u00e0 ICESCR (trong khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1\/3 trong t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ebb em, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y). Duy nh\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m; 30% trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2007 c\u00f3 thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 l\u00e0 do b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt... C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em (1989) \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eady, khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (\u0110i\u1ec1u 23). ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 n\u0103m 2004 cho th\u1ea5y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 2 ILO: www.ilo.org\/public\/english\/employment\/skills\/disability 1 WHO: www.who.int\/disabilities\/en 290\u00a0 289","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2007. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 t\u1eafc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch XXI, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00e0o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u01a1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. s\u1edf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh,v.v..\\\"ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c\\\", n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 6.5.2. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc ri\u00eang hay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y, n\u00f3i theo \u00f4ng Don Mackay, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch U\u1ef7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1966 l\u00e0 do nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ban l\u00e2m th\u1eddi so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3: \u201cx\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c qu\u00ean c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt158. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3\u201d1. ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang khi tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 80 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 sau: nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u bao g\u1ed3m: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt 6.5.2.1. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng (1982); C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n (1991); C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00eau ra b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ho\u00e1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (1993)... Ngo\u00e0i ra, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt: qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y n\u0103m 1981 l\u00e0 \u201cN\u0103m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt\u201d v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0o n\u0103m - \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt\u201d: Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1982. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, n\u0103m 1993, trong Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Vi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh H\u00e0nh hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u0110o\u1ea1n 13), H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 II \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1c quan m\u00e0 khi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau n\u00eau r\u00f5: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o x\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn, b\u1edfi v\u1eady t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y\u201d. nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt\u201d, tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI. n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 2004, 2005, U\u1ef7 ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua hai ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c - \u201cS\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt\u201d: Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t U\u1ef7 ban l\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c 1 Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 5 (1994) c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111o\u1ea1n 6. ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. 291 1 http:\/\/www.un.org\/disabilities\/convention\/convention.shtm (the Convention in Brief). 292\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 C\u0169ng theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 2, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00ednh x\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd\u201d khi \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i dung t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef, c\u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong CEDAW v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t nh\u1eb1m b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, thi\u1ec7t C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c th\u00f2i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. 6.5.2.3. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia - \u201cS\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9nh \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n s\u1eeda c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt h\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Nh\u00ecn chung, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng theo c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ba lo\u1ea1i: ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, ngh\u0129a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi - \u201cThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 d\u1ee5ng\u201d c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ed5 sung h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt cho h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec1u C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc; x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t. t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed; x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n... C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c 6.5.2.2. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f9 bao g\u1ed3m: \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao (a) Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, g\u1ed3m: (i) T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, trang b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ed5 (ii) Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed; (iii) Tham gia v\u00e0 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; (iv) T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng; (v) B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i; (b) Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn (vi) D\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn; (vii) B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef; (viii) T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng kh\u1ea3 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em l\u1ea1c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. kh\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (c) Gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ti\u1ec7n, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd; c\u1ea5m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (d) \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (e) Tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng. ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd. 293 294\u00a0"]