GT lý luận và pháp luật về quyền con người

["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0II:\u00a0Khai\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 2.10.4. Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Cartagena v\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n.1 C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f3ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (environmental human rights) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 2.10.5. Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c \u1edf tr\u00ean, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt (animals) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n. Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt (animal rights) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n khu v\u1ef1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a. Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Humphrey 21); Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 San Salvador b\u1ed5 sung Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 Primatt (n\u0103m 1776), John Lawrence (n\u0103m 1796) ... \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0110i\u1ec1u 11). v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia phong tr\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u0103n V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung cho r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong l\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. V\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0\u2026kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n, trang ph\u1ee5c, l\u00e0m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hai lu\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t coi quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (explicit rights), trong khi quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a (unenumerated rights) n\u1eb1m h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. trong n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe\u2026 Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt, V\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do kinh doanh Introduction to Animal Rights: Your Child or the Dog? c\u1ee7a Gary c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00e0n lan, Francione (Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 2000); Animal kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u2026). V\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c Rights, Human Rights: Entanglements of Oppression and Liberation t\u1ebf, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a David Nibert (New York, Rowman and Litterfield, 2002); Thanking c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty\/t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia the Monkey: Rethinking the Way We Treat Animals c\u1ee7a Karen Dawn trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. (Harper Collins, 2008); For the Love of Animals: The Rise of the Animal Protection Movement c\u1ee7a Kathryn Shevelow (Henry Holt and Trong kho\u1ea3ng ba th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf Company, 2008)1\u2026 Tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, song cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 1 Xem to\u00e0n v\u0103n Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i http:\/\/www.foei.org\/en\/get-involved\/take-action\/ ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9\/2003, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb solidarity-work\/The%20Cartagena%20Declaration qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1edf Cartagena, 1 \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i trong gi\u1edbi Colombia, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n 250 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem th\u00eam: Gan Shaoping (Cao Thi\u1ec7u B\u00ecnh), \u201cBi\u00ean gi\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d trong Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u0169i 101 nh\u1ecdn trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, Nxb Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2008, tr.95-100. 102\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0II:\u00a0Khai\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 v\u00f4 c\u1edb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i trong nh\u00e0 (ch\u00f3, m\u00e8o\u2026). Ng\u00e0y X\u00f4 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 25\/6\/2008, T\u00e2y Ban Nha tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n ngh\u0129a) th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi (ape) b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y n\u00eau ra 10 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh th\u1ec3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i (tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7), tra t\u1ea5n, giam gi\u1eef lo\u00e0i linh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ecb coi b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p2. bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.1 T\u1eeb th\u1eadp ni\u00ean Tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng 1990, t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh v\u1eadt, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng phong ph\u00fa. N\u0103m 2003, t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 Manila v\u1ec1 An sinh \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt (animal welfare), c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn quan chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do cho \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt (t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u00f3i, kh\u00e1t; t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng; t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, b\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, t\u1eadt; t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh vi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng)3. th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u hy v\u1ecdng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Cho d\u00f9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111ang g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i, kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh song vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. khu v\u1ef1c1. Trong m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed1i 2.11. TH\u1ef0C T\u1ebe V\u00c0 TRI\u1ec2N V\u1eccNG C\u1ee6A QUY\u1ec0N CON NG\u01af\u1edcI quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n k\u1ec3 khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 N\u0103m 2008, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 60 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1. n\u0103m Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (1948) v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c Tuy v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, b\u1ec7nh d\u1ecbch, HIV\/AIDS\u2026v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau nh\u01b0 sau: 1 C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y: quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh: Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh (1984); quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n: Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, trong khi quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tri\u1ec3n (1986); quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng: n\u0103m 1972, t\u1ea1i Xt\u1ed1ckh\u00f4m (Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n), l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Li\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00ec t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (human environment) trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m. qua Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1992, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 ra Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Ri\u00f4 v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bao g\u1ed3m 27 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t Tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc Henxinki \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975 t\u1ea1i Ph\u1ea7n Lan gi\u1eefa 35 qu\u1ed1c gia bao g\u1ed3m M\u1ef9, Cana\u0111a, Li\u00ean 1 Xem th\u00eam: Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (th\u00e1ng 11-1993) kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch an ninh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i chung (CFSP) c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u201cd\u00e2n 2 Xem Donald G. McNeil, \u201cWhen Human Rights Extend to Nonhumans\u201d, The New York ch\u1ee7, ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n\u201d. Trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ASEAN, Times, July 13, 2008. \u0110i\u1ec1u 1\/7 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ASEAN l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u1ea3n 3 V\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, xem th\u00eam t\u1ea1i: tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n\u201d, \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 Michael Hass, International Human Rights: A Comprehensive Introduction, 2008: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung cho khu v\u1ef1c. 14: New Dimensions and Challenges, tr. 328 \u2013 338. 104\u00a0 103","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0II:\u00a0Khai\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Trong hai th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua, nh\u00e2n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang trong thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u nh\u01b0 \u1edf B\u00f4xnia (1992-1995), qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n Ruan\u0111a (1994), C\u00f4x\u00f4v\u00f4 (1998-1999), C\u00f4ngg\u00f4 (Zaire) (1996- 2003). M\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o s\u1ed1 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Dafur (Xu\u0111\u0103ng), v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o\u2026 \u00c1fganixtan, Ir\u1eafc, Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, Xomali\u2026 Trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n an to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ec3,v.v.. b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn; nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0,v.v.. v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ed1t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o. Tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, n\u1ea1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em v\u1eabn y\u1ebfu trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m, trong khi t\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ebfn nay, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (EU) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc\u2026Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, chung l\u00e0 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t xa v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i; vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi vi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p2\u2026 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee9 hai, trong khi quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed, Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (EU) hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i qu\u1ed1c gia (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, M\u1ef9, Nga, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u2026)1. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh Th\u1ee9 ba, trong khi ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, tuy nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c dung v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, cu\u1ed9c tranh doanh nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty\/t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia. lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 mang m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, xoay quanh m\u1ed1i C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (NGOs) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p, bao g\u1ed3m quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n (nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia (MNCs), xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia (TNCs) \u0111ang t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 v\u0103n ho\u00e1), th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay, cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong khi di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc (hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00e1c NGOs (c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf) \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam (c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n), v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu xoay quanh m\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1ec1 kinh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a (thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a). Sau s\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p (corporate social responsibility) n\u00f3i chung ki\u1ec7n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 11-9-2001 t\u1ea1i New York, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 do v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00f3i ri\u00eang \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kho\u00e9t s\u00e2u th\u00eam m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n1. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh 2 T\u1ea1i T\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Ruan\u0111a, T\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nam T\u01b0 c\u0169 \u2026\u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i 1 Council of the European Union, EU Annual Report on Human Rights 2008, Brussels, 27 ph\u1ea1m chi\u1ebfn tranh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p truy t\u1ed1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Pinoche November 2008; \u0110\u1ebfn h\u1ebft n\u0103m 2008, EU v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua 25 l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i. v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c Kh\u01a1me \u0110\u1ecf. 1 Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ctr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1970 \u0111ang d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ec3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Ph\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 105 106\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0II:\u00a0Khai\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, v\u00ec ch\u1ea1y theo l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn n\u00ean c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p (33). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5\/tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. em, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7, g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u2026 \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, xu (34). So s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u00f3a khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang (35). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. nghi\u1ec7p. (36). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 an ninh con Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi. quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n (37). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ra sao?\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau2; tuy nhi\u00ean, (38). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chung c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 (39). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t. th\u1ec3, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1eebng c\u00e1 (40). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. kinh t\u1ebf. (41). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II ngh\u00e8o. (25). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (42). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia. (26). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (43). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (27). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (28). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. (44). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (29). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. (30). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (45). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, (31). So s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. (32). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5. ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a. (46). Ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng l\u00e0 (VCCI) g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng n\u0103m cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t. Xem th\u00eam \u201cTr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t. doanh nghi\u1ec7p\u201d c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u01a1ng Phan trong Lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n kinh t\u1ebf (nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3), Nxb Tr\u1ebb, 2008. (47). N\u00eau nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c 2 Xem th\u00eam: Upendra Baxi, The Future of Human Rights, Second Edition, OUP; Costas Douzinas , The End of Human Rights, Hart Publishing, 2000. qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1m \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 107 (48). N\u00eau nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (49). Ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, vai tr\u00f2 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. 108\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0II:\u00a0Khai\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II (7). United Nations, Compilation of General Comments and (1). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ecfi \u2013 \u0110\u00e1p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n (8). Recommendations adopted by human rights treaty bodies (9). (HRI\/GEN\/1\/Rev.7, 12 May 2004). con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Nxb C\u00f4ng an Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, 2010. (10). (2). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c (11). United Nations, Human Rights, A Basic Handbook for UN Staff, 2004. t\u1ebf - Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (12). (3). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a United Nations: UN common understanding on human rights-based approaches to development, 2003. nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (4). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf OHUNCHR, Freequently Asked Questions on a Human Rights-based Approach to Development Cooperation, New nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n 1948- M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, Nxb Lao York and Geneva, 2006. \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (5). United Nations, Human Rights: Question and Answers, UNDP, Human Development Report 2000: Human Rights and Geneva, 1994. (6). United Nations, Human Rights Training: A manual on Human Development (New York, 2000), t\u1ea1i Human Rights Traning Methodology, New York v\u00e0 Geneva, 2000. http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/reports\/ 109 view_reports.cfm?year=2000&country UNDP, Human Development Report, 1994, New York, Oxford University Press, 1994. (13). ESCR Committee, General Comment No.3, http:\/\/www2. ohUNCHR.org\/english\/bodies\/cescr\/comments.htm (14). UNHRC, General Comment No.5, t\u1ea1i: http:\/\/www2. (15). ohUNCHR.org\/english\/bodies\/UNHRC \/comments.htm (16). (17). CNN: \u201cTen ideas that changed the world\u201d, 2005. (18). Vi\u1ec7n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc: \\\"\u0110\u1ea1i T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\\\", Nxb V\u0103n ho\u00e1, (19). Th\u00f4ng tin, H.1999. (20). Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1,XIV), 1658. (21). John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690; Second Tract of Government, 1662; Questions Concerning the Law of Nature, 1664. Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n 1948 \u2013 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ( b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t) Gudmundur Afredsson & Asbjorn Eide (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. Nguy\u1ec5n Anh Tu\u1ea5n, Kh\u1ea3o l\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, Nxb Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H., 2008. Jacques Mourgon, Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, H,.1995, tr.11. 110\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0II:\u00a0Khai\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 (36). Gan Shaoping, \u201cBi\u00ean gi\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecm (22). Chu H\u1ed3ng Thanh: Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (23). qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nxb Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H.,1997. ki\u1ebfm m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d trong Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, (24). Alston, Philip, \\\"Ships Passing in the Night: The Current Nxb Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2008. (25). State of the Human Rights and Development Debate seen (37). Donald G. McNeil, \u201cWhen Human Rights Extend to through the Lens of the Millennium Development Goals\\\", Nonhumans\u201d, The New York Times, July 13, 2008. (26). Human Rights Quarterly. Vol. 27 (No. 3), 2005. (38). Michael Hass, International Human Rights: A Comprehensive (27). Introduction, 2008: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 14: New Dimensions and Challenges. Ball, Olivia; Gready, The No-Nonsense Guide to Human (39). Council of the European Union, EU Annual Report on (28). Rights. New Internationalist. ISBN 1-904456-45-6., 2007. Human Rights 2008, Brussels, 27 November 2008. (29). (40). L\u01b0\u01a1ng Phan, \u201cTr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb doanh nghi\u1ec7p\u2019, (30). The Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation trong Lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n kinh t\u1ebf (nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3), Nxb Tr\u1ebb, 2008. (31). Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and (41). Upendra Baxi, The Future of Human Rights, Second Political Rights ,t\u1ea1i http:\/\/www.unhcr.org Edition, OUP; Costas Douzinas , The End of Human Rights, (32). Hart Publishing, 2000. (33). Corporations and Human Rights (http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/ (42). Trung\u00a0 t\u00e2m\u00a0 Nghi\u00ean\u00a0 c\u1ee9u\u00a0 quy\u1ec1n\u00a0 con\u00a0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 thu\u1ed9c\u00a0 H\u1ecdc\u00a0 vi\u1ec7n\u00a0 (34). worldreport). CTQG\u00a0H\u1ed3\u00a0Ch\u00ed\u00a0Minh,\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0v\u0103n\u00a0ki\u1ec7n\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 (35). Nxb\u00a0Ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0gia,\u00a0H,.\u00a01998.\u00a0 Norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human 112\u00a0 rights, t\u1ea1i http:\/\/www.un.org\/apps\/news\/story V.E.Davidovich, D\u01b0\u1edbi l\u0103ng k\u00ednh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Nxb Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, 2002. Murata Yasuo, V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1 4 (31) 2007. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u00f3m t\u1eaft H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Nxb T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, H., 2007. C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c, b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh, t\u1ea1i http:\/\/www.un.org\/millennium\/declaration\/ ares552e.pdf. John Stuart Mill, B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do, Nxb Tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, H., 2006. David Betham v\u00e0 Kenvin Boyle, Introducing Democracy 80 Questions and Answers, UNESCO Publishing, 2009 Henry Kissinger, \\\"The Pitfall of Universal Jurisdiction\\\", trong Foreign Affairs (July\/August 2001), http:\/\/www. foreignaffairs.org Eddie Bruce-Jones, Lucas Paoli Itaborahy, A world survey of laws criminalising same-sex sexual acts between consenting adults, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), 2011, t\u1ea1i www.ilga.org 111","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0II:\u00a0Khai\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 113","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, lu\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, lu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, lu\u1eadt ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1, lu\u1eadt t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u2026 \u00a0 S\u1edf d\u0129 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u1edfi hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III\u00a0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau \u0111\u00e2y: KH\u00c1I\u00a0QU\u00c1T\u00a0LU\u1eacT\u00a0QU\u1ed0C\u00a0T\u1ebe\u00a0V\u1ec0\u00a0QUY\u1ec0N\u00a0CON\u00a0NG\u01af\u1edcI\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 tham 3.1. KH\u00c1I NI\u1ec6M, V\u1eca TR\u00cd, \u0110\u1ed0I T\u01af\u1ee2NG, PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P \u0110I\u1ec0U CH\u1ec8NH gia c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh V\u00c0 NGU\u1ed2N C\u1ee6A LU\u1eacT NH\u00c2N QUY\u1ec0N QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt 3.1.1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1i C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3nh, lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (international human rights law), tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u1ebf ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, trong th\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf x\u00e1c l\u1eadp, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 khi tham gia cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang g\u00e2y nh\u1eefng tranh trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, song th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c (c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.137 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c (c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn...), trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n Th\u1ee9 hai, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c. truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n kh\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia trong lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Trong lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (human rights law). C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, trong khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 bao h\u00e0m c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c) th\u00ec lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia (national ho\u1eb7c domestic law) v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang thay ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0111\u1ed5i. Hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng 3.1.2. V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf 1 \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt gia c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Malcolm N. Shaw Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong International Law (Cambridge University Press, Fifth Edition, 2003, tr. 232), Antonio lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf chung (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf - public Cassese trong International Law, (Oxford University Press, 2004, tr. 77 - 78)\u2026 Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 international law) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt gia, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt 113 qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cnh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi nhau hay v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn hay cam k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.\u201d (Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, TS.L\u00ea Mai Anh (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), Nxb C\u00f4ng an nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, 2006, tr. 59). 114\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, song trong r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u00e2y ra. n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1eefa. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chung c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd t\u1ebf, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, g\u00e2y s\u1ee9c \u00e9p qu\u1ed1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 (qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf (tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ngo\u1ea1i giao, kinh t\u1ebf) tham gia c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y) v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 (c\u00e1c m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng do t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi).138 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p chung trong quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 3.1.4. Ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng tranh c\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, song quan ni\u1ec7m chung ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho r\u1eb1ng, ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3i chung, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, bao g\u1ed3m: (i) C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (chung ho\u1eb7c ri\u00eang); tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, t\u00ednh d\u00e2n (ii) C\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; (iii) C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, cho d\u00f9 ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u0103n minh th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn (iv) C\u00e1c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. l\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn cao.1 3.1.3. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt X\u00e9t ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00e2y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng: L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i - C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ri\u00eang. c\u1ea7u hay khu v\u1ef1c) v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng qua. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf chung (c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 tham gia. n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf) trong vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1eadn, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh - C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c qua. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c.2 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n khu v\u1ef1c (\u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9, ch\u00e2u - C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, Phi) ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn\u2026) do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p 1 V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem Sieghart Paul, The International Law of Human Rights, OUP, Oxford, 1 Xem \u0110i\u1ec1u 38(1) Quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n C\u00f4ng l\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ICJ). 1992, tr.11-12. 2 Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. V\u1ec1 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an, \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn 115 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. 116\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c X\u00e9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebfv\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sau: qu\u1ed1c gia, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 UDHR, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII, XIX, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c v\u0103n - Nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung (v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia) v\u00e0 ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb (v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3) do \u1ee7y nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra Magna Carta c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, Tuy\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p\u2026m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, chung cho to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n nh\u00f3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1ecdi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, song tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung t\u1ef1 do, suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng; quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft\u2026\u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia. qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. Th\u1ee9 hai, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n - Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n C\u00f4ng l\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00f2a \u00e1n khu ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf k\u1ec3 khi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n - Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn cao v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia. Trong h\u01a1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ed5 sung m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m tr\u00edch d\u1eabn. h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 3.2. M\u1ed0I QUAN H\u1ec6 GI\u1eeeA LU\u1eacT NH\u00c2N QUY\u1ec0N QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe V\u00c0 PH\u00c1P Th\u1ee9 ba, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n LU\u1eacT QU\u1ed0C GIA quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ef1c V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3i chung v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u201cn\u1ed9i lu\u1eadt ho\u00e1\u201d c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng, quy ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed5 sung h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp m\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u1eabn ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u01b0a h\u00e0i h\u00f2a nhau c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia trong khi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia vi\u00ean th\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u00e1p t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1eadn t\u00e2m, thi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. 118\u00a0 117","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ch\u00ed th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf - pacta sunt servanda) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t U\u1ef7 ban qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh trong cu\u1ed1n trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1969.1 s\u00e1ch \u201cK\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadn Solferino\u201d xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1862. N\u0103m 1864, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, b\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c b\u1edfi n\u0103m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban 3.3. M\u1ed0I QUAN H\u1ec6 GI\u1eeeA LU\u1eacT NH\u00c2N QUY\u1ec0N QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe V\u00c0 LU\u1eacT Ch\u1eef Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Ngo\u1ea1i giao qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 NH\u00c2N \u0110\u1ea0O QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n 12 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 (I) v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang, tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khai sinh ra m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi - lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n hay lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh) v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 hai ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c m\u1ecdi th\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ec7nh binh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong 3.3.1. Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf c\u00f3 mang bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u1eef th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n tr\u1eafng. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc, chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 (I) n\u0103m 1864, Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n (mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf)1 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed, nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn tranh (bao g\u1ed3m d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn binh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh. Tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ecb \u1ed1m, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh). \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 n\u0103m 1949 v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 (I) v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn binh v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh binh thu\u1ed9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u00ean b\u1ed9; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1o v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p di\u1ec5n ra t\u1ea1i Solferio (mi\u1ec1n Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 (II) v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh, b\u1ec7nh binh v\u00e0 B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc Italia) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1859. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u thu\u1ed9c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hai \u00f4ng Henry Dunant v\u00e0 Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 (III) v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 (IV) Guillaume-Henri Dufour. v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n trong th\u1eddi gian chi\u1ebfn tranh) v\u00e0 hai Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 n\u0103m 1977 b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Sau khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hai b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m la li\u1ec7t tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc ai ch\u0103m s\u00f3c trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn Solferio, Henry Dunant \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng \u00fd m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu 1 V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, Lu\u1eadt k\u00fd k\u1ebft, gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u0103m 2005 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (international customary law) c\u0169ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u0103n b\u1ea3n quy ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn tranh. Theo C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc, lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n CHXHCN Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00ec \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quy qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01b0 x\u1eed chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (\u0110i\u1ec1u 6, Kho\u1ea3n 1). v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc 1 Xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, v\u00e0o hai qu\u1ed1c gia, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang kh\u00f4ng n\u0103m 2005, \u1ee6y ban Ch\u1eef Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t x\u1ea3y ra trong ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh quy v\u1edbi b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phe nh\u00f3m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 trang, ho\u1eb7c xung \u0111\u1ed9t 120\u00a0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phe nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 trang b\u1ecb v\u0169 trang v\u1edbi nhau. 119","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y: C\u00e1c b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n (Customary International Humanitarian Law Study), trong \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n coi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn trong m\u1ecdi t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 n\u0103m 1949 v\u00e0 hai ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 n\u0103m 1977 hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00e1c 3.3.2. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tham chi\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 hai ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt v\u00f2ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung: v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea3 hai ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00e0o. m\u1ea1ng, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, danh d\u1ef1, nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u1ea3 hai ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5m tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o Th\u1ee9 hai: Nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m gi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c g\u00e2y th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch cho \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quy h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. s\u1ef1, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em\u2026 Th\u1ee9 ba: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u1ed1m c\u1ee7a b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u1ea3 hai ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu gom v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m y t\u1ebf, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Bi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2026 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u1eef Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 tr\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ecf tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n tr\u1eafng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. Th\u1ee9 ba, c\u1ea3 hai ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chung (c\u1ea3 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: T\u00f9 binh v\u00e0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft gi\u1eef ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec7n), v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ea1ng, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m sung c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em trong xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang tin v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u1ea5m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c hay Quy ch\u1ebf R\u00f4m v\u1ec1 T\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u2026 ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u1ea3 hai ng\u00e0y lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m: M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Kh\u00f4ng ai ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng 3.3.3. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tra t\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, d\u00f9ng nh\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung, song lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u: C\u00e1c b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 sau: ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 60 121 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Ch\u1eef Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf - Tr\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ecf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf - m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a 122\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ngo\u1ea1i giao qu\u1ed1c n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng hay t\u1ebf. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u00e2n s\u1ef1..). Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t tri\u1ec3n sau khi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ra \u0111\u1eddi (1945), ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u2013 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. 3.4. KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec H\u00ccNH TH\u00c0NH V\u00c0 PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N C\u1ee6A Th\u1ee9 hai, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c LU\u1eacT NH\u00c2N QUY\u1ec0N QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 ttrang (c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf), trong khi lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong b\u1ed1i Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi trong c\u1ea3nh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfn tranh. h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ee9 ba, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (1945). t\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tham chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n, quy ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a 3.4.1. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eef th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 tr\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ecf\u2026T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda m\u1edf ra v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed hay quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng... ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn tranh M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn do chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00e2y ra v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; trong khi \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ecdi ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eeb l\u00e2u trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u2013 th\u1eddi m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia phong ki\u1ebfn t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf quan t\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi ph\u00e1p l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n hay h\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf quan t\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ch\u1ecbu s\u1ee9c \u00e9p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Ngay n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n, th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 hay thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia phong ki\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u1edf mang t\u00ednh s\u01a1 khai, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh (nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa chi\u1ebfn binh v\u00e0 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, 124\u00a0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u00e2n s\u1ef1; nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ea5m t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u1ea5m t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 123","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.1 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. C\u0169ng do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u0111\u00e3 Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf di\u1ec5n ra nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c can thi\u1ec7p v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u00e0y v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u00fd do b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1919), quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u1edf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Hai t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 trong \u0110i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf \u1ed0t-t\u00f4-man v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1827 v\u00e0 1876; hay cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m do t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng Sy-ri di\u1ec5n ra n\u0103m 18601...K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong Tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean, can thi\u1ec7p v\u0169 trang n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, duy tr\u00ec k\u00fd k\u1ebft \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nh\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng; quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u00edn v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng; quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt; quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t x\u1ee9 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh..,.c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb La Hay1, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. \u1ede g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi \u00fd ngh\u0129a ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc 39 ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf sau n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Ch\u1eef Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ICRC)2 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean3, b\u1ed5 b\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.2 40 41 C\u0169ng trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, sung nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng mua b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 di\u1ec5n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 ra ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi. M\u1ed9t trong trang. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a ho\u1eb7c \u00edt \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd k\u1ebft song nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00f3a b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, Ph\u00e1p, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Nha, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan \u1edf Vi\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1815. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean (n\u0103m 1926) v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc do ILO ban h\u00e0nh trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00fd k\u1ebft \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c 1 V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem th\u00eam Sieghart Paul, s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn, tr.13. nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 1 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean, tr.14. n\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1edfi v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 2 V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem th\u00eam Lauterpacht, H,.: International Law and Human Rights, London, quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.4 1950, reprinted in 1968, tr.77 1 T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 1906 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 th\u1ee9 I s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m 125 vi b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n. 2 N\u0103m 1929, H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y h\u1ecdp \u1edf Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 th\u1ee9 II v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00f9 binh. 3 N\u0103m 1933, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ee5ng qua Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1i cay ng\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9c. 4 V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem th\u00eam Tolley Howard, Jr.,: The U.N. Commission on Human Rights, Westview Press, Colorado, 1987, tr.3. 126\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 3.4.2. Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai - c\u00fa h\u00edch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh Li\u00ean X\u00f4 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 19443 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Dumbarton v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Oaks. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cLi\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c\u201d m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c: \u201c... th\u00fac N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u00e2u xa th\u00ec nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d.1 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt trong Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Dumbarton Oaks l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng minh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai m\u1ea1c t\u1ea1i Xan Phranxixc\u00f4 (Hoa K\u1ef3) Ngay t\u1eeb khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111ang di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn \u00e1c ng\u00e0y 25-4-1945 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a 50 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 li\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp sung th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong b\u1ea3n K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho v\u0103n m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. B\u1ea3n Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y sau cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh bi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 26-6-1945 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 24- th\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang g\u00e2y ra. 10-1945, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 \u201cd\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb3ng\u201d, ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ebf n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. l\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t, di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt trong cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 3.4.3. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u2013 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng hai \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n con c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n do phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1945. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1edfi Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Atlantic n\u0103m 19411 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c \u201c...thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng an to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u2013 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ecdi Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i kh\u00e1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n. v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n\u201d. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng minh n\u0103m 19422 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u2026th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, trong Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c: \u201c...ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u2026\\\" th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfn tranh ..\u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft\u201d, \u201c... tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0m \u1edf Dumbarton Oaks (Hoa K\u1ef3) gi\u1eefa b\u1ed1n c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a phe \u0110\u1ed3ng minh l\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3, Anh, Trung Qu\u1ed1c (Trung hoa D\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c) v\u00e0 3 C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eb1m ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng minh. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn 1 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft ng\u00e0y 14-8-1941 b\u1edfi 47 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed3ng minh h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 vi\u1ebft, Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0 H\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7ng qu\u1ed1c 2 V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd ng\u00e0y 01-01-1942 b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a 26 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3, trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 21\/8 \u0111\u1ebfn 28-9-1944. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t x\u00edt v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 21 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh v\u00e0 H\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7ng qu\u1ed1c Hoa k\u1ef3 t\u1eeb 29\/9 \u0111\u1ebfn 7- 10-1944. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, 5 c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 127 ghi nh\u1eadn trong K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Dumbarton Oaks. 1 Xem: United Nations Action in the Field of Human Rights, S\u0111d, tr.1. 128\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n 2,3,4 \u0110i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf..\u201d v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c 62, \u0110i\u1ec1u 64, \u0110i\u1ec1u 68 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m: \u201c...th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n\u201d2. nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi... \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 Nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, theo \u0111\u00f3, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: (1) Duy tr\u00ec th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf..; (2) X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ti\u1ebfp theo. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u00e1t t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; (3) T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong gi\u1ea3i kh\u1ecfi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia trong m\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, song Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y1.Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0110i\u1ec1u 68 trong ba m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i ra, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng li\u00ean 42 quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf - X\u00e3 M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i (ECOSOC) s\u1ebd \u201cth\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban kh\u00e1c n\u1ebfu \u0110i\u1ec1u 55 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cV\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft\u201d (th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban do ECOSOC th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean). \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, Kho\u1ea3n 7 \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng: quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y:... \u201c(c) \u2026s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u201cKh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ph\u00e9p Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 ng\u1eef ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u 56 n\u00eau r\u00f5: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cam l\u00ean gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1edfi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf k\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chung ho\u1eb7c ri\u00eang trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Li\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII\u201d. h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 55\u201d. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf Kho\u1ea3n 7 \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n trong Hi\u1ebfn Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ef1u T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c B.Buotros Ghali \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cM\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, song n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho Kho\u1ea3n 1 (b) \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 1 M\u1eb7c d\u1ef1 trong q\u00faa tr\u00ecnh so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 La tinh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n 2 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean, tr.14. \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem th\u00eam: Tolley Howard, Jr.,: sd\u0111, tr.4. 129 130\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1966). Ngo\u00e0i ra, theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 n\u1ec1\u201d2. b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1966 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y.1 M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y m\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 \u201cth\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y\u201d \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u1ea3y sinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (promotion), ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u201cb\u1ea3o v\u1ec7\u201d (protection) tri\u1ec3n khai ngay sau khi th\u00f4ng qua Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 1945. quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 M\u1ed9t \u1ee6y ban tr\u00f9 b\u1ecb (Preparatory Commission) c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 55 v\u00e0 56). \u1ede c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp ngay sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Xan Phranxixc\u00f4, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb ECOSOC nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con \u201cnghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\u201d (study), \u201cxem x\u00e9t\u201d (examination) v\u00e0 \u201ckhuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 68 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf khuy\u1ebfn (recommendation), r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y, ECOSOC \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean (the United Nations Commission on Human Rights \u2013 UN CHR) v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u0103m 1946 (nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Duy nh\u1ea5t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 56 h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c - the United Nations Human Rights Council \u2013 UN HRC1). Ngay th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1946, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c to\u00e0n c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (Declaration on Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms) v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y cho ECOSOC \u0111\u1ec3 UNCHR xem x\u00e9t T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u201cchu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d2. Trong ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Hi\u1ebfn phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1947, UNCHR \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n x\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c gia ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1edfi th\u00f4ng qua Hi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban so\u1ea1n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 th\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c3, bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi UNCHR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ra d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf 3.4.4. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf - x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u1ee6y ban so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng hai d\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1ea3o. D\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (the International Bill of Human 1 Xem Fact Sheet No.2 (Rev.1), The International Bill of Human Rights, OHCHR, Geneva, 1996. Rights) l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ba v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean l\u0129nh 1 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay th\u1ebf \u1ee6y ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 60\/251 v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1948 ng\u00e0y 15\/3\/2006 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (UDHR) v\u00e0 hai C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb 2 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 43(I) n\u0103m 1946 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. (ICCPR) v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a 3 Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Eleanor Roosevelt c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 (ICESCR) (hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y ban), Jacques Maritain v\u00e0 Rene Cassin c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, Charles Malik c\u1ee7a Li b\u0103ng v\u00e0 P. C. Chang c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c...Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng so\u1ea1n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n 2 UN Department of Public Information: The United Nations and Human Rights 1945-1995, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cana\u0111a John Peters Humphrey (Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n con New York, 1995, tr. 27. ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ban th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p Rene Cassin. 131 132\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chung v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o hai d\u01b0\u1edbi Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, UDHR l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111\u00f3 ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3. C\u1ea3 hai d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean UNCHR. Trong th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0 phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a UNCHR v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12-1947, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi r\u1eb1ng B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m ba v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n: m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean t\u1eeb convention sang covenant) m\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 (the rights-duty duality). tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, UNCHR ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5-6 n\u0103m Ngay trong ng\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua UDHR, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 1948 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u UNCHR t\u1eadp trung d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 UNCHR \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a hai v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. UNCHR \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa b\u1ea3n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean ECOSOC trong phi\u00ean d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1949-1950, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Pa-ri c\u0169ng trong n\u0103m 1948.1 g\u00f3p \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. D\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m 18 \u0111i\u1ec1u, ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 Ng\u00e0y 10-12-1948, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea3n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (UDHR), ch\u1ec9 ba n\u0103m sau trong phe XHCN, do qu\u00e1 thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 khi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1. ti\u00ean t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n g\u1ed3m 30 \u0111i\u1ec1u, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u01a1 V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1950, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng: \u201cvi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, kinh t\u1ebf, h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Theo Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n, vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u1ed1n c\u00f3, h\u00f3a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau\u201d1, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho t\u1ef1 do, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh 43 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do trong UDHR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201ckhu\u00f4n m\u1eabu chung\u201d m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh t\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u). nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, v\u00e0o V\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, song n\u0103m 1951, UNCHR \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 14 \u0111i\u1ec1u UDHR c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng \u201clu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d to l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u coi UDHR l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u201cm\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, UDHR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Th\u00eam c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (international v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u1ee6y ban c\u00f2n b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p customary law) v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i mang \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t 1 V\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua UDHR, xem th\u00eam, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 1951-1952, 1948\u2026s\u0111d. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u UNCHR \u201cso\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi... m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, 133 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u201d2. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng 1 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 421 (V) n\u0103m 1950 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. 2 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 543 (VI) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. 134\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Magna Carta1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, kho\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cquy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng: quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d.3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.1 UNCHR ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 9 v\u00e0 10 n\u0103m 1953 v\u00e0 1954 v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Sau Sau B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y trong phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 9 (n\u0103m 1954), \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua b\u1edfi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (ICCPR v\u00e0 ICESCR) qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u1ee6y ban Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng (ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y trong phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 10 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1...) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (n\u0103m 1955). Cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u00fang k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf n\u0103m 1966 m\u1edbi k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0 hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua. \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, x\u00f3a b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf tra t\u1ea5n, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i m\u1ea5t t\u00edch... C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - ICCPR) v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 3.4.5. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a (the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - ICESCR) c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n ch\u00ednh, tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n duy b\u1eb1ng Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 2200 A (XXI) ng\u00e0y 16-12-1966 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 sung ICCPR qua. N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c n\u00f3i chung (l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bao c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua trong Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ILO, UNESCO...) th\u00ec h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd b\u1ecb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ban h\u00e0nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn th\u1ee9 hai b\u1ed5 sung ICCPR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi 44\/128 ng\u00e0y 15-12-1989 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u00e0y 10-12-2008, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p s\u1ed1 \u00edt c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed5 sung ICESCR \u2013 b\u1ed5 sung qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp th\u00eam m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n 1 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Magna Carta (hay \u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Magna Carta) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi vua \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n trong B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt John v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1215. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cung c\u1ea5p khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9ng cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (Bill of Rights) c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh (1689), x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Do v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Hoa K\u1ef3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng 3 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 545 (VI) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n to l\u1edbn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 135 1 Xem Fact Sheet No.2 (Rev.1), The International Bill of Human Rights, OHCHR, Gionev\u01a1, 1996. 136\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (11). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1eeb n\u0103m t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, 1984 (Convention 1945 \u0111\u1ebfn nay.2 Danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua. Treatment or Punishment, CAT). (1). Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (the UN Charter). (12). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, 1989 (Convention on the Rights of the Child, CRC). B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (13). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (2). Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 1948 (the Universal di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd, 1990 (International Declaration of Human Rights). Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, ICRMW). (3). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, 1966 (the (14). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - ICCPR). m\u1ea5t t\u00edch, 2006 (International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, ICPPED). (4). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, 1966 (15). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, 2006 (the International Covenant on Economic, Social and (Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, ICRPD). Cultural Rights - ICESCR). (5). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t) c\u1ee7a ICCPR (Optional Protocol (16). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t) c\u1ee7a ICCPR, 1966. to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights). (6). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (th\u1ee9 hai) c\u1ee7a ICCPR v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf (17). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (th\u1ee9 hai) c\u1ee7a ICCPR v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh (Second Optional Protocol to the h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, 1989. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty). (18). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a CEDAW, 1999 (Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi1 Women). (7). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (19). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t) c\u1ee7a CRC, 2000 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, 1965 (International Convention on the tham gia c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em trong xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang (Optional Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, ICERD). protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict). (8). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a (20). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (th\u1ee9 hai) c\u1ee7a CRC, 2000 v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n (ICESCR), 1966. b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m v\u00e0 khi\u00eau d\u00e2m tr\u1ebb em (Optional (9). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (ICCPR), 1966. protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography) (10). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, 1979 (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms (21). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a CAT, 2002 (Optional Protocol to of Discrimination against Women, CEDAW). the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment). 2 Ngu\u1ed3n: http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/law\/. L\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 danh m\u1ee5c \u1edf tr\u00ean ch\u01b0a bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n do c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khu v\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng qua. (22). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ICRPD, 2006 (Optional Protocol 1 Theo c\u00e1ch chia c\u1ee7a V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Cao \u1ee7y Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m 9 c\u00f4ng to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities). \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ICCPR v\u00e0 ICESCR). C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (treaty bodies). C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 137 138\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 (23). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Vi\u00ean v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, 1993 (Vienna (31). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 Declaration and Programme of Action) nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ILO (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 111, 1958) (Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958, No. 111). (24). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, 2000 (United Nations Millennium Declaration). (32). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, 1965. C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (33). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, (25). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 trao tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c 1978 (Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice). gia v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, 1960 (United Nations Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and (34). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a UNESCO, Peoples). 1960 (Convention against Discrimination in Education). (26). Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 1803 (XVII) ng\u00e0y 14-12-1962 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng (35). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 \u201cch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a UNESCO, 1962 (Protocol Instituting a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean\u201d (General Assembly resolution 1803 (XVII) of 14 Conciliation and Good Offices Commission to be December 1962, \\\"Permanent sovereignty over natural responsible for seeking a settlement of any disputes which resources\\\"). may arise between States Parties to the Convention against Discrimination in Education). (27). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea, 1989 (International Convention (36). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, 1981 (Declaration Mercenaries). on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief). C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba (37). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, 2001 (World Conference against Racism, 2001 - (28). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba (Declaration Durban Declaration and Programme of Action). on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples). C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (29). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a ILO (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 169) (Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989, No. 169). (38). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, 1979 (CEDAW). (30). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, 1992 (39). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 (Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, 1979 (CEDAW). National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities). (40). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea9n C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang, 1974 (Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict). 139 (41). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, 1993 (Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women) 140\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em (53). T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef hay t\u00f9 giam d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, 1988 (Body (42). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, 1989 (CRC). of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment). (43). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t) c\u1ee7a CRC, 2000 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em trong xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang. (54). C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do, 1990 (United Nations Rules for the (44). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn (th\u1ee9 hai) c\u1ee7a CRC, 2000 v\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty) b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m v\u00e0 khi\u00eau d\u00e2m tr\u1ebb em. (55). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, tr\u1eebng (45). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ILO, 1973 (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea1t hay \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c, 1975 s\u1ed1 138 (Minimum Age Convention, 1973, No. 138). (Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or (46). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em t\u1ed3i Degrading Treatment or Punishment) t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ILO, 1999 (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 182) (Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999, No. 182). (56). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n, tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t hay \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c (CAT) C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i (57). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n, tr\u1eebng (47). Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 46\/91 n\u0103m 1991 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea1t hay \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c (CAT) v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i (58). C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c y t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n (United Nations Principles for Older Persons). vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129, trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t hay \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c, 1982 (Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, particularly Physicians, (48). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u n\u0103ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, 1971 in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and (Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons). Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment) (49). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, 1975 (59). C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 (Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons). v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi tra t\u1ea5n, tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t hay \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c, 2000 (Principles on the Effective (50). C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb thi\u1ec3u n\u0103ng t\u00e2m Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, 1991 Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment). (Principles for the protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement of mental health care). (60). Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, 1984 (Safeguards guaranteeing protection of C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi the rights of those facing the death penalty). khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, 1993 (Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities). (61). B\u1ed9 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, 1979 (Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials). C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp\u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p (62). Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng (51). Nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, 1955 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, 1990 (Basic Principles on (Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners) the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials). (52). Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, 1990 (Basic (63). Nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners) ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng giam gi\u1eef (C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc T\u00f4ki\u00f4, 1990) (United 141 142\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial (75). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 1969 (Declaration Measures - The Tokyo Rules). on Social Progress and Development). (64). C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi (76). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean, 1985 (United Nations Standard 1973 (Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice - The and Malnutrition). Beijing Rules). (77). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ee5c (65). C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, 1976 (Declaration h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, 1997 (Guidelines for Action on Children in the on the Use of Scientific and Technological Progress in the Criminal Justice System). Interests of Peace and for the Benefit of Mankind). (66). C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a (78). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong h\u00f2a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, 1990 (United Nations Guidelines for b\u00ecnh, 1984 (Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace). the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency - The Riyadh Guidelines). (79). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, 1986 (Declaration on the Right to Development). (67). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd cho n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, 1985 (Declaration of Basic (80). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 gen ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 1997 Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power). (Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and (68). Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, 1985 (Basic Human Rights). Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary). (81). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, 2001 (Universal (69). Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, 1990 (Basic Declaration on Cultural Diversity). Principles on the Role of Lawyers). C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (70). Nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 vi\u00ean, 1990 (Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors). (82). C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c gia (C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Pari, 1971) (Principles (71). C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft l\u00e9n l\u00fat, t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, 1989 relating to the status of national institutions - The Paris (Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Principles) . Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions). (83). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (72). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i m\u1ea5t t\u00edch, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n 1992 (Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance). c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, 1998 (Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and (73). Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng, 2005 (Basic Principles and Guidelines on Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms). the Right to a Remedy and Reparation). C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n (74). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i m\u1ea5t t\u00edch, 2006. 144\u00a0 C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 143","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 (84). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, tu\u1ed5i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c (94). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 105 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, 1962 (Convention on Consent to Marriage, n\u0103m 1957 c\u1ee7a ILO) (Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages). 1957 - No. 105) (85). Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, tu\u1ed5i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c (95). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p n\u1ea1n bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, 1965 (Recommendation on Consent to Marriage, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, 1949 (Convention for the Suppression of the Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages). Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others). C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe (86). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 HIV\/AIDS, 2001 (Declaration of (96). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t n\u1ea1n bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng Commitment on HIV\/AIDS). \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, (87). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ILO (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 2000 (Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing 122, 1964 (Employment Policy Convention, 1964 - No. 122). the United Nations Convention against Transnational C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i Organized Crime). (88). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 (97). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9c (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 ILO 87 n\u0103m 1948 c\u1ee7a ILO) (Freedon of di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd (ICPMW). Association and Protection of the Right to Organise (98). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Convention, 1948 - No. 87). b\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng, b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean (89). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 (C\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, 2000 (Protocol \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 98 n\u0103m 1949 c\u1ee7a ILO) (Right to Organise and against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 - No. 98). supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime). C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm quy ch\u1ebf t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n (90). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean, 1926 (Slavery Convention). (91). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 n\u0103m 1953 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 k\u00fd t\u1ea1i (99). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, 1954 (Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness). Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 ng\u00e0y 25-9-1926 (Protocol amending the Slavery Convention signed at Geneva on 25 September 1926). (100). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n, 1954 (Convention (92). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n relating to the Status of Stateless Persons). n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, 1956 (Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and (101). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n, 1951 (Convention Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery). relating to the Status of Refugees). (93). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 29 n\u0103m 1930 c\u1ee7a ILO) (Forced Labour Convention, 1930 - No. 29). (102). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n, 1967 (Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees). 145 146\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 (103). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (111). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n trong th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng, 1985 (Declaration on chi\u1ebfn tranh, 1949 (Geneva Convention relative to the the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War). Nationals of the Country in which They Live). (112). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 ng\u00e0y 12\/8\/1949 C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m chi\u1ebfn tranh, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ed9i di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng (Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 I, 1977) (Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection (104). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, 1948 (Convention of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I). on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide). (113). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 ng\u00e0y 12-8- (105). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7u t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng 1949 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 II, 1977) (Protocol 1968 (Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity). and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non- International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II)) (106). Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tranh Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, 1973 (Principles of international co-operation in the detection, arrest, extradition and (114). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf punishment of persons guilty of war crimes and crimes trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. against humanity). (115). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. (107). Quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Nam T\u01b0 c\u0169, 1993 (116). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (Statute of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia). qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. (117). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. (108). Quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Ruan\u0111a, 1994 (Statute (118). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p of the International Tribunal for Rwanda). lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia. (109). Quy ch\u1ebf R\u00f4ma v\u1ec1 T\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, 1998 (Rome (119). So s\u00e1nh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Statute of the International Criminal Court) (120). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (121). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 (110). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00f9 binh, 1949 (Geneva ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War). (122). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n 147 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. (123). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00fd do Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. 148\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0III:\u00a0Kh\u00e1i\u00a0qu\u00e1t\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III (11). Malcolm N.Shaw, International Law, Fifth Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2003. (1). Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia HCM), C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, (12). Antonio Casessese, International Law, Second Edition, Nxb Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, 1998. Oxford University Press, 2005. (2). H\u1ed9i Lu\u1eadt gia Vi\u1ec7t Nam, T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c (13). Javaid Rehman, International Human Rights Law: A t\u1ebf c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Nxb T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, 2007. Practical Approach, University of Leeds, Longman, Pearson Education Limited, 2003. (3). Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia HCM), C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c (14). Rhona K.M Smith, International Human Rights Law, t\u1ebf, Nxb L\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, 2005. Oxford University Press, 2007. (4). Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (15). Paul Sieghart, The International Law of Human Rights, Qu\u1ed1c gia HCM), Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf - nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 Oxford University Press, 1992. b\u1ea3n, Nxb L\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, 2005. (16). Johannes Morsink, The Universal Declaration of Human (5). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ecfi \u2013 \u0110\u00e1p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n Rights: Origins, Drafting, and Intent, Philadelphia: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, NXB C\u00f4ng an Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, 2010. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. (6). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c (17). Mary Ann Glendon, A World Made New: Eleanor Roosevelt t\u1ebf - Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, NXB Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Random House New York, 2001. (7). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, NXB Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (18). Michelin Ishay, The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era, Berkeley: (8). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf University of California Press, 2004. nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n 1948- M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, NXB Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (19). ICJ, Advisory Opinion on Legal Consequences on the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, (9). L\u00ea Mai Anh (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110H 2004. Lu\u1eadt H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Nxb C\u00f4ng an nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, 2006. (20). Lauterpacht, H,.: International Law and Human Rights, (10). G.I.Tukin (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), International Law, Moscow Progress London, 1950, reprinted in 1968. Publisher, 1982. (21). Tolley Howard, Jr.,: The U.N. Commission on Human 149 Rights, Westview Press, Colorado, 1987. (22). UN Department of Public Information: The United Nations and Human Rights 1945-1995, New York, 1995. (23). OHUNCHR, Fact Sheet No.2 (Rev.1), The International Bill of Human Rights, , Geneva, 1996. (24). C\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 421 (V) n\u0103m 1950, s\u1ed1 543 (VI), s\u1ed1 545 (VI) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, t\u1ea1i http:\/\/www.un.org\/ documents\/resga.htm 150\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 (concluding observations) m\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV\u00a0 \u00a0 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n tham chi\u1ebfu khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c C\u00c1C\u00a0QUY\u1ec0N\u00a0D\u00c2N\u00a0S\u1ef0\u00a0V\u00c0\u00a0CH\u00cdNH\u00a0TR\u1eca\u00a0TRONG\u00a0\u00a0 \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua, \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh2 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c LU\u1eacT\u00a0QU\u1ed0C\u00a0T\u1ebe\u00a0 chuy\u00ean gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.3 4.1. KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 danh m\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, dung c\u1ee7a UDHR, ICCPR v\u00e0 ICESCR, tuy nhi\u00ean, trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y (v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (international human c\u1ea3 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng sau) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn li\u00ean k\u1ebft (a coherent approach to rights standards) hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy ph\u1ea1m qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 human rights4), b\u1edfi n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau. Theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf c\u00e1c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 5 nh\u00f3m, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1, nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (individual rights) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, hai nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00f9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m (group bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 sau: rights). Nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (civil rights), bao g\u1ed3m: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c a) Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - m\u1ed9t trong hai nh\u00f3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. X\u00e9t \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 b) Quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 an ninh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong c) Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m 1948 (UDHR), sau d) Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c e) Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0. m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (ICCPR) f) Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1966) v\u00e0 trong g) Quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. 1 Xem c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee6y ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i: http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/bodies. Trong khi danh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do n\u00eau \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c 2 Xem c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ICCPR, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 t\u1ea1i: http:\/\/www2.ohchr.org\/english\/issues\/education\/training\/index.htm. b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn\/khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung (general 3 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady: V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, xem Manfred comments) c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ICCPR (\u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 Nowak, U.N Convenant on Civil and Political Rights \u2013 ICCPR Commentary, N.P. Engel Human Rights Committee). B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn Publisher (t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2005). 4 V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem th\u00eam Rolf K\u00fcnnemann, A Coherent Approach to Human Rights, 151 Human Rights Quarterly 17.2 (1995) tr. 323-342. 152\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (political rights), bao g\u1ed3m: b\u1eaft, giam gi\u1eef t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 ICCPR a) Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o b) Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i. v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 11, 14 v\u00e0 15 c) Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do. v\u00e0 11 ICCPR d) Quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 v\u00e0 13 \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 ICCPR C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 \u0110i\u1ec1u 17 ICCPR. mang t\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f4i khi Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0. \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 ICCPR c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong khi quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00edn \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1...). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 v\u00e0 20 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 ICCPR quy\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 ICCPR v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n (m\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo). D\u01b0\u1edbi Quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 ICESCR \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t) c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u 21 \u0110i\u1ec1u 22 ICCPR d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong UDHR, ICCPR m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u 21 ICCPR qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp. \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 ICCPR Quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ef1 do UDHR ICCPR v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 1, 2, C\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 2, 3, 16 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. 6, 7, 8 26 ICCPR. Quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 ICCPR 4.2. N\u1ed8I DUNG C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C QUY\u1ec0N D\u00c2N S\u1ef0 V\u00c0 CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca CH\u1ee6 Y\u1ebeU Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 CRC, CPPCG, ICSPCA. tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eebng 4.2.1. Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 ICCPR v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c. CAT Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 ICCPR C\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 hay n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch. \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m ba kh\u00eda \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (1926, 1953, c\u1ea1nh li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau (m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb 1956) v\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi (unenumerated rights), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: (i) kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, (ii) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba kh\u00e1c (1949, 2000) nh\u1eadn t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 (iii) c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 ICCPR ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. 153 154\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 1, 2, 6, n\u01a1i. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean v\u0103n trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 7, 8 UDHR, sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 2, 3, 16 v\u00e0 26 ICCPR. ICCPR, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau: V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 ba, \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 UDHR quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 UDHR n\u00eau r\u00f5, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh ra \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n... \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 UDHR kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o... \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 UDHR c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do... m\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 khi n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c to\u00e0 \u00e1n qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0u da, gi\u1edbi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p hay lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p quy ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea5m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 ICCPR t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh hai quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a UDHR, \u0111\u1ed3ng u\u1ef7 tr\u1ecb, qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n hay \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf th\u1eddi n\u00eau r\u00f5, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n. x\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0u da, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n Hai \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a UDHR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 v\u00e0 3 ICCPR. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 ICCPR, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. \u01b0\u1edbc cam k\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf tr\u00ean trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, c\u1ee7a UDHR v\u00e0 ICCPR, \u1ee6y ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Human Rights m\u00e0u da, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c quan Committee \u2013 c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ICCPR c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, sau \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e2y vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 UNHRC ), trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 18 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i th\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c (Kho\u1ea3n 1). C\u00e1c Kho\u1ea3n 2 v\u00e0 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 37 n\u0103m 1989 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebft... nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau1: b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc 44 ph\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, cho d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ee5 g\u00e2y ra... \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 ICCPR t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u00eda Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ea1nh b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef, theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc cam k\u1ebft b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef trong vi\u1ec7c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 quy qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y cho m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh. ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 hai, \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 UDHR quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ecdi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). 155 1 Xem c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung c\u1ee7a HRC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y trong: http:\/\/www2. ohchr.org\/english\/bodies\/hrc\/comments.htm 156\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 ICCPR kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ecb th\u1ebf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 6). b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ban h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed cho m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng (t\u1ee9c c\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng), v\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 ba, quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, trong m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 ICCPR1 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2). coi l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ICCPR (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 10 v\u00e0 13).1 Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p 4.2.2. Quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng (the right to life) lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 UDHR. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1eafn k\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n (c\u00e1c Kho\u1ea3n 1 v\u00e0 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 ICCPR), quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 an ninh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 25 ICCPR)...(\u0111o\u1ea1n 2). \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 ICCPR c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c UDHR, theo \u0111\u00f3: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng. Quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n (Kho\u1ea3n 1). C\u00e1c Kho\u1ea3n 2,3,4,5,6 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng n\u00eau trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc Kho\u1ea3n 4 \u0110i\u1ec1u 24 ICCPR...) (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau: Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ICCPR kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, tuy nhi\u00ean, theo UNHRC, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf hay thi\u00ean v\u1ecb n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n; t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, m\u00e0u da, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch hay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c hay c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m v\u00f4 ICCPR v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng (CPPCG); hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a hay l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng hay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7). C\u0169ng H\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ea3n \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u theo \u1ee6y ban, trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, do m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft; bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef 1 Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 CEDAW. Th\u00eam 1 Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 ICCPR, trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1m v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ngay trong ICCPR c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 quy \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf hay \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Kho\u1ea3n 5 \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 ICCPR nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o. Chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi 18 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 thai; quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i giam xem B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 26 c\u1ee7a HRC. gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n 157 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, \u1ee9ng c\u1eed..) tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. 158\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n xin v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e9t \u00e2n gi\u1ea3m ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t; tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eadn th\u00f9, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 ICCPR (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). Kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi 18 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111ang mang thai; Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m g\u00e2y nguy h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n ho\u1eb7c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng, ch\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi do b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o g\u00e2y ra, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 do c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng an B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ICCPR, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ninh c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft c\u00f3c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m CRC1, CPPCG2, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i m\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u0169ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i \u00e1c Ap\u00e1cthai (ICSPCA)3\u2026 \u0111o\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 ICCPR, trong B\u00ecnh v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y (\u0111o\u1ea1n 4). lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 6 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 16 n\u0103m 1982, UNHRC \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ICCPR kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i x\u00f3a b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3, c\u1ee5 Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u201cnh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ea5t\u201d, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh gia, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m...\u201d (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng Th\u1ee9 hai, quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a h\u1eb9p ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb can, b\u1ecb c\u00e1o b\u1ecb x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o nh\u01b0: kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1, x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng khai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa, kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1o v\u00e0 xin \u00e2n gi\u1ea3m... (\u0111o\u1ea1n 6). \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1eed vong \u1edf tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng suy dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng C\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, ngo\u00e0i B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 6, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh... t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 UNHRC c\u00f2n th\u00f4ng qua B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 14 (phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 23 \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2). n\u0103m 1984) trong \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i y\u00eau Th\u1ee9 ba, m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111e d\u1ecda quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 c\u1ee7a ICCPR trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. B\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng hay t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ea1t ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0y nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111e d\u1ecda quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng. Theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u0169 trang, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef, tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Theo UNHRC, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, t\u00e0ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng. 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ebft 160\u00a0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c Ap\u00e1cthai, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3. 159","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 tr\u1eef, tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng n\u00eau r\u00f5, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tra t\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. 4.2.3. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 tra t\u1ea5n trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 CAT hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tham chi\u1ebfu chung trong lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf1 khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tra t\u1ea5n, tuy n\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n hay b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tra t\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m. th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m phi c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m phi\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n b\u1eaft c\u00f3c con tin v\u00e0 tra t\u1ea5n h\u1ecd hay vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 ICCPR c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5, thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tra t\u1ea5n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y). kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n \u00e1c, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m; kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00ed B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7m y h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 ICCPR \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNHRC ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. l\u00e0 trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 7 (th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 16 n\u0103m 1982 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban), v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a UDHR v\u00e0 ICCPR, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng tra chung s\u1ed1 20 (th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 44 n\u0103m 1992 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban). t\u1ea5n c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 20: ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m (CAT, 1984). Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 ICCPR l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0, ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy ph\u1ea1m t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (international custom law) v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1edfi v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Th\u1ee9 hai, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec trong m\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ICCPR, CAT hay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan hay kh\u00f4ng. \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 ICCPR. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fd do n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 UDHR v\u00e0 ICCPR \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tra t\u1ea5n, song \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1ee5c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). CAT, theo \u0111\u00f3, tra t\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0: b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o c\u1ed1 \u00fd g\u00e2y \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c hay tinh th\u1ea7n cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec Th\u1ee9 ba, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u01b0 l\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng tin ho\u1eb7c l\u1eddi th\u00fa t\u1ed9i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 hay m\u1ed9t x\u1eed, tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi. \u1ee6y ban kh\u00f4ng hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111e do\u1ea1 hay \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 ba, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o 1 Xem Quy ch\u1ebf R\u00f4ma v\u1ec1 T\u00f2a \u00e1n H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (1998) v\u00e0 quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, khi n\u1ed7i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e2m th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Nam T\u01b0 c\u0169 v\u00e0 Ruan\u0111a. v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 do m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c g\u00e2y ra, hay v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh hay \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a 162\u00a0 161","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 hay ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 4).1 r\u1eb1ng: Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7; m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, v\u1ec1 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch quan, h\u00e0nh vi tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c n\u00eau trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 ICCPR c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m n\u00eau r\u00f5: Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7; m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch. Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c. \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb em, h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng X\u00e9t n\u1ed9i dung, \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 ICCPR bao tr\u00f9m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ma t\u00fay ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian bi\u1ec7t giam ho\u1eb7c t\u00f9 giam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, bao g\u1ed3m: \u0111\u00e1ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o (\u0111o\u1ea1n 6). o Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c theo b\u1ea3n \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u00f9 k\u00e8m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t hay d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m; sang n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o sau khi b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t hay d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 o Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t (\u0111o\u1ea1n 9), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a to\u00e0 \u00e1n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 7, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 do ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o g\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m; ra, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi thi h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ee5 hay trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2)... o Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o do lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 20, CAT ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u00e0m ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00ec l\u00fd do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, trong c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed hay s\u1ef1 v\u00ec l\u00fd do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m; tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 13), y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng o Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c cho n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 14), c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do tra t\u1ea5n l\u00e0m thi\u00ean tai \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; ch\u1ee9ng c\u1eed trong t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 15)... Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 d\u00e2n 4.2.4. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 hay n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. 1 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi T\u00f2a \u00e1n ch\u00e2u C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u00c2u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c. ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a ICCPR2. 163 45 1 Xem United Nations, Manual on Human Rights Reporting (the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), New York, 1991. 2 Manual on Human Rights Reporting, S\u0111d. 164\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Ngo\u00e0i ICCPR, tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd; (3). B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o b\u1ecb b\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef v\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh t\u1ebf do H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ILO th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0a ra to\u00e0 \u00e1n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 hay n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed trong th\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean h\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1m giam m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c gian ch\u1edd x\u00e9t x\u1eed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e8m theo nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan l\u00e0: C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, 1926 (H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean); Ngh\u1ecb m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i to\u00e0 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 n\u0103m 1953 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 1926 (Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c); k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i; (4) B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o do b\u1ecb b\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c giam gi\u1eef m\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed5 sung v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0 \u00e1n, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 to\u00e0 ch\u1ebf, t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, 1956 (Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c); C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 29 c\u1ee7a ILO), 1930; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a giam gi\u1eef v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do cho h\u1ecd, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c giam gi\u1eef l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p b\u1ecf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 105 c\u1ee7a ILO), 1957; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p;(5). B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, 1949 (C\u00f4ng giam gi\u1eef b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 29 c\u1ee7a ILO); C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, 1949 (Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c); Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, trong B\u00ecnh ng\u1eeba, ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 8 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 16 n\u0103m 1982, UNHRC ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 ICCPR, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, 2000... th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ee9c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy ph\u1ea1m t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p do ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i hay do b\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, lang thang, nghi\u1ec7n ma tu\u00fd, hay \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00e1o r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ee5c, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eadp c\u01b0... (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng. Th\u1ee9 hai, th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1m gi\u1eef, t\u1ea1m giam ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c 4.2.5. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, giam gi\u1eef t\u00f9y gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, tuy nhi\u00ean, theo \u1ee6y ban, th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1m gi\u1eef kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 v\u00e0i ti\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y, c\u00f2n th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n t\u1ea1m giam c\u1ea7n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi hai quy t\u1eafc: (i) b\u1ecb can, b\u1ecb c\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed trong th\u1eddi gian h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 (ii) vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1m giam ch\u1ec9 Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian c\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2). quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, giam gi\u1eef hay l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n. Th\u1ee9 ba, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea1m gi\u1eef, t\u1ea1m giam nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 ICCPR c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 UDHR b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng chi ti\u1ebft, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: \u201c(1) M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 th\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a b\u1ecb can, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0 \u00e1n an to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb b\u1eaft ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef v\u00f4 c\u1edb. Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c giam gi\u1eef, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fd do v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a b\u1ecb can, b\u1ecb c\u00e1o trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p oan sai. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong theo \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh; (2). B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng n\u00e0o b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng n\u00eau trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 ICCPR (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). h\u1ecd b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i 166\u00a0 165","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 4.2.6. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m y t\u1ebf hay khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, theo nh\u01b0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 ICCPR (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 ICCPR. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, tr\u1eeb trong t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ecb can, b\u1ecb c\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giam gi\u1eef t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed theo ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ri\u00eang, ph\u00f9 thi\u1ec3u, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy ch\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1ea1m giam. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ecb can ch\u01b0a mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o (\u0111o\u1ea1n 4). th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giam gi\u1eef t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do, theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea1i giam nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp b\u00e1o c\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y bao ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c g\u1ed3m: C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00f9 \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t hay h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 h\u1ecd. nh\u00e2n (1955)1; T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 9 46 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 16 n\u0103m 1982, UNHRC \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 ICCPR. giam hay b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m t\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o (1988); C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf, b\u1ed5 sung b\u1eb1ng B\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9c trong \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a quan ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt (1979) v\u00e0 C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 21 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 44 n\u0103m 1992 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n \u00e1c, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m (1982) (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do\u201d n\u00eau \u1edf Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1ea1m giam, Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00ean x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u01b0\u1edbi 18 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m gi\u1eef, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean trong t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 do theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean n\u00eau \u1edf Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0: \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n giam gi\u1eef t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o, tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, c\u01a1 s\u1edf cai nghi\u1ec7n...(\u0111o\u1ea1n 2). th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean; gi\u1edd lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n... V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c Th\u1ee9 hai, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 quy th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp b\u00e1o c\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean (C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc B\u1eafc Kinh, 1985) (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ICCPR, ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n ch\u1ebf. l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 8). th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5m tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o 1. Sau n\u00e0y, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1990, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean 167 t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n. 168\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean coi c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i giam l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 v\u1ee5 \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 trong ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n l\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 10). c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. B\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tham d\u1ef1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a phi\u00ean to\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 4.2.7. Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng (the right to a fair c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec l\u1ee3i trial) \u00edch cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng, ho\u1eb7c trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a to\u00e0 \u00e1n, trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng khai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e9t x\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 l\u00fd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft trong v\u1ee5 \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n (equality before a court), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean c\u00f4ng khai, tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i (assumption of innocence); kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1 (prohibition ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean hay v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p h\u00f4n of ex post facto laws); v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 tr\u1ebb em; (2). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i v\u1ee5 theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng (prohibition of imprisonment for debt). Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i cho t\u1edbi khi h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt; (3). Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0: a) v\u00e0 11 UDHR. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 10, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00fd do bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i m\u00ecnh; b) C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0o h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, theo \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1eefa do ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn;c) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd; d) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong khi x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean to\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng khai ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1p l\u00fd theo s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1p l\u00fd; v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1p l\u00fd theo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia hay c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi hay c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ea3; e) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb tuy\u00ean ph\u1ea1t n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng g\u1ee1 t\u1ed9i cho th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. m\u00ecnh t\u1edbi phi\u00ean to\u00e0 v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i to\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i m\u00ecnh;f) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef s\u1eed trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 14, 15 v\u00e0 11 ICCPR. d\u1ee5ng trong phi\u00ean to\u00e0; g) Kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi khai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i; (4) T\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 ICCPR c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u00e1n, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; (5). B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c d\u00e0nh cho b\u1ecb can, b\u1ecb c\u00e1o trong t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, n\u00e0o b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u to\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n theo \u0111\u00f3: \u201c(1). M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c to\u00e0 \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n \u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt; t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t to\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra 170\u00a0 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c 169","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 (6). Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ea1m gi\u1eef, t\u1ea1m giam. Y\u00eau chung th\u1ea9m v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n \u00e1n b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tha tr\u00ean c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed hi\u1ec7n ngay sau khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i b\u1edfi c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n oan, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t theo b\u1ea3n \u00e1n tr\u00ean, theo lu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o n\u00f3i hay v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u01a1 quan t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 8). ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n g\u00e2y ra; (7). Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi gian th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i c\u00f3 Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra x\u00e9t x\u1eed ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean tr\u1eafng \u00e1n ph\u00f9 m\u1ed7i v\u1ee5 \u00e1n, c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u00ec h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0: ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng thu th\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ea7n cho vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u00ea v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt s\u01b0... (\u0111o\u1ea1n 9). Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 14, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 13 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i Phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 th\u1ee9 21 n\u0103m 1984, UNHRC \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i b\u1ecb th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau: c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1edf phi\u00ean t\u00f2a, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian x\u00e9t x\u1eed t\u1ea1i t\u00f2a v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa hai phi\u00ean x\u00e9t x\u1eed s\u01a1 th\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ph\u00fac th\u1ea9m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u (\u0111o\u1ea1n 10). v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00f4ng Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ec9 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng truy t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong phi\u00ean to\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ecb can, b\u1ecb c\u00e1o, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng khai b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u01b0, m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (\u0111o\u1ea1n 13). \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 1 v\u00e0 2). Th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m l\u1eddi khai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1n, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 t\u00f2a \u00e1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 v\u00e0 Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 V\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ICCPR kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay t\u00f2a ICCPR. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 thu \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a hay t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n (\u0111o\u1ea1n 4). gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (\u0111o\u1ea1n 14). Th\u1ee9 ba, nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o Th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u00eau \u1edf c\u00e1c Kho\u1ea3n 1 v\u00e0 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). 14 ICCPR, c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ecb can, b\u1ecb c\u00e1o trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 giai Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng n\u00e0o (\u0111o\u1ea1n 15). b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00fd do bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 b\u1ecb can, b\u1ecb c\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng trong Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi 171 172\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean l\u00e0m tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i 4.2.8. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c em v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c em ho\u00e0n l\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean; n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n, lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh ni\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Quy t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c em ho\u00e0n l\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 16). \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 v\u00e0 13 ICCPR. Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u to\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n \u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 ICCPR th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u01b0 tr\u00fa h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i nghi\u00eam ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3; m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ecdng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 17). b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh; kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh (c\u00e1c Kho\u1ea3n 1,2,4). \u0110i\u1ec1u 15 ICCPR chi ti\u1ebft h\u00f3a b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb x\u00e9t x\u1eed h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i v\u00ec m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c Nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b\u1ed1n d\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c do c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, bao g\u1ed3m: T\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gia ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3. C\u0169ng n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia; T\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia; T\u1ef1 do \u0111i kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh; T\u1ef1 do \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu sau khi x\u1ea3y ra h\u00e0nh vi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 12, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (absolute right), m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n. th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u1ebfu... \u201cdo lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c UNHRC hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 15, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ICCPR c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn\u201d. qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 15 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, trong m\u1ecdi V\u1ec1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 ICCPR, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i khi lu\u1eadt ch\u01b0a quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 27 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 67 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. (1999), UNHRC \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 ICCPR t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: Kh\u00f4ng Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t ai b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec l\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 theo tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 15, UNHRC hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong ICCPR v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 chung n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 11. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). gia, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o. quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t ra kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh 173 174\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 trong Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ICCPR nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00eau \u1edf c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2). Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7). Th\u1ee9 ba, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111ang c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ho\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \\\"h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p\\\" c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y bao m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o quy h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111i ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, tham quan c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a tr\u00fa l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ngo\u00e0i b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y147. V\u00e0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f31 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 8). ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110i\u1ec1u 12; m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 12248 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 4). n\u00e0o n\u00eau \u1edf Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u 122. Do vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd th\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu,v.v.., n\u00ean quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd th\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c gia h\u1ea1n h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf li\u00ean bang (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh3 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 9). Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00edch hay l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i hay c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Kho\u1ea3n 3 c\u1ed9ng hay \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Khi \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 vi n\u00e0y trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ea1m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan, vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 ICCPR, theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n; ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1eeb ch\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh) (\u0111o\u1ea1n 6). v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, gi\u1eefa quy ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb; nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u00f2n bao h\u00e0m s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c di d\u1eddi ch\u1ed7 \u1edf trong ph\u1ea1m vi l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng 1 V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem th\u00eam B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 15 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, \u0111o\u1ea1n 9, tr. 21. nh\u01b0 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c 2 . V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem c\u00e1c K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb s\u1ed1 106\/1981 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 Montero ki\u1ec7n Urugoay, \u0111o\u1ea1n 9.4; s\u1ed1 57\/1979, v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 Vidal Martin ki\u1ec7n Urugoay, \u0111o\u1ea1n 7; s\u1ed1 77\/1980 v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 1. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem th\u00eam K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb s\u1ed1 456\/1991 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, v\u1ec1 Celepli ki\u1ec7n Lichtensztejn ki\u1ec7n Urugoay, \u0111o\u1ea1n 6.1. Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n, \u0111o\u1ea1n 9.2. 3 V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn s\u1ed1 57\/1979, v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 Vidal Martin ki\u1ec7n Urugoay, \u0111o\u1ea1n 9. 2. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem th\u00eam B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 15 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, \u0111o\u1ea1n 8, tr. 20. 176\u00a0 175","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p l\u1eabn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t, quy\u1ec1n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 11-15). c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i sau khi r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng sinh ra \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u ti\u00ean tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh mang qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch (\u0111o\u1ea1n 19). N\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u00e0m \u00fd v\u1ec1 12 ICCPR bao g\u1ed3m: (i) Kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec cho quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c di d\u00e2n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u1eafm gi\u1eef \\\"c\u00e1c b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\\\"; (ii) Ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 19). V\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n \u0111i l\u1ea1i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi l\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; (iii) \u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n, do \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng d\u00f9ng trong Kho\u1ea3n 4 \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai (no m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i xin ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m one) v\u00e0 c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh1 (his own country) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong Kho\u1ea3n 4 quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa; (iv) Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 (m\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh mang qu\u1ed1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu; (v) \u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh t\u1eeb t\u1ecbch (country of his nationality) n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh; (vi) \u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh \u0111i l\u1ea1i; (vii) Tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd \u0111i l\u1ea1i; (viii) \u00c1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch \u0111\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau; (ix) \u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i cam k\u1ebft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, hay nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3i mua v\u00e9 kh\u1ee9 h\u1ed3i, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y m\u1eddi t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 th\u00e2n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3; (x) G\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5u v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1eadn do n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 xin xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3nh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (\u0111o\u1ea1n 20). m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m hay kh\u00f4ng cho con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd \u0111i h\u1ecdc; (xi) T\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u1ea5p h\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu v\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho thanh danh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc... (c\u00e1c Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n 16-17). \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m: (i) Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay \u0111i ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00ec l\u00fd do an ninh ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p hay t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p; v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ra qu\u1ed1c gia; (ii) Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 sinh s\u1ed1ng1...(\u0111o\u1ea1n 16). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee9 ba th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 49 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia. l\u00e0, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 ICCPR \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong m\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u1eefa ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, theo \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong ICCPR v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. B\u1edfi xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1eady, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia; ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn hay quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u1edf h\u1eefu, ngu\u1ed3n th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n hay \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i hay r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd 1 Xem th\u00eam B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 23 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, \u0111o\u1ea1n 7, tr. 41. ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m \u0110i\u1ec1u 12) (\u0111o\u1ea1n 18). 178\u00a0 1. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem th\u00eam B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung 23 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, \u0111o\u1ea1n 7, tr. 41. 177","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1eed ra, xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 hay n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch; quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i. theo h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng; quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, t\u1ef1 do r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt; quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 ICCPR, trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 15 th\u00f4ng lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 27 n\u0103m 1986, UNHRC \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng, c\u00f4ng khai b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00f4 t\u01b0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo ph\u00e1p kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: lu\u1eadt; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m khi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb can thi\u1ec7p t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, con Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n trong ICCPR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 c\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n; quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, ni\u00eam tin, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u00e2n \u0111ang \u1edf trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh; c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1... C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5 trong Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ee7 gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n trong ICCPR l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). Quy t\u1eafc chung \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n trong ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 li\u00ean ICCPR, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n (\u0110i\u1ec1u quan trong ICCPR (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7). 25), ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (\u0110i\u1ec1u 13), c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p c\u01b0 tr\u00fa h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2)1. \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf theo Th\u1ee9 hai, ICCPR kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh hay c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 12. Nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf Kho\u1ea3n 3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 12. Do b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ICCPR, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c trong ICCPR, n\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y \u00fd ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng cho anh ta nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t anh ta t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 8). Th\u1ee9 ba, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chung nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i l\u1ea1i, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i khi Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 ICCPR ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chung t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i qu\u00e1 c\u1ea3nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u00e3 cho cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan xu\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i g\u1eafn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ICCPR (\u0111o\u1ea1n 6). C\u1ee5 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 9 v\u00e0 10 ICCPR. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan s\u1ed1ng; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7; quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 trong lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf1 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 9). Quy x\u1eed hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c; quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng \u201cquy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p 1 Quy t\u1eafc chung n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong 1 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong CAT v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung ICCPR v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed ICESCR, tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u00ednh h\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea5m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5t (hay \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n) c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1ecf ra hay b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. r\u00f5 n\u00e9t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y xem c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo. 180\u00a0 179","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\u201d v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201c\u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ICCPR ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i.., \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u...xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh...\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n, tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 n\u00eau \u1edf Th\u1ee9 ba, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201ccan thi\u1ec7p t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n\u201d (arbitrary interference) \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 17 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 9). nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ICCPR (\u0111o\u1ea1n 4). 4.2.9. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 (right to privacy) Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cgia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d (family) d\u00f9ng trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 17 c\u1ea7n Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 UDHR. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed9ng theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1eeb n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e0 \u1edf hay n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ai ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, v\u00ed ri\u00eang t\u01b0, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, n\u01a1i \u1edf ho\u1eb7c th\u01b0 t\u00edn, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m danh d\u1ef1 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb \u201chome\u201d \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, \u201cmanzel\u201d \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ar\u1eadp, \u201cz\u00f3hzhi\u201d \u1edf ho\u1eb7c uy t\u00edn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u201cdomicile\u201d \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, \u201czhilische\u201d \u1edf Li\u00ean bang Nga, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u201cdomicilio\u201d \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha...(\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 UDHR sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 17 ICCPR, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng: Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb can thi\u1ec7p s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf, th\u01b0 t\u00edn, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn. b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn trong ICCPR. C\u00e1c M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng can qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 ra trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 17 ICCPR sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7). Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 17, t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNHRC l\u00e0m r\u00f5 th\u00eam trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 16 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i th\u01b0 t\u00edn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. Th\u01b0 t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 31 n\u0103m 1988 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m giao t\u1eadn tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7n l\u1ea1i, m\u1edf ra hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: xem tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hay c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: nghe tr\u1ed9m \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn... \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb nghi\u00eam Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0110i\u1ec1u 17 nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m t\u00f9y c\u1ea5m. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ee5c so\u00e1t nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, th\u01b0 t\u00edn, danh d\u1ef1, uy t\u00edn h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p g\u00e2y phi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5u cho c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay do c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c g\u00e2y ra (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t; ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n hay v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb kh\u00e1m x\u00e9t (\u0111o\u1ea1n 8). Vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p nh\u00e2n trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady (\u0111o\u1ea1n 9). b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n, ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u Th\u1ee9 hai, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef can thi\u1ec7p \u201cb\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p\u201d (unlawful) d\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tay trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 17 h\u00e0m ngh\u0129a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, th\u01b0 t\u00edn, danh d\u1ef1, uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh 182\u00a0 trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy 181","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1edfi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Kho\u1ea3n 4 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb thu th\u1eadp, l\u01b0u gi\u1eef b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec? Th\u00eam C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ho\u1eb7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh theo \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd. x\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb thu th\u1eadp hay l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt (\u0111o\u1ea1n 10). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 ICCPR sau \u0111\u00f3 Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, \u0110i\u1ec1u 17 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNHRC l\u00e0m r\u00f5 th\u00eam trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 22 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 48 n\u0103m 1993 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ph\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p hay t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0o danh d\u1ef1, uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (\u0111o\u1ea1n 11). Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, ni\u1ec1m tin, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh bao qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 4.2.10. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, ni\u1ec1m tin, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u00f4n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u1ef1 do tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay t\u00edn gi\u00e1o (freedom of thought, conscience, religion) ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf hay t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf trong m\u1ecdi C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (fundamental freedoms), \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn 4 c\u1ee7a ICCPR (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 UDHR. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, ni\u1ec1m tin, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edn Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ct\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng\u201d (belief) v\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e0y t\u1ecf t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng hay t\u00f4n (religion) trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 ICCPR c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, bao g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, th\u1edd c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u00f2ng tin h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p c\u00fang v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, t\u1ea1i d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i ri\u00eang t\u01b0. t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2). N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 UDHR sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 Th\u1ee9 ba, \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, ni\u1ec1m tin, h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 v\u00e0 20 ICCPR. l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o v\u1edbi Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 ICCPR: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, ni\u1ec1m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, ni\u1ec1m tin, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do tin ho\u1eb7c tin, t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c theo theo m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng do m\u00ecnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do b\u00e0y t\u1ecf t\u00edn kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f4ng khai ho\u1eb7c k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1edd c\u00fang, c\u1ea7u Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c nguy\u1ec7n, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng. Kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u thi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng hay ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ho\u1eb7c tin theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0; th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1edd c\u00fang, tham gia nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (Kho\u1ea3n 1 v\u00e0 2). Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, quan s\u00e1t, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1edd t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i) song ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ec5 nghi, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i th\u1edd t\u1ef1, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hay tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nghi l\u1ec5, tham 183 gia c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh 184\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi l\u1ec5, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ICCPR, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0103n ki\u00eang, trang ph\u1ee5c, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 2, 3 v\u00e0 26 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec7t, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u0103ng l\u1eef, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y t\u00e2m linh, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd do n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c l\u00fd do quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 18, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (\u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4). ghi nh\u1eadn trong ICCPR, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00fd do v\u1ec1 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ra. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, quy\u1ec1n tin ho\u1eb7c theo m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, ho\u1eb7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 tin ho\u1eb7c theo, k\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ni\u1ec1m tin t\u1eeb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y sang t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c, hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i ni\u1ec1m tin t\u1eeb v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n sang h\u1eefu th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1eefu h\u1ed9i, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau, do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do th\u1ea7n sang v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n. Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 c\u1ea5m c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p tin, theo, b\u1ecf hay thay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch hay t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng nh\u1eb1m g\u00e2y s\u1ee9c \u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ICCPR (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). qu\u1ea3n ch\u1ebf (\u0111o\u1ea1n 8). Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c hay truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong trung l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay n\u1ed9i dung m\u1ed9t t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quy quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 v\u00e0 27 ICCPR, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Kho\u1ea3n 4 \u0110i\u1ec1u 18, tr\u1eeb phi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 do \u00fd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 6). nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, hay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng theo t\u00f4n Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi\u1ec7c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00f4n \u0111\u00edch ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho chi\u1ebfn tranh ho\u1eb7c h\u1eadn th\u00f9, chia r\u1ebd d\u00e2n gi\u00e1o chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n hay d\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u01b0u t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf cho h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00eau ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 ICCPR. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 ICCPR (\u0111o\u1ea1n 9). ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7). Th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c trong ICCPR, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng theo hay kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ho\u1eb7c tin theo t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 10). quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd theo \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, ICCPR kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00ec l\u00fd do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, tuy m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c 186\u00a0 185","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c thay th\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c B\u1ed5 sung cho quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 19, \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 ICCPR \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t d\u00f9 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt hay trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, theo \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u00e2y h\u1eb1n th\u00f9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c nhau (\u0111o\u1ea1n 11). ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m. 4.2.11. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t (freedom of opinion and expression) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 ICCPR sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNHRC l\u00e0m r\u00f5 th\u00eam trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 11 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 UDHR. phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 19 n\u0103m 1983 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: ki\u1ebfn; k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb can thi\u1ec7p; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin b\u1eb1ng Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n cho chi\u1ebfn tranh, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng n\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 bi\u00ean g\u00e2y h\u1eb1n th\u00f9, chia r\u1ebd d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 ICCPR, b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u00eau r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3i k\u00e8m theo nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2). N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 UDHR sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 v\u00e0 20 ICCPR. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 ICCPR, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 Th\u1ee9 hai, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m trong Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ai can thi\u1ec7p. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \u0111e d\u1ecda th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2m c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn. Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, ti\u1ebfp l\u01b0\u1ee3c hay ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, nhi\u00ean, Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng mi\u1ec7ng, b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft, in, ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp hay quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Hi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m trong Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o tu\u1ef3 theo s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (Kho\u1ea3n 1 v\u00e0 2). Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c 20 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i l\u00f2ng h\u1eadn th\u00f9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t \u201cph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u00e8m theo nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch hay v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf b\u00ean trong hay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3: (a) qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2). t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0; (b) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d. 4.2.12. Quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n N\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 ICCPR sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNHRC l\u00e0m r\u00f5 th\u00eam trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 10 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 19 n\u0103m \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau. 1983 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban. Theo v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ai can thi\u1ec7p n\u00eau \u1edf Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh, quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf hay t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o, (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 ICESCR), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ICCPR. 187 Quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 UDHR. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00ec nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef khi 188\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u0111\u1ee7 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin, ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u00f3 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng (h\u00e0m \u00fd r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, trong th\u1eddi gian chung s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 khi cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft h\u00f4n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 ly h\u00f4n. Vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c nhau). Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia quy \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (Kho\u1ea3n 1 v\u00e0 2). Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo nghi th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd k\u1ebft h\u00f4n theo kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111o\u1ea1n 4). n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Th\u1ee9 hai, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, quy\u1ec1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u00e0m \u00fd l\u00e0 nam n\u1eef C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a UDHR sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh \u0111\u1ebb v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 ICCPR v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 ICESCR. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, khi x\u1ebfp s\u00e1ch k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m chung l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang nh\u00f3m chung n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed hay c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t hay t\u00e1i \u1edf kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ecb chia t\u00e1ch do c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf hay c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 ICCPR quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: Gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9. Quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp gia Th\u1ee9 ba, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u01b0u \u00fd vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadp hay t\u1eeb b\u1ecf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch do k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean hay l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd m\u1edbi cho m\u00ecnh sau khi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7). tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian chung s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 khi ly h\u00f4n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ly h\u00f4n, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i. \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c ly Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 ICCPR, UNHRC \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u00fd h\u00f4n v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng nom, chu c\u1ea5p, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, th\u0103m nom con c\u00e1i sau khi ly ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ghi nh\u1eadn trong \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong B\u00ecnh h\u00f4n...(c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 8-9). lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 19 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 39 n\u0103m 1990 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: 4.2.13. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i (freedom of association) Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 ICCPR kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nam v\u00e0 Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh) \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do, t\u1ef1 ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 UDHR. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n n\u1eef - vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean; tuy n\u00eau r\u00f5 (trong Kho\u1ea3n 2), kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u1ea7n \u1edf m\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o. hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p cho ph\u00e9p. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0110i\u1ec1u 22 ICCPR t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 189 190\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp v\u00e0 gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng Theo c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng (positive obligation) v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ch\u1ebf, tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf do ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng (negative obligation). Do quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang hay c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 c\u1ea7n g\u1eafn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0110i\u1ec1u 21. do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 4.2.15. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (the trong c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. right to participation in political life) UNHRC hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 22, Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 21 UDHR. tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ba kh\u00eda Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham gia qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea1nh: (i) l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, (ii) gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, v\u00e0 (iii) \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, huy \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kinh ph\u00ed l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng (Kho\u1ea3n 1 v\u00e0 2). Kho\u1ea3n 3 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh mang t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 sung cho n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1c Kho\u1ea3n Theo c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i b\u1ed5 sung cho quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do 1 v\u00e0 2, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u1ea1o n\u00ean quy\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 21 ICCPR. C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n; \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu, quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng quy t\u1ef1. \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 ICCPR t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 21 4.2.14. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh (freedom UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: M\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t of peaceful assembly) n\u00e0o... v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3: a) Tham gia \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n do h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn; b) B\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 UDHR (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i). v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u phi\u1ebfu, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u1eed tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110i\u1ec1u 21 ICCPR t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; c) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 20 UDHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5: Quy\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. nh\u1eadn. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf do ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch an ninh qu\u1ed1c Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 25, UNHRC \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh gia, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung s\u1ed1 25 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 57 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. n\u0103m 1996 c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec1u 21, UNHRC hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 ICCPR ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng chung n\u00e0o, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, \u1ee9ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. c\u1eed v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n. N\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n 191 192\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n d\u00e2n. Cho d\u00f9 theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; ho\u1eb7c tham ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n tham v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 6). C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0y (\u0111o\u1ea1n 1). v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan d\u00e2n c\u1eed (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7), v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00eau trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng khai v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n do m\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u ra ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c do \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (\u0111o\u1ea1n 8). trong Kho\u1ea3n 1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 ICCPR l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 \u0111\u1ec1 Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd c\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u0129nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 2). v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra Th\u1ee9 ba, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t hay nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, trong ICCPR m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong ph\u1ea1m vi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc, bi\u1ebft vi\u1ebft, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00eau \u1edf ph\u00e1i...(\u0111o\u1ea1n 10). N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \\\"c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\\\" c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c c\u1eed tri khi b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb1m gia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed n\u00e0o v\u00ec b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u00fd lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u1edf. Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n do g\u00ec gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. K\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd hay v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 hay \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ngay khi sinh ra v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh (\u0111o\u1ea1n 11). b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean cho l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd l\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, \u1ee9ng c\u1eed hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o, th\u1ec3 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n; ho\u1eb7c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed hay \u1ee9ng c\u1eed (\u0111o\u1ea1n 4). nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m, quy\u1ec1n tham gia \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 tranh \u1ea3nh hay bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n ni\u1ec7m r\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri m\u00f9 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (\u0111o\u1ea1n 12). c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, qu\u1ed1c gia, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c Th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed hay ti\u1ebfp tham gia \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ecdc trong \u1ee9ng c\u1eed c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p hay n\u1eafm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p; th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd hay qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u c\u1eed kh\u00e1c; th\u00f4ng qua b\u1edfi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 theo 193 194\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng (\u0111o\u1ea1n 16). Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV quy\u1ec1n \u1ee9ng c\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean (1). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n tham (2). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng. gia \u1ee9ng c\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (\u0111o\u1ea1n 18). C\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (3). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed tranh c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u1eed tri, ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3p m\u00e9o b\u1edfi chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c. t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 19). (4). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 Th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn, c\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ec7 hay n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch. b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, (5). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, giam kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c c\u1eed gi\u1eef t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n. tri tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c hay c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c khi b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu. An ninh cho c\u00e1c h\u00f2m (6). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng phi\u1ebfu c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean hay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ea3 qu\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do. tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c (7). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00f2m (8). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m phi\u1ebfu. S\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9, (9). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0. hay m\u00f9 ch\u1eef c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng (10). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, ni\u1ec1m tin, t\u00edn tin \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u00e0y (\u0111o\u1ea1n 20). ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea7u (11). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t. c\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i (12). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u1eed tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00fd ch\u00ed (\u0111o\u1ea1n 21). trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. (13). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t, ti\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c (c) \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 (14). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y th\u00ec ti\u00eau ch\u00ed v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed5 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV nhi\u1ec7m, th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 sa th\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tham gia c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc 196\u00a0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c \u00e9p hay s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00f4 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (\u0111o\u1ea1n 23). 195","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0IV:\u00a0C\u00e1c\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0d\u00e2n\u00a0s\u1ef1\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ch\u00ednh\u00a0tr\u1ecb\u00a0trong\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0Qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0 \u00a0 e) Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ecfi \u2013 \u0110\u00e1p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Nxb C\u00f4ng an Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, 2010. (15). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf - Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (16). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (17). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n 1948 - M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (18). Rolf K\u00fcnnemann, A Coherent Approach to Human Rights, Human Rights Quarterly 17.2 (1995). (19). United Nations: Human Rights: Question and Answers, Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1, 1994. (20). United Nations: The Compilation of International Human Rights Instruments New York and Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1, 1994 . (21). United Nations: Manual on Human Rights Reporting, Geneva, 1997. (22). Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: General Comments or Recommendations adopted by United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies, Volume 1) (23). Manfred Nowak, U.N Convenant on Civil and Political Rights \u2013 ICCPR Commentary, N.P. Engel Publisher. 197"]