["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e8m theo nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c thi ngay nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 sau: c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i v\u1edbi - Quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 10 v\u00e0 11): Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang, th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda 6.5.2.4. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i nh\u1ea5t thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean...(\u0110i\u1ec1u 11). Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e9 g\u00e1i khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i - Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 x\u1eed h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00e1c. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 12): Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0nh hai \u0111i\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (\u0110i\u1ec1u 6 v\u00e0 7). C\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt (Kho\u1ea3n 3) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea3m cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 (Kho\u1ea3n 4 v\u00e0 5). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 13). 6.5.2.5. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt - Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 14): C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u1ef1 do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n; tuy th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u00ean, \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m: Quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng; Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00ec l\u00fd do khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1ecb lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng; Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; Quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0; Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ph\u00f9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng; Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. th\u00f4ng tin; Quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe; Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m; Quy\u1ec1n An to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh (\u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng; Quy\u1ec1n tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t quy\u1ec1n) c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t, tinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, vui ch\u01a1i, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, th\u1ec3 thao; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n \u00e1c, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft n\u0103ng; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; t\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y n\u00eau \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 15, 16, 17 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i. nhi\u00ean, tinh th\u1ea7n chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi Trong khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ri\u00eang cho x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn an to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 c\u00f2n n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ed3ng; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i; Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng), h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m: t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c 295 296\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; tuy\u00ean trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5p, s\u1edf h\u1eefu, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd t\u00f9y th\u00e2n, h\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba; gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu, xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3nh hay vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd khai sinh... khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 t\u00e1i h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh hay l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng; c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 - Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (\u0110i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, truy t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, b\u1ea1o 28): Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y h\u00e0nh hay l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00ec l\u00fd do khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1eady, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 22): Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n, tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 \u1edf, h\u01b0u tr\u00ed, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. ri\u00eang t\u01b0, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang, th\u01b0 t\u00edn, danh d\u1ef1, uy t\u00edn, quan h\u1ec7..; tuy nhi\u00ean, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, Kho\u1ea3n 2 \u0110i\u1ec1u 22 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ed - Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin (\u0110i\u1ec1u 21): m\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e0nh h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u (\u0110i\u1ec1u 23) \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0110i\u1ec1u 21 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c trong quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1eb1m qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong hi\u1ec7u, ch\u1eef Braille, c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c thay th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, cha m\u1eb9, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng, trong m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0: quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n; quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 con, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n sinh, ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 sinh - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (\u0110i\u1ec1u 24): Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a gia \u0111\u00ecnh; quy\u1ec1n duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n; quy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9, \u1ee7y th\u00e1c, nh\u1eadn nu\u00f4i con nu\u00f4i; \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0110i\u1ec1u 24 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u0103m t\u1eadp b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb em. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, c\u01a1 s\u1edf em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh; c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea5u di\u1ebfm, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u1ecf r\u01a1i, v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1ch ly tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; c\u1ea5m t\u00e1ch tr\u1ebb em kh\u1ecfi n\u00eau r\u00f5, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cha m\u1eb9 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1, m\u1eb9 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ed1 chung c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1eb9... ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u1ea7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu - Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. (\u0110i\u1ec1u 18): \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chung cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng ai - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe (\u0110i\u1ec1u 25): Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec l\u00fd do h\u1ecd b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n y t\u1ebf cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ef1 297 298\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u1eed, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u1eadt. X\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, \u0110i\u1ec1u 29 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m ph\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m y t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0: b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n th\u1ecd, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c, trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1ea7u c\u1eed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn, d\u1ec5 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean y t\u1ebf. hi\u1ec3u, d\u1ec5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 26): \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c tham gia c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tinh th\u1ea7n, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, ho\u00e0n - Quy\u1ec1n tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, vui ch\u01a1i, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, th\u1ec3 thao to\u00e0n v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 26, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u0110i\u1ec1u 30): Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng vui ch\u01a1i, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 thao b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c y t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, d\u1ef1ng ho\u1eb7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, ti\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1ea3nh, s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhu r\u1ea1p h\u00e1t, r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim, b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. - Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 27): Nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea5m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean (c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 9, 19 v\u00e0 20): \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 s\u1edf khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng, thu\u00ea v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, duy khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 19, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u1edf tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, tham gia c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n... Th\u00eam n\u01a1i sinh s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0, t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u1edf n\u01a1i l\u00e0m v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, giao th\u00f4ng, th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t hay b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng... Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 9, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng, th\u00f4ng tin, - Quy\u1ec1n tham gia \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 29): Nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m: C\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, giao th\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham gia b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, c\u01a1 s\u1edf 299 300\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; C\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng tin, li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, 6.6.1. Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng n\u00eau ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u1eadn v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng, th\u00f4ng tin, truy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, trong \u0111\u00f3 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ILO) l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111i th\u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c: (i) X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, ban h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c ti\u00ean phong. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 ILO th\u00f4ng qua v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 97 n\u0103m 1949 v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang; (ii) B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1edf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; (iii) T\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n cho nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 1975, ILO th\u00f4ng qua C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 143 v\u1ec1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi di tr\u00fa trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng; (iv) C\u00f3 d\u1ea5u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, trong \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef n\u1ed5i Braille v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ILO trong c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng; (iv) Cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh c\u00f2n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, bao g\u1ed3m th\u1ee9c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 trung gian, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb s\u1ed1 51 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, n\u0103m 1975; C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 29 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u00f3a b\u1ecf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, n\u0103m 1930; v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 105 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec7n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u00f4ng x\u00f3a b\u1ecf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, n\u0103m 1957... c\u1ed9ng; (v) T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap th\u00edch h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin, bao g\u1ed3m Ngo\u00e0i ILO, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 70 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng b\u1eaft Internet; (vi) Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi chi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 1706 (LIII) ng\u00e0y 28-7- ph\u00ed t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. 1972 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (ECOSOC), trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00ean \u00e1n vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng tr\u00e1i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0a l\u1eadu ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 20): Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00c2u v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 19, \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb vi ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. C\u0169ng trong Ngh\u1ecb di chuy\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0: t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecd di quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ECOSOC ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb cho \u1ee6y ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecd ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 c\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m 1972, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i; cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 2920 (XXVII) (ng\u00e0y 15-11- c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 1972) v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt; khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt... n\u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean quan th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c 6.6. QUY\u1ec0N C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI LAO \u0110\u1ed8NG DI TR\u00da THEO LU\u1eacT QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. 301 302\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hai ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf - X\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, \u1ee6y ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd (ICRMW). Nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng qua Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 1789 (LIV) ng\u00e0y 18-5-1973, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ed1i th\u00fac c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a ILO v\u00e0 k\u00fd k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng 1990. D\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 45\/158 ng\u00e0y 18-12-19901. Ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 12 h\u1eb1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ti\u1ec3u ban v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed11 v\u00e0 60 59 n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0y qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 tr\u00fa2 nh\u1eb1m nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. Ng\u00e0y 16-12-1976, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng qua 61 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 31\/127 v\u1ec1 \u201cC\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa\u201d. Ngh\u1ecb thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n X\u00e9t chung, trong h\u01a1n n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. C\u0169ng trong Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ILO v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n kh\u1ecfe, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay: c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Trong c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp theo C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ILO (Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 32\/120 ng\u00e0y 16-12-1977 v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 33\/163 ng\u00e0y 20-12-1978) \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ECOSOC v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban (1). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 97 v\u1ec1 di tr\u00fa t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i), 1949 Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ILO, UNESCO v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 (2). Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 86 v\u1ec1 di tr\u00fa t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i), 1949 quan c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t (3). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 143 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u1ecfan b\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa sung), 1975 (c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed5 sung) c\u1ee7a ILO (C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 143 n\u0103m 1975). \u0110\u1eb7c (4). Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 151 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, 1975 bi\u1ec7t, Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 33\/163 c\u00f2n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c tham (5). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 118 v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed (an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i), 1962 kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ILO v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng so\u1ea1n (6). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 157 v\u1ec1 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 1982 th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. (7). Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 167 v\u1ec1 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n an sinh x\u00e3 Trong Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 34\/172 ng\u00e0y 17-12-1979, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ed9i, 1983 h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t Nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c (m\u1edf cho t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n tham gia) \u0111\u1ec3 C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a ILO 1 C\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u ban v\u1ec1 Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (1). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 29 v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, 1930 303 1 Ngu\u1ed3n: United Nations Action in the Field of Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 1994. 2 Ngu\u1ed3n: Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 2000, Supplement No. 3 (E\/2000\/23), chap. II, sect. A. 304\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 (2). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 87 v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 (8). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, ch\u1ee9c, 1948 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00f4ng qua (3). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 98 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y 15-12-2000; ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, 1949 Nh\u00ecn chung, c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa t\u1eeb (4). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 100 v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, 1951 tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: (i) Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o (5). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 105 v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, 1957 v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p (6). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 111 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed (vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd); (ii) H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i nghi\u1ec7p), 1958 (ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 97, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 143 c\u1ee7a ILO v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t (7). Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung s\u1ed1 111 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed (vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd); (iii) Ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 (ti\u00eau l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p), 1958 bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, (8). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 138 v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, 1973 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 (9). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 169 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, 1989 ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia). (10). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 181 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, 1997 (11). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 182 v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em 6.6.2. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t, 1999 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, tuy nhi\u00ean, cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u1eabn (1). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd, th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m ng\u00e0y 18-12-1990, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb 01-7-2003. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (migrant worker) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 97 c\u1ee7a ILO (2). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng n\u0103m 1949, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. t\u1ed9c, th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e0y 21-12-1965, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb 04-01-1969. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa kh\u00e1 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0i tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd (3). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. n\u1eef, th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e0y 18-12-1979; c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 3-9-1981. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (4). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, th\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, ho\u1eb7c m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 qua ng\u00e0y 16-12-1966; c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 03-01-1976. c\u1eadp trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia (c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u2018m\u1ec1m\u2019). (5). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e0y 16-12-1966; c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 23-3-1976. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1... c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh (6). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e0y 20-11-1989; c\u00f3 trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 02-9-1990. 306\u00a0 (7). Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00f4ng qua ng\u00e0y 15-12-2000; ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. 305","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 - \u201cNh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n\u201d - ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 h\u1ecd quy\u1ec1n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0: Quy\u1ec1n mang theo s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfm kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m khi h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 26); Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 22); Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan - \u201cNh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d - ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa s\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i giao ho\u1eb7c l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 khi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn trong nhau trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 23)... ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3; 6.6.2.1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa\u201d - \u201cNh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng theo d\u1ef1 \u00e1n\u201d - ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 ICRMW \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3, \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3; \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. - \u201cNh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng\u201d - ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc di tr\u00fa m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c chia ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: gia n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p (documented migrant worker) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 mang h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p (undocumented migrant worker). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m; tr\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u00e0o, \u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tham gia l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m - \u201cNh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7\u201d - ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa tham gia theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 theo nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau. ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 ICRMW li\u1ec7t k\u00ea 8 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c theo c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh song t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, bao g\u1ed3m: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. - \u201cNh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean\u201d - ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa C\u0169ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, \u0110i\u1ec1u 3 ICRMW li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng n\u01a1i h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, bao g\u1ed3m: ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n; - Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed ho\u1eb7c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 - \u201cNh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng theo m\u00f9a\u201d - ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc sang m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t m\u00f9a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c; nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong n\u0103m; - Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed ho\u1eb7c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c - \u201cNh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111i bi\u1ec3n\u201d - ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay m\u1eb7t cho n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i tham gia c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c; m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7; - Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ed1c gia 307 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0; - Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch; 308\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 - Sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean; 6.6.2.3. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd - Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i bi\u1ec3n hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. tr\u00fa c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, ICRMW \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa theo hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c: (i) c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cc\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa\u201d: ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 ICRMW \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 (ii) c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ed5 sung \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa l\u00e0 ...nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd. quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa hay con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ecd m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chung cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong Ph\u1ea7n III (t\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 \u0111\u1ebfn 32) c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, bao g\u1ed3m: song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan. - Quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 9). 6.6.2.2. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt(\u0110i\u1ec1u 24). - Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n \u00e1c, v\u00f4 ICRMW \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 10). - Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed (\u0110i\u1ec1u 1): Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a - Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 hay n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch, b\u1ecb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp trong c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ee9c hay b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c (\u0110i\u1ec1u 11). b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hay \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 14). nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, - Quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 15). ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.... - Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o - \u0110\u1ed1i x\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia (national treatment) (\u0110i\u1ec1u 25): Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc (\u0110i\u1ec1u 12). n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa - Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn (\u0110i\u1ec1u 13). \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh - Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ho\u1eb7c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 25, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa ph\u1ea3i \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e9m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n\u201d so v\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9, v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o (\u0110i\u1ec1u 8). ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u00f9 lao, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng... x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan (\u0110i\u1ec1u 28). - Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 h\u1ecd t\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em c\u00e1c - C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di tr\u00fa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 1): Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (\u0110i\u1ec1u 26). ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa trong m\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh di tr\u00fa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, bao g\u1ed3m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn, khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp 1 Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ed1c. \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 \u2018illegal migrant\u2019 , \u201cirregular migrant\u201d , \u201cundocumented migrant\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cclandestine migrant\u201d. 309 310\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 - Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u00e1o 6.6.2.4. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa d\u1ee5c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd m\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c (\u0110i\u1ec1u 30). Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chung, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n ho\u00e1 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 26). c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd m\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c ghi nh\u1eadn trong Ph\u1ea7n IV c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (t\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec1u 36 \u0111\u1ebfn 56), - Quy\u1ec1n mang theo s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m khi h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u01a1ng bao g\u1ed3m: (\u0110i\u1ec1u 26). - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn - Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 22). vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 37). - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan ngo\u1ea1i giao - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1ed1c, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ho\u1eb7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 38). \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1ed1c khi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 23). - Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 39). - Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 16, 21), bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd - Quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tham gia c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n t\u1ecbch thu ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd t\u00f9y th\u00e2n, gi\u1ea5y nh\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 40). c\u1ea3nh, l\u01b0u tr\u00fa, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. - Quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u - C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n trong t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 17, 18, 19), bao g\u1ed3m trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1ed1c (\u0110i\u1ec1u 41). quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t minh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf t\u00f9 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 44). th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi khai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn t\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa v\u00e0 - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 chu c\u1ea5p cho gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft... \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia g\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c (\u0110i\u1ec1u 47). - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 lao, - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1edf t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng, th\u1eddi gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, an to\u00e0n v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 thu\u1ebf (\u0110i\u1ec1u 48). sinh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t quan h\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u... (\u0110i\u1ec1u 25). - Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 52). - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt (\u0110i\u1ec1u 26). trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 54, 55). Quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng - Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 56). c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1edf t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c hay th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m quan (\u0110i\u1ec1u 27). th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u, nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u1edf c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c 311 gia g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 42). - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c 312\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00e1i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 y t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a (\u0110i\u1ec1u 43). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 97 v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103m 1949) v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 143 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m - Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: (i) Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed5 sung). \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 hai trong s\u1ed1 t\u00e1m c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c; (ii) Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch \u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ILO1. v\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1; (iii) Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; (iv) Ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 tham gia \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a (\u0110i\u1ec1u 45). S\u1edf d\u0129 hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ILO v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa b\u1edfi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00ed xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di tr\u00fa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc g\u1ed1c, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1. Tuy thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng trong c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ICRMW, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p (\u0110i\u1ec1u 46). n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ILO th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7: T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi - Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p c\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u00edt nh\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0110i\u1ec1u 49). c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1eabu k\u00fd gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 Theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111i l\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n,v.v.. c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf do ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111a chi\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe hay v\u1ec1 di tr\u00fa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ILO. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, hay c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd, n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 33 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f9y t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n (right-based approach) trong \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9, x\u1eed v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia qu\u00e1 c\u1ea3nh th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1: (a) C\u00e1c ILO nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng qua. quy\u1ec1n h\u1ecd c\u00f3 theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y; (b) C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n a). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 97 c\u1ee7a ILO c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap h\u1ecd tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh hay c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng y\u00eau C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ILO th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 30, c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y 8-6-1949, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb 22-01-1952. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00f3i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, 1 T\u00e1m c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 kho\u1ea3ng 200 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc do ILO th\u00f4ng qua t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1919 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u. \u0111\u1ebfn nay) th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t trong quan h\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc 6.6.2.5. C\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a ILO v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 97 v\u00e0 143 v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa; hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 29 v\u00e0 105 v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a di tr\u00fa b\u1ecf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c; hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 100 v\u00e0 111v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 hai c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 138, 182 v\u1ec1 tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd do ILO th\u00f4ng qua t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, tuy 314\u00a0 313","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ILO v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Di tr\u00fa v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung tr\u00ean, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m ba Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m n\u0103m 1939 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ILO th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 25 ng\u00e0y 8-6-1939). c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ed9i dung, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh. Ph\u1ea7n I \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, Ph\u1ea7n II \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 143 c\u1ee7a ILO vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ILO th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 60, ng\u00e0y 4-6- Theo Ph\u1ea7n I, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5: 1975 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb 09-12-1978. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m b\u1ed5 sung cho C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1 97 n\u0103m 1949 v\u00e0 - Cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin cho V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed (Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p) n\u0103m 1958. th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (\u0110i\u1ec1u 1 v\u00e0 2). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111inh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn: (a) Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0; (b) ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (\u0110i\u1ec1u 1), C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 hai C\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t vi\u1ec7c di tr\u00fa v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u00f5, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau: vi\u1ec7c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di tr\u00fa v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 (c) Nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn chung v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n - Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua. \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a qua n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 - H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (\u0110i\u1ec1u 4). t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y (\u0110i\u1ec1u 2). - Duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 - \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di tr\u00fa v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 2), trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m: d\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u1ec7 sinh c\u1ea3 khi \u0111i v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi di tr\u00fa (\u0110i\u1ec1u 3). c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111i k\u00e8m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 4), d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m (\u0110i\u1ec1u 7). - Truy c\u1ee9u h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (\u0110i\u1ec1u 5). - H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 3). - \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (\u0110i\u1ec1u 6). - Theo Ph\u1ea7n II, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5: - Th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o - \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u1edf m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u00ecnh) trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng, th\u1eddi gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, tu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (\u0110i\u1ec1u 7). quan h\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 tham gia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, k\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, hay trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i - Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u1edf, an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng... (\u0110i\u1ec1u 6) t\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa c\u01b0 tr\u00fa h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (\u0110i\u1ec1u 8). - Cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di tr\u00fa v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (\u0110i\u1ec1u 8). 6.7. QUY\u1ec0N C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI THI\u1ec2U S\u1ed0 THEO LU\u1eacT QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe 315 316\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 6.7.1. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ed3n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1\u201d (minorities) t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t 62 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i trong gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt gia qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra, tuy nhi\u00ean, ba \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a PCIJ, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u: d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi To\u00e0 \u00e1n C\u00f4ng l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u1ef1c (Permanent Court of International Justice \u2013 PCIJ, c\u01a1 quan t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 sung hai thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean), v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1930, khi \u0111\u01b0a ra ki\u1ebfn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u00edt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u01b0 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Bungari li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eadp c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia; v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t vai tr\u00f2, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u1edf hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. PCIJ x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u00e0: m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thu h\u1eb9p ngo\u1ea1i di\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1ede m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, duy tr\u00ec t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u1ea3m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u1ebb em trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng theo tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111i, do ph\u1ea1m vi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c h\u1ecd. ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p; tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 PCIJ \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a chung v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a chung, ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh n\u00eau ra trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i lo ng\u1ea1i s\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia n\u1eefa l\u00e0 Jules Desch\u00eaness c\u0169ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho Ti\u1ec3u ban v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 an ninh, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201c...m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, \u00edt v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf trong qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1939, song cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gia \u0111\u00f3, mang nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u1edbi thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1945 l\u00e0 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1, c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n\u201d. Francesco - b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u ban v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nghi\u00ean \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Jules Desch\u00eaness kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1977, chuy\u00ean gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1\u201d \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Francesco, ngo\u00e0i thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u00e0: \u201c...m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00edt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5ng \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m nh\u00f3m \u2013 m\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0 ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1, c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 1 Human Rights Study Series No.5 (United Nations Publication Sales No.E.91.XIV.2). 317 318\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 b\u1ed5 sung n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00f4 g\u00edc, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1\u201d v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u1eady, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt lo ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, do n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh b\u1edfi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u1ed5 sung n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Ngay trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Jules Desch\u00eaness b\u1ecb U\u1ef7 ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (nay l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c Lli\u00ean (1919), \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t Tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u1ed3ng Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. trong \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m an ninh cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Thay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ICCPR (\u0110i\u1ec1u 27) v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o Tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc chung, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u0103m 1992, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh; x\u00e2y \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, hay b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. B\u1eb1ng 63 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. s\u1ed1164. Hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1edfi PCIJ. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi H\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1\u201d qua th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau: \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1ch quan: v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n hay c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ri\u00eang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u0103m 1946, khi Hunggari \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u \uf0b7 V\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: C\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00edt (thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1), n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m \u0111a s\u1ed1, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o s\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (1948) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00eau r\u1eb1ng, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ri\u00eang quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \uf0b7 V\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: L\u00e0 nh\u00f3m y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ti\u1ec1m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, song, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c, vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh y\u1ebfu do t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u01a1i h\u1ecd sinh s\u1ed1ng). Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c, \uf0b7 V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc: C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, d\u00e2n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed9c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n... m\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m \u0111a s\u1ed1. c\u1ee7a Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m: \u0110i\u1ec1u 18 (v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o), \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 (v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn), \u0110i\u1ec1u \uf0b7 V\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c 20 (v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i), \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 (v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o gia n\u01a1i h\u1ecd \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng. 1 V\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, xem Athanasia Spiliopoulou Akermark: Justification of Minority \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 quan: Nh\u00f3m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n truy\u1ec1n Protection in International Law, Kluwer Law International, Sweden, 1997, tr. 23. th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. 320\u00a0 1 Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 2) hay V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n C\u00f4penhagen c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c An ninh v\u00e0 H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (\u0110o\u1ea1n 32)... \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1; song nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c trong ph\u1ea1m vi khu v\u1ef1c. 319","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 d\u1ee5c), \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 (v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng), qua t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 55 n\u0103m 1994 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 (v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 sau: trong vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi)... Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 ICCPR \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang c\u00e1c M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m), m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, song nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ti\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 c\u0169ng ban v\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1947. Tuy Ti\u1ec3u ban nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 ICCPR (c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n 1 v\u00e0 2). b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Trong Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 217C (III) ng\u00e0y 10\/12\/1948, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb Th\u1ee9 hai: S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 v\u00e0 ECOSOC ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y. c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft d\u00e2n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 Ti\u1ec3u ban v\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb quan c\u1ee7a ICCPR, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc; trong khi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00e0o ICCPR m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qua Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 chung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ICCPR, v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u0103m 1992 - nh\u1eefng v\u0103n Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ee9 ba: Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n hay to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c 6.7.2. Ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong lu\u1eadt gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 \u2013 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 ICCPR, \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ri\u00eang, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 3). gi\u00e1o ri\u00eang, ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 ICCPR \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 2(1) v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 26. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n phong t\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 2(1) v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n; b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft); b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u1edf trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m qu\u1ed1c gia, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 hay kh\u00f4ng, trong khi ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 27, U\u1ef7 ban nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u2013 c\u01a1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef quan gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ICCPR- trong Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh chung s\u1ed1 23 th\u00f4ng 322\u00a0 321","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 2(1) v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn r\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 Th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y: B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eady c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m th\u00eam li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 4). nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd hay kh\u00f4ng. Do v\u1eady, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n Th\u1ee9 n\u0103m: C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ph\u00e1p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. Khi r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 2(1) v\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. c\u01b0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i (\u0111o\u1ea1n 6). V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0110i\u1ec1u 2(1) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ICCPR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c Th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m: Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n ghi nh\u1eadn trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111ang \u1edf trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1edf t\u1ea1i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 25. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eaft c\u00e1, s\u0103n b\u1eafn th\u00fa r\u1eebng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 cho nh\u1eefng khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 (\u0111o\u1ea1n 7). c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn: \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa, kh\u00e1ch du h\u00f3a, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, qua \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m phong l\u1ecbch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i... (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). ph\u00fa b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c Th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u: Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf trong ICCPR (\u0111o\u1ea1n 9). s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong ICCPR. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 ICCPR, Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 19. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 19 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 n\u0103m 1992 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. V\u0103n nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o hay kh\u00f4ng, trong khi quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 c\u1ee7a ICCPR c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 27 ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed ph\u1ea1m vi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n. d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00f2a \u00e1n n\u00eau \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 (3,f). Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 (3,f), V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 (kho\u1ea3n 1) Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n d\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1: thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c (ethnic), t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecd l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e9t x\u1eed, trong khi (religious), ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (linguistic) v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (national) (trong khi \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 \u1edf trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 27 ICCPR ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ba d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7u). V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o (\u0111o\u1ea1n 5). kho\u1ea3n 2,3,4,5 \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1ed5 sung m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, bao g\u1ed3m: (i) Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, 323 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia; v\u00e0 (ii) Quy\u1ec1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c. 324\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI (3). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf - Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (1). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng. (4). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (2). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. (5). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (d\u1ecbch), Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n 1948 - M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, (3). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a CEDAW. Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (4). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n (6). T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, UNICEF H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em. Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 2002. (5). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a CRC. (7). CEDAW - Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, UNIFEM Vietnam, (6). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n 2006. c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt. (8). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, (7). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ICRPD. UNICEF v\u00e0 U\u1ef7 ban D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai, 2001. (8). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n (9). United Nations, Human Rights, Questions and Answers, c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa. New York, 1994. (9). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ICRMW. (10). United Nations, The Manual on Human Rights Reporting, New York, 1991. (10). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1. (11). Gender Briefing Kit, UNDP Vietnam, 2004. (11). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 c\u1ee7a ICCPR. (12). UNAIDS\/WHO: AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2006. (12). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n (13). IOM, Global Statistics 2007. c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi HIV\/AIDs. (14). Human Rights Study Series No.5, United Nations (13). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Publication Sales No.E.91.XIV.2. HIV\/AIDS v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (15). Athanasia Spiliopoulou Akermark: Justification of Minority T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI Protection in International Law, Kluwer Law International, Sweden, 1997. (1). H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh: C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Nxb Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, (16). Compilation of general comments and general 1996. recommendations adopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies: 12\/05\/2004, HRI\/GEN\/1\/Rev.7. (General (2). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ecfi - \u0110\u00e1p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con Comments). ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Nxb C\u00f4ng an Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, 2010. (17). Manfred Nowak, U.N Convenant on Civil and Political 325 Rights \u2013 ICCPR Commentary, N.P. Engel Publisher, 2005. (18). Rolf K\u1ef9nnemann, A Coherent Approach to Human Rights, Human Rights Quarterly 17.2 (1995). (19). United Nations Action in the Field of Human Rights, United Nations, New York and Geneva, 1994. 326\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VI:\u00a0Lu\u1eadt\u00a0qu\u1ed1c\u00a0t\u1ebf\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0c\u1ee7a\u00a0m\u1ed9t\u00a0s\u1ed1\u2026\u00a0 \u00a0 (20). Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 2000, Supplement No. 3 (E\/2000\/23), chap. II, sect. A. 327","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c thi ch\u00fang\u201d. 1 C\u01a0\u00a0CH\u1ebe\u00a0B\u1ea2O\u00a0V\u1ec6\u00a0V\u00c0\u00a0TH\u00daC\u00a0\u0110\u1ea8Y\u00a0QUY\u1ec0N\u00a0\u00a0 CON\u00a0NG\u01af\u1edcI\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u00a0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf cho 7.1. KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ra \u0111\u1eddi (n\u0103m 1945) \u0111\u1ebfn nay, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u201cC\u01a1 ch\u1ebf\u201d, theo cu\u1ed1n \\\"\u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t\\\", l\u00e0: \u201c\u2026 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u01a1 s\u1edf theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d.2 Tr\u00ean qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cc\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (the United Nations Human Rights Mechanism) hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.3 Do c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (c\u01a1 quan, c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngo\u00e0i c\u01a1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u2026) n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (m\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c), c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 (nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ed9ng khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u2026) th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, t\u1eeb ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. theo d\u00f5i, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi vi ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n\u2026 7.2. C\u01a0 CH\u1ebe B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 V\u00c0 TH\u00daC \u0110\u1ea8Y QUY\u1ec0N CON NG\u01af\u1edcI C\u1ee6A B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, ngh\u0129a LI\u00caN H\u1ee2P QU\u1ed0C v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, song c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c (1998) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. M\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c gia. d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, song d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai d\u1ea1ng: c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con l\u1eadp theo (ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean) Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (charter-based organs, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Saneh Chamarik, Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee6y charter bodies), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo (ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean) ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u00e1i Lan, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \u201cM\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 1 Report on the Performance and Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in 327 Asia, ANNI, 2008, tr.187. 2 \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, Nxb V\u0103n ho\u00e1 - Th\u00f4ng tin, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.,1999, tr.464. 3 United Nations, Human Rights \u2013 A Basic Handbook for UN Staff, tr.37-52. 328\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (treaty bodies). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u201c..(b) \u2026th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Hi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (charter-based mechanism) v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, (treaty-based mechanism). \u0110i\u1ec1u 10 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0110H\u0110 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c 7.2.1. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 12 (khi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an th\u1ef1c Do b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf). trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c n\u00ean c\u1ea3 6 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng - General Assembly, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an - Security Council, Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, \u0110H\u0110 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cao H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - Economic and Social Council - ECOSOC, nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c -Trusteeship Council v\u00e0 To\u00e0 \u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf - ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh n\u00eau tr\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0110H\u0110 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 International Court of Justice - ICJ)1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau: 65 - Trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi1, 66 n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t quy ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0110H\u0110 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e2u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan duy nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 6 c\u01a1 qu\u1ed1c gia) v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. quan ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. 7.2.1.1. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi - Trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0110H\u0110 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Theo Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed7i c\u01a1 quan trong s\u1ed1 6 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean ECOSOC) vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap k\u1ef9 h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t vai tr\u00f2, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. - Trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng (UN General Asembly): \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng (\u0110H\u0110) l\u00e0 c\u01a1 qu\u1ed1c, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban ch\u00ednh2, theo Quy t\u1eafc 161, \u0110H\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1eadp th\u00eam c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c (subsidiary organs) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean (\u0110i\u1ec1u 9 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng). Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110H\u0110 trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 13 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng; theo \u0111\u00f3, \u0110H\u0110 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m: 1 Chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c (hay ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n) v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (human rights standards) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng quy 1 Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (United Nations Human Rights Council \u2013 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd UNHRC - c\u01a1 quan thay th\u1ebf \u1ee6y ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c - United Nations tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Human Rights Commission on Human Rights \u2013 UNCHR tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y) l\u00ean h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 2 D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110H\u0110 c\u00f3 6 \u1ee6y ban, bao g\u1ed3m: \u1ee6y ban ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 an ninh (\u1ee6y ban 1), \u1ee6y ban quan d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (m\u1ed9t Charter body). Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u1ee6y ban kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh (\u1ee6y ban 2), \u1ee7y ban v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, UNHRC v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi 6 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 (\u1ee6y ban 3), \u1ee7y ban qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c (\u1ee6y ban 4), \u1ee6y ban h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch (\u1ee6y ban 5), \u1ee7y ban ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt (\u1ee6y ban 6). 329 330\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee7y tranh ch\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh ban: (i) \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a; (ii) \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 34,35). C\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a H\u0110BA c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ed1ng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ap\u00e1cthai; (iii) H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 Namibia; (iv) \u1ee6y l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. ban \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ixrael \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Palextin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Ar\u1eadp kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, H\u0110BA c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m Ixrael chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng; (v) \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n sau: c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Palextin v\u00e0 (vi) \u1ee6y ban Ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u2026 G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u0110H\u0110 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng - Xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111e c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. d\u1ecda h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 39 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. - Trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn - Th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t x\u1eed nh\u1eefng vi ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ECOSOC v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c (hi\u1ec7n nay g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi), b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft. Tu\u1ef3 theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m, n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, H\u0110BA l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan duy nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110H\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, l\u00ean \u00e1n h\u00e0nh vi vi ph\u1ea1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c vi t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng Theo Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, tuy c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u00e1p ch\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a H\u0110BA, \u0110H\u0110 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft d\u1ee5ng khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i nguy c\u01a1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111e do\u1ea1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb H\u0110BA th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y. ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u0110i\u1ec1u 39) nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi: \\\"\u2026s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0110H\u0110 h\u1ecdp kh\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0 h\u1ecdp nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111e do\u1ea1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\"1. C\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 hay t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n quan h\u1ec7 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0110H\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n sau: (a) kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, b\u01b0u ch\u00ednh, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edn, v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u0110H\u0110 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdp tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m xem x\u00e9t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t; (b) T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ECOSOC; (c) T\u1eeb giao (\u0110i\u1ec1u 41), ho\u1eb7c can thi\u1ec7p qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (\u0110i\u1ec1u 42). Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd; (d) T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u 34 v\u00e0 35 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ph\u00e9p H\u0110BA \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c; (e) T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i ph\u00e2n x\u1eed c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, trong m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c; (f) T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. vi\u00ean. Tu\u1ef3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung, \u0110H\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp xem x\u00e9t ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n cho c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban ch\u00ednh xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1 T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay, H\u0110BA \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0a ra trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1. s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc (Ir\u1eafc, X\u00f4mali, Libi v\u00e0 Nam T\u01b0\u2026), v\u1edbi l\u00fd do c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o An (Security Council): H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an (H\u0110BA) nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf2 (m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con bao g\u1ed3m 15 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 5 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c (\u0110i\u1ec1u 23 ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u0110BA li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng). Theo Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u0110BA c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 duy hu\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 quan tr\u00ec ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (\u0110i\u1ec1u 24) v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c 1 Xem: Sydney D.Bailey: The UN Security Council and Human Rights. St.Martin's Press, 331 INC, New York, 1994, tr.40. 2 The UN Security Council and Human Rights. S\u0111d, tr.59-88. 332\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch gi\u1eef g\u00ecn ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c) \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u1edf C\u00f4ngg\u00f4 n\u0103m 1961, tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n ch\u01b0a t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n (tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia) nh\u01b0 Ang\u00f4la, M\u00f4d\u0103mb\u00edch, Ghin\u00ea B\u00edtxao, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00e0n lan sau khi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Patrix\u01a1 Lummuba b\u1ecb \u00e1m s\u00e1t, Dimbabu\u00ea, Namibia... N\u1ed9i dung nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u0110BA li\u00ean quan H\u0110BA \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eef g\u00ecn ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0: l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \\\"\u2026 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c; y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\\\"1. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, H\u0110BA c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ecb th\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c quy\u1ebft l\u00ean \u00e1n v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Ixrael, Nam Phi, Lib\u0103ng, Ir\u1eafc...2 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc1. Ngo\u00e0i bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf, H\u0110BA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy v\u1ec1 l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a H\u0110BA, song tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1977 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1991, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh 10 ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft t\u1ebf, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con khu v\u1ef1c. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, H\u0110BA c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7, khi vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00f2a \u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e2m th\u1eddi x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 an ninh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tranh, t\u1ed9i di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a H\u0110BA. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean Trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u00f2a \u00e1n H\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ebfp H\u0110BA l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u0110H\u01102. s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (International Criminal Court \u2013 ICC), song H\u0110BA c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (ECOSOC): ECOSOC bao g\u1ed3m 54 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, do \u0110H\u0110 b\u1ea7u ra (\u0110i\u1ec1u 61 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng). C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho ICC \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t x\u1eed. c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ECOSOC (\u0110i\u1ec1u 62 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng) bao g\u1ed3m: (a)\u2026ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c H\u0110BA c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho \u0110H\u0110, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 83 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u1eefu quan; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn (b)\u2026\u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u do H\u0110BA th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; (c)\u2026 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 76 Hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean \u0110H\u0110\u201d; ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec3m (c) \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a (d)\u2026 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0: \\\"Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, theo c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d. do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, nam n\u1eef, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn 1 V\u00ed d\u1ee5: n\u0103m 1970, H\u0110BA \u0111\u00e3 ra m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u00e0o Nha t\u1ea1i m\u00f4t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi nh\u01b0 Ang\u00f4la, M\u00f4d\u0103mb\u00edch, n\u0103ng n\u00e0y, H\u0110BA \u0111\u00e3 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ghin\u00ea B\u00edtxao, v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m v\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi Dimbabu\u00ea, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Anh, trong n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3. Xem: The UN Security 1 S\u0111d , tr.115. Council and Human Rights. S\u0111d, tr.2-15. 2 C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an s\u1ed1 417(1977), 471(1980), 503(1982), 525(1982), 2 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights, tr.993. 544(1984), 556(1984), 564(1985), 579(1985), 592(1986), 683(1989), 664(1990), 668(1991)... 334\u00a0 333","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ECOSOC c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c (Trusteeship Council): H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 (H\u0110QT) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ra U\u1ef7 ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (UNCHR), U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0110H\u0110 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 U\u1ef7 ban ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 qu\u1ed1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \\\"\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1\\\" trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quy\u1ec1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ed9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a H\u0110BA. con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y, c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 86 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng; so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u0103n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. t\u00ean trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 23, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c1. ECOSOC c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong 67 \u0110i\u1ec1u 60 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a H\u0110QT l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 76 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ng\u00f4n nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0111i\u1ec3m c \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u1eef ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (\u0111i\u1ec3m c \u0110i\u1ec1u 55 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng). C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m 76 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean). Ngo\u00e0i ra, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c (bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Cao u\u1ef7 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n (UNHCR), h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp; b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (UNDP), Qu\u1ef9 Nhi \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (UNICEF), T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (ILO), T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c N\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c) c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (FAO), T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c V\u0103n ho\u00e1, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (UNESCO), T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (WHO)\u2026 H\u0110QT c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c Trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi H\u0110BA. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ECOSOC l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c) th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y g\u1eedi t\u1edbi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c; \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y. quy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ECOSOC \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c gi\u00e1m c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c. s\u00e1t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 728 F (XXVIII), 227 (X), 474 A (XV), 607 (XXI), 1235 (XLII) v\u00e0 1503 (XLCIII) (hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c H\u0110QT bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Ph\u00e1p, Li\u00ean bang Nga (tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Li\u00ean X\u00f4), Anh v\u00e0 Hoa K\u1ef3. Khi m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y gi\u00e1m c\u1ee7a UNHRC ). Ngo\u00e0i ra, ECOSOC c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 s\u00e1t 11 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 - m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc - c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf H\u0110QT tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ICESCR. \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. 335 To\u00e0 \u00e1n C\u00f4ng l\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (International Court of Justice \u2013 ICJ): Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 Quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n (l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ghi r\u00f5 t\u00ean \u1edf \u0110i\u1ec1u 23 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 5 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a H\u0110BA Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. 336\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c), ICJ l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan x\u00e9t x\u1eed ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c1. \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c, Quy ch\u1ebf T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cICJ c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 ra \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc ICJ, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 x\u00e9t x\u1eed cao nh\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt gia c\u00f3 uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1u, quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 duy tr\u00ec ch\u1ebf t\u00edn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d. \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c v\u1edbi T\u00e2y Nam Phi (t\u00ean goi c\u1ee7a Namibia tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y), v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e3nh s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n M\u1ef9 \u1edf Iran, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 36 Quy ch\u1ebf, ICJ c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u2026 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean n\u00eau ra li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ban h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean Ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed, \u0110i\u1ec1u 96 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ICJ t\u1eafc, ICJ c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng xem x\u00e9t, x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n; theo \u0111\u00f3, \u0110H\u0110 v\u00e0 H\u0110BA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ICJ \u0111\u01b0a ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u00e0o. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra ICJ gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng cho ph\u00e9p, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u00f3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ICJ v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7...). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd tranh ch\u1ea5p T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n \u0110H\u0110 v\u00e0 H\u0110BA y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi ICJ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf tranh t\u1ee5ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ICJ v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 phi\u00ean to\u00e0, trong khi vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i \u0110H\u0110 v\u00e0 H\u0110BA d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft trong t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng; v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t do Ti\u1ec3u ban th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a hai c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y. b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2026 Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra ICJ gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai Ban Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (the United Nation Secretariat): Ban b\u00ean tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ICJ c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c Th\u01b0 k\u00fd l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a trong hai t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: (i) Khi hai b\u00ean tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean; (ii) Khi V\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, Ban c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1edf Th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 36 Quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n m\u00e0 trao quy\u1ec1n cho T\u00f2a \u00e1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c quan Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong s\u1ed1 tranh ch\u1ea5p trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trong Ban Th\u01b0 k\u00fd, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Cao u\u1ef7 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean ICJ y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i C\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 1 C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ICJ v\u1edbi T\u00f2a \u00e1n H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (International Criminal Court - ICC). ICC v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. danh ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc (Quy ch\u1ebf R\u00f4me 1998 v\u1ec1 T\u00f2a \u00e1n H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i giao qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3. V\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ICC l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ban t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam Th\u01b0 k\u00fd. T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, t\u1ed9i \u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tranh, t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i t\u1ed9i x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c). V\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, ICC tu\u00e2n theo nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n ICJ. 338\u00a0 337","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ngh\u1ecb, h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, ng\u00e0y 15-9-1997, Trung con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t, nghi\u00ean t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (the UN Centre for Human c\u1ee9u t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, khu v\u1ef1c\u2026 Rights) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a OHCHR. V\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh Cao \u1ee7y, OHCHR c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Ph\u00f3 Cao \u1ee7y (mang h\u00e0m Sau H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3 l\u00fd T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c) gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c. Ph\u00f3 Cao \u1ee7y (\u00c1o) v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1993 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh OHCHR khi Cao \u1ee7y v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh do Cao \u1ee7y \u0110H\u0110 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft A\/RES\/48\/141 ng\u00e0y 20-12-1993 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp giao ph\u00f3. V\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ngo\u00e0i v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1, OHCHR c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Cao u\u1ef7 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (High Commissioner m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u1edf New York, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho Cao \u1ee7y v\u00e0 for Human Rights). Cao \u1ee7y Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u00e0m tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a OHCHR t\u1ea1i tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p Ph\u00f3 T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd, do T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c. V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a OHCHR \u1edf Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 thu\u1eadn, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra h\u1ea1n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 ph\u1eadn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Ban Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 Quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (Research and ti\u1ebfp theo1. Right to Development Branch), Ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0110i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Treaties and Commission Branch), Ban v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft n\u00eau tr\u00ean, Cao \u1ee7y Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c (Capacity Building Branch). Ngo\u00e0i ra, OHCHR c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5: (i) Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f2ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia. Theo cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; (ii) \u0110\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m B\u00e1o c\u00e1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a OHCHR n\u0103m 2007, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 942 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 442 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Geneva, 16 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c (iii) Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; (iv) Cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 t\u1ea1i New York, 484 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 \u1edf 9 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng khu thu\u1eadt cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c; v\u1ef1c, 11 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng qu\u1ed1c gia (d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean).1 \u1ede khu v\u1ef1c (v) \u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, OHCHR hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c; (vi) \u0110\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i B\u0103ngc\u1ed1c (Th\u00e1i Lan) v\u1edbi 7 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; (vii) \u0110\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c Campuchia v\u1edbi 25 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean. nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; (viii) Tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con 7.2.1.2. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi; (ix) H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; (x) \u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ec7 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c; (xi) X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chung l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. X\u00e9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia (m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i) h\u1ec7 D\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Cao \u1ee7y Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh: c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Cao \u1ee7y Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n: (Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights - OHCHR). Theo C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh do Ban Th\u01b0 k\u00fd l\u1eadp ra nh\u1eb1m cung 1 C\u00e1c Cao u\u1ef7 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay bao g\u1ed3m: Jose Ayala-Lasso c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh cho b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a (\u00cacua\u0111o): 1994\u20131997; Mary Robinson (Ailen): 1997\u20132002; Sorgio Vieira de Mello (Braxin): 2002\u20132003 (b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i trong v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1nh bom kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u1edf B\u00e1t\u0111a, Ir\u1eafc 1 OHCHR, 2007 Report: Activities and Results. v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 19-8-2003); Bertrand Ramcharan (Guyana): 2003\u20132004; Louise Arbour (Canada): 2004\u20132008; Navanethem Pillay (Nam Phi): t\u1eeb 01-9-2008. 340\u00a0 339","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Ap\u00e1cthai c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong c\u00e1c nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, tr\u00ean ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ap\u00e1cthai c\u1ee7a \u0110H\u0110. U\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ixrael v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n n\u1eef tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c C\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n Palextin v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2r\u1eadp kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh cho U\u1ef7 ban 3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thu th\u1eadp tin t\u1ee9c, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 \u0110H\u0110, U\u1ef7 ban 2 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ECOSOC trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ixrael v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Palextin v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea2r\u1eadp kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1o lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi \u0110H\u0110\u2026 C\u01a1 quan gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap U\u1ef7 ban ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 U\u1ef7 ban 6 c\u1ee7a \u0110H\u0110. Tr\u1ee3 m\u00f4n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110H\u0110 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u0110BA l\u00e0 U\u1ef7 ban 1 v\u00e0 U\u1ef7 ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110H\u0110 l\u00e0 Ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ECOSOC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 \u0110i\u1ec1u 68 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai c\u01a1 quan gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ban Th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ban th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (the UN Commission on Human \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p Rights - UNCHR) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Cao u\u1ef7 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (UNHRC). qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean. U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ECOSOC th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n do \u0110H\u0110 v\u00e0 ECOSOC l\u1eadp ra v\u1edbi n\u0103m 1946, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n cho \u0110H\u0110 v\u00e0 ECOSOC quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: (i) Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb trong nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi ECOSOC v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c; (ii) \u0110\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, theo quy t\u1eafc 161, \u0110H\u0110 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ECOSOC v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t ngay trong gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; (iii) Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a quan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; (iv) Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eef; (v) Xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u01a1 quan. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, U\u1ef7 ban ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c gia, khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y; (vi) Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0110H\u0110 trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. Ngo\u00e0i ra, U\u1ef7 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. U\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ho\u00e1 ban c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00fap \u0110H\u0110 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 trao tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u00ean T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 l\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 17 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a t\u1ef1 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, U\u1ef7 ban n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n1 (hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t). U\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. 1 Hi\u1ec7n nay ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh trao tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. 342\u00a0 341","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a UNCHR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: l\u1eadp c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban l\u00e2m th\u1eddi (ad hoc committee), u\u1ef7 ban ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m tr\u00f9 b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp (sessional committee, sessional working group) Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f3a nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c (working group), ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u k\u1ebft khu v\u1ef1c (regional bi\u1ec7t (special rappourter) v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban alliance), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c k\u00e9p (double standard), ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, u\u1ef7 ban v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m tr\u00f9 b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i trong l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (selectivity), hay t\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng khe h\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) nh\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u2026; v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n\u2026 v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u01a1 quan c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c Th\u1ee9 hai, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4ng d\u00f9i\u201d trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu do c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 UNUNCHR (hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 UNHCR) v\u00e0 U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u0103ng theo d\u00f5i, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. n\u1eef th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh V\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean, UNCHR b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hay v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 tin c\u1eady.1 Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c hay qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban l\u00e2m th\u1eddi, \u1ee7y k\u1ef7 2000, T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ban tr\u00f9 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t UNUNCHR,2 v\u00e0 trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2005, T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0110H\u0110 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu thay th\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. UNCHR b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan m\u1edbi l\u00e0 UNHRC.3 7.2.1.3. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c Trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 2005, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp UNHRC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c UNHRC l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 60\/251 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a UNHRC sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u1ea3o ng\u00e0y 03-4-2006 c\u1ee7a \u0110H\u0110 \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf UNCHR. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadn th\u00eam \u1edf \u0110H\u0110 trong su\u1ed1t 5 th\u00e1ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n m\u1edf ra \u201cm\u1ed9t trang m\u1edbi\u201d trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp UNHRC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2006 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n.1 qua b\u1edfi \u0110H\u0110 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3-4-2006, v\u1edbi 170 phi\u1ebfu thu\u1eadn, 4 phi\u1ebfu ch\u1ed1ng (Ixrael, Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o M\u00e1csan, Palau, Hoa K\u1ef3) v\u00e0 3 phi\u1ebfu tr\u1eafng (B\u00ealar\u00fat, Iran Vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp UNHRC xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 V\u00ean\u00eaxu\u00eala). T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nay, UNHCR h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a UNCHR (m\u00e0 \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7n, trong phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai (th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 2007), UNHRC \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng chung c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c trong nh\u1eefng qua c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua) \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u khu 1 V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a CHR, xem th\u00eam A New Chapter for Human Rights, International Service for Human Rights and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2006. 1 A New Chapter for Human Rights, International Service for Human Rights and Friedrich 2 Report of the UN Secretary-General\u2019s High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change: Ebert Stiftung, 2006 A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility, A\/59\/565, (2 December 2004), tr. 74 . 3 In Larger Freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all, A\/59\/2005, 343 (21 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2005), tr. 45. 344\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 60\/251 c\u1ee7a \u0110H\u0110, UNHRC c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, 7.2.1.3. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0110\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 (hay ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t) nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 sau: (Universal Periodic Review - UPR): - Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, Thay th\u1ebf cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a UNCHR tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ch\u1ecdn ra c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia, x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra xem x\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, UNHRC ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 UPR. UPR s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n - Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n UPR, m\u1ed9t Nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c (working group) do UNHRC - \u0110\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ba k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, m\u1ed7i k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp k\u00e9o d\u00e0i hai tu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 16 qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m UPR s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 48 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t b\u1ed1n n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y - \u0110\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 192 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, 2011, v\u1edbi 12 k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean).1 - Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh UPR v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 sau: v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t: Trong b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c - Th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m: (i) B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh (kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 20 trang); (ii) T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a OHCHR v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t t\u1eeb b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c (kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 10 trang); (iii) B\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 - H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khu v\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong 1 L\u1ecbch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 UPR trong 5 k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau: K\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 1 (7-18-4-2008) xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia: 1. Baranh; 2. \u00cacua\u0111o; 3. Tuynidi; 4. Mar\u1ed1c; 5. In\u0111\u00f4n\u00eaxia; 6. Ph\u1ea7n Lan; 7. Anh; 8. \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9; 9. - B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. Braxin; 10. Phil\u00edppin; 11. Angi\u00eari; 12. Ba Lan; 13. H\u00e0 Lan; 14. Nam Phi; 15. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a S\u00e9c; 16. \u00c1chentina. K\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 2 (5-16-5-2008) xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia: 1. Gab\u00f4ng; 2. Theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 5 Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 60\/251 c\u1ee7a \u0110H\u0110, UNHRC bao g\u1ed3m 47 Ghana; 3. P\u00earu; 4. Goat\u00eamala; 5. B\u00eananh; 6. H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c; 7. Th\u1ee5y S\u1ef9; 8. Pakixtan; 9. D\u0103mbia; n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean (UNCHR tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 53 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean). C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc 10. Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n; 11. Ucraina; 12. Xri Lanca; 13. Ph\u00e1p; 14. T\u00f4nga; 15. Rumani; 16. Mali. K\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn b\u1edfi \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ee9 3 (1-15-12-2008) xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia: 1. B\u1ed1txoana; 2. Baham\u00e1t; 3. Burun\u0111i; \u0110H\u0110, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 3 n\u0103m v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i sau hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 4. L\u00facx\u0103mbua; 5. B\u00e1cba\u0111\u1ed1t; 6. M\u00f4nt\u00ean\u00eagr\u00f4; 7. C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2 r\u1eadp th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t; 8. k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 theo khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 Ixraen; 9. Lixtenxtanh; 10. X\u00e9cbia; 11. Tu\u1ed1cm\u00eakixtan; 12. Bu\u1ed1ckina Phax\u00f4; 13. Qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o C\u00e1p nh\u01b0 sau: Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u Phi: 13 gh\u1ebf; Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1: 13 Ve; 14. C\u00f4l\u00f4mbia; 15. Ud\u01a1b\u00eakixtan; 16. Tuvalu. K\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 4 (2-13-2-2009) xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o gh\u1ebf; Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u: 6 gh\u1ebf; Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia: 1. Cam\u00earun; 2. Gibuti; 3. M\u00f4r\u00edtti\u00fat; 4. Nigi\u00earia; 5. X\u00ean\u00eagan; 6. B\u0103ngla\u0111\u00e9t; 7. v\u00e0 Carib\u00ea: 8 gh\u1ebf; Nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c: 7 gh\u1ebf. Trung Qu\u1ed1c; 8. Gio\u00f3c\u0111ani; 9. Malaixia; 10. Ar\u1eadp X\u00ea\u00fat; 11. Cuba; 12. M\u00eahic\u00f4; 13. Cana\u0111a; 14. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u UNHRC l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, do \u0110\u1ee9c; 15. Li\u00ean bang Nga; 16. Ad\u00e9cbaigian. K\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 5 (4-15-5-2009 ) xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNHRC b\u1ea7u ra.1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia: 1. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Trung Phi; 2. S\u00e1t; 3. C\u00f4m\u00f4r\u1ed1t; 4. C\u00f4ngg\u00f4; 5. Vanuatu; 6. Vi\u1ec7t Nam (ng\u00e0y 8-5-2009); 7. Yemen; 8. \u00c1pganixtan; 9. Urugoay; 10. B\u00ealixe; 11. Chil\u00ea; 12. Manta; 13. 1 C\u00e1c Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a HRC cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0: Luis Alfonso de Alba (M\u00eahic\u00f4) M\u00f4nac\u00f4; 14. Niu Dil\u00e2n; 15. Xl\u00f4vakia; 16. C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Max\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia. (t\u1eeb 19-6-2006 \u0111\u1ebfn 18-6-2007); Doru Romulus Costea (Rumani) (t\u1eeb 19-6-2007 \u0111\u1ebfn 18-6-2008); Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi (Nigi\u00earia) (t\u1eeb 19-6-2008 \u0111\u1ebfn 18-6-2009). 346\u00a0 345","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan kh\u00e1c (c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u01a1 UNHRC. V\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, \u1ee6y ban ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a UNHRC. H\u1ed9i quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia) c\u1ee7a OHCHR (kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 10 trang). \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. - Xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1: Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i trong ba gi\u1edd gi\u1eefa qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh 7.2.1.5. So s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa UNCHR v\u00e0 UNHRC vi\u00ean Nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 UPR, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNHRC. So v\u1edbi UNCHR, nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a UNHRC \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o - K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1: Nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 UPR s\u1ebd th\u00f4ng qua v\u0103n cho c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con b\u1ea3n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn (d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o) sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a UNCHR, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau: trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1edfi qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean - Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c: n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 UNCHR ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi UNHCR. UNHRC s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, th\u00ec UNHRC hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp ti\u1ebfp theo. th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c (quasi-standing body). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i quan tr\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi v\u1ecb th\u1ebf m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, UNHRC m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi - Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb: Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t s\u1ebd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb n\u00eau trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 trong l\u1ea7n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp - Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u1edbi: N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNCHR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. b\u1ea7u ra ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ECOSOC (54 n\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft, th\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNHRC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ra b\u1edfi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c 7.2.1.4. \u1ee6y ban T\u01b0 v\u1ea5n (Advisory Committee) qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (192 n\u01b0\u1edbc) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea7u c\u1eed m\u1edbi cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Ti\u1ec3u ban th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tham gia v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a UNCHR tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, UNHRC th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u1ee6y ban t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNHRC. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. \u1ee6y ban n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho 18 chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ea7u ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn t\u1eeb danh n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cx\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, tin v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean cam Nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i chuy\u00ean gia l\u00e0 3 n\u0103m, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. k\u1ebft c\u00f4ng khai v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNHRC. \u1ede m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, quy tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu theo kh\u1ed1i v\u00e0 n\u1ec3 nang, \u201cmua phi\u1ebfu\u201d nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 khu v\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia m\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c UNCHR b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 sau: C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch\u201d. Phi: 5 gh\u1ebf; C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1: 5 gh\u1ebf; C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u: 2 gh\u1ebf; C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La tinh v\u00e0 Carib\u00ea: 3 gh\u1ebf; C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia T\u00e2y \u00c2u v\u00e0 - V\u1ecb th\u1ebf m\u1edbi trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c: Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb quy c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c: 3 gh\u1ebf. tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 UNCHR ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c (subsidiary organ) cho ECOSOC th\u00ec UNHRC l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i V\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee6y ban t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n h\u1ecdp t\u1ed1i \u0111a hai k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, m\u1ed7i k\u1ef3 t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u1eb1m trong kh\u1ed1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (charter body) \u0111a 10 ng\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdp c\u00e1c k\u1ef3 b\u1ed5 sung v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a 348\u00a0 347","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ECOSOC. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh, trong khi theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c 1503, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 UNCHR tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi ECOSOC, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i sau khi m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 xong v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng UNHRC hi\u1ec7n nay b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u1eb3ng l\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. V\u1ecb th\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c 1503 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng UNHRC c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdp m\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi so v\u1edbi UNCHR. trong khi theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 hai nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 h\u1ecdp m\u1ed7i n\u0103m hai phi\u00ean. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c m\u1edbi, UNHRC c\u00f3 - S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u00edt h\u01a1n: N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 UNCHR c\u00f3 53 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi UNCHR. th\u00ec UNHRC ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 47. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u00edt h\u01a1n cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn - Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng: trong UNHRC t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi UNCHR. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (special procedures - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y) nh\u01b0 UNCHR t\u1eebng l\u00e0m, nh\u01b0ng - Th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdp d\u00e0i h\u01a1n: N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 UNCHR ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecdp m\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang UNHRC, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 phi\u00ean trong 6 tu\u1ea7n th\u00ec UNHRC h\u1ecdp \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 3 phi\u00ean, v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh theo h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n 10 tu\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdp d\u00e0i h\u01a1n cho ph\u00e9p \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean UNHRC \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed UNHRC gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi h\u01a1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chung cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u01a1n. ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c (mandate-holder), t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, cho ph\u00e9p l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 - UPR: Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean, UNHRC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00f4 t\u01b0. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean UNHRC c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201cB\u1ed9 quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d (Code of Conduct) \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia thay cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u201cph\u00e1n x\u1eed\u201d nh\u01b0 UNCHR \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 t\u00ednh tin c\u1eady trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c m\u1edbi l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean gia n\u00e0y. UNHRC so v\u1edbi UNCHR, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c k\u00e9p trong xem x\u00e9t, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh - \u1ee6y ban t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n thay th\u1ebf cho Ti\u1ec3u ban th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 UNCHR t\u1eebng b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n. con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean, \u1ee6y ban t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho UNHRC (Human Rights Council Advisory Committee) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho - Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c xem x\u00e9t khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i k\u00edn: Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c 1503 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 Ti\u1ec3u ban th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n UNCHR tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec3 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y) do UNCHR t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u00e2y. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Ti\u1ec3u ban th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1ee6y ban th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i k\u00edn (confidental complain n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u procedure) do UNHRC ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong n\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho UNHRC, tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1eddi dung c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c 1503, song, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c m\u1edbi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \u1ee6y ban n\u00e0y h\u1ecdp hai phi\u00ean v\u1edbi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 10 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t n\u0103m h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n (more victim-oriented) v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c (so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec3u ban th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi). nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n (more timely manner). C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c 1503 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u01a1 quan m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n cho \u0111\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 UNHRC. quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia (examination of country situation) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (individual\u2019s B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, UNHRC v\u1eabn k\u1ebf th\u1eeba m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy complains). V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u00f4ng tin, theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c m\u1edbi, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a UNCHR tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1: qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i \u1edf 350\u00a0 349","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 - C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c (rules of procedures). C\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft theo hai h\u01b0\u1edbng: (a) N\u1ebfu li\u00ean - Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p xu\u1ea5t quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ILO, khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n cho ILO gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00e0y; hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (b) N\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ILO, - Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n cho ECOSOC \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c cho ILO xem x\u00e9t. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd do ECOSOC tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3i - Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n cho UNUNCHR xem x\u00e9t. t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. - Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 607 (XXI) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan - Duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (special procedures). \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c. Theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu - T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c (non-binding) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u1ea1i m\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang cho ILO gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. - Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 1235 (XLII) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a UNCHR v\u00e0 7.2.1.6. Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf Ti\u1ec3u ban th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i do d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c 728 F (XXVIII), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m tra nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con quy\u1ec1n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp (bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m (b) \u0110i\u1ec1u 87 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Ap\u00e1cthai) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n khi\u1ebfu hay kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 n\u1ea1i, th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3n th\u00e1c, v\u1ec1 sau th\u00eam ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi ECOSOC. ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u1edf Nam Phi), sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ECOSOC, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 728 F (XXVIII) ng\u00e0y - Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 1503 (XLCIII) t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c 30-7-1959, 227 (X) ng\u00e0y 17-02-1950, 474 A (XV) ng\u00e0y 09-4-1953, 607 n\u00eau tr\u00ean. Theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c 1503, Ti\u1ec3u ban v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 (XXI) ng\u00e0y 01-5-1956, 1235 (XLII) ng\u00e0y 06-6-1967 v\u00e0 1503 (XLCIII) tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c g\u1ed3m 5 chuy\u00ean gia, h\u1ecdp h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y 27-3-1970... M\u1ed7i ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng n\u0103m trong hai tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 vi ph\u1ea1m khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e1p c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau: th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean do T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 728 F (XXVIII). Sau khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, Ti\u1ec3u ban ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh - Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 728 F (XXVIII) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn khi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean UNCHR \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u1eed l\u00fd. Tr\u00e1ch n\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a UNCHR l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i do Ti\u1ec3u ban chuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m xem x\u00e9t khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 UNCHR v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u ban l\u00ean, sau \u0111\u00f3, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: (a) Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi ECOSOC theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ecb g\u1eedi b\u1ea3n sao c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e1p quy\u1ebft 1235 (XLII), (b) Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u00e2m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i x\u1ea3y ra v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c, n\u1ebfu k\u00edn, tr\u1eeb khi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f4ng khai. 352\u00a0 - C\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 227 (X), 474 A (XV) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. 351","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01a1n khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a UNHRC bao g\u1ed3m: (i) UNCHR c\u0169ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c g\u1ed3m 5 chuy\u00ean gia. N\u1ed9i dung khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mang \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, UDHR v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c 1503 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; (ii) C\u00f3 d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bao th\u00f4ng tin, theo \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady khi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed3m quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m; (iii) Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi ph\u00fac \u0111\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y (iv) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vi ph\u1ea1m, ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o, r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp. V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n, m\u1ed9t khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng vi c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00f3m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; (v) Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u00f3. Khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i do c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng; (vi) Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1edfi tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 quan kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi ECOSOC v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1ec1 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; (vii) \u0110\u00e3 s\u1eed s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u0169ng c\u00f3 d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, ho\u1eb7c vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft theo c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i s\u1ebd theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1ea5y n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ho\u1eb7c n\u1eb7c danh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u00ed m\u1eadt, nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u1ea3 hai nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c s\u1ebd h\u1ecdp hai l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n 5 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu Theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c 1503, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i, t\u1ed1 n\u1ea1i. c\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt cho t\u1edbi khi UNCHR \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1edbi ECOSOC1. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i, 7.2.1.7. Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham d\u1ef1, tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi ph\u1ea1m Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, UNHRC k\u1ebf th\u1eeba th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c 1503 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0110H\u0110, ECOSOC v\u00e0 UNHRC (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 UNCHR) UNCHR nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng (non- n\u00f3. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a UNHRC, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hai nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng conventional investigative procedures \u2013 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00eam \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t)) nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng vi ph\u1ea1m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng do c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u00f3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n g\u1eedi l\u00ean r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c (working group) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (special rapporteur), hay chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp (independent 1 Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 34 (n\u0103m 1978), Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch U\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng khai expert). Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m tra theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, ngay sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp k\u00edn. quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (special representative) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, U\u1ef7 ban c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o c\u00f2n \u0111ang xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp theo. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb xem x\u00e9t theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y t\u1eeb 1978 \u0111\u1ebfn nay bao g\u1ed3m: \u00c1pganixtan, Anbani, \u00c1chentina, C\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1980 Baranh, B\u00eananh, B\u00f4livia, Brun\u00e2y, Campuchia, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Trung Phi, S\u00e1t, Chil\u00ea, En Xanva\u0111o, Ghin\u00ea theo hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c: (i) \u0110i\u1ec1u tra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con X\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o, \u00cati\u00f4pia, Gab\u00f4ng, C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c, Gr\u00eana\u0111a, Goat\u00eamala, Haiti, H\u00f4n\u0111ur\u00e1t, In\u0111\u00f4n\u00eaxia (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0110\u00f4ng Timo), Ir\u1eafc, Iran, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Malauy, Malaixia, Mianma, M\u00f4d\u0103mb\u00edch, 354\u00a0 Pakixtan, Paragoay, Phil\u00edppin, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, X\u00f4malia, Xu\u0111\u0103ng, Xyri, Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u00ec, Uganda, Urugoay, V\u00ean\u00eaxu\u00eala, Daia (nay l\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a D\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 C\u00f4ng g\u00f4,v.v.. 353","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 - thematic ng\u01b0\u1eddi (2004), S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c procedures), v\u00e0 (ii) \u0110i\u1ec1u tra nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00eam d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (2004), B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (2003), Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o tr\u1ecdng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia (g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra theo qu\u1ed1c gia \u2013 country- \u0111\u00f3i c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c (2004), Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (2005), Quy\u1ec1n con based procedures). \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c UNCHR thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u00e0 Nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p (2004), Quy\u1ec1n con t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c m\u1ea5t t\u00edch (1980). Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3, UNCHR \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c (2005), \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba (2008), Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c r\u1eddi (1982), b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 tra t\u1ea5n (1985), b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 b\u1ecf n\u01a1i \u1edf (2004), Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 (2005)\u2026 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng (1986), b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea (1988), Nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 7.2.1.8. Ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft gi\u1eef tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n (1991)... C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u tra th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, C\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1edbi UNCHR trong phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t. c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 \u0110i\u1ec1u 71 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: \\\"H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, UNHRC ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y UNCHR \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng\u2026\\\". \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean, trong Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 1296 (XLIV) ng\u00e0y 23-5- 1968, ECOSOC \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2009, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 36 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ba nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau: th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u tra b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00eau tr\u00ean. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: C\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 - C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi Palextin (1993, 2008), Haiti (1995), Lib\u00earia (2003), C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ECOSOC ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean (2005), Burundi (2005), Campuchia (2005), C\u1ed9ng th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ECOSOC, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n C\u00f4ngg\u00f4 (2005), Xu\u0111\u0103ng (2005), X\u00f4mali (2008), h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf, khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 Mianma (2008)... C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra theo th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: N\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa (2008), C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (2007), Quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (2004), T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a - M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 n\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n con ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi (2008), Thi h\u00e0nh t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u00f4 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ho\u1eb7c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n (2004), Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c (2008), T\u1ef1 do ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t (2002), T\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng (2004), Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n - C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i cam k\u1ebft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (2008), T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 (2003), C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 (2005), S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c\u2026 (2005), B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 (2005), Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t khoan dung (2008), Bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m - C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u1ee5y tr\u1ebb em (2008), Tra t\u1ea5n (2004), Bu\u00f4n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. 355 356\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 1503 c\u1ee7a ECOSOC l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c ECOSOC v\u00e0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb l\u00ean ECOSOC \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ECOSOC \u0111\u1ec3 U\u1ef7 ban m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c vi tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi xem x\u00e9t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ECOSOC ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia, \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f9y theo v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 chuy\u1ec3n cho c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y xem x\u00e9t. ch\u1ee9c, v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0 X\u00e9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ea5n, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \\\"ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed\\\" nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi c\u00f3 quy ch\u1ebf t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn trong th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 sau: c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a ECOSOC v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n; trong khi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c D\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 quy ch\u1ebf t\u01b0 phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ea5n chung, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ECOSOC. bi\u1ec7t m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 ba v\u1eabn l\u00e0m l\u00e0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, D\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 hai: bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 quy ch\u1ebf t\u01b0 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ra v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ECOSOC. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh D\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 ba1: bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi l\u1ebd s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eddi t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho ECOSOC v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a ECOSOC m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn1. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. xuy\u00ean k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ecf ra \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 Trong ba d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean th\u00ec d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Tuy nhi\u00ean, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t, d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 to l\u1edbn trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n2, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ap\u00e1cthai, s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 1 M\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u cho bi\u1ebft, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 30.000 NGOs ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u1edf to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 1 C\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \\\"Organisations on Roster\\\". Xem: United Nations in the Field of Human Rights, S\u0111d, tr.31. 358\u00a0 2 Hi\u1ec7n nay, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. 357","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, UNHRC k\u1ebf th\u1eeba vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a UNCHR 1. U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo C\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, 1965) quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, so v\u1edbi UNCHR, v\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi UNHRC l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 2. U\u1ef7 ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, 1966) UNHRC, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. 3. U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 Xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp 7.2.2. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc theo C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, 1979) 7.2.2.1. Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t 4. U\u1ef7 ban ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1 nh\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c, 1987) s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (treaty-based bodies)1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5. U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo 68 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ECOSOC) th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 6. U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft em, 1989) c\u1ee7a ECOSOC). 7. U\u1ef7 ban b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh, theo d\u00f5i, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd, 1990) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2026 th\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y 8. U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00f4ng qua v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, 2007). vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn, xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 ra khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean (v\u00e0 v\u1edbi 9. U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c (th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 u\u1ef7 ban, c\u00f2n th\u00f4ng qua th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadn, xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i m\u1ea5t khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t t\u00edch, 2006). s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc). C\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 9 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean quan. quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (core international human rights treaties) c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn (th\u00f4ng qua b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban) h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban (v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c), c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh). Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban th\u00ec c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. 1 C\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc\\\" (monitoring bodies) hay \\\"c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp theo c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n\\\" (bodies created by human rights treaties). S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay Xem Jane Winter, A Guide to the human rights machinery of the United Nations, s\u0111d. Tuy trong m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u00edt nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \\\" c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t h\u01a1n 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 30 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc\\\" hay \\\"c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc\\\".. 360\u00a0 359","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n 9 U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng: c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c (CED), 2010 t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c Tt T\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp C\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd S\u1ed1 u\u1ef7 vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i m\u1ea5t t\u00edch, 2006) 1 \u1ee6y ban lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c 7.2.2.2. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 C\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 18 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 (CERD), 1969 n\u00eau sau \u0111\u00e2y: ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c + Xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean 2 U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 1985\/17 c\u1ee7a Khi tham gia c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ECOSOC 18 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3, qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh (CESCR), 1987 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean u\u1ef7 ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp theo C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. 3 U\u1ef7 ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u 28 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u00e1o to\u00e0n (UNHRC ), 1976 t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, 18 di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng sau 4 ho\u1eb7c 5 n\u0103m) v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng 4 U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0110i\u1ec1u 17 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c \u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh 23 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eef (CEDAW), 1982 th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o c\u00e1o. 5 U\u1ef7 ban ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n \u0110i\u1ec1u 17 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (CAT), 1987 ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, tr\u1eebng 10 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 qua b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u1ea1t nh\u1ee5c h\u00ecnh, v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o 6 U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em \u0110i\u1ec1u 43 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 18 (CRC), 1990 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em 7 U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 72 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a 14 (CMW), 2004 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd 8 U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u1ec1u 34 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (CRPD), t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a 18 2006 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt 361 362\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea1i \u0111i m\u1ea5t t\u00edch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. v\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i m\u1ea5t t\u00edch m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0110i\u1ec1u 30 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. Xem x\u00e9t khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n: B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ph\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng qua ba Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra theo c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra (inquiry), xem x\u00e9t khi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean khi tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, bao g\u1ed3m: li\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 6 u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc (U\u1ef7 ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, U\u1ef7 ban ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, U\u1ef7 - Qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc; ban ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n, U\u1ef7 ban xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, U\u1ef7 ban b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia - Qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a u\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i m\u1ea5t t\u00edch) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u01a1n t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. - U\u1ef7 ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tham gia Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh - V\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft theo b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 th\u01b0 t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; - Khi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb7c danh, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n khi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec7n. - U\u1ef7 ban xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia + \u0110\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn chung\/khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tham gia Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc: h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; C\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh - U\u1ef7 ban ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn\/khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 u\u1ef7 ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. C\u00e1c b\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn \u0110i\u1ec1u 22 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n; lu\u1eadn\/khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 - U\u1ef7 ban ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 theo c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 lu\u1eadn\/khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00eau trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 qua bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c; \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. - \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng hay khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb chung, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t t\u00edch do m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, s\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn\/ khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn \u0110i\u1ec1u 77 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 20; c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 33; c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 31; c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t - \u1ee6y ban v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i m\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0 26; c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n l\u00e0 2; c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 11; c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa l\u00e0 011. 363 1 http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/HRBodies 364\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 7.2.2.3. Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecdp; (vi) \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i. - S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean - \u0110\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: B\u00e1o c\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean T\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c Sau khi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp k\u00edn, u\u1ef7 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t trong s\u00e1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (ti\u1ebfng ban s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd hay khuy\u1ebfn \u1ea2r\u1eadp, ti\u1ebfng Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfng Anh, ti\u1ebfng T\u00e2y Ban Nha, ngh\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u; nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng Nga), sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ban Th\u01b0 k\u00fd l\u01b0u chi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch ra ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0m kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. Khi b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u chi\u1ec3u s\u1ebd v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc; nh\u1eefng quan ng\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh, g\u1ee3i \u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb cho qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a u\u1ef7 ban. lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n cho qu\u1ed1c gia b\u00e1o c\u00e1o trong v\u00f2ng 24 gi\u1edd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng khai t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia. V\u0103n - Nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp (pre-session working group) b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean trang web c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan Cao u\u1ef7 Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. - Tr\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a u\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp ri\u00eang c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u01a1 S\u01a0 \u0110\u1ed2 B\u1ed8 M\u00c1Y C\u01a0 QUAN NH\u00c2N QUY\u1ec0N LI\u00caN H\u1ee2P QU\u1ed0C quan thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin cho u\u1ef7 ban. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 H\u1ed8I \u0110\u1ed2NG \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t danh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n cho B\u1ea2O AN qu\u1ed1c gia b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 u\u1ef7 ban s\u1ebd \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong khi xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c BAN TH\u01af K\u00dd \u0110\u1ea0I H\u1ed8I \u0110\u1ed2NG gia. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb danh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3, u\u1ef7 ban s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c T\u1ed4NG gia b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin b\u1ed5 sung cho u\u1ef7 ban b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n H\u1ed8I \u0110\u1ed2NG C\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp. C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 TH\u01af K\u00dd KINH T\u1ebe - trong vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban. CAO U\u1ef6 U\u1ef6 BAN C\u00c1C QUY\u1ec0N KINH NH\u00c2N QUY\u1ec0N X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I T\u1ebe, XH & VH - \u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u1eefa u\u1ef7 ban v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ee2P T\u00c1C K\u1ef8 U\u1ef6 BAN THU\u1eacT C\u01a1 quan c\u1ea5p \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi u\u1ef7 ban, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea0I DI\u1ec6N V\u1ec0 d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00e1c QUY\u1ec0N CON NG\u01af\u1edcI qu\u1ed1c gia b\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o NH\u00c2N QUY\u1ec0N U\u1ef6 BAN CH\u1ed0NG c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y T\u1ea0I C\u00c1C U\u1ef7 ban ch\u1ed1ng TRA T\u1ea4N nh\u01b0 sau: (i) \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft b\u1ea3n QU\u1ed0C GIA t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e1p danh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 nh\u00f3m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc phi\u00ean U\u1ef6 BAN XO\u00c1 B\u1ece PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T h\u1ecdp n\u00eau ra; (ii) Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch u\u1ef7 ban y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u00ean (country 366\u00a0 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p CH\u1ee6NG T\u1ed8C rapporteurs) hay chuy\u00ean gia chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 (country task force members) cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ed5ng quan U\u1ef6 BAN XO\u00c1 B\u1ece PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia; (iii) Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch u\u1ef7 ban m\u1eddi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef V\u1edaI PH\u1ee4 N\u1eee vi\u00ean u\u1ef7 ban \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ho\u1eb7c b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o c\u00e1o; (iv) \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed8I \u0110\u1ed2NG U\u1ef6 BAN QUY\u1ec0N c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1ee7y ban; (v) Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch \u1ee7y ban t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 NH\u00c2N TR\u1eba EM QUY\u1ec0N 365 U\u1ef6 BAN V\u1ec0 NG\u01af\u1edcI LAO \u0110\u1ed8NG DI TR\u00da \u1ee6Y BAN QUY\u1ec0N C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI KHUY\u1ebeT T\u1eacT \u1ee6Y BAN V\u1ec0 M\u1ea4T T\u00cdCH C\u01af\u1ee0NG B\u1ee8C C\u00c1C TH\u1ee6 T\u1ee4C \u0110\u1eb6C BI\u1ec6T C\u00c1C NH\u00d3M C\u00d4NG T\u00c1C U\u1ef6 BAN T\u01af V\u1ea4N","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 7.3. C\u00c1C C\u01a0 CH\u1ebe KHU V\u1ef0C V\u1ec0 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 V\u00c0 TH\u00daC \u0110\u1ea8Y QUY\u1ec0N 1789)... N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng phong ph\u00fa b\u1eadc CON NG\u01af\u1edcI nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n khu v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c khu v\u1ef1c c\u0169ng ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u00f3 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n (the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights trong ph\u1ea1m vi khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3. and Fundamental Freedoms) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u th\u00f4ng qua t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 4-11-1950, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1953. M\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1ebfu \u1ede m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n khu v\u1ef1c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tham gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) c\u00f2n t\u1ecf ra ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u00ecn chung, so v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn h\u01a1n do c\u00e1c B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n qu\u1ed1c gia trong khu v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m chung v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, quy\u1ec1n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c, do ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p ba c\u01a1 quan, bao g\u1ed3m: \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c thu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, t\u1ecf ra d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang so v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf to\u00e0n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1954 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. 1990), T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (1959) v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (g\u1ed3m ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh, song hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean). C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh hai lo\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i (applications) l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t, v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y: khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. 7.3.1. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n 10 Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0, trong \u0111\u00f3 Ngh\u1ecb Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 s\u1ed1 11 (c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1998) quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u00f2a \u00e1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm (t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a khu XIII) v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI-XVIII). v\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. C\u00e1c Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ra b\u1edfi Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t theo nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 6 n\u0103m, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 5 ph\u00e2n t\u00f2a (sections), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh quy\u1ec1n (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Anh th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1688); Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u00e1nh \u00e1n (president), 5 ch\u00e1nh t\u00f2a (section presidents). M\u1ed7i quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m ph\u00e2n t\u00f2a b\u1ea7u ra m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng (chamber), bao g\u1ed3m Ch\u00e1nh t\u00f2a v\u00e0 s\u00e1u th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean. T\u00f2a c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng (grand chamber) bao 367 g\u1ed3m 17 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e1nh \u00e1n, ph\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e1nh t\u00f2a. Nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (t\u1ea1i Strasbourg, Ph\u00e1p) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 giao cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00f2a, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban g\u1ed3m ba th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n. \u1ee6y ban n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee5 l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 l\u00fd v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y ban ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t 368\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. 7.3.2. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 T\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nay, T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5 l\u00fd v\u00e0 ra ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft h\u01a1n 800 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c. S\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00f2a trong C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1edbm. Sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed, ri\u00eang trong n\u0103m 2008, chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 La-tinh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c T\u00f2a nh\u1eadn 49.850 \u0111\u01a1n so v\u1edbi n\u0103m 2007 l\u00e0 41.650 \u0111\u01a1n1. gia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc 69 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua UDHR. V\u00e0 trong khi UDHR c\u00f2n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec c\u00e1c Ngo\u00e0i T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan b\u1ea3o n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 latinh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u1ee6y ban ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n (CPT). Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man) ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (OAS) th\u00e1ng tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o 4 n\u0103m 1948 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc UDHR 6 th\u00e1ng). Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c thi. V\u1edbi h\u01a1n 800 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 \u00e1n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o UDHR xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u khi t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m, quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n chi ti\u1ebft, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ecbch, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a.1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n chung c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia. V\u1ec1 kh\u00eda Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1959, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (Inter- c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 American Commission on Human Rights) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m c\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft \u201c\u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 1969, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc\u201d. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (American Convention on Human Rights). C\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 47 n\u01b0\u1edbc (v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 800 tri\u1ec7u d\u00e2n), t\u1eeb Iceland \u1edf \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ph\u00eda B\u1eafc t\u1edbi Hy L\u1ea1p \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, t\u1eeb B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y t\u1edbi Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp T\u00f2a \u00e1n K\u1ef3, Nga, Ucraina \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (Inter-American Court of Human Rights). ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 24 trong s\u1ed1 35 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia. th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a OAS2. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0 1 Edward Cleary, Mobilizing for Human Rights in Latin America, Kumarian Press, Inc., ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n 2007, 174 tr, tr.3. cao, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ef1c thi hi\u1ec7u 2 Ngo\u00e0i C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3: C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng tra t\u1ea5n (1985); Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 h\u00f3a ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a (1988); Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i b\u1ecf h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u1eed h\u00ecnh (1990); C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i m\u1ea5t t\u00edch (1994); thi\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba v\u00e0 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (1994); C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt (1999). 1 The European Court of Human Rights, Annual Report 2008, p.5 370\u00a0 369","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed, T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u01a1 quan b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y c\u00f3 vi\u00ean OAS v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. \u1ee6y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c. ban bao g\u1ed3m 7 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng OAS cho nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 Ngo\u00e0i ra, T\u00f2a c\u00f2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 4 n\u0103m, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u1ee6y ban c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 hai Ph\u00f3 d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch. quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 bao g\u1ed3m 7 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, song kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean OAS, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u theo nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 6 n\u0103m b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng OAS. T\u00f2a c\u00f3 hai ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n. V\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1eefa x\u00e9t x\u1eed, c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00f2a \u00e1n b\u1edfi \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan. V\u00ec v\u1eady hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean OAS. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n g\u1eedi 7.3.3. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01a1n khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu v\u1ef1c. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n khu v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u Khi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 vi ph\u1ea1m Phi l\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 xem (African Charter on Human and Peoples\u2019 Rights), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua b\u1edfi x\u00e9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ee5 l\u00fd. N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 l\u00fd, \u1ee6y ban s\u1ebd g\u1eedi cho qu\u1ed1c T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2u Phi (Organization of African Unity \u2013 OAU) gia li\u00ean quan m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb. Ch\u1ec9 khi qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 27-6-1981, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 21-10-1981 (hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu \u1ee6y ban th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u00fd Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u Phi - African Union -AU). ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng, th\u00ec s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean T\u00f2a \u00e1n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n khu v\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i T\u00f2a \u00e1n ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi1. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c mi\u1ec7ng. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01a1n khi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9p c\u1ea7n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan, c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n, nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng 70 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i phi\u00ean t\u00f2a, s\u1ed1 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u00f2i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 l\u00fd, T\u00f2a s\u1ebd g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c gia ho\u1eb7c \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u Phi (African Commission on ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c (t\u00f9y ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n), n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean Human and Peoples\u2019 Rights) c\u0169ng \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn li\u00ean quan. Trong v\u00f2ng 30 ng\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp theo th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00ean n\u00e0o c\u0169ng khi Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1998) c\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. T\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u01a1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 25-01-2004, T\u00f2a \u00e1n ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u00e0y. Trong v\u00f2ng 60 ng\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp theo th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o, b\u00ean b\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (African Court on Human and Peoples\u2019 Rights) m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tranh t\u1ee5ng (th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c mi\u1ec7ng), m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed3m n\u0103m th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c. Sau khi 1 T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nay, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3: C\u00f4ng nghe c\u00e1c b\u00ean tranh t\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb \u00e1n, T\u00f2a s\u1ebd tuy\u00ean \u00e1n. Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc OAU v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, 1969; Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi \u00e1n l\u00e0 chung th\u1ea9m, c\u00e1c b\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1o. v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, 1981; Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi, 371 1998; Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, 1990. 372\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi bao g\u1ed3m \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 T\u00f2a \u00e1n Quy\u1ec1n con n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i... ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi. \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u Phi bao g\u1ed3m 11 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn b\u1eb1ng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y g\u1eafn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia OAU (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng AU). Tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u1ed3ng. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Gambia. \u1ee6y ban c\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con d\u00e2n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u Phi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y, \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u201cthu th\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, tri\u1ec3n khai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi nh\u1ea5n Phi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng1. Vi\u1ec7c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o; ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng tin, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m h\u00e0n g\u1eafn s\u1ef1 r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u Phi do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb theo th\u1ee7 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d \u0111o\u1ea1n \u2018chia \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. (\u0110i\u1ec1u 45 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee6y ban c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n Th\u1ee9 ba, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t b\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra T\u00f2a \u00e1n. tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n ri\u00eang trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (\u0110i\u1ec1u 22). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n T\u00f2a \u00e1n ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1998) c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng, s\u00e1nh ngang c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c (n\u0103m 2004). Th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2004, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng AU \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp T\u00f2a \u00e1n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1edbi T\u00f2a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh Phi (African Court of Justice). T\u00f2a \u00e1n g\u1ed3m 11 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u1edbi (\u0110i\u1ec1u 23), quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong s\u1ea1ch (\u0110i\u1ec1u 24) \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 6 n\u0103m, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian. T\u00f2a ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u00fd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. ki\u1ebfn t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n. T\u00f2a nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp phi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2006. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, song kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c (ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9). v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u Phi. 1 \u1ede m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi. Theo Ngay t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2u Phi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n Emmanuel Bello, \u201cquan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u Phi\u201d, v\u00e0 , \u201c\u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n, do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t trong b\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d. Emmanuel G. Bello, \u201cThe African Charter on Human and Peoples\u2019 Rights. A Legal Analysis\u201d, Recueil des Cours de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie de Droit international, 373 1985, tr.32. 374\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 7.3.4. Th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau. 7.3.4.1.Kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Nam \u00c1, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c Nam \u00c1 (SAARC) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1985 (hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00e1m qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Ch\u00e2u \u00c1 - ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda g\u1ed3m Bangladesh, Bhutan, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i - c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 Afghanistan), c\u0169ng \u0111ang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh khi\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c1 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng khu v\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nay, SAARC \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf chung v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n khu v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i SAARC, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc SAARC v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc SAARC v\u1ec1 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn khu v\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y an sinh tr\u1ebb em t\u1ea1i M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1993, trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u1ebf Nam \u00c1, Th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef an ninh l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c SAARC\u2026 G\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y, trong Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Kathmandu (Nepal) t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ti\u1ec3u v\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 chung v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 B\u0103ngc\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (the nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Nam \u00c1 (h\u1ecdp th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2010), c\u00e1c Bangkok Declaration of Human Rights), nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, trong qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n khu t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ef1c. c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1. C\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 1997, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u1edf H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con 7.3.4.2. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf ASEAN ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (Asian Human Rights Commission) \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 trong khu v\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng qua Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n con \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft ti\u1ec3u khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (Asian Human Rights Charter)1, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1edbi Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (ASEAN) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1967, hi\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean 71 (Brunei, Campuchia, Indonesia, L\u00e0o, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippin, Singapore, Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam). N\u0103m 2007, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. h\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed9i D\u00f9 v\u1eady, \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n dung quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 14) quy v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf chung, cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu v\u1ef1c. b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau: Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ASEAN th\u00f4ng qua Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, v\u1ea5n Trong khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea2r\u1eadp m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c1,2 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb gia H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa.. \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong nhi\u1ec1u v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 bao g\u1ed3m: Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Cair\u00f4 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3i Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i (1997-2004); Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o, 1990; Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch Vi\u00ean Ch\u0103n (2004-2010); Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a ASEAN trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea2r\u1eadp, 1992; Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea2r\u1eadp v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 1994. (1988); Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c ASEAN Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ar\u1eadp \u0111ang th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan (2004); Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em \u1edf ASEAN (2004); Khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ASEAN-UNIFEM 1 Xem th\u00eam: http:\/\/AHRC.org. hk 2 Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng \u1ea2 R\u1eadp, bao g\u1ed3m 22 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 376\u00a0 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 360 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa B\u1eafc Phi v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c1, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n \u1ea2 R\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng S\u1eebng Ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam. 375","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 (2006); H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ASEAN-UNICEF v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb em; K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ASEAN - Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh khu v\u1ef1c, ghi nh\u1edb t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb em (1993); Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ASEAN v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng cam k\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tr\u1ebb em \u1edf ASEAN th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a (2001); Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m; tr\u1ebb em (2004); Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ASEAN v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (2007)\u2026 \u0110\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ba c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n - T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdp t\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c v\u1edbi mong mu\u1ed1n b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ASEAN v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n; v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n (AICHR), \u1ee6y ban th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ASEAN v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (ACMW) v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 - Duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em ASEAN (ACWC). Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 chung v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng Vienna v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1ee6y ban li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ASEAN v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (AICHR) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ASEAN tham gia. l\u1eadp theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 14 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ASEAN (2007). H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng ASEAN \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Quy ch\u1ebf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban t\u1ea1i AICHR ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u0103m nh\u00f3m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00eau t\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 c\u1ee7a Phuket, Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7\/2009. T\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Huahin, Th\u00e1i Lan Quy ch\u1ebf, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 sau: (th\u00e1ng 10\/2009), c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia ASEAN ra Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 chung ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban. \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp phi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb - T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau trong \u0110i\u1ec1u 2 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u00e0y 28\/3 \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 1\/4\/2010 t\u1ea1i Jakarta, Indonesia. ASEAN, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0: t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ASEAN; Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, AICHR ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ASEAN; l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 4 Quy ch\u1ebf). Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh tr\u00e1nh Quy ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i (s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i) v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n sau n\u0103m n\u0103m kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 hay \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, s\u1ef1 sau khi c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed1t, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p hi\u1ebfn; t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng ASEAN, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (\u0110i\u1ec1u 9.6). c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, bao g\u1ed3m lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean T\u1ea1i \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 c\u1ee7a Quy ch\u1ebf x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a AICHR, bao g\u1ed3m: ASEAN t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh; v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ASEAN, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chung - Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ASEAN; - T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ednh - B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ASEAN \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng; c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u00e1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb, kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng - G\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ASEAN nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u00e9p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00f3a; trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ASEAN nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p trong khu v\u1ef1c, t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ecdp t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ASEAN - Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, sinh k\u1ebf, ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean; ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ASEAN v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ASEAN; - Theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u 377 nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n; v\u00e0 378\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 - \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c li\u00ean k\u1ebft cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n trong ASEAN. c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi AICHR. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, AICHR s\u1ebd tham v\u1ea5n, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 AICHR c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. trong khu v\u1ef1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin, tri\u1ec3n khai nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean - Ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a AICHR do c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ASEAN xem x\u00e9t gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ASEAN \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. AICHR c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ASEAN li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ri\u00eang ngo\u00e0i ng\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n... Ngo\u00e0i ra, AICHR c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u201cth\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ASEAN c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao ph\u00f3\u201d (\u0110i\u1ec1u 4 Quy ch\u1ebf). - \u0110\u1ebfn nay, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh AICHR, ASEAN c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n AICHR bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ASEAN. M\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban ASEAN v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1eed v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em (ACWC) v\u00e0 \u1ee6y ban ASEAN v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ASEAN v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. Quy ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau l\u00ean ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di tr\u00fa (ACMW). n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean khi b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0o AICHR c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1edbi, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tham gia trong 7.4. C\u01a0 CH\u1ebe QU\u1ed0C GIA V\u1ec0 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 V\u00c0 TH\u00daC \u0110\u1ea8Y QUY\u1ec0N l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00ean CON NG\u01af\u1edcI tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan (x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang\u2026) trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0o AICHR. 7.4.1. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n l\u00e0 3 n\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m th\u00eam m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thay th\u1ebf \u0110\u1ea1i C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n. Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch AICHR l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong t\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ASEAN (ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean). c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 Quy ch\u1ebf quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a AICHR li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (National th\u00f4ng tin. Khi ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, AICHR s\u1ebd c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tham v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng Institution on the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights, ho\u1eb7c thu\u1eadn, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo \u0110i\u1ec1u 20 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ASEAN. AICHR t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hai national human rights \u00edntitutions \u2013 NHRIs) c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t \u0111a cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, m\u1ed7i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a AICHR \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean t\u1ea1i Ban Th\u01b0 k\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: ASEAN v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ASEAN. AICHR ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng ni\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o kh\u00e1c t\u1edbi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng (1) \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia (National Commissions of Human ASEAN. AICHR \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng khai c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh Rights). th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c V\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ASEAN, Quy ch\u1ebf kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh AICHR l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n bao qu\u00e1t, kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u1ee6y ban\/Trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng\u2026 C\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Theo \u0111\u00f3, AICHR s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc. 379 380\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p (nh\u01b0 Phil\u00edppin, Th\u00e1i Ombudsman c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n Lan), b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (nh\u01b0 Malaixia), b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n (nh\u01b0 \u0110an M\u1ea1ch), ho\u1eb7c theo m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, Ombudsman th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 trung gian (nh\u01b0 In\u0111\u00f4n\u00eaxia). h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ombudsman nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 Nh\u00ecn chung, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Th\u1ee7y gia l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0110i\u1ec3n, \u00c1o, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, V\u00ean\u00eazu\u00eala\u2026) con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb x\u00e2m h\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba... C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Quy tr\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ombudsman \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ombudmans nh\u1eadn khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng vi \u0111i\u1ec1u tra n\u1ebfu v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia, ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, gi\u1edbi, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u2026 M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u01a1n khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, \u0111i\u1ec1u Ombudsman, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi tra v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng vi qua trung gian, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef9 Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt danh t\u00ednh tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee7y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia, \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, Ombudsman c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang. Nh\u00ecn gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p chung, th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ombudsman v\u00e0 \u1ee7y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee7y ban gia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, tuy\u00ean khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hai c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t (\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. l\u00fd do m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0110an M\u1ea1ch). S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 Ombudsman ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 (2) Ombudsman ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, trong khi c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ph\u1ea1m C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf Ombudsman xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0o vi r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1809. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cOmbudsman\u201d c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n x\u1eed. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Ombudsman ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n). T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia, Ombudsman t\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi thanh tra Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c thanh tra nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ombudsman \u1ee7y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia quan t\u00e2m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Ombudsman.1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n.1 Nh\u00ecn chung, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ombudsman l\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 72 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng 7.4.2. Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia 1 Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf Ombudsman c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (Li\u00ean minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u), 1 Xem th\u00eam: National Human Rights Institutions, Professional Training Series No.4, Centre tuy nhi\u00ean, Ombudsman \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t quan ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. For Human Rights, Geneva, 1995 381 382\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 Ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1946, ECOSOC \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p \u201cxem x\u00e9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u00f4ng tin ho\u1eb7c \u1ee7y ban quy\u1ec1n con qu\u1ed1c\u2026 G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 5\/1 (ng\u00e0y 18-6-2007) c\u1ee7a UNHRC \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u1edbi \u1ee6y d\u1eabn chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 2005\/74 c\u1ee7a UNCHR, trong \u0111\u00f3 ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c\u201d (Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 2\/9 ng\u00e0y 21-6-1946, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tham gia v\u00e0 tham v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan m\u1ee5c 5). Trong c\u00e1c th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 1960 v\u00e0 1970, tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y 7.4.3. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Pari trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u0103m 1978, \u1ee6y ban quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i V\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia, C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ea3o nh\u1eb1m so\u1ea1n ra c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Pari khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ea1i Gi\u01a1nev\u01a1. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 quan, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m: th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn b\u1edfi \u1ee6y ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m - C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con 1991, \u1ee6y ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o n\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Pari (t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 7 \u0111\u1ebfn 09-10-1991). h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u00e0n lu\u1eadt s\u01b0, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u1ef9, K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n b\u1edfi c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc.. trong Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft 1992\/54 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia (Principles relating to the - C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o; status of national institutions, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Pari). V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c - C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc; trong Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 48\/134 (ng\u00e0y 20-12-1993) v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 - C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n; b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. - C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1991, nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia V\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n, C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Pari khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c trao th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. N\u0103m 1993, t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n cho c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia \u201cc\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t\u201d, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Tunis (Tuynidi) do Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt. ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1ee6y ban \u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n sau: quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia (International Coordinating Committee of NHRIs \u2013 ICC), c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 - Tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u0103m 2005, t\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 59 c\u1ee7a n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 UNCHR, \u1ee6y ban \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft s\u1ed1 2005\/74 (ng\u00e0y 20-4-2005), v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi - Th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng 383 ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3; - Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n, gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; - \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u00fd ki\u1ebfn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban v\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan khu v\u1ef1c; khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia; 384\u00a0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 - H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII c\u01a1 quan khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c; (21). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. (22). So s\u00e1nh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean - H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tham gia tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf; c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. (23). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c trong vi\u1ec7c - Ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cho c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, th\u00f4ng (24). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c trong tin, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed. vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. - V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia, (25). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ECOSOC trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y theo C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Pari, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. - Xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi (26). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n C\u00f4ng l\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c theo \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c; v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. (27). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Ban Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c trong vi\u1ec7c - Xem x\u00e9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u00e0o cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan; (28). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a V\u0103n ph\u00f2ng Cao \u1ee7y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n - Tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan; 386\u00a0 - G\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan; - Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan; - Duy tr\u00ec t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan thanh tra, h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i\u2026); - Quan t\u00e2m, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n) ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. 385","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 (29). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n trong b\u1ed9 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII m\u00e1y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c. (1). Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi - H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (30). Ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con qu\u1ed1c (UNHRC) hi\u1ec7n nay so v\u1edbi U\u1ef7 ban nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Li\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nxb Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998. h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (UNCHR) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. (2). Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi - H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1eadp hu\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, (31). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2000. \u0110\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 (UPR). (3). Trung t\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, T\u1eadp b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng L\u00fd lu\u1eadn Quy\u1ec1n con (32). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee7y ban ng\u01b0\u1eddi, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 1998. gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. (4). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, H\u1ecfi \u2013 \u0110\u00e1p v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Nxb C\u00f4ng an Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, 2010. (33). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quy tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia (5). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. - Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. (34). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i, t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o c\u00e1 388\u00a0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. (35). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. (36). B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. (37). Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. (38). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. (39). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. (40). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi. (41). B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1. (42). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf ASEAN. (43). B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf ASEAN. (44). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quy ch\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a C\u01a1 quan li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n ASEAN (AICHR). 387","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 Gi\u00e1o\u00a0tr\u00ecnh\u00a0l\u00fd\u00a0lu\u1eadn\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0ph\u00e1p\u00a0lu\u1eadt\u00a0v\u1ec1\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 (6). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a (23). United Nations, The International Bill of Rights , Fact Sheet nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. No.2\/Rev.1, Geneva, 1996. (7). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u00e2n (24). United Nations, Advisory Services and Technical Co- quy\u1ec1n 1948- M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i,, Nxb Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 operation in the Field of Human Rights , Fact Sheet h\u1ed9i, 2011. No.3\/Rev.1, Geneva, 1996. (8). Khoa Lu\u1eadt \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con (25). United Nations, Programme of Action for the Second Decade ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, Nxb Lao to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination , Fact Sheet \u0111\u1ed9ng-X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, 2011. No.5, Geneva, 1989. (9). Ho\u00e0ng V\u0103n H\u1ea3o, T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea3ng (26). 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University Press, 1996. (17). United Nations, The Compilation of International Human (34). Human Rights in the Twenty-first Century, Martinus Nijhoff Rights Instruments, New York and Geneva, 1994 . Publishers, 1992. (18). United Nations, Manual on Human Rights Reporting, (35). Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice , Cornell Geneva, 1997. University Press, 1993. (19). Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian (36). National Human Rights Institutions, Professional Training Law: General Comments or Recommendations adopted by Series No.4, Centre For Human Rights, Geneva, 1995 United Nations Human Rights Treaty Bodies, Volume 1) (37). United Nations, National Human Rights Institutions: A (20). United Nations, What is American thinking about the United Handbook for the Establishment and Strengthening of National Nations, Website United Nations, Facts about the United Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Nations. (http:\/\/www. ohUNCHR.org\/Documents\/ Publications\/ training4en.pdf). (21). United Nations, Human Rights Instruments - Chart of Ratification, New York and Geneva, 1998. (38). United Nations, Fact sheet 19: National Human Rights Institutions. (22). United Nations, Human Rights Mechanism, Fact Sheet No.1, Geneva, 1987. 390\u00a0 389","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng\u00a0VII:\u00a0C\u01a1\u00a0ch\u1ebf\u00a0b\u1ea3o\u00a0v\u1ec7\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0th\u00fac\u00a0\u0111\u1ea9y\u00a0quy\u1ec1n\u00a0con\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u00a0 (39). Human Rights Council, Performance & Legitimacy: National Human Rights Institutions. (40). Human Rights Council, Assessing the Effectiveness of National Human Rights Institutions. (41). Birgit Lindsnaes, Lone Lindholt, Kristine Yigen (edited), National Human Rights Institutions articles and working papers \u2013 Input to the discussions on the establishment and development of the functions of national human rights institutions, Danish Centre for Human Rights, 2001. 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