13 Sep_ADM Report 2020 2021Sep13

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Supply Reduction 17. Geographically, Shan States is known to be the largest poppy 16. With the close cooperation of cultivated area. According to the Myanmar UNODC, the Supervisory Report on the Opium Survey, 37,300 hectares of 2018 illicit crop cultivation in Myanmar shows declined to 33,100 hectares of 2019 that from having 1760 metric ton of opium and it shows 11% declined in opium production in 1996, it has declined to 315 cultivation. Similarity, there was 29,500 metric ton by 2006 but rose back up to 870 hectares cultivation in 2020 and so, it has metric ton in 2013. Similarly, from having declined 11% compared to 2019 opium 670 metric ton of production during 2014, cultivation. The following chart shows it has once again gone down to 647 metric the total poppy cultivated hectares ton by 2015. However, 550 metric ton nationwide in Myanmar, hectares destroyed in 2017, 520 metric ton in 2018, 508 metric and opium production in metric tons. ton in 2019, 405 metric ton in 2020 were eventually produced which imply a significant decline in opium production yearly. 2010- 2011- 2012- 2013 2014- 2015- 2016- 2017- 2018- 2019- 2020- 11 12 13 -14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Cultivat- - - ed 43,60 51,00 57,80 57,60 55,50 - 41,000 37,300 33,100 29,500 (Hectare 0 0 0 0 0 s) Produc- 610 690 870 670 647 - 550 520 508 405 tion (Mt) De- stroyed 7058 23,77 12,25 15,18 13,23 7,562 3,536.9 2,578. 2,459.9 2,026.58 4,632.9 (Hectare 1 8 87 6 50 1 7 s) 88

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 18. The Supervision Committee APAA, and also proposed the Commission for Controlled Precursor Chemicals was to include seven chemicals that are being formed in 1998 and the reform process of used in the production of methampheta- the committee was finalised on 19-9-2016 mine such as Methylamine, Methylamine as the Deputy Chief No (2) of Myanmar Hydrochloride, Ammonium Chloride, Police Force playing the role of chairman Sodium Acetate, Lead Acetate, Tartaric with consistent of 12 members from Acid, Sodium Cyanide, and Ammonium relevant ministries. In 1st July 2014, Nitrate during the commemoration of the countries has amended rules of law by 62nd CND meeting. restricting 28 types of chemical as controlled precursor chemical and has 19. These precursor chemicals are been able to supervise the importation, production, exportation, transportation, however, smuggled into Myanmar from utilization and trading of these chemicals. Moreover, Myanmar is on the process neighbouring countries across the borders to prescribe the proposed 3 chemical such as PMK glycidate, PMK glycidate acid and in many ways and due to diligence of Anti-Narcotic Units, the volume of controlled substances uncovered and confiscated are as follows; Types of Precursor 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Caffeine (Kg) 13482.6 431.46 9932.2 19847.4 5885.000 20759.4 19226 11371.9 Ephedrine (Kg) 0 32.10 6 8 9 4.02 630 Pseudoephedrine (Kg) 133.36 1945.24 534.204 0.0015 139.71 - 1.5 million Acetic anhydride (Lit) 3580.76 1297.53 111.94 119.20 7.6 4140.11 12240 Hydrochloric acid(Lit) 55.00 1702.59 16.00 390.100 40 106411.46 53827 Sulphuric acid (Lit) 173.50 280.00 1271.9 3494.8 181657 77883.08 15104.8 Ethyl Ether (Lit) 41995.58 7 1318.340 6180 924.00 260.00 28476.8 106720.00 62135 26674 0 - 7950.0 250 11034.900 203794 0 2197.6 - 5 8188.0 0 89

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 20. In accountability of the it will be implemented between exportation and importation of precursor, Alternative Development Implementation Pre Export Notification System is also Sector of the Ministry of Border Affairs being used to imply effective balanced and Mae Fah Luang Foundation. approach to counter cheque the exporta- tion and importation of controlled precursor 22. Upon his implementation, chemical from abroad and to send replies 60 villages from Loi Lin and Ho Poin to other anti-narcotic agencies to cheque township of Southern Shan State for the the legitimacy of the companies who has extent of 3 year from 2016-2018 have apply to export/import of controlled instigated public preserved forestry with the precursor chemical for other purposes. financial support worth 5.9 million $ from In 2019, 8 proposals were approved and Germany and Finland in which has now 7 proposals with rejected and 30 private 900 members in Green Gold coffee farmers companies, 5 agent companies, and since the establishment in 2016, and 9 governmental agencies in total of with the close supervision of UNODC, 44 agencies were inspected for its 7 tons in 2018 and 75 tons in 2019 and legitimacy. In 2020, (94) times proposals 100 tons in 2020 were exported to foreign were approved and (10) proposed were countries through Malango company. rejected in (104) times of applying for its As a new market, 0.6 ton of coffee were legitimacy. exported to Japan. 21. In accordance with the Myanmar Demand Reduction -Thai Alternative Development programme, and 350 million Baht financial support 23. As drug addiction considered from Mae Fah Luang Foundation, Crop as a chronic disease of public services, Substitution Programmes was implemented 29 treatment centres, 56 clinics are being at Tachileik and Mai Sat township of established to give out treatment services Eastern Shan State during 2012-2017. and public based rehabilitation centres are The programmes includes health care established as well. In 2019, 10,346 drug services, Agricultural, livestock breeding, users were given health care services treatment, socio-eco for forest ranch, at drug treatment centres. Among the grater income services, socio-eco analysis, treated, 8,377 drug users were given first study tours, study visits to AD project time treatment, and one fourth of the users areas, and capacity building trainings were among the age of under 25. respectively. Moreover, the central And 8,523 users were among the heroin government has also agreed for CCDAC addicts which are one of the most sign a MoU agreement between ONCB consumed drugs. 5278 new drug users to continue the implementation of were given health care services at drug alternative development project, and it treatment centres in 2020. have been marked to sign during the year of 2020, after signing the agreement, 90

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 24. Furthermore, 71 methadone Awareness Campaign substitution treatment centres were being established, and there are 25542 drug 27. As Ministry of Education is users getting treated with methadone carrying out its education campaign for substitution and in 2020, 9947 users getting students and youths to have better treated by methadone substitution knowledge of the risk of the drug abuse treatment as well. and psychoactive substances as the Committee for Education Students and Rehabilitation Youths under the CCDAC. The knowledge of drug abuse and psychoactive 25. Under the supervision of The substances are also evolved as a particular Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and lesson in life skills curriculum for Basic Resettlement, there are (11) Rehabilitation Education students and for out of school Centres in Yangon, Mandalay, Myitkyina, children, in Non Formal Primary Education Lashio, Kyaing Tong and Tachileik that are and Non Formal Middle Education helping drug users - who have undergone programmes. treatment - to be reintegrated back into the social stream. Campaigns are being 28. Public awareness education launched to encourage drug users to get committee has carried out its awareness treated at drug treatment centres. While campaign for 5 times in governmental getting treated, they themselves and technical high schools with the attendance their dependents can receive necessary of 1,150 students and 22, 691 times support, undergo physical and mental in basic education schools with the rehabilitation, receive vocational training attendance of 1,560,923 students,. As well programmes and be part of reintegration as providing regular visit to Drug programmes that are linked to continuum of Elimination Museum for the students care interventions. If they so desires, and teachers from basic education school they can even get trained to become with the participation of 1,564 people. volunteer drug wardens. In 2020, public awareness education committee on anti-drug trafficking 26. In order to effectively carry out combating and drug abuse has conducted its treatment services, in cooperation with 527 times in January with the attendance Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and of 63,035 people, 506 times in February Resettlement, Rehabilitation Department with the attendance of 57,502 people, was established on 30-1-2018, and 402 times in March with the attendance 3 rehabilitation centres was handed over of 44,818 people, 13 times in April with the to the Ministry under the guidance of attendance of 1325 people, seven times in CCDAC on February of 2019. June with the attendance of 168 people, 103 times in August with the attendance 91

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 of 3,452 people, 46 times in October with officially enacted and announced on the attendance of 1101, 32 times in February 14th, 2018. November with the attendance of 1,008 people, in total of (1,636) times with the 32. In order to fully implement the attendance of 172,409 people. amended new drug law, 1995 Rules Relating to Narcotic Drugs and 29. Furthermore, under the Psychotropic Substances Rule (draft) is guidelines of CCDAC Public Awareness being amended in cooperation with the Education Committee is also carrying out bill committee systematically, and the its awareness campaign with 5 sectors current rules of law was also amended of information and Public Relations with the close coordination of law advisors Department, Myanmar Radio and from Ministry of Home Affairs and judicial Television, News and Periodicals committee in which is on the process of Enterprise, Printing and Publishing officially implementing the amended law. Department and Public Relations and psychological Welfare Directorate Office, 33. After the New National Drug especially bonding partnership with youth Control Policy was launched for public on awareness sector and MANA in carrying 20th February, 2018, a new National out its drug awareness campaign. Strategic Plan was also launched for the extent of five years from 2020 to 2024 30. To raise awareness of the danger and 2 year action plan have been of drug among the community, Public conducting for the relevant state and region Relations and Psychological Welfare committee to carry out their filed work. Directorate Office are carrying out its activities by monthly televising short Enforcement Measures programmes, and songs at with the attend- ance of 168 people Military Television cen- 34. The Tatmadaw (Myanmar tres 1 And 2, Myawaddy and Yadanar Military), Myanmar Police Force and the Bone Information centres by broadcasting Customs Department are the responsible 837 news, 230 TV spot, 121 short stories, entities to combat narcotic drugs in 312 songs, and 890 programmes during Myanmar. Drug Enforcement Division is 2020. being formed under Myanmar Police Force and its (3) Sub Divisions and (50) Enacting Laws Units are placed in areas around the country where production and 31. To be in line with the UN trafficking of drugs are found to be Conventions, international standard and highest and along the border areas norms, and policies, and to obtain more and are undertaking effective anti-narcotic opportunity for treatment services, the drugs enforcement measures. In order amendment on 1993 Illicit Drugs and to effectively carry out its drug law Psychotropic Substances Law was enforcement activities, up to (10) 92

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Sub Divisions and (65) units were to Golden Triangle Area for drug extended in 2020. Correspondingly, production and the spread of narcotic drugs 30 Drug Operations were also conducted to other regions, “Operation 1511” during the year of 2013-2020. And in order will be conducted in Shan State to prevent the smuggling of precursor concurrently with MoU countries. 35. The following Chart illustrates the seizures of narcotic drugs in Myanmar. Types of 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 drugs 1828.40 Opium (Kg) 2356.93 435.46 888.84 945.7096 1256.169 2829.039 1552.692 3882.908 12.65 186.04 690.290 1853.36 Heroin (Kg) 238.93 47.11 49.95 769.2589 570.622 1099.123 108.719 328.4 2261.69 98.353 72.816 106.702 9426.193 17363.88 ATS Pill(Millions) 10.18 ICE (Kg) 173.00 2464.0834 1107.491 2827.537 Speciosa 218.95 605.31 687.35 1409.4324 651.127 1833.886 2542.599 2632.72 Cannabis (Kg) 40.94 205.54 87.70 188.7805 198.826 142.381 364.819 737.597 Case 4928 6696 6414 8800 9544 13037 13000 13960 Suspect 7137 9425 9188 13591 14000 18681 18407 19994 36. The follow Chart illustrates the number of heroin refineries and ATS tablet manufacturing machines seized between 2006 and 2020. Types 20 20 200 200 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 201 2018 201 202 06 07 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 0 Heroin 10 8 5 31- 132- 2- 6 82 Refineries 15 27 Tablet 8 5 1 3- 26323222 Machines 93

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Population and other of December to June 2019 and was Organizations continued it from November 2019 to May 2020. Its main objectives are to prevent 37. The Ministry for Information is youth of age between 12-16 to protect in charge of raising awareness among them from drug use and not to further the general population on the perils of abuse its usage. narcotic drugs and the need to avoid abuse of it. Educational programmes on International Cooperation this menace are disseminated nationwide using all forms of media including radio, 40. Myanmar is cooperating closely television, newspapers, journals, articles, with countries within the Greater Mekong cartoons, and posters with members Sub Region as well as with ASEAN of Myanmar Anti-Narcotic Association Member States in striving to combat (MANA) travelling far and wide within narcotic drugs. Additionally, there are joint the country holding preventive education endeavors with Yangon based Unite talks and distributing educational booklets Nations Office on Drugs and Crime that are published on a monthly basis. (UNODC), US Drug Enforcement Additionally, narcotic drugs preventive Administration (DEA), Office of the interventions are also undertaken in Narcotics Control Board (ONCB) Thailand, cooperation with various UN Agencies, Australian Federal Police (AFP) and NGOs and CBOs. with National Narcotics Control Commission (NNCC) of China and have set up 38. During 2020, Ministry for Border Liaison Offices (BLOs) along Information has conducted 623 poster Myanmar-China, Laos and Thailand competitions, 508 photography competition, borders. They serve as main centres for 372 awareness discussions, Moreover, exchanging information relevant to combat 9,426 news, five major news, 782 stories, narcotic drugs. and 1,390 slogans were published in New Light of Myanmar, Kyay Mone, 41. Myanmar has also signed and The Global New Light of Myanmar Bilateral Agreements with India, newspaper as well. Bangladesh, Vietnam, Russia, Lao PDR, China, Thailand, and with United States 39. In order to prevent youth from of America to jointly combat narcotic drug addiction, “Happy and Healthy drugs. Myanmar is also on the verge Journey” campaigns were conducted in of signing a MoU with Indonesia as well. basic education schools of Yangon, Malawmyine, Taunggyi, Mandalay, Pha An, Loi Kaw and Sittwe during December 2018 94

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Cooperation on Capacity Conclusion Building 43. The problem of narcotic drugs 42. In terms of strengthening is intrinsically linked to ethnic armed the capacity building, in 2020, Our drug conflicts. Thus, in order to attain peace law enforcement officers have participated within the country through reducing in one meeting with (8) officers, armed conflicts, Myanmar has concerned three workshops with (65) officers, with the on ceased fire agreement in the whole total of four times with (73) officers as in- country. ternal meetings and as for to participation abroad, officers have participated in three 44. Although Myanmar has made meetings with (11) officers, two confer- all-out efforts in combating narcotic drugs ences with (5) officers, two times of semi- utilizing its own resources as well as nars/ workshops with (11) officers, one in cooperation with the international study tour with (4) officers, one transfer/ community, the country is still facing receive of vehicles events with (2) officers, constraints and challenges in these strives. in total of nine times with (33) officers. However, we would like to reiterate that, Through online meetings, our officers were Myanmar is trying her best to face participated in 21 virtual meetings with and overcome these constraints and (107) officers, one conference with (3) offic- challenges by adopting plans and ers, eight times of workshops/ seminars programmes that conforms to the country’s with (40) officers, in total of 30 times with reality. (150) officers respectively. 95



ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 PHILIPPINES BARANGAY DRUG CLEARING PROGRAME On the forefront of Philippine’s and harm reduction strategies. As of campaign in freeing communities from December 31st, 2020, 20,946 barangays the drug menace is the Barangay Drug or 50% of the barangays in the Philippines Clearing Programme which involves the were declared drug-cleared, and 7,115 implementation of supply, demand, or 17% have remained drug-unaffected. 97

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Balay Silangan Reformation In implementing the Barangay Drug Program, a harm reduction programme of Clearing Program (BDCP), a house the Philippine government, is a critical part visitation to the watch-listed personalities in the implementation of the Barangay Drug is conducted by the Philippine Drug Clearing Program. In the photo, PDEA Enforcement Agency (PDEA), Philippine Director General Wilkins M Villanueva, National Police (PNP), and concerned together with the officials of the Local local government unit to encourage them Government Unit, leads the inauguration to submit themselves to rehabilitation and of the Balay Silangan Reformation Center reformation programme of the government. in Basista, Pangasinan July 10th, 2020. In the photo, a drug surrenderer was visited by the BDCP team to secure his commitment to complete the community-based rehabilitation programme prescribed to him. SUPPLY REDUCTION In terms of the conduct of anti-drug Seized substances include more operations, law enforcement agencies than two million grams of crystal shabu remained relentless Even on lockdown or and 75 ml of liquid shabu. Smuggling quarantine due to COVID-19, Philippines’ incidents of substances were recorded law enforcement agencies conducted in the country, as indicated in the incident 34,752 anti-drug operations that resulted of seizure of 239.15 kilos of shabu in the arrest of 49,234 drug personalities shipped from Malaysia. More than and confiscation of US$ 323 million 42,000 tablets of ecstasy and 496 ml worth of dangerous drugs and controlled of liquid ecstasy have also been precursors and essential chemicals. confiscated from mails and parcels that based on the shipping documents were 98

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 coming from the Netherlands, New York, Kush were confiscated, some from mails USA, France and Germany. Cocaine and and parcels coming from California USA. different forms of marijuana have also A sizeable volume of marijuana leaves been seized. More than 16,000 grams of and stalks were likewise seized. Confiscated Dangerous Drugs and CPECs, CY 2020 Dangerous Drug/CPEC Volume Shabu 2,196,026.76 Crystalline (grams) 75.92 Liquid (ml) 42,794.00 Ecstasy 496.20 Tablet (pieces) 1,373.28 Liquid (ml) 1,375,957.79 Cocaine (grams) 98,436.73 Marijuana 210,043.28 16,106.09 Dried Leaves (grams) 2,379,835 Bricks (grams) 374,978.99 Fruiting tops (grams) Kush (grams) Plants (pieces) Stalks (grams) 99

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 828 kilos of shabu worth 239.15 kilos of shabu worth USD114.29 million were seized on June USD33.1 million packed in 240 tea packs 4th, 2020 in marilo, Bulacan. Three person- labelled “Guanyinwang” (228 packs) and alities, including a Chinese national, were “Daguanyin” (12 packs) were seized on arrested. October 29th, 2020 in a controlled delivery operation in Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija. The drugs were concealed using Two drug personalities, both Chinese, were rice packaging with Chinese characters, arrested. further contained in black garbage bags and some of which contained in tin cans The operation was a result of an labelled “Imperial Varieties”. The same information shared about an upcoming were placed in 63 cardboard boxes shipment of the contrabands from labelled “Imperial Varieties” with Thai Malaysia. script. The drugs were contained in 20 boxes declared to contain work bench table. 371.09 kilos of shabu worth USD51.43 35.83 kilos of shabu worth USD4.98 million were seized on June 11th, 2020 million contained in rice packs with Chinese in General Trias, Cavite. Two personalities characters were seized on June 6th, 2020 were arrested. in Macapagal Blvd., Parañaque City. The drugs were contained in 374 tea packs labelled “Qing Shan”. 100

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 40.2 kilos of dried cannabis leaves in 21.81 kilos of shabu worth USD3 bricks and tubular form worth USD98,571 million were confiscated on October 22, were seized during a buy-bust operation in 2020 in Lapu-Lapu City. A drug personality Tabuk, Kalinga on August 15, 2020. Three was arrested. personalities were arrested. The drugs were contained in 22 tea packs labelled “Guanyinwang” 9,471 tablets of ecstasy worth During the year, two clandestine USD328,571 were seized on August 8, shabu laboratories were dismantled. 2020 in Lubao, Pampanga. Five personali- A shabu laboratory located in Santa ties were arrested. Rosa City, Laguna was dismantled on June 3rd, 2020 where four personalities Based on the shipping documents, the including a Chinese chemist were drugs came from the Netherlands. arrested and shabu weighing 758.80 gms were confiscated. Another laboratory was dismantled in Subic, Zambales in August 2020 where controlled precursors and essential chemicals used to manufacture shabu along with laboratory equipment were seized. One drug personality was also arrested. 101

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Laboratory equipment and CPECs were confiscated in the dismantled clandestine laboratory in Sta. Rosa, Laguna on June 3rd, 2020. Laboratory equipment and CPECs were confiscated in the clandestine laboratory in Subic, Zambales dismantled on August 20th, 2020 Minors who were being utilised by Minors Rescued by Age, CY 2020 drug syndicates in the illegal drug activities were rescued by Philippine law enforcers. Age Number In 2020, a total of 678 minors, majority of whom are aged 17 years old, were 10 1 rescued. 13 10 14 28 15 105 16 202 17 332 Total 678 102

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 FACILITY-BASED TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION For the year 2020, a total of fifty (50) year. As part of the protocol and treatment and rehabilitation facilities response to the COVID-19 pandemic, reported to the Treatment and the Department of Health issued Rehabilitation Admission Information Department Memorandum No. 2020-0118 System (TRAIS). Of this, forty-eight (48) dated March 17th, 2020 entitled: are residential and two (2) are outpatient. “Suspension of Admissions and Group Activities in all Drug Abuse Treatment From the facilities reporting, a total and Rehabilitation Centres, Outpatient of 2,385 admissions were recorded. Treatment and Rehabilitation Facilities, Eighty-one per cent (80.50%) of this and Community Based Drug Rehabilitation are new cases, less than one percent Centres and Community Based Recovery (0.84%) are readmitted or relapse cases Clinics and other Guidelines During the and around nineteen per cent (18.66%) Coronavirus Disease 2019 Situation”. have undergone treatment in an outpatient With this directive, there were some facility. Though some facilities have government drug treatment and reported that they have no admissions for rehabilitation centres that were used the year. as COVID-19 facilities and the rests continued to admit clients during the latter The pandemic that affected not only part of the year. the country but the global community has caused a significant decline of more than half or fifty-four per cent (54.37%) in admission as compared to the previous 103

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Demographic profile  The average monthly family income as reported by the clients is more  The centre admissions comprised of than fifteen thousand pesos eighty-eight percent (87.84%) males, (Php 15,442.94). around twelve percent (11.78%)% females, and less than one percent  Regarding the status of employment, (0.38%) of LGBT. The ratio of male those employed (either workers/ to female is 7:1 with a computed employees or businessman and mean and median of 33 years old. self-employed) comprised sixty-three The youngest admission for the year per cent (62.68%) while thirty-one under review is 6 years old while the per cent (31.32%) unemployed. eldest is 67. The highest percentage Four percent (4.49%) of the belongs to age group of 40 years old admission constitute students and and above with twenty-nine percent one per cent (1.17%) out-of-school (28.97%). youth while few (0.25%) did not disclose their status of employment.  Fifty-one percent (50.73%) of the total admitted cases are single and  Around twenty-three per cent around twenty-six percent (25.79%) (23.02%) of reported cases are are married, followed by those who resident of the National Capital have live-in partners with eighteen Region while twenty-one per cent percent (17.95%), and the rest which (20.67%) from Region XI. comprised of about six percent (5.53%) are either widow/er, separat-  As regards to the age when client ed, divorced or annulled. first tried drugs, forty-one per cent (40.55%) belong to age 15 to  As to educational attainment, 19 years old. Almost thirty-seven twenty-seven per cent (27.25%) per cent (36.90%) claimed that they of the centre clients have attained have taken drugs two to five times high school level, followed by those a week while twenty-seven per cent who have reached college (20.96%) (26.54%) take it monthly and sixteen and those who have graduated high per cent (15.93%) on a daily basis. school (18.03%). 104

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Most Commonly Abused Drugs seemingly preventive response for flu-like symptoms which are common  The primary drug of abuse remains to in COVID-19 may be one of the be Methamphetamine Hydrochloride, reasons that made this drug among commonly known as “Shabu” which the top three drugs commonly comprised of eighty-nine per cent used by centre clients during the (89.18%) of the total admission, reporting year. followed by Cannabis (Marijuana) at twenty-five per cent (25.32%).  Mono drug use is still the nature Surprisingly, Codeine Phosphate of drug taking and the routes of with one per cent (1.47%) appeared administration are inhalation/sniffing to be the third choice of drug. The and oral ingestion. 105



ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 SINGAPORE Overview drugs, with 95% of new drug abusers arrested abusing at least one of these In 2020, CNB arrested a total of 3,056 three drugs. drug abusers. This was a 13% decrease Despite the evolving COVID-19 from the 3,526 drug abusers arrested in situation, CNB remained vigilant and 2019, likely due to movement restrictions imposed as a result of COVID-19, which Sustained Drug Enforcement impacted both drug supply and demand. The number of repeat drug abusers mounted intensive enforcement efforts arrested decreased by 8% to 1,905 in 2020, against drugs and worked closely with from 2,066 in 2019. The number of new drug Home Team agencies to suppress drug abusers arrested decreased by 21% supply and demand. to 1,151 in 2020, from 1,460 in 2019. In 2020, together with the 62% of new abusers arrested were under Singapore Police Force and the Immigration 30 years old. & Checkpoints Authority, CNB conducted Methamphetamine, heroin and NPS seven island-wide operations targeting were the three most commonly abused drug traffickers and abusers, as well as drugs in 2020, with 95% of drug abusers 506 operations at our checkpoints to arrested abusing at least one of these intercept attempts to smuggle drugs into three drugs. For new drug abusers, Singapore. CNB also carried out major methamphetamine, NPS and cannabis operations that crippled 24 drug syndicates. were the three most commonly abused 107

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Drug Seizures saw a 55% increase to 43.1 kg in 2020, from 27.78 kg in 2019. Seizures of The drugs seized in 2020 were estimated crystalline methamphetamine (more to have a street value of about S$12.18 commonly known as ‘Ice’) saw a 52% million. There was a 91% decrease in increase to 46.81 kg in 2020, from 30.80 kg seizures of heroin to 72.7 kg in 2020, in 2019. from 38.12 kg in 2019. Cannabis seizures Local Drug Seizures in 2020 Drug type 2019 2020 % change in Estimated Estimated seizure market market Heroin No.3 value value Methamphetamine 38.12 kg 72.70 kg +90.7% 2019 2020 (ICE) 30.80kg 46.81 kg +52.0% ≈ S$6.49 ≈ S$12.18 27.78 kg 43.10 kg million million Cannabis 60.35 kg 21.15 kg +55.1% Cocaine -65.0% 5,742 23,141 +303.0% Ecstasy tablets tablets (tablets) + 469.47 g + 92.13 g -80.4% Methamphetamine (weight) tablets (Yaba) 691 70 Ketamine tablets tablets -89.9% Erimin 5 3.00 kg 3.96 kg Buprenorphine 8,204 42,706 +32.0% (Subutex) tablets tablets +420.6% NIL NIL - New Psychoactive 413 305 -26.2 (tablets) Substances (NPS) tablets tablets -34.4%(weight) +9,471.33 g +6,216.6 g -63.3 (bottles) (e.g. synthetic +90 bottles2 +33 bottles canabinoids, +1 stamp -100.0% (stamps) synthetic cathinones etc.) 2 Liquid-filled bottles of various volumes 108

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 THAILAND Overview traffickers to deliver drugs to their customers. In 2020, Thailand was affected by the upsurge of drug production especially According to a large number of illicit synthetic drugs in the Golden Triangle area. drugs smuggled into Thailand to sell Consequently, and influx of illicit drugs at a cheap price to maintain the demand into Thailand continuously increased. for drugs, it was found that most drug users This led to the sharp rise of arrest cases or 69.9% are new users. The most the same as in the countries surrounding commonly used drug is methamphetamine the Golden Triangle. Besides, the drug tablet or Yaba, corresponding to 78.8%, smuggling from the Golden Triangle. followed by crystalline methamphetamine Thailand also faced drug smuggling from or ICE (10.2%), and cannabis (5.2%). Illicit other regions such as cocaine smuggling drugs that must be closely monitored from South America and “ecstasy” are ICE and heroine as the prevalence smuggling from Europe. of the use of the two drugs tended to continuously increase. Most illicit drugs used in Thailand are smuggled from other countries. The drug situation during the However, domestic illicit crop cultivation, Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) showed like opium poppy and cannabis, were that drug smuggling into the inner areas of found. Apart from existing drug trade, Thailand was impacted by the COVID-19 nowadays, online platforms like Line, control measures at the beginning. Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram together Seizures of a large amount of illicit with parcel post service and courier service drugs were hardly made. Nevertheless, are increasingly popular with drug after the COVID-19 restrictions were eased 109

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 as the pandemic situation improved, drug condominiums were reported. To take smuggling recovered. Although all nightlife drug abusers to rehabilitation camps venues were ordered to close due to could not be possible. As a result, drug the COVID-19 restrictions, gatherings of abusers in communities kept on using drug abusers in rented houses, apartments, illegal drugs. 1. Illicit Drug Crop Cultivation According to the survey findings cultivation around the country were found, conducted by Narcotic Crops Survey and but the trend has continuously been Monitoring Institute, Office of the Narcotics declining. (In 2019, 43 hectares of opium Control Board, it was found that opium poppy cultivation). Most of the growing poppy and cannabis were illicitly cultivated. areas are in the North of Thailand. In 2020, 23 hectares of illicit opium poppy Picture 1 Number of opium growing areas Year 2016 - 2020 In 2020, there were three main pat- mixing with other cash crops 2) growing terns of illicit cannabis cultivation which are in greenhouses or in certain garden beds, 1) growing in the mountainous forests and 3) growing in living places. 110

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Illicit cannabis cultivation in forest Illicit cannabis cultivation in greenhouses or in certain garden beds Illicit cannabis cultivation in living places Picture 2 Illicit cannabis growing patterns 2. Drug Smuggling into Thailand Situation Thailand is both transit route Drug concealment methods often found and a widespread area of illicit drugs were concealing in car passenger cabins from the Golden Triangle such as or unmodified pick-up beds, concealing methamphetamine tablets (Yaba), in secret compartment of trucks, or mixing crystalline methamphetamine (ICE), heroin, with other goods, including putting drugs and ketamine. During the past years, in sacks and taking them across the synthetic drug production in the Golden Mekong River, leaving them on the Triangle has been increasing. Drug riverbank for further shipment. Moreover, trafficking syndicates have continuously sending drugs through parcel post been smuggling illicit drugs into Thailand. service or courier service is still detected. 111

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Picture 3 Drug concealment methods Besides illicit drugs from the Golden to avoid being busted. In 2020, there were Triangle area, Thailand also encounters nine cases of cocaine, seven offenders, illicit drugs smuggled from other regions, and seizures of 25.52 kg. In 2019, there for instance, cocaine smuggling from were 17 cases, 19 offenders, 24.01 kg of Africa by Western African drug syndicates. cocaine, and 6.14 kg of liquid cocaine. According to the cooperation under There were some interesting patterns Airport Interdiction Task Force - AITF, of smuggling e.g. concealing in a knitted African drug syndicates smuggling cocaine hat in a bangle bracelet, in luggage lining, from Africa to Thailand were arrested in book covers, in parcel posts, in other at international airports. However, goods delivered by courier service smuggling patterns have been changed companies. Nonetheless, the prevalence from self-smuggling to hiring a Thai woman of cocaine abuse in Thailand still remains to pick up drugs from source country and low as only the rich can afford it take them back to Thailand in order Picture 4 Cocaine seizures and concealment methods 112

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Furthermore, \"ecstasy\" smuggling concealment methods were concealing via international parcel posts from in baby milk powder boxes, and in European countries was reported. In 2020, Chinese tea bags. However, \"ecstasy\" is the parcels from Germany, France, still abused in certain groups (people Netherland, Belgium, Portugal, and going to night clubs or joining parties). United Kingdom were seized in 56 cases Generally, prices of \"ecstasy\" are around with 389,974 tablets of \"ecstasy\". (In 2019, 500-800 THB/tablet, whereas online prices 20 seizures were made with 147,749 are around 400-500 THB/tablet. tablets of \"ecstasy\"). Some interesting Picture 5 Patterns of \"ecstasy\" concealing For the arrest and drug seizure especially Yaba, ICE, ketamine, and statistics in 2020, there were 138,867 heroine tended to increase. This reflected arrest cases with 148,790 offenders. that the quantities of seized drugs per case The numbers of arrests tended to decline were on the rise. from 2019. In contrast, drug quantities, Picture 6 Arrest statistics and number of drug offenders during 2016-2020 113

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Picture 7 Seizure statistics of Yaba, 2016-2020 Picture 8 Seizure statistics of methamphetamine, 2016-2020 Picture 9 Seizure statistics of heroin, 2016-2020 Picture 10 Seizure statistics of ketamine, 2016-2020 Most of drug offenders in 2020 were Young people aged 25-29 were found new ones, accounting for 58.65 per cent. committing drug crime most (20.55%). Most of them are male (91.08%). Picture 11 Old and new offender arrest statistics in 2016-2020 114

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Picture 12 Arrest statistics classified by age group in 2016-2020 Picture 13 Arrest statistics classified by gender in 2016-2020 Picture 14 Arrest statistics of foreign drug offenders classified by regions in 2016-2020 115

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Apart from existing drug business, and recovered were at 11.3 per cent. drug trafficking syndicates now increasingly Dealers who sell a single drug accounted utilise online platforms and parcel post for 62.2 per cent, and those who sell service to distribute illicit drugs. Twitter is more than one drugs accounted for the most popular online platform for 37.8 per cent. For the dealers selling drug business (97.1%), followed by a single drug, they sell ICE (47.2%), Instagram (1.6%), and Facebook (1.3%) cannabis (27.6%), Tramadol (8.6%), respectively. According to the online Kratom leaves (4.5%), and Alprazolam platform investigation, it is found that 77.9 (3.5%) respectively. In addition, other drugs per cent of all drug dealers are new while such as cough syrup (Dextromethorphan old dealers are only at 10.8 per cent. (DXM)), LSD, Yaba, magic mushroom, Dealers whose accounts were suspended heroin, cocaine, and “ecstasy” were found. Picture 15 Drug sale via online platforms 116

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 3. Prevalence of drug use (Drug Demand Reduction) Due to the influx of illicit drugs into The most commonly abused drug Thailand with cheap prices, the number is Yaba, accounting for 78.78 per cent, of drug users remained high. In 2020, followed by crystalline methamphetamine a total number of drug users applied or ICE (10.23%), and cannabis (5.16%). for treatment was 132,023. Most of Illicit drugs that vigilance of communities them were new users, accounting for must be strong are ICE and heroin. 69.87 per cent. It was found that the ICE tends to be more widely spread. number of new users has been declining Since 2016, number of ICE users applying during the past five years while for treatment has risen from 8,398 to the number of old users or people with 13,446 in 2020. Most of them were drug relapse has continuously been new users accounting for 74.1 per cent. increasing. Most drug users were older For the overall heroin use, 53.2 per cent than 39 years old or accounted for of users were still old users; however, 20.71 per cent, followed by users in the the prevalence of heroin use among 25-29 age group (18.86%), and in the children and adolescents in some 20-24 age group (18.83%). Most of them areas has increased. were male (89.74%). According to the diagnosis results, people who use drugs in Thailand have been categorised into 3 groups: drug users (58.1%), drug dependents (37.0%), and recreational drug users (5.0%). Picture 16 Drug users in treatment, 2016 - 2020 Picture 17 Old and new drug users in treatment, 2016 - 2020 117

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Picture 18 Number of drug users in treatment classified by the types of drugs, 2016 -2020 4. Drug purity analysis 5. Results of methamphetamine Narcotic Analysis and Technical analysis Service Institute, ONCB is responsible According to the purity analysis for analyzing the purity of seized drugs. results of methamphetamine tablets In the past 5 years, it was found that during 2016-2017, it mostly showed that the purity of many drugs has increased. a tablet contains 20.01-25.00 per cent This reflected the higher production of methamphetamine purity. The purity capacity with lower costs of precursors of methamphetamine most likely and essential chemicals, including easier decreases to 15.01-20.00 per cent of access to chemicals sources. These pure methamphetamine during 2018-2020, factors facilitated drug producers to be particularly in 2020, it was found that 76.74 able to produce higher purity drugs, per cent of seized methamphetamine tablet including various kinds of packaging samples contained such purity. and physical appearance of drugs that made them unique from others. 118

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Table 1 Purity analysis results of methamphetamine tablets, 2016-2020 Purity Percentage of methamphetamine purity (Percent) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 0.01-5 5.01-10 0.63 0.64 0.66 0.92 0.93 10.01-15 0.10 0.14 0.71 0.25 2.59 15.01-20 0.34 0.58 5.96 27.36 13.70 20.01-25 34.89 38.91 77.61 62.24 76.74 25.01-30 62.73 57.68 14.84 8.94 6.02 >30.01 1.20 2.05 0.22 0.29 0.02 Total Percent for All 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Packaging patterns with various brand marks found in Thailand: Pattern 1 : “999” with 5 stars Pattern 2 : “999” without star Others Picture 19 Brand marks on Yaba packages 119

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3 Others Picture 20 Brand marks on Yaba packages พบคร้ังแรก Picture 21 New Brand marks on Yaba packages 6. Analysis results of ICE According to the purity analysis weight of seized ICE samples contained of ICE in 2016 - 2020, methamphetamine the highest purity of methamphetamine purity in ICE has risen, particularly in 2020, accounting for 98.01 – 100 percent. it was found that 26.22 percent of net 120

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Table 2 Purity analysis results of crystalline methamphetamine in ICE, 2016-2020 Purity interval Percentage of ICE net weight for each purity interval (Percent) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 90.01-92.00 16.81 19.95 6.02 11.63 7.59 92.01-94.00 43.52 19.50 27.18 27.17 14.80 94.01-96.00 16.76 21.44 38.02 18.75 22.02 96.01-98.00 11.13 20.11 21.53 40.01 25.62 9.70 5.83 7.08 1.42 26.22 98.01-100.00 Total percentage of purity 97.92 86.83 99.83 98.98 96.25 Which is 90% upwards 69 per cent of ICE packages colours, and pictures or logo. Furthermore, generally found in Thailand are Chinese tea the concealment by using ready-to-drink bags with the letters “GUANYINWANG” coffee and snack packages to contain and plain Chinese tea bags without letters, ICE was first found in 2020. GUANYINWANG 69.0% DAGUANYIN 3.0% Nologo 3.8% IALISHAN 4.2% Others 0.5% Picture 22 The most found ICE packages in Thailand 121

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Analysis results of heroin Analysis results of ketamine (Crystal/Powder forms) According to the analysis results of seized heroin samples during 2016-2020, According to the analysis results of it was found that its purity was 80.01-90.00 seized ketamine samples (crystal/powder per cent. In 2020, 57.14 per cent of seized forms) during 2016-2020, it was mostly heroin samples contained such purity. found that their purity was over 90.01 per cent. In 2020, 99.74 per cent of seized Analysis results of “ecstasy” of ketamine samples contained such purity. According to the analysis results Analysis results of ketamine of seized “ecstasy” samples during (Liquid) 2016-2020, it was found that their purity was 40.01-50.00 percent. In 2020, According to the analysis results of 41.03 per cent of seized “ecstasy” samples seized liquid ketamine samples during contained such purity. 2016-2020, it was mostly found that their purity was 0.01-10.00 per cent. In 2020, 100 per cent of seized liquid Ketamine samples contained such purity. Drug situation during the pandemic of Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19) During the COVID-19 pandemic, trafficking syndicates struggled to smuggle Thai authorities detected the first drugs into Thailand at the beginning, COVID-19 infected case in January 2020. so big drug seizures were quite rare. Consequently, the Royal Thai Government However, after easing the lockdown and has issued preventive and control related measures, drug smuggling has measures for controlling the widespread recovered. of COVID-19 by closing all permanent and temporary border checkpoints and Even though entertainment venues points of entry along the borders were ordered to close to prevent the of Thailand and neighbouring countries, COVID-19 pandemic, gatherings of drug including implementing lockdown measures abusers were still found in rented houses, in varying degrees throughout the country. apartments, condominiums. Rehabilitation COVID-19 screening points were set up camps that could not be operated probably in every province and resulted in travel caused drug users in communities to keep and transportation difficulties. As a result, on using illicit drugs. 122

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Picture 23 Arrest statistics comparing to the number of new COVID-19 infected cases during the pandemic (Jan-Dec 2020) Picture 24 ICE arrest comparing to the number of new COVID-19 infected cases during the pandemic (Jan-Dec 2020) 123



ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 VIET NAM Overview of Drug Situation health, and psychophysics of users. Many murders, traffic accidents and 1. Drug use situation mental disorders are caused by drug abusers, directly affecting social order and In 2020, there are 235,012 drug safety. In 2020, there is an increase of drug addicts, most of whom are living in society. addicts in 46 localities and a large The proportion of drug addicts who are men decrease of drug addicts in 17 localities. accounts for about 96.2% and women accounts for about 3.8%. The illegal use of drugs has seriously affected the life, 125

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 2. Drug crime situation consists of: concealing drugs in electric motors; packing drugs mixed in goods Over the past time, drug situation in such as furniture, machinery, electronic Viet Nam has been remains complicated. equipment, agricultural products, tea, The drugs come from foreign countries, plastic beads, scrap iron, electrical tape, mostly from Golden Triangle areas, which children's toys, speakers, and even are illegally transported and trafficked concealing in the stomach of pigs. into Viet Nam for consumption or illegal transport to the third country by land, On the Northwest and North Central air, sea, postcode routes, and even cyber border, there are signs of complications space. again, drug offenders often change the trafficking routes to evade detection Recently, Drug crime situation by the fictional forces. Drug criminals in Ho Chi Minh city and south-west border operate extremely dynamically, they usually provinces have been more and more use \"hot\" weapons to fight against the complicated, become \" hot spots\" on drug functional forces when they are detected crime in Vietnam. The Chinese and and pursued. Taiwanese (China) drug dealers have illegally entried into Vietnam and connected On the air route, the offenders took with domestic subjects for operating. advantage of the form of express delivery, They work as the companies, rent consignment of goods, non-commercial warehouses, workshops, apartments, then gifts combining with the electronic operate the drug trafficking line from clearance policy to send drugs from the Golden Triangle area through Laos, European countries (like Netherlands, Thailand, and Cambodia to Vietnam France, Germany, Czech, Belgium, etc.) for consumption or continuing to the to Vietnam for domestic consumption or third country. The concealment methods from Viet Nam to the third country. 126

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 A large quantity of drugs is illegally The drug dealers also took traded and transported from abroad to advantage of the advancement of Vietnam and from Vietnam to the third science — technology to commit crimes, country via sea way. The high-risk areas consist of: using international bank cards, are seaports in Ho Chi Minh city, virtual currencies (bitcoin, ethereum...) Hai Phong city and Ba Ria - Vung Tau for transactions, communicating via social province. Drugs are often concealed networks (Zalo, Facebook, Viber, in other goods inside cargo containers Telegram...), and even the deep web that at sea ports to the third country. This route makes challenge for functional forces to is potentially exploited by criminals dismantle the drug cases. because of wide-ranging routes, causing enormous difficulties for functional forces in strict inspection and control. Achievements 1. Law enforcement other properties and evidences. Compared to 2019, there was an increase of 12.85% In view of the complicated drug of cases, 9.15% of subjects and 113.24% situation, the drug prevention and of meth tablets while a decrease of 47% suppression forces of Viet Nam at the heroin amounts, 37.02% Meth volume central and local levels and among the and 55, 93% marijuana. relevant ministries and agencies, have closely coordinated in the implementation 2. International cooperation of various measures to combat drug-related crimes. Vietnam has been actively strengthening drug control cooperation with other coun- In 2020, 25,767 cases were tries in region and over the world, especial- dismantled and 38,303 subjects were ly bordering countries, agreement signed arrested, seized 841.03 kg and 181 bricks countries, international agencies and or- of heroin, 3,950 kg and 2,436,507 Meth ganizations in order to promote the effec- tablets, 274.82 kg of marijuana, 13.4 kg of tiveness of law enforcement, improve the opium, 6.63 kg of American herb and officers’ capacity. 127

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 In the multilateral cooperation 63rd CND in Vienna, 2-6/3/2020 framework, Vietnam demonstrated its role as the incumbent ASEAN Chair on the drug issue 2018-2020 with a speech at the 63rd Session of Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND 63) from March 3rd to 6th, 2020 in Vienna, Austria. The speech expresses clearly the Vietnam's views and policies on the drug problem. Vietnam’s guidelines, policies and laws are always consistent with ASEAN’s common view of intolerance towards drugs and disapproval of the drug legalization trend. Moreover, Vietnam will ensure a balance between solutions to reduce supply and demand, while staying steadfast with the roadmap towards the vision of building a drug-free ASEAN Community. Besides, Viet Nam also nominated delegates to attend three CND sessions on June 25-26, August 24-25 and October 19-21, 2020 to discuss on WHO recommendations for cannabis and cannabis resigns. Vietnam also actively participates The meeting results will be reported in regional cooperation framework consist and proposed to the Senior Leaders of of: The MOU 1993 Senior Officials Meeting the National Committee for AIDS, on November 17th, 2020; The 11th MOU Drugs and Prostitution Control in order to 1993 focal point meeting on the fulfill the obligations and responsibilities sub-regional action plan (SAP 11) held on of Vietnam in the multilateral framework. October 22, 2020; the Safe Mekong In 2020, the Ministry of Public Security of Coordination Center (SMCC) framework; Vietnam, permanent agency of National ASEAN cooperation framework like Committee, had advised the Government ASOD 41, ASEANAPOL, SOMTC 20 to approve the SAP XI for the period ADMN 9, ASITF, AAITF... 2020-2021 and the Bangkok Joint Statement at the MOU 1993 Ministerial Meeting (MOU1993) in Thailand in 2019. 128

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 With UNODC, Vietnam continues to effectively deploy a network of Border Liaison Offices (BLOs) to promptly exchange information on the drug crime with bordering countries. Currently, Vietnam has established and operated 21 BLO offices (in which the Vietnam - China borderline has 06 BLO offices, the Vietnam - Laos borderline has 08 BLO offices, the Vietnam and Cambodia borderline has 07 BLO offices); In the bilateral cooperation Director of the U.S Drug Enforcement framework, Vietnam has been also Administration (DEA) on January 10th, promoting bilateral cooperation in depth 2020; send a delegation to attend the and effectiveness, especially with 5th Vietnam - Myanmar Bilateral meeting bordering countries, countries in region, on drug control cooperation in Myanmar; agencies and donor partners. send a delegation to the High-campaign Review Meeting on drug prevention and In 2020, Vietnam hosted the bilateral suppression on the Vietnam - Cambodia meeting on drug control cooperation borderline from 25-26 February 2020 between Viet Nam and Thailand; in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. welcomed and worked with the Acting Deputy Minister LE QUY VUONG at bilateral meeting between Viet Nam and Cambodia on drug control cooperation in Phnom Penh, Cambodia on 26/2/2020 129

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 At the bilateral meetings, the 38,409 patients, in which the number Vietnamese delegation and other countries of compulsory patients are 30.253, number had reviewed cooperation results and of voluntary patients are 5,181, number of discussed the way forward, focusing on patients in social facilities are 2,975. some key contents: 1) Enhance the The patients are also attended the exchange of information on the drug vocational training and education courses crime situation via the hotline mechanism in treatment centres. between Vietnam other countries; (2) Strengthen the joint investigation In 2020, the Ministry of Public for cases related to transnational drug Security advised the Vietnam’s crimes; (3) Coordinate closely to control Government on N2O control regulations; drugs psychotropic substances, precursors propesed the Government to promulgate and raw materials for precursors Decree 60/2020/ ND-CP on amending production; (4) Coordinate to implement list of narcotic substances and precursors the high-campaign on drug prevention enclosed with the Government’s and suppression on the borderlines; and Decree 73/2018/ND-CP on list of (5) Strengthen delegation and experiences narcotic substances and precursors, exchange, improve the capacity of drug adding 28 narcotics and 13 precursor control officers. chemicals to the control lists of Government; reviewed eight years of 3. Demand Reduction implementation of the Prime Minister's Decision No. 52/2011/QD-TTg dated Pursuant to Government's 21/9/2011: “Issuance of a regulation on Resolution on strengthening the direction control coordination of legal activities of drug treatment in the current situation, related to drugs”. The MPS has also Vietnam has been implementing drug implemented a project named \"Improving treatment in the following models: Drug the effectiveness and capacity for treatment in Centres, Community-based competent authorities in controlling legal treatment and Methadone Maintained activities related to drugs\". Ministries and Therapy (MMT). branches continue to prevent the abuse of addictive substances, psychotropic Drug treatment in the centre: substances and misuse of precursors; In 2020, there were 64,549 patients treated review and propose new addictive in 117 centres, in which the number of substances, psychotropic substances and new admissions were 26.305 patients, precursors into control list of Government. the number of people transferring from 2019 were 38,244 patients, the number of people reintegrating into the community were 19,563 patients. Currently, the total number of patients in centres are 130

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 In addition, the Counter-Narcotic Most of cultivation areas are related Police Department, MPS, the focal point to Mong ethnic group and unidentified of INCB in Viet Nam, has coordinated owners. with relevant ministries and agencies to process 585 pre-export notifications, 6. Drugs preventive closely inspect and supervise the propaganda and education precursors export - import activities via Pen online, PICS, and IONICS systems; The Vietnamese government has fulfill its obligations under the three always focused on drug preventive United Nations Conventions on Drugs. propaganda and education, targeting on key areas, high-risk audiences like The precursor substances are teenagers, pupils, students. imported into Vietnam mainly from China, India, Korea, Australia, Japan, Germany, The National Committee continues and exported to Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka to direct the effective implementation and Fiji. of Decision No. 2140/QD-TTg dated December 30th, 2017 of the Prime Minister 5. Eradication of drug on approving the “Project of Coordinating cultivation propaganda on HIV, drugs and prostitution prevention and control until 2020” Vietnam's competent authorities between 03 standing agencies, including: have been implementing the solutions Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of to prevent planting and replanting of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs, narcotic-containing plants, especially Ministry of Health and 03 media mountainous areas consists of propaganda agencies consist of Vietnam Television, activities, establishments of working Voice of Vietnam and Vietnam News groups to detect, inspect and eliminate Agency. all narcotic-containing plants. Thanks to that, the areas of narcotic-containing In 2020, Vietnam's ministries and plants have been controlled. branches implemented many anti-drug propaganda activities with encouraging In 2020, the authorities detected and results. The Ministry of Public Security eliminated 11,491 m2 of narcotic-containing coordinated with media agencies in plants, in which there are 11,128 m2 promoting propaganda on drugs prevention of poppy plants in the mountainous and suppression to ensure social safety provinces consist of Lai Chau 6,243 m2, for the Lunar New Year 2020; building Dien Bien 418 m2, Son La 2,160 m2, news and reportage for propaganda Bac Kan 155 m2, Lang Son 2,153 m2, on the occasion of International Day and 363 m2 of Cannabis plants (41m2 in Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking Can Tho and 322 m2 in Bac Kan). 2020 (June 26); maintaining the operation of the website:pcmatuy.bocongan.gov.vn 131

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 to inform and propagate the results agencies had 659 news and articles of law enforcement on drugs, international reflecting information related to drug cooperation activities on drug control, prevention and control activities, produced exemplary models, receiving and 02 documentaries on drug control to responding to citizens' comments. broadcast on television. and Voice of The Ministry of National Defense organised Vietnam. Vietnam News Agency carried more than 1,500 propaganda sessions for out 1,200 news, photos and video news more than 200,000 people, distributed to broadcast on News Television channel. more than 40,000 leaflets, posters, posters, slogans on drug prevention. The press Challenges In 2020, Vietnam has achieved between Vietnam and many a number of positive results in drug countries in the region and the world prevention and suppression with makes it difficult to arrest wanted encouraging results. However, there are people, exchange evidences and still challenges in drug control for the traces related to drug crimes. Viet Nam’s Government consists of:  Due to many reasons  The situation of illegal production, (profit, demand ...), criminals are trading and transportation of increasingly trading precursors narcotics is booming on a global for illegal purposes criminals. scale, especially synthetic drugs. In particular, some high-risk The Southeast Asia, especially the substances like Pseudoephedrine, “Golden Triangle” has been one Ephedrine, etc. are used to produce of the largest opium-producing illegal drugs. Meanwhile, the lengthy areas of the world. In addition, process of amending drug laws the amount of drugs trafficking via leads to not meet practical air and sea routes is increasingly requirements. Authorities also have complicated. The subjects leading difficulties in controlling many types the criminal lines are often of precursors because they appear Taiwanese, Chinese, South in most areas of life and society. American and West African, operated with sophisticated methods On the other hand, there are still and tricks, causing many difficulties some other potential challenges such as: in the investigation and detection. emergence of many new types of NPS, capacity of law enforcement officers, lack of  There are no extraditions and mutual equipment, etc. legal assistance agreements 132

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Conclusion The Government of Viet Nam always subjects; the exchange of experience and pays great attention on drug control training; therefore, drug prevention activity on every issue by building progress between Vietnam and other coun- a comprehensive legal documents on tries has achieved important results. drug control, strengthening law enforcement activity, enhancing In the upcoming time, Vietnam will international cooperation, judicial matters, continue to cooperate closely with UNODC, drug treatment, etc. More importantly, INTERPOL, ASEANAPOL, international Vietnam also appreciate international organizations, countries in the region, cooperation through bilateral or multilateral especially in Asia-Pacific countries and agreements or memorandums of carry out operations on drug prevention understanding are signed between and control. Special attention should the Vietnamese and foreign governments be paid to the control of precursors to and international organizations, the prevent the abuse of the use, production activities of cooperation have been of synthetic drugs. Furthermore, Vietnam implemented effectively in many aspects: continues to negotiate and sign bilateral the exchange of criminal information; agreements on drug cooperation with coordination and assistance in investing countries is highly involved in combating crimes and arresting international wanted drug-related crimes. 133



ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 CHAPTER 4 Research Knowledge and Innovation 135



ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 INDONESIA INOVATION Thematic Group Discussion Activities Backgrounds because it is in inpatient activities; Drugs use behavior will cause 4. Facilitating individual needs both physical, mental, and behavioral illness to physical, psychological, and social; the user. 5. A learning system that allows clients Drugs use behavior will cause the to actively solve their problems in user have a mental illness that may change groups. Presented in the service with the behavior and physics. To overcome TC approach, which is modified to this problem, BNN becomes the front facilitate the approach of individual line for users’ rehabilitation. Though for needs through a group approach. decreasing drugs there are lots of things that need to be improved. One of those Contents things is improving the rehabilitation quality. Why should we accommodate Improving rehabilitation quality individual needs? becomes the biggest challenge to fight the drug users. Therefore, one of the Sure it becomes a question to rehabilitation services that has been all of us, why should we accommodate developed by BNN is individual individual needs. It is based on needs-based interventions through a group thought based on the principle of NIDA approach by applying the Thematic Group (National Institute on Drug Abuse). Activity Concept design.  NIDA’s Principle From the Thematic Group Activity Individualised services are that implemented by BNN, at least there considered as a form of personalised are 5 (five) aspects of needs that have therapy services that are related been found as the efforts to improve and can understand the needs rehabilitation services. There are: of clients who actually vary. The reason why so far the TC approach 1. Drugs abuse requires treatment and has been difficult to accommodate care for recovery; individual needs is that Individual service also demands collaboration 2. Services according to individual between service providers and problems; clients, focus on building good relationships and solving client 3. Group-based individual approach, 137