13 Sep_ADM Report 2020 2021Sep13

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 6. CNS Depressants Of all CNS depressants users, benzodiazepines users who received Central Nervous System (CNS) treatment were accounted for 71%, Depressants include sedatives, the rest were barbiturates and tranquilizers, and hypnotics that can others. The number of benzodiazepines slow the brain and central nervous users’ admission was relatively small system. Based on their chemistry between 2017 and 2018. In 2017, and pharmacology, CNS depressants 28 benzodiazepines users received can be divided into benzodiazepines, treatment which was two-fold greater from barbiturates, methaqualone, and GHB 2017 to 2018. However, benzodiazepines (Gamma-Hydroxybutyric) The substance users who received treatment were largely may also be used to treat conditions raised by four-fold from 2018 to 2019 such as anxiety, acute stress reactions, and two-fold from 2019 to 2020. sleep disorders, an overdose may cause coma, shock, and death. Among the ASEAN Member States, several variations of CNS depressants have been seized. Examples included benzodiazepines, barbiturate, nimetazepam, alprazolam, pain relief, and other psychotropic pills. Figure 38: CNS users treated 2020 Figure 39: CNS users 2017-2020 38

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 In the first half of 2017, 16 respectively. In early 2020, there was benzodiazepines users received treatment. a drastic increase (seven-fold), then, The number of benzodiazepines users massive dropped to 90% at the end. was 25%, 42%, 60% compared from The total benzodiazepine users for 2020 the second half of 2017, the second half were over eleven-fold in 2017. of 2018 and the second half of 2019 Figure 40: Total CNS Admissions in ASEAN Figure 41: Total Number of CNS Arrests 39

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 In the first half of 2017, 252 CNS In the second half of 2019, the number cases and 142 offenders were reported. of cases was less from the first half In the second half of 2017, there were 27% of 2019 at 25% and 20% offenders. less cases and 16% less offenders. Cases in 2020 were over five-fold also The number of cases vastly increased to sixteen-fold offenders greater from 2017. over 40,000 as well as four-fold greater for offenders in the first half of 2018 In 2017, CNS seizures decreased but dropped less in the second half of 45% from the first half of 2017 to the 2018. However, cases in 2018 increased second half of 2017 yet increased ninety-eight-fold from 2017, while offenders sixty-eight-fold in the first half of 2018. increased over two-fold. In the first half However, there was 98% decrease in CNS of 2019, CNS cases were 28% greater seizures from the first half of 2018 from the second half of 2018, while to the second half of 2018 then went up offenders greater fifteen-fold. In the second to twenty-fold in the first half of 2019 half of 2019, the number of cases raised before dropped down in the second half of from the first half of 2019 at 71%, while 2019. There was a massive fall of CNS 16% of offenders seizures in early 2020 and slightly raised at the end. CNS seizures in 2020 were In the first half of 2020, CNS cases four-fold from 2017. were 28% greater from the second half of 2019, while offenders a bit more. Figure 42: CNS seizures 2020 40

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Figure 43: Total CNS seizures in ASEAN Of all CNS seizures, benzodiazepines The seizure of nimetazapam (Erimin) were accounted for 27% by weight. was less by 47% from 2017 to 2018. There was a twenty-four-fold increase in Nimetazapam seized remained small in benzodiazepine seizures from 2017 to 2017 and 2018 but massively increased 2018 then decrease by 46% from 2018 (one hundred-fold) in 2019 before to 2019 and decreased again by 77% considerably dropped in 2020. There was from 2019 to 2020. There was over 13% decrease in nimetazapam seizures three-fold increase in benzodiazepine from 2017 to 2020. seizures from 2017 to 2020. Carisoprodol (a muscle relaxant) Barbiturate was accounted for 5% was the first reported in 2020 with a high of all CNS seizures by weight. There was proportion of 82%. Alprazolam and other a twelve-fold increase in Barbiturate psychotropic pills have been seized in seizures from 2017 to 2018 and increased a small amount since early 2017 up to date. constantly by 37% from 2018 to 2019. There was a large decrease in 2020. There was three-fold increase in Barbiturate seizures from 2017 to 2020. 41

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 7. Hallucinogen are popular for recreational and medical purposes in European countries, Hallucinogens are psychoactive the United States, and England. Those agents that can cause hallucinations, in the 18-25 age group commonly use it. perceptual anomalies, and other substantial Unlike synthetic psychotropic drugs subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and consciousness. The common ketamine, etc., psilocybe mushroom, hallucinogens are psychedelics, commonly known as magic mushroom, is dissociatives, and deliriants, which can the most widely used recreational treat mood disorders and chronic pain. psychotropic substance. Hallucinogen affects serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, causing changes in Among the ASEAN Member States, perception, thought, emotion, and several variations of hallucinogens have consciousness, ranging from illusions to been seized. Examples included Inhalants, hallucinations such as hearing voices and LSD, magic mushroom, dimenthyltrypta- distorted vision. Hallucinogenic drugs mine (DMT), and Thionyl Chloride. Figure 44: Hallucinogens users treated 2020 Figure 45: Hallucinogens users 2017-2020 42

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 In 2017, 1,228 hallucinogen users inhalant users increased by 42% from the received treatment. The number of end of 2018 to early 2019 and declined at hallucinogen users’ admission in ASEAN the end of 2019. There was a continuously increased by 4% between 2017 and 2018 decline in 2020. yet dropped by 5% from 2018 to 2019 and dropped constantly by 15% from It should be noted that the number 2019 to 2020. However, hallucinogen users of inhalant users who received treatment who received treatment were 15% less was higher in the first half of the years. from 2017 and 2020. The reason for this pattern is unknown. However, inhalants users decreased In the first half of 2017, almost three-fold at the end of 2020 from early all of the total hallucinogen users who 2017. received treatment were for inhalants. In the second half of 2017, there was 39% Only a few LSD users received less in the number of inhalants. In the treatment from 2017 to 2019. In 2020, first half of 2017, the number of inhalant almost 300 users received treatment. users increased by 72% to the end of 2017. In comparison, the magic mushroom was However, inhalants users decreased by reported only in early 2018. 42% at the end of 2018. The number of Figure 46: Total Hallucinogens Admissions in ASEAN 43

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Figure 47: Total Number of Hallucinogens Arrests In the first half of 2017, 261 In 2017, hallucinogen seizures hallucinogen cases and 258 offenders decreased 31% from the first half of 2017 were reported. In the second half of 2017, to the second half of 2017. However, there was less 10% in cases and offenders there was less 56% in hallucinogen but greater 27% and 29% in cases and seizures from the first half of 2018 to the offenders respectively in the first half second half of 2018 also constant less of 2018 while dropped less again in the by 30% in the first half of 2019 and still in second half of 2018. However, cases in the second half of 2019. There was 2018 decreased by 51% from 2017, as well a slight increase in early 2020 and as offenders. In the first half of 2019, dropped at the end. Hallucinogen seizures hallucinogen cases were four-fold increase in 2020 were 31% of 2017. from the second half of 2018 as well as offenders. In the second half of 2019, the number of cases and offenders went up 17% in the first half of 2019. In early 2020, hallucinogen cases and offenders fell off from the second half of 2019 and still in the second half of 2020. Cases in 2020 were 50% less as well as offenders by 46% from 2017. Figure 48: Hallucinogens seizures 2020 44

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Figure 49: Total Hallucinogens seizures in ASEAN Of all hallucinogen seizures, The seizures of LSD decreased inhalants were accounted for 78% by by 6% from 2017 to 2018. There was weight. There was greater 10% inhalants less 24% in 2019. However, LSD seizures seizures from 2017 to 2018 yet less by dramatically increased ten-fold in 2020. 33% from 2018 to 2019 and a lot less There was thirteen-fold increase in LSD in 2020. There was 40% decrease in seizures from 2017 to 2020. Thionyl inhalants seizures from 2017 to 2020. Chloride was seized for the first time in the first half of 2018. DMT was first Magic mushrooms were accounted seized in early 2020. for 2% of all hallucinogen seizures by weight. There was greater 75% in magic 8. Others mushroom seizures from 2017 to 2018 but a bit less by 74% from 2018 to 2019 Among the ASEAN Member States, and still less in 2020. There was 70% decrease in magic mushroom seizures other substances , including from 2017 to 2020. Caffeine and various precursors. However, the information was under-reported. 45



ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 CHAPTER 3 ASEAN Country Report 47



ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 BRUNEI DARUSSALAM Drug Arrests Drug abusers of age group 30-39 years make up the largest group of arrests. Narcotics Control Bureau as the Below is the tabulated statistic for arrests leading law enforcement agency in made according to age group: combating illicit drug related crimes in Brunei Darussalam, had made 851 drug Age group No. of arrests with for various offences under the Person Misuse of Drugs Act, Chapter 27, whereby 14 years and below about 55% of the total arrests are 15-19 years 0 new arrestees and about 45% of the 20-29 years 53 arrestees. The total drug users arrested 30-39 years 233 constitute to 0.19% of the population of 40-49 years 296 Brunei Darussalam1. Out of the total 50-59 years 213 arrests, 689 were males and 162 were females. Majority of the arrests were locals 60 years and above 49 and of Malay ethnicity. 7 1 Population of Brunei Darussalam in 2020 was 453,600 persons. 49

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 The following are the different types of drug trafficking offences committed under the Misuse of Drug Act (MDA), Chapter 27: Misuse of Drug Act Offence No. of (MDA) Chapter 27 arrests Possession of controlled drug for the purpose of Section 3A trafficking 59 Import and export of controlled drug Section 5 11 Section 6(a) Possession of controlled drugs 201 Section 6(b) Consumption of controlled drugs 822 Section 7 Possession of pipes and utensils 246 Section 9 Responsibilities of owners and tenants 5 Note: One arrestee may be arrested for multiple offences under Misuse of Drug Act, Chapter 27. In the year 2020, the NCB had agencies. Joint operations are aimed made around 439 land and sea operations at further strengthening inter-agency throughout the country. These include efficiency in combating criminal related joint operations with other enforcement activities in Brunei Darussalam. Drug seizures The largest drug bust in Brunei Two months after the first seizure on Darussalam was made in two separate 28 December 2020, Methylamphetamine operations. The first arrest was made on 10 September 2020 consisting of amounting to 5,489.02 kg was seized. 18,965.84 kg of Methylamphetamine Methylamphetamine (syabu) remain as the most commonly abused drugs in Brunei which marked as the biggest seizure Darussalam and this was followed by since the formation of NCB in 1988. cannabis. 50

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 The table below shows the list of illicit drugs that were seized throught the year 2020. Type of Drugs Gross weight Methylemphetamine (Syabu) 31,982.53 gram Ecstasy 100 tablets Cannabis 1,247.00 gram Erimin 5 (Nimetazepam) Ketamine 108 tablets 179.23 gram BORDER CHEQUEPOINTS The NCB is responsible in Labu Control Post, Sungai Tujoh Control implementing the strategy of reduction Post and Serasa Ferry Terminal. In 2020, of illicit manufacturing, abuse and 26 arrests were made at the various border trafficking of drugs and other drug-related cheque points for a number of drug crimes through vigorous enforcement offences. Out of the total arrests, 7 were activities and controlling of the entry of of Brunei nationality 15 were of Malay narcotic drugs either through legal or illegal ethnicity. 14 were charged under point of entry. Section 6(b) of MDA, Chapter 27 for consumption of controlled drugs. About In its effort to intercept the trafficking seven of the total arrests made at the bor- of drugs at the border, NCB are also der cheque points were charged under stationed at the six border control posts Section 5 of MDA, Chapter 27 for the illegal in Brunei Darussalam namely at import and export of controlled drug. Brunei International Airport, Kuala Lurah Control Post, Ujung Jalan Control Post, 51

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Drug Supply Reduction Strategy “MUSANG KING” OPERATION being the family members, friends and runners of the main suspects were also “Musang King” Operation arrested during the follow-up raids. All successfully broke a syndicate believed these arrestees aged between 15 to 63 to be the biggest active family drug years old. business in Brunei Darussalam as it was the largest supplier of Methylamphetamine More than 19 kilos of a Class (Syabu) with a network of distribution A controlled drugs, Methylamphetamine throughout the country. The confiscation of (Syabu) with a market value of more than drugs, money and property during this BND3.7 million were seized throughout the operation is the largest ever recorded in “Musang King” Operation including cash NCB’s history since its establishment amounting to BND285,000.00, 38 cars, in 1988. six boats, one motorcycle, two bicycles, several handphones, gym equipment and The initial raid was conducted on electronic devices, believed to have been 10 September 2020 and several follow-up obtained from drug trafficking activities. raids were held until October 2020 to continuously disrupt and diminish the All arrestees were investigated for network of this family drug syndicates. drug trafficking offences, concealing evidence of main suspects’ drug activities During the “Musang King” Operation, and money laundering activities. They are 13 individuals i.e. nine males and three fe- facing charges under Misuse of Drugs Act, male persons being the main suspects of Chapter 27 and Criminal Asset Recover the family drug syndicate were arrested. Order (CARO), 2012. Subsequently, a total of 74 other individuals 52

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 53



ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 COMBODIA DRUGS SITUATION AND THE ACHIEVEMENT ON COMBATING Overview on Drug Situation huge production with higher in purity specially methamphetamine crystal, a) Situation in Regional and drug price become lower gradually cause International local drug consumption is spreading from cities to rural areas. Significant note Even the world had face the of involvement from the Iranian and challenges of Covid-19 pandemic outbreak Afghanistan syndicates highlighted their but law enforcement shown there is no synthetic drug production and chemical decreased in their operation results related substances trafficking by using Indian sea to drugs’ crimes. Synthetic drugs production route as their getaway to international and trafficking both global and regional markets. remain increased in term of volumes particularly methamphetamine crystal (ICE) With notorious of the Golden Triangle despite heroin and cocaine is decreases. (GT) as drug production site particularly methamphetamine crystal smuggling into In the region, syndicates not only countries of the Greater Mekong Sub engaged in drugs business but also in regional (GMS) bound for international ammunition which supported from markets with higher demand. Illicit chemical international transnational organise crimes substances had been smuggling to GT with their widely expanded. The opium in huge amount whereby lest controlled plantation had shifted to synthetic drug with remote high tech command for their production which exaggerated to the illicit drugs preparation formula. 55

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 b) Situation in Cambodia sea.. Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam had pick up drugs from their respectively ashore Cambodia is affected of this bad of methamphetamine (ICE) around circumstances of drugs situation of internal 688.21 Kg. Number of significant cases and regional is gradually increased involved with foreign syndicates: Chinese, with complicated concealment as above Taiwanese and Vietnamese; not only described. Drugs transiting to Cambodia in trafficking crimes but also attempt by land, air, sea routes and postal services to produce illicit drugs locally. as well in attempting to produce locally. The 5th Phase of Anti-illicit Drug Campaign Note of some significant drug related (January 1st to December 31st, 2020) had crimes’ incidents took places along border clearly defined practical measures to be between Cambodia-Thai and Cambodia- implemented. Even though Covid-19 Lao with huge amount of drugs ever pandemic outbreak where international intercepted before. There were evidences of flights is mostly closed, but drug syndicates attempted in illicit drugs producing arranged had changed their techniques and by the foreign syndicates. concealment methods for trafficking from air to land routes, postal services and 56

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Base on the combating drug result in 2020, follow the national plan on drug control and implementation of Phase 5th Anti-Illicit Drug Campaign and future plan which laid down in 2020, NACD with all Ministries and Entities as members with all Provincial Drug Control Committees (PDCC), have put great effort in fulfilling each of their duties with great results. Combating Drugs Results and Achievement Due to the trends of producing, better understand the duties and trafficking of drug business in the globe responsibilities of relevant ministries and region remain constantly growth with and institutions); education through complicated activities by the criminal as community focusing on raising public mentioned above cause bad affect and new awareness on the issues and the threats in illicit drug smuggling via land, impacts caused by drugs; and air, water routes, and postal services, as training of the key persons in order well as attempting to produce locally. that they have the basis in passing Official figure in 2020, shown remarkable on the education to members of the achievement in combating illicit drugs are: community. Even though face-to-face is restricted with precaution a) Drug Prevention and Public Aware- measures during the Covid-19 outbreak, but in 2020 there were ness 9,672,969 participants, in comparison to 11,657,356 participants in 2019,  Drug prevention have been which is a slight decrease and implemented in four different forms reached to target of the most which are: education through media; high risk groups and increased the education through technical expertise number of trainees. of the ministries and institutions (aiming to make general citizens 57

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020  Encourage to concerns entities to related crimes as an alert to law insert the drug harmful messages enforcement. on their products and services, Face-book pages, Radios, TVs,  Publication on Drugs Harmful mobile phone companies; art and Materials and distribution all entertainment sectors, consumer concerns agencies for their products, and the distribution of respective education purposes. drugs harmful banners, posters and leaflets.  With the support from Chinese Government, Ministry of Education,  With fully participate and attract Youth and Sports of Cambodian from all elements from the societies, is going to set up the Anti-Drugs abide to the Slogan 3 Nos and 1 library in some target schools. Report of Samdech Kralahaom SAR KHENG, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior as: 1.Do not engaged, 2.Do not Diverted, 3.Do not Intervene and 1. Report all drug (Figure 1: Participants in Public Awareness) 58

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 b) Drug Treatment and Rehabilita-  4,650 individuals of drug addicts remaining in centres for tion Services treatment  Enhancing public health facilities  6,436 individuals of drug addicts with quality services for enrolled in public health services Treatment for under Community-based Drugs drugs addicts Treatment (CBTx)  Enhancing the treatment and  946 individuals of drug addicts rehabilitation services’ capacity sent to prison. of the temporary rehabilitation centres  Demographic of this drugs addicts population (4,650 individuals  Inaugurating the National Center remaining in the rehab centres for of Voluntary and Community- treatment) are: based Treatment and  Age group: 84.67% belong to 18- Rehabilitation for Drug 35 years old Addicts in Preah Sihanouk  Drug Type: 91.24% is metham- Province phetamine ICE users. Metham- phetamine (ICE and WY) is the  Updating the data management main drug of choices and monitoring on Drugs Addicts  Workers: 43.04% as major occu- Statistics pation among the drugs addicts population follow by unclassified  Developing the mechanical job of 25.41%. guidelines on transferring the drugs addicts from the Temporary  Demographic of drug addicts 6,436 to National Center under CBTx programme are:  81.99 % is ATS users  Official records on Drugs Addicts  1.99% is heroin and opium users population is 2020 were 20,543  16.02% is other type users individuals. This figure comprise of:  8,511 individuals of drug addicts reintegrate back to community (Figure 2: Statistic of Drugs Addicts) 59

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 c) Strengthening of Law - Provide Training to 11th Generation of Soldier Students on Basic Enforcement Institutions Understanding of Drugs and Law on Drug Control in Army Under the commitment for Health Institute effectiveness of law enforcement to cut off the organised crimes - Professional Training on Drugs’ syndicates with closely cooperate Prevention and Interdiction in with other neighbouring countries to Police Academy of Cambodia minimise the illicit drug smuggling, particularly along Cambodia- - Meeting on Enhancing of Cross Thailand, Cambodia-Lao PDR and Border Inspection of BLOs Cambodia-Viet Nam border. Mechanism  On time sharing information with - Bilateral Meeting on Cross Border all foreign partners related to Inspection and Combating Illicit drugs syndicates and trafficking Drugs’ Crimes along border routes. Cross border cooperation between Commissariat General of enhancement via BLO mecha- Cambodian National Police and nism, capacity building to forensic Police Ministry of Viet Nam lab.  Fully commit to carry out the - Slogan 3 Nos and 1 Report of Cambodia and Lao PDR, agreed Samdech Kralahaom SAR to strengthening the prevention KHENG, Deputy Prime Minister and interdiction of cross border and Minister of Interior as: 1.Do crimes along border, information not engaged, 2.Do not Diverted, and best practises sharing on 3.Do not Intervene and 1. Report drugs’ crimes and enhancing the all drug related crimes. Drug Free Villages and Drugs  Internal law enforcement capacity Free Schools along border building on investigation and interdiction methods. Financial - Anti-Drugs Crimes Department investigation become more crucial had Launching the Web System by the law enforcement along with for data entry of local anti-drugs drug related crimes intercepted. crimes police c.1) Capacity Building of Law - Mapping the target areas for Enforcement Institution: GT Operation 1511 for Prevention - Meeting review and discussion the Drugs Smuggling in the on BLOs Mechanism along border between Cambodia- Northeast border Thailand, Cambodia-Lao PDR and Cambodia-Viet Nam. - Conducting the Capacity Building for Frontline Law Enforcement in the Northeast border. 60

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 (Figure 3: Statistic of Related Drug Crimes’ Cases and Arrests) c.2) Law Enforcement Operation Methamphetamine (ICE) = 863.52 Kgs Results: Methamphetamine (WY) = 3.89 Kgs - There were 10,461 drug related Ecstasy (MDMA) = 73.57 Kgs crimes had been interdicted accounted for 6.97% increased; Ketamine = 112.52 Kgs with 21,566 arrests of personals (1,334 females), increased by 5.25% Heroin = 229.02 Kgs comparing to last year. Among this arrests, there is 19 foreign Nimetazepam = 9.38 Kgs nationalities involved these incidents. Cathinone = 14.01 Kgs - Total number of Narcotics Seizures accounted for 3,875.89 Kgs Mixture powder for increased by 516% compare to last year 3,125.20 Kgs. This figure Methamphetamine consist of: Preparation = 1,900.00 Kgs Mixture powder for MDMA Preparation = 600.00 Kgs - Beyond the above narcotic substances seizure, we also seizure: Dried Cannabis = 292.23 Kgs Cannabis herbs = 297,898 plants Chemical substances = 4,425.00 Kgs 61

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 (Figure 4: Statistic of Narcotic Substances Seizure) Unit in Kg 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Meth WY 26.58 44.16 33.44 6.93 43.51 3.89 Meth ICE 72.86 66.33 80.13 306.63 384.93 863.51 Ecstasy 0.02 1.65 25.06 179.76 114.82 73.56 Heroin 2.46 6.27 22.53 1.33 299.02 Cocaine 5.25 14.00 12.81 5.38 0.48 0.05 Ketamine 0.11 1.07 6.25 36.33 0.61 112.52 Cannabis 1,511.45 36.86 116.29 74.04 33.08 292.23 102.86 Officially record shown in June 26, 2020 International Drugs’ Day, Cambodian authority had burnt out some 735.20 Kgs of Narcotic substances seizure from last year by the final decision from the court. (Pictures: International Drugs’ Day, June 26, 2020: Burnt out Narcotic Substances) 62

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 c.3) Administrative Measures industries and premises under risk As supporting to the law assessment approach. enforcement activities, administrative e) International Cooperation measures had been conducted by  During the official visit of the the local authorities in their respective administrative areas to Chairman of NACD to China, Chines maximize the local drugs demand. Government agreed to supports on There were some remarkable providing more test kits for mobile notices: inspection to law enforcement.  Real time cooperation with all LE - 255 times invited the owner of partners (sharing information) across business premises and others the globe, regional and sub-regional concern units for hearing on drugs  Strengthening the BLOs Mechanism, issues with 10,491 participants particularly with neighbouring among 95,289 females GMS countries  Participating in all local and - international drugs related matters premises, hotels, guest houses, forums via webinars. renting accommodation, KTVs, Clubs of 446 times f) Enhancing the existing drugs control committees - Closed business activities of five KTVs and one club (related to  Fostering the procedures of drug drugs crimes) control law amendment - Conducted 813 times  Enhancing the development and inspection and urine test on driv- facilitating the combination of Drug ers (lorry, trucks, public trans- Free Villages committees into Village ports.) staffs of KTVs , Casinos, Commune Safety Committees hotels and Karaoke with 5,681 (84 females) individuals, found  Enhancing the Provincial Drugs 1,594 positive accounted as Control Committees (PDCC) 28.06% and send them to mechanism and functioning down to treatment services. commune levels d) Chemical Substances  Updating the membership of PDCC Management and Control and Anti-illicit drugs campaign.  Enhance the management and Even though we achieved remarkable results as above said, but we monitoring on chemical do face some challenges need to be overcome in coming next year plan. substances in order to prevent any diversion to illicit activities.  Enhance on-site auditing and evaluation to relevant chemical 63

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Base on the conclusion drawn for worker accommodation and public them evaluation and the results of the transportations Drug Control in 2020 as stipulated in the  Conduct public awareness on drugs National Plan of Drug Control and Phase harmful to high-risk targets: youth, 5th of Anti-Illicit Drug Campaign; mobile workers, migrant workers, Implementation of Village Commune Safety construction workers, industrial Policy; Circulation and Orders set by the workers, non-cluster workers, lorry Government; as ensure the consistency of drivers, public transportation drivers, outreach education to raise the public entertainment workers and other awareness on drug harm; Continuously tourist premises. Assigned the enhance the function of Sub-committee on DRUGS PEER team for internal Treatment and Rehabilitation; Enhance trainers. capability building, commitment, morality  Distribute the Drugs Harmful and professionalism of the Law Messages in the concerts, public Enforcement officers abide to the 3 Nos events, religious events, and other and 1 Report Slogan of Samdach events conducted in their respective Krolahorm SAR KHENG; Continuously responsibilities. enhance the Precursor and Chemical  Post NO DRUGS ABUSE AND controls; enhance and expand the TRAFFICKING in internal regulation international cooperation with neighbouring of hotels, guest houses, and other countries in region and all development tourist premise, on consumer partners as well as legitimate documents products’ packaging development as guidelines, policies and  Conduct training on Basic laws related to drug control. NACD with all Understanding of Drugs and competent entities had laid down for 2021 Drug Control Law to local law work as following: enforcement at commune levels  Cooperate with Ministry of 1. Drug Prevention and Education, Youth and Sport in Public Awareness development the Anti-Drugs Digital Libraries in Phnom Penh  Distribute books, banners, posters  Cooperate with Ministry of and leaflets on drugs harmful and Education, Youth and Sport in drug control law, the 3 Nos and development the Principal Books 1Report slogan to all public entities, on Drugs and Safety Development education institutions, industries, enterprises, construction sites, for Teacher Training in Teacher Education Pedagogy Institutions and other Teacher Training Schools 64

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020  Cooperate and support the Ministry Preah Sihanouk Province and of Education, Youth and Sport in advocate with Ministry of Interior on development the Drugs Prevention Construction the Treatment and and Teaching Methodology for Rehabilitation Centre for Drug Principal Study Books and Health Addicts in Porsat Province Education Subject for Basic  Coordinate and enhance Education Department Community-based for Drugs Treatment (CBTx) Programme in  Enhance development Training commune levels where is not Context on Drugs Prevention for implemented, and the Referral Human Resources Training for System of Drug Addicts to CTBx Public Entities and Arm forces services and after cares  Continuous Training Plan of  Disseminate the Drugs Harmful Foundation and Refresh Training on Messages to mobile phone users, Mental Health and Substance comedians, artists, movies and other Abuse to medical doctors and nurs- religious affairs on TVs, Medias, face es in public health premises book pages, mobile weighting  Publish to public the 350 public stations. health premises which Mental Health and Substance Abuse 2. Drug Treatment and Services are in-placed Rehabilitation Services  Develop the Referral Guideline of Drug Addicts to from overloaded of  Develop the Treatment and Temporary Rehabilitation Centres to Rehabilitation Norms and the National Center Conditions for Temporary  Enhance the best practises of social Rehabilitation Centers and the distancing, precaution and hygienic National Center of Voluntary and measures in all Treatment and Community-based Treatment and Rehabilitation Centres during the Rehabilitation for Drug Addicts in Covid-19 pandemic outbreak Preah Sihanouk Province  Conduct audit for improving services to all Treatment and Rehabilitation  Assign the Management Board, Centres. Working Procedures and Technical Guidelines for pilot functioning of the National Center of Voluntary and Community-based Treatment and Rehabilitation for Drug Addicts in 65

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 3. Enhance the Law  Provide solution on overloaded of Enforcement Institutions drug related crimes’ documents in courts and overcrowded of drug  Enhance the effectiveness of law addicts in treatment and enforcement in minimizing the rehabilitation centres transnational organised crimes syndicates in close cooperation  Coordinate and foster the Ministry of with international, regional and Industry, Science, Technology and neighbouring partners for preventing Innovation and Ministry of Health to the illicit drugs trafficking conduction training or seminar to the owner and management of the  Expand the investigation and Industries, Enterprises, Factories interdiction forces for drug related and business premises on safety crimes incidents handling, management and illicit diversion of chemical substances  Strengthen the capacity building of BLOs and frontline law enforcement  Assign the officers in charge and on strictly inspection lead to responsible mechanism for chemical overcome the cross border crimes substances management  Strengthen the law enforcement and  Conduct auditing on risk assessment forensic capacity in supporting the approach to all related chemical harm reduction programme substances Industries, Enterprises, Factories and business premises  Strengthen the commitment, professional merits abide to the  Enhance capacity building for 3Nos and 1 Report Slogan of effectiveness function of the Minister of Interior (1. Not Inter-ministerial committee on Engaged, 2. Not diverted, Note chemical substances as stipulated in Intervened, and 1. Must Report of Drugs Control Law any suspicious case related to drugs)  Continuous to implement the 6th Phase of Anti-illicit Drugs  Conduct random inspection and Campaign. urine test to youth, mobile workers, migrant workers, construction workers, industrial workers, non-cluster workers, lorry drivers, public transportation drivers, entertainment workers and other tourist 66

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 4. International Cooperation  Develop the National Policy on Treatment and Rehabilitation  Strengthen the cooperation Services mechanism with neighbouring countries on combating cross border  Update the membership of technical crimes lead to prevent the illicit committees of Anti-illicit drug drugs smuggling campaign  Strengthen the BLOs and  Foster the drafting of National Policy implementation of Drug Free on Drug Free Village Management Villages mechanism along border and Mechanism with Cambodia-Thailand, Lao and Vietnam as agreed  Drafting the Principal of National Policy on Combating Drugs  Enhance cooperation with international, regional partners for  Enhance and foster the final court seeking support assistances to law decision on drugs related crimes’ enforcement in combating drug’ assets crimes, treatment and rehabilitation services  Expand financial investigation related on drug crimes for temporary  Foster the contribution procedure of freezes as stipulated in drug control Chinese Government’s funds as law agreed to develop the Anti-Drugs Digital Libraries during the official  Foster the court procedures to issue visit of the NACD Chairman to the final decision and seizure drug China. related crimes’ properties into Combating Drugs Budgets and 5. Enhancing the existing subsidise to turn-back crimes. Drugs Control Committees National Authority for Combating  Foster the combination of Drug Free Drugs (NACD) would like to greatly thank Villages into Village Commune Safe- Samdach Akeak Mohasena Padei Decho ty Committees HUN SEN, Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Cambodia and Samdach Kati Pritbandith  Provide training on Basic Under- BUNRANY HUN SEN, president of the standing of Drugs and Drugs Control Cambodian Red Cross for your guidance Law to local authorities at commune and support on the work to combat drug. levels 67

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 We would like to greatly thank Voluntary Treatment and Community- Samdach Krola Hoam SAR KHENG, based treatment for drug addicts in Rithy 2 Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Village, Keo Phos Commune, Steung Hao Interior who has led the 5th Anti-Illicit Drug District, Sihanouk Province and in other Campaign successfully in a responsible places all over Cambodia. We would like manner to gain great support from the to thank national and international public both at the national and international development partners, civil society, private levels and is continuing to lead the 6th sector, donors, celebrities and all people campaign to combat illicit drug moving for your contribution to the NACD to be towards success in the fight against drugs able to achieve our results as outlined in in this country. this report. We would like to thanks all Finally, we would like to request and ministries, institutions and relevant officers call upon all stakeholders to continue to at the national and sub-nation levels, contribute to the implementation of the plan people from religious sector, relevant for the Phase 6th of Anti-Illicit Drug individuals as well as the Association for Campaign as well as NACD’s Plan of Rescue and Rehabilitation of Drug Addicts Action for the 2020 in order to bring about for your involvement with the government better results to ensure security, public to establish the National Center for order and to maintain the well-being and human resources of Cambodia. 68

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 INDONESIA OVERVIEW This outcome is the result of the seriousness of National Narcotics Board In the 2020 UNODC World Drug (BNN) through various activities and Report, there are around 269 million people strategic policies including: supply and in the world who have abused drugs demand reduction, collaborative (2018 study). This amount is 30% higher government as stated Presidential than in 2009, in which the number of drug Instruction Number 2 Year 2020 which is addicts was recorded at more than a continuation of Presidential Instruction 35 million people (the third booklet of the Number 6 Year 2018 on the Prevention World Drugs Report, 2020). UNODC also and Eradication of Drug Abuse and Illicit stated in their report about the global Trafficking of Drugs (P4GN) Action Plan, phenomenon whereas until December which requires all Ministries/Institutions 2019, they had reported the addition of to participate in supporting the P4GN new substances findings of more than efforts, as well as various bilateral 950 types. Meanwhile in Indonesia, until and multilateral cooperation. All of these now, based on drugs laboratory report, are accomplished despite the raging as many as 83 NPS have been pandemic of covid-19. successfully detected, of which 75 NPS have been regulated by Minister of Health Regulation 22/2020. The drug abuse prevalence rate in Indonesia as in 2019 is 1.8%. 69

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 A. Eradication Sector seven integrated interdiction post to strengthen the land, sea, and airport mon- Throughout 2020, BNN has itoring to interdict illicit drug trafficking. succeeded in mapping 92 narcotics syndicate networks. A total of 88 syndicate B. Prevention Sector networks have been successfully dismantled, of which 14 are network of Efforts to solve narcotics international syndicates, and there are at problems must be carried out least 27 prisoners actively involved in comprehensively and continuously from controlling narcotics from inside the prison. upstream to downstream. In addition to carrying out efforts to eradicate narcotics In 2020, 45,231 drug cases have traffickers, massive prevention efforts are been uncovered in Indonesia and managed carried together with all components of to apprehend 58,764 suspects. A number the nation starting from the central of evidences were confiscated including government, regional governments, 7.8 tons of crystal methamphetamine community leaders, religious leaders, youth (shabu), 53.6 tons of cannabis, and 1.5 leaders and parents. Some of the flagship millions of MDMA tablets (ecstasy). A total programmes from the prevention field that of 117.5 hectares of illicit cannabis have been implemented during 2020 are: cultivation has been destroyed. Efforts to trace narcotics crimes also 1. Rumah Edukasi Anti Narkoba continue to be carried out by tracing (REAN.ID), or Anti-drug Education criminal cases of money laundering from House, which can be accessed narcotics cases. As for the assets that were from https://rean.bnn.go.id. Through successfully confiscated, the number this web portal, BNN held creative has reached 87 billion rupiahs video contests by raising local cultur- (± 6 million dollar). al wisdom associated with #hidup100persen (#live100%) There has been no new narcotics slogan as an effort to prevent smuggling trend in 2020 according to the drug abuse in the community. analysis conducted by BNN. Illicit smuggling via sea route is also still the 2. Sistem Pelaporan Relawan main route. Therefore, BNN is making Anti Narkoba (Siparel), or Anti-drug strong efforts to build synergy, especially in Volunteers Reporting System, that the sea area by carrying out integrated makes it easier for volunteers to interdiction sea operations with relevant socialise and report their activities. agencies such as Customs and Water Police. In 2019, BNN also has established 3. Social Media Center (SMC) to monitor and measure social media activities related to P4GN. 70

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 4. CNS Podcast that airs with various C. Community Empowerment competent sources in 30 minutes Sector duration in the form of two-way dialogue on BNN’s YouTube In addition to carrying out prevention channel. efforts, BNN also empowers the community 5. The campaign of #hidup100persen by involving stakeholders, especially those which is expected to become a massive movement, especially for who are vulnerable to illicit trafficking and media workers and the Ministry/ drug abuse. In the field of community em- Agency environment to jointly promote this hashtag in various powerment, such as: levels of society. 1. G r a n d D e s i g n A l t e r n a t i v e 6. Desa Bersinar, or Drug-free Village, Development (GDAD) in Aceh in collaboration with local village Province, BNN together with private government, community, and private sector to form a strategy by making sector providing market access for regulations, P4GN activities, corn commodities, based on the anti-drug volunteers, and recovery agents. signing of a Cooperation Agreement 7. Forming anti-drug volunteers between BNN Provincial Office in whereas until now BNN has had Aceh Province, Bireuen Regency 6,290 volunteers spread throughout Indonesia. Government, and Gayo Lues Regency Government in terms of 8. Village resource-based family resilience interventions as a national purchasing corn commodities. In priority. addition, these private sectors, also 9. The strategy of using converged provided training on Red Ginger media such as social media Cultivation using polybags in urban campaigns and websites or multiple platforms to communicate directly drug-prone areas, including the cities and interactively with the public. The language used in this platform of Banjarmasin, Mataram, Medan, is a light language that is easily and Makassar. accepted by the community to create two-way communication throughout 2. Technical Guidance on the formation the programme. of P4GN Activists with the target of the community, education, private sector and government environment. These anti-drug activists have the function of providing information and education about the dangers of drugs, consultant/companion for the addicts/victims of drug abuse, public information and facilitator for donors/ philanthropists who are encouraged 71

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 to carry out the P4GN programme. areas. In the year of 2020, BNN has formed 2. Certification of 400 addiction 15,358 P4GN Activists throughout Indonesia with the hope of counselors at Rehabilitation Centres increasing community participation in and clinic services through the BNN P4GN efforts throughout Indonesia. Professional Certification Agency. 3. Awarding a Certificate of Merit and 3. Development of long distance Honorary Degree from the President rehabilitation services such as virtual named Bintang Mahaputra and the psychiatric and counseling services Medal of Pioneering to the most con- as BNN's adaptive response to the tributive person in preventing and current covid-19 pandemic. combating illicit drugs trafficking and 4. BNN has increased the capacity abuse in Indonesia. of 15 rehabilitation institutions to get Indonesian national standards. D. Rehabilitation Sector The Implementation of rehabilitation services as determined by the One of the mandates of Narcotics National Certification Agency Act 35/2009 is medical and social number 8807:2019, Capacity rehabilitation. In line, BNN has a strategy building is carried out through in P4GN effort through demand reduction. training activities, assistance, and Currently, BNN has rehabilitation centres supervision of aspects of spread across several regions in human resources, management, Indonesia, including Bogor, Makassar, administration, reporting, and service Samarinda, Batam, Medan, and Lampung. E. Legal Affairs and In 2020, 10,662 people have Cooperation Sectors received rehabilitation services provided by BNN, both inpatient and outpatient All efforts in dealing with narcotics in Rehabilitation Centres and clinics problems cannot be done alone without throughout Indonesia. 22,201 people have synergies with all components at the received treatment in community based national, regional, and international rehabilitation centres. Meanwhile, 1,500 levels. At the national level, BNN has people have received post-rehabilitation collaborated with 42 agencies consisting of services through recovery agents. In 14 government agencies, 8 State-Owned addition to providing rehabilitation centres, Enterprises, 8 educational agencies, and the Deputy of Rehabilitation of BNN also 12 community components. Meanwhile, has several excellent programmes as fol- at the regional and international levels, lows: BNN is active in various forums and 1. Development of Community Based meetings. A total of 26 meetings have been attended by BNN both face-to-face and Intervention services as an actual virtual, some of these activities are: effort to bring access to rehabilitation services closer to people in rural 72

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 1. The 63rd CND Meeting in March Based on the results of the CND 2020 in Vienna, Austria. decision, currently, cannabis was moved 2. The 9th ASEAN Drug Monitoring from schedule IV to schedule I of the 1961 Network (ADMN) in September 2020 convention. However, even though there virtually. was a reclassification, it did not suddenly impact to give some changes to regulations 3. UNODC Global Smart in November at the national level. Therefore, until now 2020 virtually. Indonesia still refer to Narcotics Law 4. ASEAN Senior Officials Meeting on 35/2009 where cannabis classified in the Drug Matters (ASOD) on 1st type of narcotics schedule I with all the December 2020, BNN Indonesia legal rules that follow it. BNN as the leading was the host of the meeting, but due sector in handling narcotics problems to the COVID-19 pandemic, the still stands as mandate of the law and is committed to a zero-tolerance attitude meeting was held virtually. towards illicit trafficking and narcotics 5. The Reconvened Sixty-Third abuse. Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs in early December 2020 virtually. This meeting became one of the important meetings because it discussed and decided 6 WHO-ECDD recommendations regarding the position of cannabis in the 1961 convention. As a result of the meeting, one recommendation was accepted and five other recommendations were rejected. 73



ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 LAO PDR Introduction to focus on the successful implementation of national legislative strategies against The Lao PDR is landlocked country drugs such as the Law on Narcotics and in the centre of the Greater Mekong the National Drug Control Master Plan. The Sub-region that shares long borders with Lao National Commission for Drug Control China, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and and Supervision (LCDC) has effectively Vietnam. Due to its geographic and strengthened its monitoring efforts during topographic location and the rapidly the last years. emerging economies of some its neigh- bours the Lao PDR become as a transit Legislation/National Drug route for drug trafficking as well as precur- Control Policy sor chemical in the sub-region unavoidably. The drug trafficking through Lao PDR has The Government of the Lao PDR been increasing with higher frequency and is constantly adjusting and improving volume in 2020. Northwest border still legislative instruments and mechanisms to being the main gateway of drug flow to enable relevant authorities to respond Lao PDR, while border in the Southwest effectively and immediately on the existing part of the country has been increasing situation. used for drug outflow. Methamphetamine tablet (ATS) remains the main drugs Under the National Drug Control of abuse, while the number of opium Programme implemented from 1994 users remains almost stable. to 2000 drug control mechanisms has been established such as Provincial In response the government of the Commission on Drug Control and Supervision “PCDC”, Provincial Counter Lao PDR prioritised the fight against drug Narcotic Police Units “CNU”, Border Liaison trafficking and drug use and instructed line sectors, local administrations and the public 75

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Office “BLOs” which support capacity Alternative Development building, gradual and balanced approaches to drug control focusing on Alternative LCDC integrated Alternative Development. The strategy of a “Balanced Development programmes into national Approach to Opium Elimination” which drug control plans and policies. LCDC includes Alternative Development, Demand jointly with China conducted an annual Reduction and Law Enforcement has opium crop monitoring and assessments. been implemented from 2000 to 2006. LCDC is implementing an Alternative In the National Programme Strategy for Development programme in Houaphan the Post-Opium Scenario and The Action Province, Northern part of Lao PDR. Plan focused from 2006 to 2009 on Actually, our local authorities of the 1,100 poorest villages to provide them Northern part of the country have supported with Alternative Development, Demand ex-opium poppy farmers in remote Reduction, Civic Awareness & Law areas to gain better living conditions by Enforcement linked to 6th National introducing sustainable Alternative Socio-Economic Development Plan Development and lawful livelihoods. (NSEDP) to overall reduce poverty. The implementation phase of the National Law Enforcement Drug Control Master Plan 2009 to 2013 has been extended to 2015 to address Capacity enhancement of law the recent rise and proliferation of illicit enforcement agencies, increasing border drug production, trafficking, abuse as surveillance and the intelligence, ability well as activities through a nine-point to detect, investigate and prosecute illicit comprehensive strategy. Development of trafficking and related crimes are key Drug Control Master Plan based on priorities of the Government of the the vision to the year 2030, the strategic Lao PDR. plan to 2025 and 5-year Drug Control Master Plan to the year 2020. This Drug Police officials have cooperated with Control Master Plan was officially approved concerned sectors at different levels to by the Government recently. carry out their function with high responsibility. This could be seen from the Measures taken on Drug crackdown of in 2020: 4,354 cases, arrests Control of 6,164 suspects of which 653 females and 146 foreigners, seizures of 18,602,900 1. Alternative Development. (ATS), 2. Law Enforcement. 537.237 Kg of Heroin, 60.301 Kg of raw Opium, 5,167.630 Kg of dry Cannabis, 3. Civic Awareness Campaign. 5,564.373 Kg of Crystal Amphetamine (Ice), 59,465.63 Kg of Powder for mixing 4. Drug Demand Reduction. and producing drugs. In addition, vehicles, 5. International cooperation. 76

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 weapons and other equipment were also to the implementation of the drug free seized. village development plan. Up to now, drug free villages cover 68% of the  In 2020, we noticed that Lao law total villages throughout the country. Drug enforcement officers seized large free schools cover 72% of the total number of chemical precursors of secondary schools. The drug free families, two main cases such as: 30,600 kg villages, education institutes and of Ethly Acetate, 72,000 kg of communities have contributed to the Propinonly Chloride. reduction of drug use to a certain extent. Preventive Education Vocational Training Centres LCDC mobilise communities through At present the concerned authorities effective civic awareness campaigns to of the Lao PDR provide 14 standard and prevent drug abuse, production, and non-standard treatment, rehabilitation and trafficking. The authorities concerned have vocational training centres while three worked actively towards drug prevention by are under construction. The authorities means of drug education and anti-drug concerned plan to expand the availability campaign to raise drug awareness in of Community-Based Treatment (CBT) society, primarily among youth population for ATS users including the access to of negative impact and danger of drugs. counseling services to all citizens by LCDC and local authorities have strived for enabling hospitals, health facilities to offer establishing families, villages, educational these services. institutions, firms, and other organization to be drug-free places. We paid attention to drug addict treatment in drug treatment and habitation Attention has been made to centres, hospitals, at community-based awareness raising and dissemination in treatment and family levels in order to different forms to create awareness help drug victims to normalise their health. amongst people in the society to In addition to the physical and mental acknowledge and understand the rule of treatment, about 3,000 to 4,000 patients/ law and understand the danger of drugs. times were also provided with basic A number of people of all ethnicities have vocational training. This is to provide been mobilised to participate in drug control them job opportunities after reintegrating and prevention. to their families. To contribute to the implementation of the Government Policy on Three Builds Directive connected with the development of the village as a development unit, each locality has actively paid attention 77

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 International relation and member’s states to share lessons and data cooperation and information has been highlighted. These countries host regular meetings The Lao PDR pays high attention at national and local levels on to three single United Nations Convention rotational basis. We participated in the and UNGASS 2016 outcomes and interna- implementation of a drug control related tional collaboration to combat drug menace crime project jointly with 5 bordering and tackle challenges. As drug prevention countries. is considered as a first priority task the Lao government pays seriously attention Conclusion to strengthening international cooperation and implementing bilateral agreements Drug problem is not a person or on narcotic drug cooperation, as well single state can solve, it needs more as implementation of community-based cooperation to assist each other, and projects on drug demand reduction. this can get win-win for everyone. Law enforcement is a mechanism to Lao PDR has implemented existing use force for preventing and arresting bilateral and multilateral agreements on drug trafficking to criminal justice system. drug control cooperation, exchange of Therefore, this is only a way how to information and intelligence and against stop drug dealers. The Government drug trafficking with ASEAN countries, of Lao PDR is undertaking considerable friendly countries and with international efforts to ensure sustainability of opium organizations. Regional cooperation such elimination as well as to address as the joint operation “Safe Mekong” the threats from other drugs by integrating strengthened networks and collaboration Alternative Development work nationwide at regional level between Lao PDR, China, and supporting the development of Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, and alternative sustainable livelihoods for Vietnam. former and opium poppy growing farmers, drug addicts’ treatment, but also for other As we know that drugs are common vulnerable communities. problems in the region and in the world, international cooperation especially with the neighbour countries and ASEAN 78

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 MALAYSIA Malaysia remains steadfast in II. Data of clients receiving treatment protecting its nation particularly the youth and rehabilitation at National and vulnerable communities from illicit Anti-drugs Agency under the Drug drug trafficking and drug abuse. Dependants (Treatment and Comprehensive, integrated and a well- Rehabilitation) Act 1983; balanced approach is carried out to curb the menace of drug abuse with III. Data of patients receiving treatment various involvement of government for addiction at Ministry of Health agencies, sectoral bodies and facilities; and non-governmental organization. IV. Data of patients receiving treatment The National Drug and Substance and rehabilitation in Private Drug Rehabilitation Centres. PREVALENCE OF DRUG ABUSE As compared to 2019, there was a significant decrease of substance Abuse Data Collection Taskforce reported abusers and drug addicts who were that in 2020, a total of 128,325 individuals identified in the country by 9.8 percent. have been identified as substance abusers The decrease was a result of Movement and drug addicts in Malaysia. The collected Control Order in which all the detection data are divided into four categories as activities were reduced by enforcement follows: agencies and the admission to rehabilitation centres were regulated strictly I. Data of arrest under Section 15 (1) according to Ministry of Health’s of the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 Standard Operating Procedures. Despite carried out by the Royal Malaysia of the decrease, drug addiction persisted Police; during the Pandemic Covid19 and evidently has affected the treatment and rehabilitation services throughout Malaysia. 79

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 From this statistic, the prevalence abusers and drug addicts have completed substance abusers and drug addicts in Primary School, followed by 59.4 percent 2020 were 380 out of 100,000 population, have completed Secondary School and 3.3 with a ratio of one person for every 263 per percent went to Tertiary Qualifications. population. This data also showed a significant The taskforce also reported that decrease of poly-drug users in 2020 as Youth between the age of 19 to 39 years compared to 2019 by 53.3 percent. old were recorded as the highest group of The non-poly-drug users were also people who used drugs in 2020, with decrease by 4.6 percent. From the total 83,401 individual or 65.0 percent. It of 7,089 poly-drug abusers, 52.5 percent showed a decrease by 13.8 percent as have used two types of drugs, while compared to 2019. It was followed by adult 47.5 percent have used three and above category (40 years an above) as second types of drugs. largest by 42,211 individuals or 32.9 percent. Meanwhile the youth category DRUG SUPPLY REDUCTION (13-18 years old) was the third with 2,556 individuals or 2.0 percent. In Malaysia, the Narcotics Crime Investigations Department (NCID) of In 2020, there were 83,698 the RMP is the main agency for the individuals (65.2 percent) have used enforcement of drug laws. The Narcotic Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS). Division of Royal Malaysian Customs Then followed by 39,547 individuals Department (RMCD) also plays a vital (30.8 percent) have used Opiate. In ATS role in enforcing the drug laws. In addition category, Methamphetamine (Crystalline) to that, the Pharmacy Enforcement was the highest abused with 74.8 Division (PED) of the Ministry of Health percent, followed by Amphetamine and enforces the Poisons Act 1952 and its Methamphetamine (tablets) at 11.6 percent regulations and the Dangerous Drugs Act and 13.1 percent respectively. 1952 and its regulations which controls the sale, import and export of dangerous In term of ethnicity, Malays drugs (narcotics), poisons (including dominated with 56.1 percent, followed psychotropic substances), precursors and by Chinese with 22.8 percent, Indians essential chemicals. with 6.9 percent, Sabah Indigenous with 4.5 percent, Sarawak Indigenous with In addition to that, Malaysia Maritime 4.0 percent and other ethnicities with Enforcement Agency (MMEA) is the sole 5.7 percent. maritime law enforcement agency which enforces all federal laws in the Malaysia According to Academic Background, Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ). It was the data showed that 29.2 percent were established and started its operation since school dropouts. 8.1 percent substance 80

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 November 2005. One of the main purposes Arrests and Seizures of the agency is to combat the distribution and smuggling of drugs in EEZ. To In 2020, as shown in Table 1, a total ensure that EEZ a drug free zone, maritime number of 137,595 individuals were operations are planned in areas regarded arrested under the Dangerous Drugs as hot spots based on intelligence Act 1952. It showed a decrease by 17% information as well as by conducting compared to the previous year, 2019 joint operations with other enforcement (165,868 individuals). There were 6,694 agencies. MMEA is also in the process arrested cases under Section 39B for of establishing cooperative arrangement trafficking, 3,427 cases under Section with coastguards from neighbouring 39A(2) for major possession and 13,441 countries such as Singapore and cases under Section 39A(1) for minor Indonesia. possession. Movement Control Order has definitely impacted drug related possession activities. However, drug trafficking under under Section 39(B) has less significant impact.it only reduced by 2 percent in 2020 which evidently showed that illicit drug trafficking persisted despite Pandemic Covid19. Table 1: No. of Arrests Under Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 (DDA), 2018-2020 YEAR / SECTION 2018 2019 2020 Sec. 39B – Trafficking 6,884 6,829 6,694 Sec. 39A(2) – Major Possession 3,997 3,986 3,427 Sec. 39A(1) - Minor Possession 14,691 16,044 13,441 Other sec. (under DDA 1952) [Sec.6 /Sec. 6B/ Sec.9/Sec.12(2)] 56,640 58,623 48,309 Sec.15(1)(a) – self-administration 75,465 80,386 65,724 TOTAL 157,677 165,868 137,595 Notes: Source of information: Royal Malaysian Police (RMP), Royal Malaysian Customs (RMC) & Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency 81

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Table 2 showed the property increased from RM 99,450,227.50 to RM seized in Malaysia. The number cases 501,032,797.54 (123 percent). Meanwhile investigated decreased in 2020. However, the value of properties forfeited has the value of properties seized has decreased to 75 percent. Table 2: Value of Property Seized Under the Forfeiture of Property Law in 2018-2020 Year Number of Value of Properties Value of Properties Seized (RM) Forfeited (RM) Cases Investigated 20,649,209.82 5,112,069.20 2018 4,961 90,055,516.16 11,402,756.30 2019 5,570 99,450,227.50 2020 4,884 501,032,797.54 Notes: Source of information: Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) Drug Trafficking Threats Malaysia’s efforts in combating the drugs scourge. COVID-19 has changed drug trafficking and the illicit drug market as a Even with strict border lock-downs result of mobility restrictions and related in place during the current Recovery measures. With changes in the social Movement Control Order (RMCO) period, system since the virus outbreak such as which ended on December 31, 2020, social distancing and lockdown, the drug the drug trafficking syndicates continued to syndicates have started utilizing social stockpile their illicit inventory to meet the media platforms to continue the sale of demand, despite border and travel drugs. This modus operandi has reduced restrictions. It showed that drug trafficking the cost of drugs as the syndicates networks have already adapted to the dropped the parcels at specified locations, changes and prevailed. and the buyers can easily took their packages from the assigned places. It has The trafficking of the drug has been become harder for the RMP to clampdown severely affected due to movement the operations. Moreover, these deals were restrictions imposed during the pandemic. done in private chats to sell and buy drugs. The borders were closed. Thus, an These changes however did not dampen important passage for drug trafficking was closed. In Malaysia, Methamphetamine 82

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 and Heroin are trafficked by land, NPS drug addiction. Currently, 28 NPS Cannabis mostly by sea, and synthetic were detected in the country, and 44 have drugs by air. The supply of drugs by air been gazetted under the Poisons Act 1952 has been completely disrupted due to and the Dangerous Drugs Act 1952. air restrictions imposed by various countries. Promoting and Selling Drugs through Social Media Due to strict enforcement activities at international entry points, drug Facebook pages calling for the smuggling activities through sea routes legalisation of cannabis are mushrooming. have increased. The increased usage of Cannabis is being sold either as a drug maritime routes for drug trafficking has or disguised as various edible products become remarkable. It includes smuggling namely oil, cake, honey, chocolate and of Methamphetamine and Cannabis using milk to avoid the authorities and public. fishing boats from Southern Thailand After using social media to cut deals, to Langkawi and Penang using illegal the syndicates will deliver the drugs once jetties. Syndicates also used international the details are finalised on messaging shipping to smuggle drugs on merchant services like WeChat, WhatsApp and ship where the drugs were concealed Telegram. Intelligence revealed that more or declared as legal goods. than 20 Facebook pages have been identified to be linked in promoting and Drug Trafficking Trends selling cannabis – based products to the public in the country. New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) Transportation of Drugs through The country is now faced with the Courier Services threat of new psychoactive substances (NPS) which give rise to new type of drugs Due to COVID-19, traffickers are that can produce more dangerous adapting their strategies in order to hallucinations as compared to traditional continue their operations with new routes and synthetic drugs. Among the NPS and methods. The supply of drugs by air materials used to produce drugs which has been completely disrupted due to were detected through tests by the air restrictions imposed by various Chemistry Department were mainly countries. The syndicates resorted using from Cathinone and Phenylethylamines courier services to send drugs in parcel groups. These new drugs are believed from Malaysia to other countries which to be produced by chemists who abused includes Australia, Korea, Hong Kong, their knowledge by creating substances Taiwan, Indonesia and most recently which could transform the trend of using is New Zealand. traditional and synthetic drugs towards 83

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Transportation of Drugs through Grab Food, Food Panda, Lalamove and e-Hailing Services some 12 other services to send drugs to the customers by hiding them in food During the early stage of COVID-19 packages or other items to deceive pandemic, active enforcement by the the authorities. Other method used is by authorities has restricted the movement using the delivery of essential goods and of not only the public but also drugs basic necessities transportation because syndicate members. In order to overcome only these vehicles are allowed to cross this situation, drug syndicate has shifted states and country borders. to use the e-hailing services such as 84

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 MYANMAR Background History and 1988 Convention on Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances were 1. Since the menace of narcotic drug prescribed and the main objectives of is the threat that has destroyed the these conventions are to protect the entire human race of the world, the health and welfare of human being. successive governments of the States fully has devoted its drug elimination activities 4. The conventions are one of the as one of their prioritised national duty. basic legal frameworks of all member countries and it includes prevention 2. An estimated quarter of a billion activities of narcotic drug abuse, medical people, or around 5.5 per cent of the global treatment and combating illicit trafficking, adult population, used drugs at least once. production and cultivation. Among them, (35) millions of those drug users suffered from drug use disorders, 5. All governments assumed that and 11 million are with drug injection. the drug market can be reduced through In addition, it was shown in the World Drug severe punishments to deter drug use Report 2019 that premature deaths and exercised with suppression-oriented caused from the overdose of narcotic strategy for the past 50 years in the fight drug are increasing year by year and against drug problem. However, the drug outbreaks of HIV, Hepatitis B and C market and the drug use problem was diseases, and TB disease are increasing not reduced and growing up with the public steadily. health problems and social consequences related to drug use increasingly, and it 3. The United Nations Conventions was found that it deteriorates and ruins on Narcotic Drugs; the 1961 Single the security and criminal judicial system. Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances 85

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 6. Therefore, most of countries and cross cutting issues to tackle the new have recognised the drug problem and challenges including children, adult, negative consequences, and has shifted women, human rights, and the conference to multidimensional public health-oriented adopted a joint commitment to effectively strategy from Suppression-oriented address and to counter the growing threat Strategy. Later on, the countries of world drug problems considered the nexus between drug and development and the factors behind the 9. This joint commitment was based drug production, cultivation had been on the primary objective of international discussed on how do to fake away them drug control conventions and deliberated through development. from a series of consultations with the involvement of governments, stakeholders, 7. Drug control policies must be experts and relevant organizations, so it based on the priorities and evidence-based will be more proper if it said that this that came through conducting commitment is guidance for the comprehensive analysis, assessments State-governments. and must comply with the fundamental rights and freedom of citizens in respect 10. In aspect to tackle the drug of human rights, likewise, the drug control problem, it would require the following policy must be prioritised the negative three aspects; consequences of drug use and reintegration for drug user and their (a) Review the root cause behind society those affected by drug use. the drug problem. Therefore, it must build a constructive relationship with civil society in designing (b) Review on prevention and and implementing the drug policy. suppression of the matters In addition, the law enforcement policy related to drug trafficking, should focus on the reduction of drug production and cultivation. problem and its negative consequences in the community rather than the amount (c) Review on consequences that of drug seized and number of offenders. came out from the drug problem. 8. On 19-21 April, 2016, the United 11. Based on the factors observed Nations Special session on World Drug from three aspects, the policy must be Problems was convened at the UN developed that include health, education, Headquarters in New York, the United development, and crime prevention, States of America and deliberated the prevention of law and order and law affairs on public health, law enforcement enforcement with the interaction of the multiple approaches. 86

ASEAN DRUG MONITORING REPORT 2020 Main Drug Problem forces hardly gain access to these areas, some of which are still under dispute. 12. The Golden Triangle is a major It is hard for any single country to tackle illicit drug production area that directly the problem solely and a multilateral affects Myanmar and other countries cooperation and support from countries in the region. Various drugs mainly heroin, around the Golden Triangle to the Ice and Yaba tablet are produced countries in the Golden Triangle is needed in the area. Drug production in this area so as to stop the spread of drugs is operated by the armed minority groups and chemicals flow into the producing along the Myanmar-Thai-Laos border area. areas. Some amount of drugs produced in this area is trafficked to China, some through Drug Demand Situation Myanmar to the third countries by sea, some via Mekong River to Thailand or 15. According to the UNODC to the third countries, some to Thailand via World Drug Report 2019, there are now the northern borders. Thailand is used 35 million people are effected with drug use as a conduit of illicit drug trafficking and 11 million are with injection drug use due to its location in the proximity of with a population of about 350,000 and the Golden Triangle and its useful about 930,000 to drugs for those who inject transportation system. drugs are estimated in Myanmar, but the conditions of drug and medical follow-up 13. In addition to the trafficking Abdominal problems and no concrete of drugs, precursors, chemicals and drug information about the availability. According production equipment are also illegally to 2017 estimation, HIV infection among smuggled to the Golden Triangle. Essential people who inject drugs was approximately chemicals, particularly, Pseudoephedrine, 34.9% percent are more than 4 times precursor for methamphetamine production the average to other countries in East Asia are mainly from nearby countries. and Southeast Asia among HIV infection Other essential chemicals are also among people who inject drugs. trafficked from China, Thailand, Laos, In addition, it was found that there was and some other countries. The traffic in increased Hepatitis-B and Hepatitis-C chemicals and components for making infection, according to the survey Yaba tablets, such as flour, edible glue, Hepatitis-B infection in the region of up to artificial aroma and colourant in mostly 10.6% from 4.3% and Hepatitis-C originated from Thailand. infection from 27.4 % up to 85%. 14. To solve drug problem in the Golden Triangle is considerably difficult due to the fact that the drugs are produced by the armed groups. Government 87