รายงานการศึกษาภาวะถดถอยทางการเรียนรู้ ในสถานการณ์ Covid

COVID-19) , :

: 1) ) 3) 2 1) 2) 1 12 4 616 560 650 702 2,528 5 3 - 2564 (Independent t test) (One way ANOVA) (Structural Equation Modelling: SEM)

2 28 -19: 1 1.1 : 1.2 1.2. 1) 3) 2) 4) 1.2.2

2 : 2.1 6 4-6 1-3 46 2.2 4-6 1-3 2.3 1-3 1-6

4-6 2.4 16 1 3. 5 3.1 1 2

3 4 5 2 3 4

3.2 1) 2 3 Active learning 5)

1 19 2 3 4 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

1. 19 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1 1 .1 2 .. 5 .5 3 .. 5 1 .. 6 1) 7 2) .. 10 .. 13 2 4 13 25 1 56 .. 59 . 59 . 59 . 62 . 70 . 74 : 76

1.1 76 1. .. 79 1. 88 2 : 2.1 .. 100 2.2 102 2.3 .. 112 46 .. 132 2.4 .. 151 2.5 46 .. 171 192 3.1 192 204

5 (Focus group discussion) .. 218 19 219 -19 224 (Focus group discussion) 233 19 236 19 19 247 19 248 19 : 250 : 252 . 255 262 . 269 277 288 295

: 19 304 : -19 307 : -19: 310 - 19: 312 .. 323 325

2.1 43 3.1 60 3.2 61 3.3 63 3.4 64 3.5 65 3.6 68 3.7 70 3.8 71 3.9 72 3.10 72 4.1 103 n= 4.2 105 n= 107 4.3 109 n= 4.4 110 n= .. 112 4.5 113 4.6 115 4.7 116 4.8 4.9

4.10 n= 119 (n=615) 122 4.11 123 4-6 126 4.12 4-6 128 130 4.13 n=560 132 n=615 (n=560) 134 135 4.14 137 141 4.15 142 145 4.16 147 149 4.17 4-6 4.18 4-6 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 n= 4.23 4.24

4.25 1-3 n= 151 1-3 1-3 (n=650) 153 4.26 4-6 154 1-3 4-6 157 161 4.27 162 1-3 165 167 4.28 169 171 4.29 173 174 4.30 177 181 4.31 182 1-3 n=650 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4-6 4.36 4-6 4.37 4.38 4.39

4.40 n= 185 n= (n=702) 187 4.41 189 4.42 191 4.43 217 4.44

1.1 11 1.2 12 4.1 113 4.2 . 121 4.3 131 4.4 133 4.5 140 4.6 150 4.7 152 4.8 160 4.9 170 4.10 172 4.11 180 4.12 190

1 1 Learning loss 2562 19 Online learning -19 U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights (2021) 2563 2564 COVID-19 (Cho, Kataoka, & Piza, 2021)

2 (DiPietro, Biagi, Costa, Karpi ski, & Mazza, 2020) (Asian Development Bank, 2021; Azim Premji Foundation, 2021; Blaskó, Costa, & Schnepf, 2021; Cardinal, 2020; Fitzpatrick, Korin, & Riggall, 2020; Kaffenberger, 2021; Locke, Patarapichayatham, & Lewis, 2021; Raymond, 2021; Salciccioli, 2021; Zierer, 2021) (U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, 2021) (Kuhfeld et al., 2020) (Asian Development Bank, 2021; Fitzpatrick, Korin, & Riggall, 2020) -19 2564 5 ON-AIR, ONLINE, ON DEMAND, ON-HAND ON SITE -19 Learning loss 2564 COVID- 2021 COVID-

3 Drop out) (Azim Premji Foundation, 2021; Engzell, Frey & Verhagen, ; Locke, Patarapichayatham & Lewis, 2021; Khan & Ahmed, 2021; Sabates, Carter & Stern, 2021 2 (DiPietro et al., 2020; Dorn, Hancock, Sarakatsannis & Viruleg, 2020; Salciccioli, 2021) Engzell et al., 2021 (Zierer, 2021) (Azim Premji Foundation, 2021; Blaskó et al., 2021; Engzell et al., 2021; Fitzpatrick et al., 2020) (Asian Development Bank, 2021; Blaskó et al., 2021; Conto et al., 2020; Dorn et al., 2020; Gouëdard & Pont, 2020; Jæger & Blaabæk, 2020; Kasradze & Zarnadze, 2021; Kuhfeld et al., 2020; Locke et al., 2021; Salciccioli, 2021) (Azim Premji Foundation, 2021; Conto et al., 2020; Locke et al., 2021) (Engzell et al., 2021) 5 -19 1) (DiPietro et al., 2020; Kasradze & Zarnadze, 2021) 2) (Cho et al., 2021; Pelikan et al., 2021; Trias et al., 2021; Cleary & Kitsantas, A , ; Dent & Koenka, 2016) 3) DiPietro et al., ; Fitzpatrick et al., ; Ikeda & Yamaguchi, 2021; Kaffenberger, 2021; Kuhfeld et al., 2020; Raymond, 2021) 4) (Blaskó et al., 2021; Cardinal, 2020; DiPietro et al., 2020; Fitzpatrick et al., 2020; Gouëdard & Pont, 2020; Sabates, Carter & Stern, 2021) 5)

4 (Asian Development Bank, 2021; Azim Premji Foundation, 2021; Blaskó et al., 2021; Goldberg, 2021; Gouëdard & Pont, 2020; Kasradze & Zarnadze, 2021; Zierer, 2021) (Social cognitive learning theory) (Bandura, 1986) Bandura determinism) Person Behavior Reciprocal Environment

5 1. -19 2. -19 3 4 1. 1 2 2 2) -19 12 4 1)

2564 6 2,528 1) -19 2) 3) 1) 2) 2 28 1.

7 1. (Learning loss) 1.1 1.2 2. 5) 19 2) 5 1) 3) 4) 2.1 skills: IMT) (Information, media and technology 19

8 2.1.1 Information literacy) 2.1.2 Media literacy) 2.1.3 Information, communication and technology literacy: ICT) 19 Self-regulated learning: SRL 2.2 19 2.2.1 Cognitive 2.2.2 Motivation 2.2.3 Behavior 19

9 2.3 Teacher skills 19 2.3.1 (Pedagogy) - 2.3.2 (Information and communication technology skills: ICT) Home-based parental 2.4 Learning environment) involvement 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.5 2.5.1

10 2.5.2 2.5.3 3. : 19 5 1) Di Pietro et al., ; Kasradze & Zarnadze, 2) Cho et al., 2021; Pelikan et al., 2021) 3) Di Pietro et al., 2020; Fitzpatrick et al., 2020; Ikeda & Yamaguchi, 2021; Kaffenberger, 2021; Kuhfeld et al., 2020; Raymond, 2021) 4) Blaskó et al., 2021; Cardinal, 2020; Di Pietro et al., 2020; Fitzpatrick et al., 2020; Gouëdard & Pont, 2020; Sabates et al., 2021) 5) Asian Development Bank, 2021; Azim Premji Foundation, 2021; Blaskó et al., 2021; Goldberg, 2021; Gouëdard & Pont, 2020; Kasradze & Zarnadze, 2021; Zierer, 2021) (Social cognitive learning theory) (Bandura, 1986)

Bandura 1986 11 determinism) Person Behavior Reciprocal Environment 1.1 1.2 19 1.1

1.2

12

13 2 : 3 1) 2) 4 1) 3) 3) 1 5) 2) 4) Learning loss Learning loss 6) 2562 1.1 -19 COVID-19 Coe et al., 2020 cited in Noam et al., 2021 Summer break Great schools partnership,

Natural disasters 14 strike Interrupted formal education Teacher Ineffective teaching Block scheduling Returning dropouts Great schools partnership, 2021; Noam et al., 2021 COVID-19 Online learning COVID-19 U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights ( 2563 2564 COVID-19

15 4 4 Azim Premji University, 2021 Pandemic learning loss COVID-19 19 2) 2 19 1) Distance learning) 1.2

16 (Cho et al., 2021) (DiPietro et al., 2020) (Asian Development Bank, 2021; Azim Premji Foundation, 2021; Blaskó et al., 2021; Cardinal, 2020; Fitzpatrick et al., 2020; Kaffenberger, 2021; Locke et al., 2021; Raymond, 2021; Salciccioli, 2021; Zierer, 2021) 2021) (U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, et al., 2020) (Kuhfeld Bank, 2021; Fitzpatrick et al., 2020) (Asian Development 1.3 Learning loss -19 3 1) 3) 2) 1.3.1 -19 2564

5 17 ON-HAND ON SITE ON-AIR, ONLINE, ON DEMAND, -19 Learning loss 4 1.5% GDP 2564 2564 OECD 2.6% GDP 2100) GDP 69% 9 19 Learning poverty 19 100 20 23% 3 2 13 12.7 8.7 2564 4 19

18 0-7 Golden age 2564 Acceleration program) NGO Learning loss 2564 1.3.2 Learning loss 3 2559

19 1.3.3 2563 New normal Passion Passion Passion Passion Passion Passion Active learning

20 Personalized learning) 1.4 Kasradze & Khan & Ahmed 2021) Microsoft Teams 15% Zarnadze (2021) Cho et al. (2021) Alternative learning) Fitzpatrick et al. (2020) ,

21 Dorn et al. 2020) Hanover Research (2020) Sabates et al. (2021) Ikeda & Yamaguchi (2021) Conto et al. (2020) (Telephone-based 19 assessments) DiPietro et al. 2020)

22 Kurniawan & Budiyono (2021) (Technology platform) (Asynchronous synchronous) Socio-emotional) (Feedback) Raymond (2021) Cardinal (2020) Asian Development Bank (2021) Kaffenberger (2021) Kuhfeld et al. (2020) Salciccioli (2021) Daniela, Rubene & R dolfa (2021)

Rossiter, Angrist, Hares & Silverman (2020) 23 Carvalho, -19 Education Development Trust (2020) 9 COVID-19: 1) 2) low-tech no-tech 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 1.5 TIMSS PISA ,; COVID-19 COVID-19 COVID-19 Noam et al. Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) Khan & Ahmed Dropout The Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurements (PSLM) 2018-2019 Learning Adjusted Years of Schooling (LAYS)

24 Expected years of school % LAYS COVID-19 Jaeger & Blaabæk (2020) COVID-19 SES Sabates et al. (2021) numeracy skills COVID-19 Engzell et al. (2021) COVID-19 Locke et al. COVID-19 ISIP Azim Premji Foundation (2021) COVID-19 Oral expression, Reading fluency, Writing skill, Listening comprehension Numbers, Operations, Problem solving, Shapes Blaskó et al. (2021) COVID-19 TIMSS 2019 PISA OECD COVID-19

1.6 25 (Learning loss) (Behavioral theories) (Social cognitive (learning) 3 (Cognitive theories) learning) , 2564) Social cognitive theory) (Bandura, 1986) Bandura 1986 Person Behavior Reciprocal determinism) Environment 2 5 1) 3) 4) 2) 5) (Information, media and technology skills: IMT) 2.1 21

26 & Keser, 2021 Hazar, Akkutay, 2.1.1 21 Kivunja, cited in Hazar et al., 2021 ICT) Hazar et al., 2021 Ilomäki, Kantosalo & Lakkala, 2011) 21 ICT Digital competence Ilomäki, Kantosalo & Lakkala, 2011; Vuorikari, Punie, Gomez & Van Den Brande, 2016) 2.1.2 ICT) The Partnership for 21st Century Skills (P21) (Kivunja, 2015) 3 3 2556 3

1 27 1.1) Information literacy) 1) Access and evaluate information) 2) Use and manage information) 1.2) 2) 1) 3) 2) Media literacy) Analyze media) 1) 2.1) 2) 3) 2.2) Create media products) 1) 2) 3) Information, communication and technology literacy: ICT) Apply technology efficiency) 1) 2) , PDAs, Media Players etc.) Social media) 3) ICT 2.1.2.1 Information literacy Information literacy