LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI CỔ ĐẠI - LƯƠNG NINH Chủ biên

["\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n sang theo \u0111\u1ea1o Giaina, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i c\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m g\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nhung c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n. Chancjragupta qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 297 TCN, con l\u00e0 Bindusara k\u1ebf ng\u00f4i (297-272 TCN). t \u00ed * * 4' SHAH\u1ec6AIG\u1ea0 XHt r\/\u00a5\/ c \u00e0 \u25a1 TH\u00c3A\/# 0 01 itt 400 0 100 208 300 400 H\u00ecnh 2 - \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1eddi M\u00f4rya 100","Kinh \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Rajagriha v\u1ec1 Pataligrama, \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Pataliputra, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Chandragupta \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c cai qu\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n giao th\u00f4ng h\u01a1n, x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c s\u01a1 k\u00ec. Bindusara h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho m\u1edf mang kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c chinh chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a vua cha, nh\u01b0 t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c k\u1ebb th\u00f9, Ami\u00edraghata. \u1ed2ng \u0111em qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua d\u00e3y Vindhya, ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam \u0111\u1ebfn Dekkan, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Mysor. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec Bindusara \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o, tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ecfm c\u1ef1c nam kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn chinh chi\u1ebfn v\u00ec d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c. Ph\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c l\u00e0 Kalinga \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eafc, nay l\u00e0 Orissa. As\u00f4ca l\u00e0 con, k\u00ea ng\u00f4i Bindusara, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u M\u00f4rya ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh (272 - 232 TCN). N\u0103m 260 TCN, As\u1ed3ca \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh Kalinga, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, \u00e1c li\u1ec7t m\u00e0 theo l\u1eddi \u1ed3ng \\\"150 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft mang \u0111i, 100 ngh\u00ecn b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng vong\\\". To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u M\u00f4rya. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n c\u1eed s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Syri, Ai C\u1eadp, Mak\u00eadonia v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n h\u1eefu v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u S\u00eal\u00eauc\u00f4s \u1edf Iran. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea3 cho m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Nepal, As\u1ed3ka quan t\u00e2m khuy\u00ean kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa An \u0110\u1ed9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nu\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, m\u1edf mang \u0111\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1, b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng. Ch\u00ednh As\u00f4ca \u0111\u00e3 cho l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Srinagar \u1edf Kashmir, di d\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc Khotan, n\u1eb1m \u1edf Trung \u00c1, gi\u00e1p t\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. \u1ede nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, As\u00f4ca cho x\u00e2y c\u1ed9t k\u1ec9 ni\u1ec7m - g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t As\u00f4ca - m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng ki\u1ec3u c\u1ed9t Persepolis, \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef Brahmi, ho\u1eb7c Kharosthi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eed Aramaic. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u \\\"\u0110\u1ee9c vua (Ashoka) s\u1ee7ng \u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eabn th\u00e1nh (Devanamapiya) Piyadassi \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i th\u1ebf...\\\" C \u00f4ng t\u00edch r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u00e1c li\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y day d\u1ee9t, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ed1c l\u00f2ng th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ngay sau tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Kalinga. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi As\u1ed3ca, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, n\u0103m 250 TCN, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba h\u1ecdp \u1edf Pataliputra, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i. Nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, tuy r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba. 101","C\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 As\u00f4ca c\u1ed1 tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00f9ng t\u00edn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u M\u00f4rya chinh ph\u1ee5c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u M\u00f4rya kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia Magadha, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf, cai qu\u1ea3n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0. Quan ch\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0 t\u1ebf (Purohita), nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi th\u00f4i, c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 T\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng l\u1eef B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 Ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 v\u00e0 Thu\u1ebf v\u1ee5 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, As\u00f4ca n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra, quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c vua. M\u1ed7i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh, th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c S\u1edf \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch m\u1ed7i s\u1edf m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kim kh\u00ed qu\u00fd, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00e0u thuy\u00ean, xe, voi ng\u1ef1a, l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p... k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 S\u1edf ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ca k\u0129. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt quan ch\u1ee9c, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ea1i T\u01b0 t\u1ebf l\u00e0 48.000 panas, Ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 v\u00e0 Thu\u1ebf v\u1ee5 24.000 panas, c\u00e1c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0 kh\u00e1c 12.000 cho t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u0103n th\u01b0 l\u00e0 95 panas. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 chia l\u00e0m 1 \u0111\u1eb7c khu kinh \u0111\u00f4 v\u00e0 4 t\u1ec9nh, m\u1ed7i n\u01a1i do 1 ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 Ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ec9nh c\u00f3 huy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0ng. L\u00e0ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb l\u00e0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i g\u00ec qua h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9. C\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4. \u0110\u1eb7c khu kinh \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u00eagasten mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 : H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 30 quan ch\u1ee9c, chia l\u00e0m 6 Ban (m\u1ed7i Ban c\u00f3 5 \u1ee7y vi\u00ean) ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch 6 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau (th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, ngo\u1ea1i v\u1ee5, h\u1ed9 t\u1ecbch, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, thu\u1ebf v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m). \u0110\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t coi tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Theo Arthasastra, vua v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, nhung c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c khai kh\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea5t hoang thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Kalinga, c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kalinga b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111i khai hoang v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc 102","v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Su\u0111ra v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 - Dasas. N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1eadn ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng, t\u1ef1 canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p t\u1eeb 1\/6 \u0111\u1ebfn 1\/4 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, t\u00f9y theo ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thu\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i thu v\u00e0 n\u1ed9p l\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. G\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e0o k\u00eanh, \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u00ea, \u0111\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e0o h\u1ed3 ao, gi\u1ebfng. M\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan th\u1eddi Chandragupta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1eadp t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf g\u1ea7n Girnar. \u0110\u1eadp n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn 800 n\u0103m sau. Th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean to\u00e0n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3 m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m. Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. C\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n thu\u1ebf. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i, khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf... c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf. Th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nhau trong ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u ng\u00e0y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u00e0ng c\u0169 m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao. Quan th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t k\u0129 th\u1eddi gi\u00e1, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. M\u1ed7i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thu\u1ebf 1\/5 tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u00eam 1\/5 thu\u1ebf doanh thu (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c thu v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n thu). Tr\u1ed1n thu\u1ebf b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng. Vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00ec nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y v\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nam. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ven bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n v\u1edbi s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch g\u00ec v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, nh\u01b0ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u S\u00eal\u00eauc\u00f4s \u1edf Iran v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, gia t\u0103ng h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u. Arthasastra c\u1ee7a Kautalya v\u00e0 Indika c\u1ee7a M\u00eagasten c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. 103","Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7ng t\u00ednh Varna h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ng\u1ed3n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n - \u00c2u, t\u1eeb n\u1eeda sau thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00f3a b\u1ecf varna m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t varna trong \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u00f9 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin theo v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p. M\u00eagasten n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i M\u00f4rya chia l\u00e0m 7 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p : C\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia, n\u00f4ng phu, binh s\u0129, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, quan t\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c varna th\u1eddi Veda. Theo \u00f4ng, l\u1edbp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c ; binh s\u0129, quan t\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Ksatria. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111a s\u1ed1 binh s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb Ksatria, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb Vaisia. Vaisia c\u00f2n b\u1ea1o g\u1ed3m n\u00f4ng phu, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Nhung ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u00f4ng phu h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 Su\u0111ra, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9n hoang th\u1eddi As\u00f4ca. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c varna c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c pha tr\u1ed9n v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ra, t\u0103ng th\u00eam nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp m\u00e0 \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 ra kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 cao th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i cho bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c vama th\u1eddi Veda : \\\"Kh\u1ed3ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p k\u1ebft h\u1ed3n ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, hay k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\\\". \u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c, khi\u1ebfn cho \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kshatriya kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn Vaisia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y - th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV-III TCN, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng vama \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng casta m\u1edbi n\u1ea9y sinh. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p casta \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u M\u00f4rya trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u0103ng l\u1eef kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ed5ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c quan ch\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n gi\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kinh t\u00ea cao nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ed3ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n g\u1ed3m th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nhau trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i. C\u00f2n n\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng - grama - c\u00f2n th\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3m t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. 104","C\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn 2 l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 su\u0111ra v\u00e0 dasa. Dasa th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Arthasastra cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 do sinh ra l\u00e0 con n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh, b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i, g\u00e1n m\u00ecnh chu\u1ed9c n\u1ee3... Nh\u01b0ng theo M\u00eagasten, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u S\u00eal\u00eauc\u00f4s t\u1ea1i Pataliputra, \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 k h \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p, v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p. \u1ede \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 con v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7, th\u00ec ch\u1ecb ta v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9a con \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Arya th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb Arya. V\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eabn do n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng canh t\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 ph\u1ee5 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. C\u0169ng do \u0111\u00f3, dasa v\u00e0 su\u0111ra kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, Arya c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec1u su\u0111ra c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0o. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 d\u00e2n Kalinga b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111i kh\u1ea9n hoang v\u00e0 do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, th\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1eeba b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 su\u0111ra, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede \u1ea2n \u0110\u1ed9, dasa ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. VII - S \u1ef1 PH\u00c2N LI\u1ec6T V\u00c0 BI\u1ebeN CHUY\u1ec2N TR\u00caN B\u00c1N \u0110\u1ea2O \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8 (232 TCN - 320 CN) As\u00f4ca m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 232 TCN, tri\u1ec1u M\u00f4rya suy s\u1ee5p h\u1eb3n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ec9, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 du\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u m\u1ea1nh. Trong kho\u1ea3ng 5 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp theo, t\u1eeb 232 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn 320 CN, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn theo nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng : - Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u1ea4n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng, sau tri\u1ec1u M\u00f4rya l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u Sungat v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u Kanvat c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eeb 232 \u0111\u1ebfn 28 TCN. Hai v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m \u1edd nh\u1ea1t v\u00e0 suy y\u1ebfu, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb uy hi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sakat \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y chinh ph\u1ee5c. 105","- Kalinga (nay l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Orissa) \u1edf ph\u00eda nam s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ki\u00ean c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u M\u00f4rya ph\u1ea3i chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3, th\u00ec nay l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. Vua Kharavela c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I TCN \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Kanvat \u1edf Magadha, t\u1ea5n c\u1ed3ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u1edf cao nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00eacan, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn xa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ebfn lun v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus, t\u1ea5n c\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nhung sau Kharavela m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed di\u1ec5n ra m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, Kalinga v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. - T\u00e2y B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 200 TCN, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u S\u00eal\u00eauc\u00f4s suy y\u1ebfu, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1ch ra h\u00f9ng c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng : ph\u00eda nam bi\u1ec3n Aran l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Parthia, c\u00f2n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Aran l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Bactria. Bactria ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng Iran, ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9. T\u01b0\u1edbng Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 \u0110i\u00f4\u0111\u00f4t\u00f4s tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Bactria \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua d\u00e3y Hindu Kush x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5t An \u0110\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Indus, c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Subhagasena \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p nhi\u1ec1u voi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 y\u00ean \u1ed5n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn con c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u00f4\u0111\u00f4t\u00f4s l\u00e0 Ethy\u0111\u00eam\u00f4s v\u00e0 ch\u00e1u l\u00e0 \u0110\u00eam\u00eatri\u00f4s I \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm v\u00f9ng Punjab, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng lun s\u00f4ng Indus. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u00eam\u00eatri\u00f4s II chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 lun v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam, chi\u1ebfm v\u00f9ng Kutch. \u00d4ng vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Menander ho\u1eb7c g\u1ecdi theo c\u00e1c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Milanda, tr\u1ecb v\u00ec v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 155-130 TCN. Ti\u1ebfp b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Menander ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 kinh \u0111\u00f4 Magadha l\u00e0 Pataliputra, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng trung v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng lun \u0111\u1ebfn Mathura l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ti\u1ec1n Menander \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus v\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, t\u1eeb Kabun cho \u0111\u1ebfn Mathura, c\u00e1ch \u0110\u00eali kho\u1ea3ng 150km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam. \u1ed2ng t\u1ed5n s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1eef trong tri\u1ec1u, nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 Nagasena l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n s\u01b0. Khi ch\u1ebft, sau l\u1ec5 h\u1ecfa thi\u00eau, tro x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Bactria \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edd, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec Ph\u1eadt t\u00edch. Nhung \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac Bactria suy s\u1ee5p, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc Kusana. - N\u01b0\u1edbc Kusana B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd v\u00f9ng gi\u00e1p ranh gi\u1eefa Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9c du m\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eebng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u1ee5c Chi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sit\u01a1 (Scythes). B\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh ng\u0103n v\u00e0 d\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea9y 106","h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u Nh\u1ee5c Chi c\u1ee9 \u1edf l\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, c\u00f2n nh\u00f3m \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1ee5c Chi th\u00ec t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean di v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn Iran, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i. M \u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1ee5c Chi, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi' l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sakat, g\u1ed3m 5 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng Iran, tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Bactria kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 128 TCN. L\u00fac n\u00e0y h\u1ecd c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1eebng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn. N\u0103m 80 TCN, Moja tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sakat, l\u00ean ng\u00f4i \u1edf Taxila, v\u00f9ng Gan\u0111ara. Con \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Azes, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 Hippostratos, gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cho v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Sakat tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1eabnh th\u1ed5 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Bactria, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng. Sau Azes \u1edf ng\u00f4i kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I CN, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn Kujula s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 80 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c du m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sakat, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 5 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Kusana. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec Kusana \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ebfn lun v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t kinh \u0111\u1ed3 \u1edf Purusapura (nay l\u00e0 Pashavvar) \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng Indus, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1eeb Taxila \u0111\u1ebfn Kabun. C\u00e1c vua Kusana h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Ak\u00eam\u00eanit, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \\\"\u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\", \\\"Vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua\\\", chia v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh Tr\u1ea5n, c\u1eed T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n (Mahashatrapa) v\u1eeba cai qu\u1ea3n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma, \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0ng ki\u1ec3u ti\u1ec1n D\u00e9narius, ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng kh\u1eafp Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng k\u1ebf th\u1eeba d\u00e2n Bactria c\u0169, c\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sakat \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c du m\u1ee5c nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 giao l\u01b0u v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong v\u00f9ng. Sau Kujula l\u00e0 Vima, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u1edf ng\u00f4i trong kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 50 - 78 CN, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn Kanishka (78 - 144 CN). Kaniska ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e9nares (Vanaras) trung lun s\u1ed3ng H\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, \u0111\u1ebfn Sanchi, tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng Narmada. Mathura \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u00f9ng t\u00edn v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 4, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1o l\u00ed t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111i Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i suy t\u00f4n l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7. Kaniska c\u00f2n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng 107","v\u0103n h\u00f3a An \u0110\u1ed9, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch Sakat. L\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch, l\u1ea5y n\u0103m sinh c\u1ee7a Kanishka l\u00e0m n\u0103m m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch Sakat^ \\\\ Sau Kanishka, c\u00e1c con ch\u00e1u \u1ed3ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef ng\u1ed3i kho\u1ea3ng 150 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng suy y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n. N\u0103m 226, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Sassanid - Ba T\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp \u1edf Trung \u00c1, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 250, h\u1ecd chi\u1ebfm kinh \u0111\u00f4 Peshavvar c\u1ee7a Kusana. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Kusana ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng lun s\u1ed3ng H\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Sassanid. - N\u01b0\u1edbc Andhras \u1edf mi\u1ec3n Trung So v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 Nam \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n. Kho\u1ea3ng ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1eddi k\u00ec ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed3ng cao nguy\u00ean Dekkan, tr\u00ean luc v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng G\u00f4\u0111avari \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nhau l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I CN, l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Satakami, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u do \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Satavahanas. N\u1eb1m ven bi\u1ec3n, \u1edf gi\u1eefa Kalinga v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam \u00c3n, v\u00f9ng G\u1ed3\u0111avari n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao l\u01b0u v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n B\u1eafc - Nam, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp thu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0omg \u0111\u1ed1i nhanh. Ngay khi v\u1eeba m\u1edbi l\u1eadp n\u01b0\u1edbc, Satakami \u0111\u00e3 ham mu\u1ed1n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00ea l\u1ef1c, b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh Kalinga \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f4ng G\u00f4\u0111avari \u0111i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng Narma\u0111a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Sanchi. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, thu ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u1edf v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng Krisna, do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh hi\u1ec7u Dakshina pathapati (v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed3ng mi\u1ec1n nam). Qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Andhras bao g\u1ed3m h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 mi\u1ec1n Trung b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Hindustan, t\u1eeb b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, t\u1eeb s\u1ed3ng Narmada \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed3ng Krisna. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi vua sau, Nahapana (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gautamiputra) v\u00e0 Pulumavi (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vasishthiputra), \u1edf ng\u00f4i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 100 - 150, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c Andhras v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Satavahanas theo \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, kh\u1ed3ng \u01b0a nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Saka\u1ec9 c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Gujarat, \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ea5n c\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng l\u00ed do ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sakat \u0111\u00e3 suy y\u1ebfu, kh\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Andhras. Nahapana tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sakat, h\u1ea1 uy th\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p Ksatria, \u0111\u1ec1 cao l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \\\"sinh 2 l\u1ea7n\\\" (Arya n\u00f3i chung, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i B\u00e0 la m\u1ed3n), ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 pha t\u1ea1p 4 vama. C\u1ea3 Nahapana v\u00e0 (1) Ng\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng l\u1ecbch b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 78 Sakat, n\u0103m 1990 C\u00f4ng l\u1ecbch : 1912 Sakat 108","Pulumavi c\u00f2n khoe trong m\u1ed9t bi k\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i kh\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sakat, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Iavanat^ v\u00e0 Palavat^. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Satavahanas suy y\u1ebfu trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III, n\u01b0\u1edbc Andhras chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u x\u1ee9 nh\u1ecf, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau. - Mi\u1ec1n Nam T\u1eeb Madras \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Mangalor \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u0169i Comorin \u1edf c\u1ef1c Nam l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tamil, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ef1c Nam c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Dravi\u0111a. L\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tamil-nad (\u0110\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tamin). C\u00e1c minh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a As\u00f4ca \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c As\u00f4ca. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chola, Kerala, Pandya v.v... Chola \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng - nam, Kerala \u1edf t\u00e2y - nam, c\u00f2n Pandya \u1edf m\u1ecfm c\u1ef1c Nam. Kalinga v\u1eabn c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi Pandya. C\u00f2n M\u00eagasten th\u00ec ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng Pandya do m\u1ed9t n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng, con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a H\u00earakles, s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1edbi 500 voi, 4000 k\u1ecb binh v\u00e0 13.000 b\u1ed9 binh. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u, trong khi chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1eabu h\u1ec7 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Pandya. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Tamin \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia s\u01a1 k\u00ec, 3 - 4 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 10 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tranh \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra trong kho\u1ea3ng 3 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3, Chola \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c un th\u1ebf, b\u1eaft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c. Song c\u00f3 l\u1ebd quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Chola ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy thu\u1eadn, c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c du kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 R\u00f4ma. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho bi\u1ebft \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Chola, Pandya... nhung xen l\u1eabn s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u, huy\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c, kh\u00f3 tin. Kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Tamil \u1edf nam \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 khai, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu v\u0103n h\u00f3a B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh giao l\u01b0u (1) T\u1eeb t\u00ean g\u1ecdi Ionia, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p, sau n\u00e0y c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma. (2) T\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia, \u1edf Trung \u00c1. 109","bu\u1ed3n b\u00e1n B\u1eafc - Nam. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c du kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Hi L\u1ea1p, R\u00f4ma qua \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i ven bi\u1ec3n t\u1edbi H\u1ed3ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. M\u1ed9t ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i cho bi\u1ebft vua Chola c\u00f3 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m l\u1ebd hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf Veda. H\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tamin \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n chinh ph\u1ee5c Sri Lanka, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chi ti\u1ebft \\\"b\u1ed5 sung\\\" cho Ramayana v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian mu\u1ed9n. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u1edf Sri Lanka, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi As\u00f4ca, nhung \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u1edf Nam \u00c2n kh\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ? B\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc Andhras \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Trung \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng Pahlava, t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia. Ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Andhras \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Bactria \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh Parthia \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Iran m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Parthia hay Pahlava r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Shakas d\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea9y, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y t\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng xen k\u1ebd v\u1edbi d\u00e2n Tamin, Munda tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 do Andhras v\u00e0 Chola ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia Palavat c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hin\u0111u \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ed3ng Nam \u00c1. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, sau th\u1eddi k\u00ec th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u M\u00f4rya (321 - 232 TCN), 5 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp theo kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng tan r\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chia c\u1eaft, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u nhau h\u01a1n, trong t\u1eebng ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u1edf m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. VIII - V\u0102N H\u00d3A C \u1ed4 \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed9 1, C h\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ch\u1eef c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c con d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 2000 n\u0103m TCN. Ch\u1eef n\u00e0y m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eefa. D\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u00f3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n - \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. Kho\u1ea3ng 800 n\u0103m TCN, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt. S\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Kharosthiy c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u1eef Aramaic \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 110","d\u00f9ng \u1edf Iran v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Tr\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n ch\u1eef Bram i, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c S\u00eamitic c\u0169ng \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c1. \u00edt l\u00e2u sau, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII TCN, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean th\u00e0nh m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Devanagari \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p ng\u00f4n ng\u1eeb \u1ea4n - \u00c2u : ch\u1eef Ph\u1ea1n, (sanskrit) ra \u0111\u1eddi. TTR\u1eca5T \u00bbnf|' 3im \u00ed>l 3*405 1 ^\u0129\u1ec9 -su^r\u00ed\u00ec II H \u00ecnh 3 - T\u1eeb s\u1eed thi Ramayana ghi l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng sanskrit, v\u0103n h\u00e0o Tulsidas (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI) ph\u00f3ng t\u00e1c l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hindi, l\u1ea5y nhan \u0111\u1ebb Ramcaritmanas (H\u1ed3n thi\u00eang c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Rama), h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u00edch trong \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc \u1ea4n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Magadha ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quen n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng \u1ea4n - \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a, c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ed5 ng\u1eef (Pr\u00e2krita : th\u1ed5 ng\u1eef). Khi Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng Pr\u00e2krita n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p Pr\u00e2krita. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Pali. So v\u1edbi sanskrit, Pali \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u00e2m ti\u1ebft, bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch, c\u00fa ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 n\u00e9t ch\u1eef. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Kostha (Skr) : Kottha (Pali) : kho ; Suvarna (Skr) : suvanna (Pali) V\u00e0ng ; Dharma (Skr) : Dhamma (Pali) : \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p. Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft kinh Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, \u00edt c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n so v\u1edbi Sanskrit. Kharosthi v\u00e0 Brami v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 giao d\u1ecbch. As\u00f4ca cho d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ghi c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c h\u1ea7u kh\u1eafp b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eed vi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng : \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef kharosthi, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua d\u00e3y Hindu Kush c\u00f2n kh\u1eafc c\u1ea3 ch\u1eef Hi L\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n l\u00e0 ch\u1eef Brami. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u con d\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef Brami. Vi\u1ec7c J.Prinsep gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef Brami (1837) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t As\u00f4ca v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc r\u1eddi n\u00f3i tr\u00ean(1^. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eef kharosthi v\u00e0 Brami kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. (1) C\u00e1c con d\u1ea5u t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u00d3c Eo (An Giang - Vi\u1ec7t Nam) kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef Brami : Apramadam (ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng). Datavyam (ph\u1ea3i c\u00fang hi\u1ebfn) v.v... l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u1ec7, c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n. 111","V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1eef sanskrit v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng sanskrit tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 t\u1eeb th\u00ea k\u1ec9 VI TCN cho \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u00ea k\u1ec9 X CN, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Apabhramsa c\u00e1i c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i sanskrit v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, Panjabi...). Nh\u1eefng v\u0103n li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Rig Veda, g\u1ed3m 108 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng, kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII TCN, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 Veda kh\u00e1c (Samaveda, Yajurveda, Arthavaveda). Upanishad (\\\"ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\") tri\u1ebft l\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, c\u00f3 108 \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n, vi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN. Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN, h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Panini vi\u1ebft Asthadhyayi (8 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng). \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u0103n sanskrit, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef. T h\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV TCN, Kautalya bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n Arthasastra (Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn hay khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb). \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac c\u00e1c Purana (tho\u1ea1i) Sastra (lu\u1eadn), Sutra (quy t\u1eafc) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c s\u1eed thi Mahabharata v\u00e0 Ramayana c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 I TCN, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 TCN c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n n \u1eef a ^ \\\\ Nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea7m r\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n li\u1ec7u Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef. B hagavad-G ite (B\u00e0i ca Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y. Lu\u1eadt Manu c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II TCN nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II CN, Ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n Narada ra \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III CN, Brihaspati th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV CN V.V... V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau chu\u1ed1t, m\u00e0i d\u0169a, d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u1edf lun v\u1ef1c s\u1ed3ng H\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1, lan t\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n suy s\u1ee5p, tan v\u1ee1, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Arthasastra trong v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 cu\u1ed1i TCN, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt Manu v\u00e0 Narada v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfng (1) Ramayana t\u1ee5c truy\u1ec1n do Valmiki bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, t\u1eeb 1500 n\u0103m TCN, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 le \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i c\u0169ng v\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng qua h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m. Vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong n\u1eeda sau Thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 I TCN, d\u00e0i 24.000 kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 Sanskrit, in ra t\u1edbi 10.000 trang gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 trong 90 bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i m\u1edbi h\u1ebft. Mahabharata c\u00f2n d\u00e0i g\u1ea5p 4 l\u1ea7n Ramayana. C\u00e1c s\u1eed thi n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp v\u00ec qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 v\u00ec vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng Sanskrit. \u0110\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 thu ng\u1eafn l\u1ea1i. B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Kamban (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XI) c\u00f3 10.500 kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1, vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Tamili. B\u1ea3n Ramacharita-M anasa c\u1ee7a Tulsi Das (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI) vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng Hindi c\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1eed thi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 r\u00fat g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. 112","Sanskrit \u1edf c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hindu gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm U11 th\u1ebf trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00c0n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ed3ng Nam \u00c1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a C\u1ed3ng nguy\u00ean, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb B\u1eafc An. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1eeb s\u1edbm t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi, l\u00e0m \u0103n sinh s\u1ed1ng (Champa, Kamboja, Kalinga...). Mi\u1ec1n Nam ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n : s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hindu, di\u1ec5n ra kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II-III. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng Nam A v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n Nam An \u0110\u1ed3., do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III-IV, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n. D\u1ea5u t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n nam \u00c2n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. 2. T\u01b0 tu\u1ee9ng tri\u1ebft l\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 J. N\u00earu trong Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \\\"T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00ed v\u1ec1 cu \u1ed9 c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3... trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111au bu\u1ed3n, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh... (trong \u0111\u00f3) \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u00f4i c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7...\\\", nhung m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c \\\"t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y... \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u00f4i\\\". Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. Nhung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, c\u0169ng tham gia tri\u1ebft l\u00ed v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh, v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u01a1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o) nhung t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 coi l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed. Veda l\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0103n sinh s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh m\u00e0 sau l\u00e0 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh linh. Yakshas l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n c\u00e2y, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 bodhi c\u00e2y \u0111a, naga - r\u1eafn th\u1ea7n (v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Nagas \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f4ng \u00c2n), Hanuman - kh\u1ec9 th\u1ea7n, Nandi - b\u00f2 th\u1ea7n... l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tinh linh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi. T\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 Tr\u1eddi ( Varuna) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 C ha ; \u0110\u1ea5t (Prithivi) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 M\u1eb9 ; L\u1eeda (Agni), Gi\u00f3 (Vayu). Ngay Visnu ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi (Surya). 8-LSTGC\u0110-A 113","V\u1ecb th\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Indra, th\u1ea7n m\u01b0a b\u00e3o, s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t. Indra c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n mang tai h\u1ecda, nh\u01b0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u1edf s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Indra l\u00e0 Visnu, M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng nhung c\u0169ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4 n\u00f3ng. Visnu \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Krisna, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Krisna. T\u1eeb Deva (th\u1ea7n) c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi Dyaus (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Zeus Hi L\u1ea1p), v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \\\"s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a\\\", l\u00e0 Tr\u1eddi. Rig Veda n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n Devas s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u, sinh ra c\u00e1c s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb3ng (Varna) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Brama \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, c\u00e0ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao, th\u1ea7n duy nh\u1ea5t. Brama l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Atma. Atma l\u00e0 g\u00ec ? l\u00e0 \\\"Tinh tu\u00fd linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 V\u0169 tr\u1ee5, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Ch\u00e2n l\u00ed hay Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0, l\u00e0 B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 Tat tvam asi, l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\" ( U panishad). M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u Atma hay Brama l\u00e0 V\u0169 tr\u1ee5, Ch\u00e2n Nh\u01b0, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Ta, B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ban \u0111\u1ea7u Brama ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng do m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 do c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n sinh ra. G\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh. Ramayana n\u00f3i t\u1edbi Karma (nghi\u1ec7p) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn. Upanishad (\u00c1o ngh\u0129a th\u01b0) th\u00ec n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Samsara (lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y sang ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c. Trong s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khao kh\u00e1t Moksha, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng hay gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p - Dharma, l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5, quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i tri\u1ebft l\u00ed v\u0129 m\u00f4 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ea3o, nh\u01b0ng tri\u1ebft l\u00ed vi m\u00f4 \u1ec9\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i theo c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng l\u1eef B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c chuy\u00ean coi vi\u1ec7c l\u1ec5 th\u1ea7n. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c hay qu\u1ed1c gia s\u01a1 k\u00ec m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp v\u0169 s\u0129 Ksatria ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi Veda v\u00e0 S\u1eed thi (kho\u1ea3ng 1500 - 600 TCN), \u0111\u1ea1o Veda hay B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, v\u1edbi t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111a th\u1ea7n c\u00f2n mang nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tinh linh, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Vama v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Varna v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, t\u1ed1i cao, b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qua 10 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1ctgia. 114 8 -L S T G C \u0110 -B","\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111a ra \u0111\u1eddi tron\u00edi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 (560 - 480 TCN), \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u1eabn gi\u1eef quan ni\u1ec7m \u0110 \u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p - Dharma, v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Karma (nghi\u1ec7p) v\u00e0 Sarnsara (Lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i). C\u00e1c t\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00e1n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi v\u1ecdng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i ki\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1eb3 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p hay quy lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t bu\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng ai tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, ki\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, ai c\u0169ng kh\u1ed5 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y hay m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i m\u1edbi, b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \\\"t\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf\\\" 1) kh\u1ed5 (D\u01b0kha) l\u00e0 g\u00ec ? 2) T \u1eadp (Samudaya) hay nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, 3) di\u1ec7t (Nirodha) hay s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, 4) \u0110\u1ea1o (Marga) hay con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5. Theo gi\u00e1o l\u00ed Ph\u1eadt, \u0110\u1ea1o l\u00e0 8 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang, t\u1ef1u trung l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi ham mu\u1ed1n hay xa l\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tu th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 tu th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, hmrng t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00ed c\u1ee7 a Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb3ng. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tu v\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb3ng, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u1ea1 uy th\u1ebf t\u00e2ng l\u1edbp t\u0103ng l\u1eef B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia s\u01a1 k\u00ec. Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Nirvana (Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n), v\u1ed1n \u0111a c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Veda. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (moksa) tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng ? Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nirvana. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb Veda \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u01b0\u1eddng minh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \\\"C\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c\\\" (Sukhavati) hay \\\"H\u01b0 v\u00f4\\\" cShunyata), c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 \\\"kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3\\\". Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n th\u1edd m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u1ed3ng h\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00ed v\u1ed3 nh\u00e2n sinh quan, v \u1ec1 sau do c\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ed3n s\u00f9ng Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ea gi\u00e1o l\u00ed, Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebf th\u1eeba Veda, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, nh\u0169ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, \u0111a c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i An \u0110\u1ed9 trong 6 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 cu\u1ed1i TCN. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p r\u00f2n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ranh gi\u1edbi ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p c\u0169 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng xa, c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1eaft tri\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t xa h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t t\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n, ch\u01b0a 115","th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy tri\u1ebft l\u00ed. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. As\u00f4ca c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 sang c\u1ea3 Sri Lanka d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u M\u00f4rya v\u00e0 th\u1eddi As\u00f4ca (321 - 232 TCN). As\u00f4ca m\u1ea5t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch gay go (232 TCN). Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean kh\u00edch d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Bactria v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Kusana (80 TCN - 250). Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u1edf Kusana v\u00e0 t\u1eeb Kusana m\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba (H inayana), gi\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Ph\u1eadt ban \u0111\u1ea7u, coi Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e3 tu \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o. Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb bi l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, noi g\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt tu v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ebft kinh b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Pali, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, Nam \u1ea4n v\u00e0 Sri Lanka. Th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba (M ahayana), coi Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 \\\"Th\u1ea7n\\\", l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb bi l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, n\u1eb7ng v\u1ebb tri\u1ebft l\u00ed. Theo \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o m\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Atman, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m \\\"v\u00f4 Ng\u00e3\\\", \\\"H\u01b0 v\u00f4\\\", \\\"S\u1eafc - kh\u00f4ng\\\". Theo \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba, n\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb bi v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi r\u0103n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \\\"v\u00f4 Ng\u00e3\\\" th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i tu h\u00e0nh. M\u00f4n ph\u00e1i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \\\"\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng\\\" cho c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n nam v\u00e0 t\u00edn n\u1eef. Vi\u1ebft kinh b\u1eb1ng sanskrit, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u1edf B\u1eafc \u1ea4n, v\u00e0 B\u1eafc \u00c1. Th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng (Tantrism ), t\u1eeb Tantra ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \\\"s\u00e1ch\\\", ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng g\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u00edt tri\u1ebft l\u00ed, l\u1ea5y l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft ma thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch (nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi) \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 ti\u1ebft ma thu\u1eadt t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1eadt t\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt, ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n ch\u00fat \u00edt, kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eeba th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN, \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f2n n\u1ea9y sinh m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Giain (Jainism). M \u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean con nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ec9nh Vaishali (nay l\u00e0 Bihar), n\u0103m 31 tu\u1ed5i, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, l\u1ed9t b\u1ecf qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, lang thang kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng Bengal \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 thanh khi\u1ebft. T\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Mahavira (Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i), hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Jina (k\u1ebb Chinh ph\u1ee5c), t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 - g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng 116","ng\u01b0\u1eddi Giain (Jains), theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9c th\u00e2n, \u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i 72, s\u00f4 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u0103 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 14.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh Giain n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n 6 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 xem voi v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Giain m\u1edbi n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00ed tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Ch\u00e2n l\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf Veda l\u00e0 v\u1ed3 ngh\u0129a. Nh\u01b0ng Giain c\u0169ng tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Samsara), trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec khi ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t Paramatman - hay \u0110\u1ea1i Ng\u00e3, To\u00e0n Ng\u00e3, Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Ahim sa, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi s\u00e1t sinh, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Giain kh\u00f4ng c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 x\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng \u0103n m\u1eadt v\u00ec m\u1eadt l\u00e0 ong, qu\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi d\u1eabm ch\u1ebft s\u00e2u b\u1ecd. Kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Giain c\u0169ng chia l\u00e0m 2 ph\u00e1i : Shvvetambara m\u1eb7c \u00e1o tr\u1eafng c\u00f2n Digambaras v\u1eabn tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Digambaras ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 1 tri\u1ec7u, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nhung c\u00e1c \\\"v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh\\\" c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng \u0111i ra ph\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 1000 n\u0103m, \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i dai d\u1eb3ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t Dharma, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Karma - Samsara - M oksa, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eadt v\u00e3 ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea7m m\u1eb7c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u : Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (M oksa) l\u00e0 g\u00ec ? v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ? Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 sau Veda l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 sau Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ea1o Hin\u0111u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o nh\u1eedng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 cu\u1ed1i TCN \u0111\u1eab \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ea1o Hin\u0111u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o Veda. Th\u1eddi Veda \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i \u0111hung ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ed3 danh t\u00ednh, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Will Durant nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Hin\u0111u gi\u00e1o th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 30 tri\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n\\\", nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ba \\\"Tam th\u1ea7n\\\" (Trimurti) g\u1ed3m Brama, Siva, Visnu gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t. Brama \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, Siva l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n H\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 Visnu l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Siva c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n th\u1edd c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Kali (hay Parvati, Uma v.v...), Visnu c\u00f3 v\u1ee3 l\u00e0 Lakshmi, Kamala v.v... \u0110\u1ea1o Hin\u0111u r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p, Nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi trong l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong \\\"th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\\\" : Krisna l\u00e0 h\u00f3a th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Visnu, sinh trong t\u00f9 ng\u1ee5c, ra \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ee7i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9, c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5... Con voi t\u00e1i sinh th\u00e0nh Ganesa, th\u1ea7n voi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 117","con c\u1ee7a Siva v.v... V\u1eabn m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ch t\u01b0 duy - t\u00e2m linh \u0111\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb5ng h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t m\u1ecdi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o An \u0110\u1ed9, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nhau gi\u1eefa t\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. Nhimg d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 Hin\u0111u gi\u00e1o th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Moksa (s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t) v\u00e0 Nirvana (Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n). Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, trong quan ni\u1ec7m Hin\u0111u, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i cam ch\u1ecbu s\u00f4 ph\u1eadn \u1edf ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y hay ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh ? T\u1eeb nh\u1eefngs\u1eed thi, Purana, Sastra... Hin\u0111u gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Sutra (quy t\u1eafc) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft trong lu\u1eadt Manu, \u0111\u1ecbnh ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed, nh\u1eebng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ecbnh ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Hin\u0111u cho m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i... Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc Hin\u0111u v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac\u0111\u1ec1n th\u00e1p, c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 sinh (Samskara), l\u1ec5 d\u00e2ng (Upanaiana), l\u1ec5 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, l\u1ec5 c\u01b0\u1edbi, tang v.v... v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi th\u1ee9c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5... Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nghi l\u1ec5 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t xa so v\u1edbi Veda gi\u00e1o, khi\u1ebfn Hin\u0111u gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 \\\"chu\u1ea9n\\\" \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Hin\u0111u gi\u00e1o g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p, bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 lun truy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef. Sau c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ea1o Hin\u0111u g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \\\"\u0111\u1eddi\\\" h\u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c \u1edf An \u0110\u1ed9. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p (Casta) m\u00e0 quy ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Manu, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi tinh th\u1ea7n Hin\u0111u. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hin\u0111u gi\u00e1o (\u0110\u1ea1o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) ? Veda l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o Hin\u0111u l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng ra ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm t\u00f2i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u1eeba t\u00e2m linh, v\u1eeba r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e2n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 lan t\u1ecfa r\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. C\u00f2n Hin\u0111u gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, mang \u0111\u1eadm s\u1eafc th\u00e1i \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ea1o Hin\u0111u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ra ngo\u00e0i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2n \u0110\u1ed9, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00c0n \u0110\u1ed9 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u1edf An \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea1o Hin\u0111u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft 2 thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. C\u00f3 ph\u00e1i Kanada ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean \u00f9 sinh ra 118","v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tir t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ph\u00e1i Samkhya ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean, g\u1ed3m tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau ; ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1i Yoga ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, luy\u1ec7n tr\u00ed, luy\u1ec7n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \\\"\u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i\\\". Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e2m linh, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Giain suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 l\u00e8 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng. \\\"Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i theo Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\" (Weg nach Ihnen) n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 v\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel Herman Hess, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 theo v\u00e0 x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 xa l\u00e1nh tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n. \u1ede \u0111\u1ea1o Hin\u0111u th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ch\u1ecbu uy l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1c th\u00fa k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quy t\u1eafc (Kamasutra). D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong t\u01b0 duy. V\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t Homo philosophicus \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u1ebft l\u00ed \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) ? CH\u01af\u01a0NG V TRUNG QU\u1ed0C C\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ea0I I - \u0110I\u1ec0U KI\u1ec6N THI\u00caN NHI\u00caN, C\u01af D\u00c2N V\u00c0 C\u00c1C NGU\u1ed2N s \u1eed LI\u1ec6U 1. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n minh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ba trung t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 hai d\u00f2ng s\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn ch\u1ea3y qua l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 (d\u00e0i 4.000 km) \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed (d\u00e0i 5.000 km) \u1edf ph\u00eda nam. Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 t\u1eeb x\u01b0a th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra l\u0169 l\u1ee5t, nhung do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp cho \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai th\u00eam m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p khi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00f4 s\u01a1. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Trung Qu\u1ed1c. 119","A JJi c\u00c0f*\u1ea2\/\u0129\u1edf\u01a1 C\u00d5 M \u1eef t \u00e1 c\u01a1rtyc\u1eedd \u1ea6f\u01b0\/7\u00fd\/fS- _TLTLTL \/ \u0111 \/ 7 \/ \/ tf f f \u1eed \/\u2019\u0129 \u1ef9 ' M < 2\/7\/4 ': \u1ec2\/\u1ec1\/r^\u1ef9\/\u1eefV \u00e9\/\u0111 \/s\u0129A \u0111 iPriS\/T\/\u0129. J\/\u1ea87\u1ee2\u0129\u1ef7\/ \/h\/\/7i (.\u2014 ' X\u01b0\u00e2\/7 f\/?\u01b0 - t\u00f4 'I ' j\u1eca\/e\/7jf\/0'\/ c\/\u1ec1 H\u00ecnh 4 - Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 2.000 n\u0103m (t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XXI TCN \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 221 TCN). Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb lun v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Tuy v\u1eady, cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III TCN, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 d\u00e3y V\u1ea1n l\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f4ng nam t\u1ec9nh Cam T\u00fac v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc theo h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau : mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea5t cao, nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00f4 hanh, mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n n\u00ean kh\u00ed h\u1eadu t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00f4n h\u00f2a. 120","Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u0111a c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. N\u0103m 1929, \u1edf Chu Kh\u1ea9u \u0110i\u1ebfm (t\u00e2y nam B\u1eafc Kinh) gi\u1edbi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0<mg h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 400.000 n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u00ean l\u0103nh th\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111a cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng ni\u1ebdn \u0111\u1ea1i x\u01b0a h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0crn Nguy\u00ean M\u01b0u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u0103m 1977 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn 1.700.000 n\u0103m. V\u1ec1 m\u1eadt ch\u1ee7ne t\u1ed9c, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1ed1ng M\u00f4ng c \u1ed5 , tron\u00ed? \u0111\u00f3, hai t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh (h\u00e0nh s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 H\u1ea1 \u1edf trung l\u01b0u Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0. \u0110\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI TCN, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i H\u1ea1 - C\u01b0 (l\u00e2n t\u1ed9c H\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u1ecb Th\u01b0ong chinh ph\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u0111i c\u00e1c noi, trong \u0111\u1ecf b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00f9i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda T\u00e2y b\u1eafc v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed9c Chu. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XI TCN, t\u1ed9c Chu ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa hai t\u1ed9c H\u1ea1 v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hoa H\u1ea1, n\u00f3i t\u1eaft l\u00e0 Hoa ho\u1eb7c H\u1ea1. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a H\u00e1n t\u1ed9c sau n\u00e0y. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, v\u00f9ng l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf, Ne\u00f4, Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Man, Di. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 v\u00ea ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4, Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u1ee5c c\u1eaft t\u00f3c, x\u0103m m\u00ecnh, \u0111i ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110 \u1ebfn th\u1eddi X u\u00e2n Thu, c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u1ecb Hoa H\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i theo t\u00ean tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ed3ne th\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u0103n minh \u1edf gi\u1eefa, xung quanh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Man, Di, Nhung, \u0110\u1ecbch, v\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung Hoa ho\u1eb7c Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed5 ph\u00e2n hi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng xung quanh ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. Mai \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1912, khi tri\u1ec1u Thanh b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ea1i Thanh b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf, ch\u1eef Trung Hoa m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quen g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. 2. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa gi\u00fap c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tir\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u \u1ea5y bao g\u1ed3m hai lo\u1ea1i : c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc. 121","Theo Iruy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00ec t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0n\u00ed\u1ec9 \u0110 \u1ebf (kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u Ihi\u1ebdn k\u1ec9 III TCN), ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111a ra \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1c tr\u00f4n mai r\u00f9a v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00f2 n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 5.000 ch\u1eef, nh\u1eefn\u00ed\u1ec9 \u0111o\u1ea1n minh v\u00e3n vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ean 100 ch\u1eef. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1eef c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kim v\u0103n (ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ne) ho\u1eb7c cliung \u0111inh v\u0103n (ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean chu\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00ednh). \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n thu Chi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1i tri\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u tri\u1ec7n. Ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u d\u00f9n\u00ed> \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 th\u00e9 tre. Ch\u1eef gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t, ch\u1eef kim v\u0103n, ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ea1i tri\u1ec7n, ch\u1eef ti\u1ec3u tri\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Trung Qu\u1ed1c (ch\u1eef H\u00e1n) sau n\u00e0y. Nhc'y c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p s\u1eed c\u0169no s\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefne \u0111o\u1ea1n minh v\u00e3n tr\u00ean mai r\u00f9a, x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n Xu\u00e2n Thu do Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7 nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1eeb n\u0103m 722 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 481 TCN. Xu\u00e2n Thu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Sau s\u00e1ch Xu\u00e2n Thu, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u00e1 truy\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng Iruy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 cua T\u1ea3 Kh\u00e2u Minh, m\u1ed9t s\u1eed quan c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c th\u00ec t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7\u1ea1 s\u00e1ch l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda nh\u1eefna s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00ea c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong s\u00e1ch Xu\u00e2n Thu c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed. N\u00ed\u1ec9o\u00e0i T\u1ea3 truy\u1ec7n, c\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f2n c\u00f3 C\u00f4n\u1ea1 D \u01b0 m g truy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 C\u1ed1c L\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec7n. Hai s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y H\u00e1n sau n\u00e0y m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ed1n Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch, L\u00e3 Th\u1ecb Xu\u00e2n Thu c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefne t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0, Ch\u01b0 L\u1ec5, Tlii, Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef, M \u1ea1nh T\u1eeb, M\u1eb7c T\u1ee7, H\u00e0n Plii T\u1ee9 v.v... c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00fd h\u00e1u. Tr\u1ebdn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi H\u00e1n, trong b\u1ed9 S\u1ee9 k \u00ed c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 Ma Thi\u00ean, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 Ho\u00e0i Nam T\u1ee9, L\u1ec5 k\u00ed v.v... c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1nt\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ncu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u phong ph\u00fa \u1ea5y v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ns\u00edhi\u00ean 122","c\u1ee9u v\u1ecf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch (h\u1ed3ng s\u1eed n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng s\u1eed gi\u00e1n bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m V\u0103n Lan, Gi\u00e1t\u00ec minh Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a L\u00e3 Ch\u1ea5n V\u0169, Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u01b0cmg y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a 'Ili\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vi\u1ec7t v.v... V\u1ed3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 Clii\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a D\u01b0\u01a1ng Khoan ; v\u1ed3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 L\u1ecbch s\u1ee9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f9a * L\u00e3 Ch\u0103n V\u0169, h\u00e0n nhau v\u1ec1 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00f9ng H\u1eefu Lan v.v... Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nhi\u00eau l\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00ea c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e2n k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, h\u00e0n v\u1ed3 Kh\u1ed5ne T\u1eed v.v... \u0111\u0103ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp. Ngu\u1ed3n l\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc. Tr\u00f4n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 ei\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1ee9i, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed5ng, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft. ri\u00eau bi\u1ed5u cho n\u1ec1n v\u00e3n h\u00f3a h\u1eadu k\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 V\u0103n h\u1ecfa Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Thi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1920 t\u1ea1i th\u1ed1n Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Thi\u00eau thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam. Sau \u0111\u1ecf, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n T\u00e2y, Cam T\u00fac, Thanh H\u1ea3i v.v... c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefne di ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a N 2 u\u1eefri2 Thi\u1ec1u. V\u1ed3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e3n h\u00f3a Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Thi\u1ec1u k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 4500 - 2500 TCN. Ti\u1ebfp theo v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Thi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Long S\u01a1\u0129i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m 1928 \u1edf tr\u1ea5n Long S\u01a1n g\u1ea7n T\u1ed1 Nam tinh Son \u0110\u00f4ng - V\u00e3n h\u00f3a Long S\u01a1n ph\u00e0n h\u1ed1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u1ed5m T\u00e2y, b\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn nam Li\u00eau \u0110\u00f4ng, nam \u0111\u1ebfn Chi\u1ebft Giang. Ve ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u0103n h\u1ecfa Long S\u01a1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2100 - 1800 TCN. Ti\u00eau hi\u1ec3u cho v\u00e3n h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ed3ng thau l\u00e0 di ch\u00ed \u1ea2n Kh\u01b0, kinh \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ed3u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf An D\u01b0\u01a1ng, H\u00e0 Nam. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 hai ngu\u1ed3n \u00ed\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ed5 r\u00e0n \u1ec9! l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed3ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c. u - TRUNG QU\u1ed0C TH\u1edcI H\u1ea0, TH\u01af\u01a0NG V\u00c0 T\u00c2Y CHU 1. V\u00e0i n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u00fay Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111a l\u1eebni\u1ec9 tr\u00e1i qua x\u0103 h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean (h\u1ee7y. R\u1ea5t nhi\u00eau n\u01a1i tr\u1ebdn lanh th\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ed3u di ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi. Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho v\u0103n h\u1ecfa \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed5c l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Thi\u1ec1u. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c n\u1ed3n v\u00e3n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y, bcn c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng * Nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111cu c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t 123","c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0i nh\u1eb5n, b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f3 v\u1ebd hoa v\u0103n. Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c trimg c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Thi\u1ec1u, do \u0111\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ng\u01b0\u1edfng Thi\u1ec1u c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m m\u00e0u. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ghi ch\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ed3ng qua c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch \u1ea5y cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \\\"s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi c\u1ea7m th\u00fa, nh\u01b0ng\\\" nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u1eeb m\u00e0 c\u1ea7m th\u00fa nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafng n\u1ed1i c\u1ea7m th\u00fa, r\u1eafn r\u1ebf t\\\", do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd H\u1eefu S\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n ch\u1eb7t c\u00e2y l\u00e0m t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh h\u1ea1i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng l\u1eeda, v\u1ec1 sau h\u1ecd To\u1ea1i Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee5c g\u1ed7 l\u1ea5y l\u1eeda, \u0103n th\u1ee9c \u0103n ch\u00edn do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1ee5c Hi d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n k\u1ebft th\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1eaft c\u00e1, Th\u1ea7n N\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u00e0y d\u1ea1y d\u00e2n ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt. V\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea7n h\u00f4n n\u1ed9i t\u1ed9c. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng \\\"B\u00e0n C \u1ed5 c\u00f3 6 trai 6 g\u00e1i... t\u1ef1 l\u1ea5y nhau th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed3ng v\u1ee3. V\u00ec v\u1eady con c\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft m\u1eb9 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft cha\\\", v \u1ec1 sau Ph\u1ee5c Hi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t ra gi\u00e1 th\u00fa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ee3 (th\u00ed d\u1ee5 : \u0110\u1ebf C\u1ed1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \\\"nguy\u00ean phi\\\" v\u00e0 ba \\\"th\u1ee9 phi\\\", Thu\u1ea5n l\u1eadp \\\"Nga Ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0m h\u1eadu, N\u1eef Anh l\u00e0m phi\\\"). Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c. Thi\u00ean L\u1ec5 v\u1eadn trong s\u00e1ch L\u1ec5 k\u00ed ch\u00e9p : \\\"Thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 l\u00e0 chung, ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec1n t\u00e0i, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng t\u00edn ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a m\u1ee5c. Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng chi th\u00e2n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng chi y\u00eau con c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. L\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e3o, trai tr\u00e1ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 d\u00f9ng, tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb quan qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0n t\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 nu\u00f4i. Trai c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, g\u00e1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng v\u1ee9t xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea5t cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ed1c h\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec m\u00ecnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u01b0u m\u00f4 x\u1ea3 o quy\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng, tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u1eb7c gi\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1eeda ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n \u0111\u00f3ng, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5ng\\\". \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, \u1edf lun v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0110\u1ebf, Thi\u1ebfu Hi\u1ec7u, Chuy\u00ean H\u00fac, \u0110\u1ebf C\u1ed1c, \u0110\u1ebf Ch\u00ed, \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng Nghi\u00eau, Ngu Thu\u1ea5n, H\u1ea1 V\u0169. Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng, n\u0103m Nghi\u00eau 72 tu\u1ed5i, Nghi\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c v\u00ec Nghi\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea7u Ngu Thu\u1ea5n, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tinh, th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00ean thay. \u0110\u1ebfn khi Thu\u1ea5n gi\u00e0, h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea1i b\u1ea7u H\u1ea1 Vo l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb th\u1ee7y l\u00ean J\u00e0m th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. 124","Sau khi V\u0169 ch\u1ebft, con c\u1ee7a V\u0169 l\u00e0 Khai l\u00ean thay th\u1ebf. C h\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e0u c\u1eed th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u x\u0103 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec \\\"\u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng\\\" k\u1ebft th\u00fac. 2. T ri\u1ec1u H \u1ea1 (Kho\u00e1ng th\u1ebf ki XXI - XVI TCN) N\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a cha, Kh\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ne vua c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau, vi\u1ec7c cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i ng\u00f5i vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed. Thi\u00ean L\u1ec5 v\u1eadn ch\u00e9p : \\\"Nay \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 th\u00e0nh ri\u00eang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chi th\u00e2n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1ee9a m\u00ecnh, chi y\u00eau con c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i cho l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ec5, l\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1ch h\u00e0o ao l\u00e0m ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, l\u1ea5y l\u1ec5 ngh\u0129a \u0111 \u1ebf l\u00e0m k i c\u01b0\u01a1ng, d \u1ebf x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u00faa vua t\u00f4i,... \u0111 \u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c c h \u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111 \u1ebf ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111 \u1ebf b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u0169ng c\u00e1m v\u00e0 nh\u0169ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i... v\u00ec v\u1eady niuu m\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c binh \u0111ao do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed1i l\u00ean...\\\". \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, sau khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u00f4ng vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Kh\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0cmg \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ed1ne \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a B\u00e1 \u00edch thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4ng Di, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia,ho\u1eb7c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd H\u1eefu H\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c H\u1ea1. \u0110 \u1ebfn th\u1eddi con Kh\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Khang, H\u1eadu Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0110\u00f4ng Di l\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi binh ch\u1ed1ng H\u1ea1. Th\u00e1i Khang ch\u1ea1y, H\u1eadu Ngh\u1ec7 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng H\u1eadu Ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 ham s\u0103n b\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1ed9 h\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 H\u00e0n Tr\u1ea1c gi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i. Ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f2ng d\u1ed3i nh\u00e0 H\u1ea1 l\u00e0 Thi\u1ebfu Khang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c th\u00e2n c\u1eadn \u0111a di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u00e0n Tr\u1ea1c, nh\u00e0 H\u1ea1 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. Tuy nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111a ra \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Ncn V\u00e3n h\u00f3a Long Scm ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 di t\u00edch ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh I\u0111nh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ea1. T\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng di ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0u, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1eebng, v\u1ecf trai. \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng cang \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u00edt. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u nh\u01b0 \u0111en, x\u00e1m, tr\u1eafng, v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111en b\u00f3ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady v\u0103n h\u00f3a Long S m c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111en. B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh (qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i), Xa ch\u00ednh (qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed xe), B\u00e0o ch\u00ednh (ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn d\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho vua) v.v... 125","v \u00e9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ea1. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed c\u1ed1 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ea1, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1eddi sau kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng... \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ea1, vua Ki\u1ed9t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, \u00e1p b\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u1eadm t\u1ec7, c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc o\u00e1n h\u1eddn. Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, n\u01b0\u1ee9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111a (\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng H\u1ea1, nh\u00e0 H\u1ea1 di\u1ec7t vong(1). 3. Tri\u1ec1u Thu\u01b0ng (Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf ki XVI - kho\u00e1ng n\u0103m 1066 TCN) T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Kh\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi H\u1ea1 V\u0169, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1u 14 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ebf l\u00e0 Thang (kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI TCN), t\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n sang x\u00e2 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p. Trong khi n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf c\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ea1 \u1edf trung l\u01b0u Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 \u0111ang nhanh ch\u00f3ng suy y\u1ebfu, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111ang c\u0103m gh\u00e9t vua Ki\u1ec7t, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3, Thang \u0111a \u0111em qu\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1nh H\u1ea1. Ki\u1ec7t thua ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t Nam S\u00e0o (An Huy). Nh\u00e0 H\u1ea1 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. Khi m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf B\u1ea1c \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam ng\u00e0y nay. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea9y ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5t, vua Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1u 10 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Thang l\u00e0 B\u00e0n Canh th\u00ec d\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u00c2n \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 (c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7t vong, ch\u1ec9 tr\u1eeb vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Tri\u00eau Ca, c\u00f2n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y \u00c2n l\u00e0m kinh \u0111\u00f4, v\u00ec v\u1eady tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tri\u1ec1u \u00c2n. C\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c vua n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp sau B\u00e0n Canh, V\u0169 \u0110inh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng. T\u01b0\u01b0ng tuy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng, thu\u1edf thi\u1ebfu th\u1eddi, V a \u0110inh s\u1ed1ng trong d\u00e2n gian, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \\\"n\u1ed7i v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5y g\u1eb7t\\\", do \u0111\u00f3 sau khi l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0103n ch\u01a1i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 lo cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb. V\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ee9n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi H\u1ea1. Tinh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u0111 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1eb3nh trong c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 An Kh\u01b0. \u1ede Tr\u1ecbnh Ch\u00e2u (H\u00e0 Nam) \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n nh\u00e0, m\u1ed9, x\u01b0\u1edfng luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng, x\u01b0\u1edfne l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, \u0111\u1ed3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u. (1) C\u00e2n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \\\"Tri\u1ec1u H\u1ea1\\\", m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 nir\u00e1c m\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. 126","\u00c1n Kh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh \u00ed\u00e0 kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u1eafc th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 An D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 Nam ng\u00e0y nay. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1c m\u1ed9 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ee5 thu nh\u1ecf xa h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u00f4n theo r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1eabn l\u00e1ng ph\u1eb3n \u1ea3nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a xa h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng Ihau. Ng\u00e0y nay \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed5 d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0ong nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, \u0111\u1ed5 u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, v\u0169 kh\u00ed, c\u1ea5u ki\u1ec7n xe ng\u1ef1a, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v.v... Nh\u1eefna \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t cao, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed b\u1eb1ne nh\u1eefng hoa v\u0103n r\u1ea5t tinh vi. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh T\u1eeb m\u1eabu M\u1eadu - \u0111\u1ec9nh vua Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eb7ng m\u1eb9 t\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u1eadu. \u0110\u1ec9nh n\u1eb7ng 875 kg, cao l,3 3m (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tai), mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ec9nh h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i 1,1 Om, chi\u00eau r\u1ed9ng 0,78m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 mcri. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ecf, \u0111en, x\u00e1m, c\u00f2n l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 s\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 g\u1ed1m tr\u00e1ng men. Ngo\u00e0i hai ngh\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1ed1i tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1, ng\u1ecdc, x\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ed3 da v.v... c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i kh\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e0i 84cm, cao 42cm d\u00e0y 2,5cra, tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea1m h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t con h\u1ed5 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ea5t oai v\u1ec7. C\u00e1i kh\u00e1nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5 x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u0169ng \u0111a kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecf \u1ed1c bi\u1ec3n l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i. Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng v\u1ecf \u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecfng . \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u1ecf \u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trao \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng b\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf. C\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 kh\u1eb3o c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0tmg, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111a h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c r\u1ee1 r\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0, b\u1eb1ng ng\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 xe, ng\u1ef1a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Khi ch\u1ebft, trong m\u1ed9 c\u00f2n ch\u00f4n theo nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng qu\u00fd b\u00e1u v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1. Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed9 th\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng m\u1ed9 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n n\u0103m tr\u0103m m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng, c\u00e1i b\u00e9 c\u1eefng b\u1ed1n n\u0103m ch\u1ee5c m\u00e9t vu\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n theo trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. 127","S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0cmg l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n cai n\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 trong nh\u00e0, \u0111\u00e1nh xe, gi\u1eef ng\u1ef1a v.v... m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f2n qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 n\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"ch\u00fang\\\" ho\u1eb7c \\\"ch\u00fang nh\u00e2n\\\". V\u1ebb v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u1ede di ch\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng cung \u1edf \u00c2n Kh\u01b0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u mai r\u00f9a v\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef gi\u00e1p c\u1ed1t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ngu\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3i(1). Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111a cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u00eau t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00fd b\u00e1u. M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0ong l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m l\u1ecbch. L\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng chia m\u1ed9t n\u0103m l\u00e0m 12 th\u00e1ng, th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f3 30 ng\u00e0y, th\u00e1ng thi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 29 ng\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 cho kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng quay c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t xung quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, l\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a bi\u1ebft th\u00eam th\u00e1ng nhu\u1eadn. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u. th\u00e1ng nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 13, v\u1ec1 sau \u0111a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf gi\u1eefa n\u0103m. L\u1ecbch \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eabu ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng \u0111a r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ea m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t \u0111a b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c vua th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \\\"kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u1ed7i c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5y g\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch vui ch\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1c\\\", v\u00ec v\u1eady th\u1eddi gian \u1edf ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i. \\\"Ho\u1eb7c m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3y t\u00e1m n\u0103m, ho\u1eb7c n\u0103m s\u00e1u n\u0103m, ho\u1eb7c ba b\u1ed5n n\u0103m\\\". Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vua Tr\u1ee5 (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110 \u1ebf T\u00e2n), vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f2i Th\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u00e1ch S\u1eed k\u00ed c\u1ee7a T\u01b0 Ma Thi\u00ean ch\u00e9p : (Tr\u1ee5) \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf n\u1eb7ng \u0111 \u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kho L\u1ed9c \u0110\u00e0i, l\u1ea5y th\u00f3c ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0o kho C\u1ef1 Ki\u1ec1u, t\u0103ng thu ch\u00f3 ng\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a l\u1ea1 \u0111 \u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0o cung th\u1ea5t, m\u1edb r\u1ed9ng b\u00e3i g\u00f2, v\u01b0\u1eddn uy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0i..., l\u1ea5y r\u01b0\u1ee3u l\u00e0m h\u1ed3, treo th\u1ecbt l\u00e0m rtmg\\\". H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Tr\u1ee5 c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, l\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c xung quanh l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e0ng th\u00eam c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn. Nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, n\u01b0\u1edbc Chu \u1edb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111em qu\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Tri\u00eau Ca. Nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7t vong. (1) C\u00e1ch b\u00f3i : d\u00f9ng mai r\u00f9a, x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ee5ng r\u00f9a, ho\u1eb7c x\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ea1t b\u00f2. \u0111\u1ee5c l\u1ed7 \u1edf gi\u1eefa r\u1ed3i cho v\u00e0o l\u1eeda nung. Sau \u0111\u00f3, theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea1n n\u00fat tr\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n \u00fd c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111o\u00e1n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh mai r\u00f9a ho\u0103c x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3. 128","4. T r i\u1ec1 u T\u00e2y C h u (kho\u00e1ng n\u0103m 1066 - 771 TCN) - T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Chu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 (v\u00f9ng Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y, Cam T\u00fac ng\u00e0y nay), 'l\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Chu l\u00e0 Kh\u00ed, v\u00ec tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa gi\u1ecfi n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1eadu T\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n l\u00e0m th\u1ea7n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi ch\u00e1u ] 2 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Kh\u00ed l\u00e0 c \u1ed5 C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o trong b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Chu \u0111a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. V\u00ec b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nhung l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, c \u1ed5 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t M\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t K\u1ef3 (Thi\u1ec3m T\u00e2y) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ne Chu. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ed9c Chu l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, x\u00e2y th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1eb7t \\\"quan l\u1ea1i\\\". Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c xung quanh \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho t\u1ed9c Chu nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a giai c\u1ea5p trong b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Chu. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a c \u1ed5 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee5 t\u00ean l\u00e0 X\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Chu ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. X\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Chu V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f2n c \u1ed5 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ea3n Ph\u1ee5 th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy t\u00f4n l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng. V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1edf r\u1ed9ne \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng suy y\u1ebfu. V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111a m\u1ea5t. B\u1ed1n n\u0103m sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i l\u00e0 Va V\u01b0\u01a1na \u0111em qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Khi qu\u00e2n Chu \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch kinh \u0111\u00f4 Tri\u1ec1u Ca 70 d\u1eb7m, c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c trong cung \u0111\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft tin v\u00e0 m\u1edbi ng\u1eebng ca m\u00faa, gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n ti\u1ec7c r\u01b0\u1ee3u, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \\\"\u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3\\\". L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00eau v\u1ec1 k\u1ecbp, n\u00ean vua Tr\u1ee5 ph\u1eb3i \u01b0 ane b\u1ecb v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00f9 binh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd ra ngh\u00eanh chi\u1ebfn. Nhung khi ra \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn, \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111a quay gi\u00e1o kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, Do \u0111\u00f3, qu\u00e2n Chu ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Tri\u00eau Ca r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. Vua Tr\u1ee5 h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ed1n ch\u1ea1y ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 t\u1eed. Nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7t vong. \u0110\u1ec3 mua chu\u1ed9c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng m\u1edbi b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c, V\u0169 V\u01b0\u01a1ng phong cho con Tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 V\u0169 Canh m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 phong cho ba con m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3n Th\u00fac, Th\u00e1i Th\u00fac v\u00e0 Ho\u1eafc Th\u00fac v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Va V\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u00fat v\u1ec1 C\u1ea3o Kinh \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, v\u00ec v\u1eady, th\u1eddi k\u00ec nh\u00e0 Chu \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi i\u00e0 T\u00e2y Chu. Hai n\u0103m sau, v o V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ebft. Ne\u01b0\u1eddi con n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i l\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi em c\u1ee7a V\u0169 V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Chu C\u00f4ng n\u1eafm quy\u00ean nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh. Nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, V\u0169 Canh l\u00f4i k\u00e9o Qu\u1ea3n Th\u00fac, Th\u00e1i Th\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t N\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ne l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Chu. Chu C\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111em 9-LSTGC\u0110-A 129","qu\u00e2n \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh, sau ba n\u0103m m\u1edbi d\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Va Canh v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3n Th\u00fac b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, Th\u00e1i Th\u00fac b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y. v \u00ea sau, Th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n chinh ph\u1ee5c n\u1ed1t c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c T\u1eeb v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0i \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam. B\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e0 Chu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ea5y, nh\u00e0 Chu \u0111a thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n phong \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. T\u01b0ong truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng Va V\u01b0\u01a1ng, Chu C\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111a ph\u00e2n phong 71 n\u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 L\u1ed7, V\u1ec7, T\u1ec1, T\u1ea5n, Y\u00ean v.v... l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, T\u00e2y Chu b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh. Nhung \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IX TCN, do L\u1ec7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n r\u1eebng n\u00fai ao h\u1ed3 n\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n r\u1ea5t o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn. L\u1ec7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n th\u1eb3ng tay tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb d\u00e1m b\u00e0n t\u00e1n k\u00eau ca, v\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p nhau ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1eaft ra hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u00e2n c\u1eadn l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7u C\u00f4ng \u0111a n\u00f3i v\u1edbi L\u1ec7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng : \\\"B\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng d\u00e2n c\u00f2n nguy hi\u1ebfm hon ch\u1eb7n d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eb7n m\u00e0 b\u1ecb v\u1edf th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nhu v\u1eady. Do \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebb l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb th\u00fay l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i kh\u01a1i cho n\u00f3 ch\u00e1y, k\u00e9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebf cho h\u1ecd n\u00f3i\\\". L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u1ec7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng nghe theo, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p ch\u1ebf nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. C\u0103m ph\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9, n\u0103m 841 TCN, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng kinh k\u00ec n\u1ed5i d\u1eady kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a. L\u1ec7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng b\u1ecf kinh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t Tr\u1ec7 (S\u01a1n T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay) r\u1ed3i ch\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Con c\u1ee7a L\u1ec7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 th\u00e1i t\u1eed T\u0129nh tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7u C\u00f4ng. B\u1eca qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang bao v\u00e2y truy b\u1ee9c, Thi\u1ec7u C\u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i cho con trai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra m\u1ea1o x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed T\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. Sau khi L\u1ec7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 14 n\u0103m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec \\\"C\u1ed9ng H \u00f2a h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh\\\". \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 827 TCN, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed T\u0129nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean l\u00e0m vua, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u00e0 T\u00e2y Chu l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Tuy\u00ean Vu\u01a1ng, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Chu c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, T\u00e2y Chu b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu r\u1ed7 r\u1ec7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i Tuy\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 u V\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch \u0103n ch\u01a1i xa x\u1ec9, say \u0111\u1eafm t\u1eedu s\u1eafc. V\u00ec qu\u00e1 y\u00eau n\u00e0ng Bao T\u1ef1 \u01af V\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a ph\u1ebf tru\u1ea5t Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu h\u1ecd Th\u00e2n v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed Nghi C\u1eefu r\u1ed3i l\u1eadp Bao T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng l\u00e0 B\u00e1 Ph\u1ee5c l\u00e0m Th\u00e1i t\u1eed. Do v\u1eady n\u0103m 771 TCN, cha c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu h\u1ecd Th\u00e2n l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n H\u1ea7u li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khuy\u1ec3n Nhung(1) \u0111em qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh u V\u01b0\u01a1ng, u V\u01b0\u01a1ng thua ch\u1ea1y, b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khuy\u1ec3n Nhung gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. (1) T\u1ed9c n\u00e0y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Hung n\u00f4. 9-LSTGC\u0110-B 130","Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e1i t\u1eed Nghi C\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u00e0m vua, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 B\u00ecnh V\u01b0cmg. Nh\u01b0ng C \u1ea3o Kinh \u0111a b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Khuy\u1ec3n Nhung t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ed3 n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 sang L\u1ea1c \u1ea4p \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec T\u00e2y Chu \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. - T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i + C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf V\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed7ng thau. Tuy v\u1eady, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111a c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ea5y, giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111a thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c kho. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, b\u00e0i Ph\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1n \u01b0ong kinh Thi c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n : Th\u00f3c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u vua Cao nh\u01b0 n\u00f3c nh\u00e0 Kho c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1u vua N h\u01b0 g\u00f2 nh\u01b0 n\u00fai. V\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdc, xu\u01a1ng da, g\u1ed7, ngh\u1ec1 d\u1ec7t v.v... \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t \u00ec n h \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1 cao. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng \u01b0\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thau t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ban th\u01b0\u1edfng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00ea li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, xa h\u1ed9i... Ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thau th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0110\u1ea1i Vu n\u1eb7ng 399 kg, c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc 291 ch\u1eef, \u01b0ong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u : \\\" V\u0103n V\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh l\u1edbn \u1edf tr\u1eddi... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e2 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\\\". \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec9nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Chu. \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ngTi\u00ea th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed, xe thuy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdc... \u0111\u00eau do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tuy n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd mang n\u0103ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00eau d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 t\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i mua b\u00e1n c\u0169ng \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 t\u1eadn v\u00f9ng trung l\u01b0u Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0. Tuy ti\u00ean t\u1ec7 \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadt c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu cho bi\u1ebft l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a d\u00f9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 t\u01a1. 131","+ Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f2i H\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u1ecfi. Theo T\u01b0 Ma Thi\u00ean, \\\"con ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00f2i Th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n phong, l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u00c2n, h\u1ecd Lai, h\u1ecd T\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd Kh\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng, h\u1ecd Tr\u0129, h\u1ecd B\u1eafc \u00c2n, h\u1ecd M\u1ee5c Di\\\"w \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n phong \u0111\u1ea5t cho qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chia ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Sau khi chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00eau thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a vua Chu. V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong Kinh Thi c\u00f3 c\u00e2u : \u1ede d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ea7m tr\u1eddi \u0110\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea5t vua Kh\u1eafp tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t Ai c\u0169ng d\u00e2n vua(2 ) Do quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00ean ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua b\u00e1n. Ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng xung quanh kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u00e0 vua Chu gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00ec, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u01b0ong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n phong cho anh em b\u00e0 con v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Khi phong \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n k\u00e8m theo phong t\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00f9y theo b\u00e0 con th\u00e2n hay s\u01a1, c\u00f4ng lao l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng hay h\u1eb9p, g\u1ea7n hay xa v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc cao hay th\u1ea5p. Vua T\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Chu n\u00f3i : \\\"Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a ti\u00ean v\u01b0cmg c\u1ee7a ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m \u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t vu\u00f4ng, m \u1ed7i b\u1ec1 ng\u00e0n d\u1eb7m \u0111 \u1ebf l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec7n p h \u1ee5 \u00e9 3K.. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u1ebfm chia cho C\u00f4ng, H \u1ea7u, B\u00e1, T\u1ee9, Nam l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, \u0111 \u1ec3 thu\u1eadn v\u00f3i tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ph\u00e1i tai n \u1ea1 n \\\" ^ Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vua ch\u01b0 h\u00e2u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Chu. Vua ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u tuy kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01afuy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho con ch\u00e1u. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vua Chu, vua c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea7u, n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00fap m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee9c tu\u1edbc, b\u1ecb thu h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea5t phong ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. Ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t trong V\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00ec v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i \u0111em phong cho c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c quan l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Chu v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khanh, \u0111\u1ea1i phu. Khanh, \u0111\u1ea1i phu l\u1ea1i chia th\u00e1i \u1ea5p cho nh\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00fap (1) S\u1eed K\u00ed - \u00c2n b\u1ea3n k\u1ec9 (2) Kinh Thi - Ti\u1ec3u Nh\u00e3 - B\u00e0i \\\"B\u1eafc S\u01a1n\\\" (3) \u0110i\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5c l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 do vua Chu qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed (4) Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef - Chu ng\u1eef 132","vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m \u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u0129. Khanh, \u0111\u1ea1i phu v\u00e0 s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ed1 thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia, nh\u01b0ng khi th\u00f4i vi\u1ec7c, phai tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, (rong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng xa, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia cho n\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y. M\u1ed7i h\u1ed9 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh ru\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng 100 m\u1eabu (b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 2 ha) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ec3 chia ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e1p nh\u1eefng b\u1edd v\u00f9ng b\u1edd th\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o nh\u1eefng con m\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngang d\u1ecdc, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef \\\"t\u1ec9nh\\\" ( \u1ef3\u1ecb; ) \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"Tinh \u0111i\u1ec1n\\\". Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u00ean l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. C h\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y t\u1ed5n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, khi ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec d\u00e2n d\u1ea7n tan ra. + Quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu trong xa h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ba giai c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. \u0110\u1ee9nH \u0111\u1ea7u giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 vua b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Chu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean t\u1ee9. Vua Chu c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. \u00dd chi c\u1ee7a vua l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u Thi\u00ean t\u1eed, vua Chu c\u00f2n m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ea3 uy tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Vua Chu c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00ea ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n phong ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho con em v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n. D\u01b0\u1edbi Thi\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 c\u00e1c vua ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng vua \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c danh hi\u1ec7u C\u00f4ng, H\u1ea7u, B\u00e1... c\u00e1c vua ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nhung c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean t\u1eed. D\u01b0\u1edbi vua, ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khanh, \u0111\u1ea1i phu, s\u0129. H\u1ecd gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Chu v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. v \u00ea kinh t\u1ebf, tuy h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng ngu\u1ed3n thu\u1ebf kho\u00e1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong. Theo s\u00e1ch Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, khanh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn c\u1ed5 ru\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eef (kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 ha), th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea1i phu c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1t (kho\u1ea3ng 200 ha). Qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf h\u1ecd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. N\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y ru\u1ed9ng \\\"t\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec1n\\\". H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng xa m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111a l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch trong c\u00f4ng xa \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 3 n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n) ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chia l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed5 \\\"\u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1eb1n c\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh\\\". Khi nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0. Trong c\u00e1c d\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u1ee5, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u1ed3ng xa c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1c vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Thi\u00ean Th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a ch\u00ed (th\u01b0\u1ee3ng) c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch H\u00e1n Th\u01b0 ch\u00e9p ; \\\"Th\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh 133","c\u1ee7a \u00c2n Chu... v\u1ec1 m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, khi s\u1eafp cho d\u00e2n ra \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u1ee9 s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm, L\u00fd T\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i \u1edf \u0111i\u1ebfm b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i, L\u0103n T\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1ed3i \u1edf \u0111i\u1ebfm b\u00ean tr\u00e1i, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ra h\u1ebft r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi v\u1ec1. Chi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\\\". Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f2n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ch\u0103n t\u1eb1m, d\u1ec7t l\u1ee5a k\u00e9o s\u1ee3i, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i v.v... Trong th\u00f4n x\u00f3m, h\u1ecd \\\"ra v\u00e0o th\u00e2n m\u1eadt v\u1edbi nhau, x\u00f3m gi\u1ec1ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 l\u1eabn nhau, \u1ed1m \u0111au c\u00f9ng s\u0103n s\u00f3c nhau, cho n\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n h\u00f2a m\u1ee5c\\\". M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \\\"d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vua\\\" t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u1eb7ng n\u00ea. Nh\u1eadn 100 m\u1eabu ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong lanh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng 1\/10 thu ho\u1ea1ch. Ngo\u00e0i ra, h\u1ee5 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n thu\u1ebf ph\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u1ee5a, da, th\u00fa s\u0103n... v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u1ea1p d\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng dinh th\u1ef1, th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1ch, c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v.v... \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5. Giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb xa h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. C\u1eefng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00f9 binh, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec ph\u00e1 s\u1eb3n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 h\u00e2u h\u1ea1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb th\u00edch ch\u1eef v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb coi nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed5 mua b\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e1c, ban t\u1eb7ng. Th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu, 5 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n t\u01a1. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, t\u1ee5c d\u00f9ng ngu\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u1eabn t\u00e1ng v\u1eabn th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefns ngu\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n theo \u1ea5y, ch\u1eafc ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. III - TRUNG QU\u1ed0C TH\u1edcI XU\u00c2N THU - CHI\u1ebeN QU\u1ed0C 1. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb N\u0103m 770 TCN, Chu B\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 sang L\u1ea1c \u1ea4p \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u00f4ng Chu b\u1eaft \u0111\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 256 TCN, Chu b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n th\u00f4n t\u00ednh, nh\u00e0 Chu di\u1ec7t vong. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0110\u00f4ng Chu t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi hai th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1eddi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t s\u1edf d\u0129 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Xu\u00e2n Thu v\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trong s\u00e1ch Xu\u00e2n Thu, quy\u1ec3n s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7 do Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed so\u1ea1n. Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch Xu\u00e2n Thu b\u1eaft \u0111\u00e2u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 722 TCN v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac n\u0103m 481 TCN. Do \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu c\u0169ng t\u00ednh theo ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u1ea5y. C\u00f2n th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y n\u0103m 403 TCN t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m ba n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec7u, Ng\u1ee5y, H\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 Chu c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u00e0m m\u1ed1c m\u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 221 TCN 134","l\u00e0 n\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Chu t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u0103m 770 TCN cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 475 TCN v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp ngay \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c (475-221 TCN). Th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu - Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Chu ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng suy y\u1ebfu, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, do d\u00f3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c. - Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Sau khi B\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00a3i \u0111\u00f4 sang L\u1ea1c \u1ea4p kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u, trong cung \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea9y ra vi\u1ec7c cha con tranh nhau ng\u00f4i vua l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 Chu ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00eam y\u1ebfu. \u0110\u00e3 th\u1ebf V\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ed3ng Chu (L\u1ea1c \u1ea4p) v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng nh\u1ecf h\u1eb9p, nhung ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n phong cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n, ph\u1ea7n th\u00ec b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng h\u1eb9p. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, do uy th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Chu b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tri\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng cho vua Chu n\u1eefa. B\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00ean v\u1ec1 danh ngh\u0129a tuy v\u1eabn l\u00e0 vua chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nhung th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u n\u1eefa. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n phong th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n phong ch\u01b0 h\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ph\u00ean gi\u1eadu b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 Chu. Nhung nay, nh\u00e2n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vua Chu suy y\u1ebfu, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nu\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean t\u1eed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Chu. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n \\\"kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Thi\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u\\\". N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec v\u1eady Chu Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng (con B\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng) \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ea7n, Th\u00e1i, V\u1ec7 \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ecb thua, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Ho\u00e0n V\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u0169ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, nh\u00e0 Chu v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c \\\"Man\\\", \\\"Di\\\" \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u1edbn l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00eau chi\u00eau b\u00e0i c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, nhung th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng m\u00ecnh. Do v\u1eady, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN, tr\u00ean v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra t\u1eafn tu\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1nh nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tranh quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7. N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ec1. V\u1edbi kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \\\"T\u00f4n vua tr\u1eeb Di\\\", vua T\u1ebb l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0n C\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m l\u1ea5n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec5u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nhung \u0110\u1ecbch. N\u0103m 656 TCN, T\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u0111em qu\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng cho nh\u00e0 Chu. N\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf 135","ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a. Sau \u0111\u00f3, T\u00ea Ho\u00e0n C\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ed7ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0. N\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n \u1edf v\u00f9ng S\u01a1n T\u00e2y ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn. N \u0103m 636 TCN, c\u00f4ng t\u1eed Tr\u00f9ng Nh\u0129 sau khi l\u01b0u l\u1ea1c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i 19 n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ed7 l\u00e0m vua, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 T\u1ea5n V\u0103n C\u00f4ng. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. N\u0103m 632 TCN, V\u0103n C\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 huy li\u00ean qu\u00e2n T\u1ea5n, T\u00e2n, T\u1ec1, T\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i li\u00ean qu\u00e2n S\u1edf, Tr\u1ea7n, Th\u00e1i \u1edf Th\u00e0nh B\u1ed1c, v\u00ec v\u1eady ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1eebng l\u1eaby. Sau \u0111\u00f3, T\u1ea5n V\u0103n C\u00f4ng h\u1ecdp h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7. N\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1edd khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u00eau b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c xung quanh v\u00e0 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Chu, n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf \u0111a tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, vua S\u1edf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c x\u01b0ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a vua Chu. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi S\u1edf Trang V\u01b0tmg (691 - 613 TCN) th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a S\u1edf c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh. N\u0103m 597 TCN, S\u1edf \u0111\u00e1nh Tr\u1ecbnh. T\u1ea5n \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7. N\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i mu\u1ed9n. Khi B\u00ecnh V\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4 sang L\u1ea1c \u1ea4p, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng h\u1ed9 t\u1ed1ng vua T\u1ea7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 Chu phong l\u00e0m ch\u01b0 h\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ea7n M\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng (659 - 621 TCN), T\u1ea7n nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi T\u1ea5n, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng sang ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Chu, th\u00f4n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Nhung \u0110\u1ecbch, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn(1). Trong c\u00e1c nu\u1edbc tranh quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n v\u00e0 S\u1edf k\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0. N\u0103m 546 TCN, hai n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn i\u00e0m b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng cho c\u1ea3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec3n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u1eeba l\u1eafne xu\u1ed1nc th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4 \u1edf v\u00f9ng Giane T\u00f4 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf v\u00f9ng Chi\u1ebft Giang dang tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, Ng\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a T\u1ea5n. Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5ng minh c\u1ee7a S\u1edf. V\u00ec v\u1eady chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa S\u1edf v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 \u0111a x\u1ea9y ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e2n. N\u0103m 506 TCN, Ng\u00f4 \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh S\u1edf, chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111\u1ed7. S\u1edf ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7n binh c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n Ng\u00f4. (1) T\u1ec1 Ho\u00e0n C\u00f4ng, T\u1ea5n V\u0103n C\u00f4ng, T\u1ea7n M\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng, S\u1edf Trang V\u01b0\u01a1ng, T\u1ed1ng T\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 Ng\u1ee7 b\u00e1. S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c T\u1ed1ng T\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3. ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00e1 ch\u1ee7. 136","Nli\u00e2n khi qu\u00e2n Ng\u00f4 \u0111ang k\u00e9o \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1ee9c S\u1edf, Vi\u1ec7t \u0111a t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Ng\u1ed1. N\u00e2m 496 TCN, Ng\u00f4 Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh nhau. Vua Ng\u00f4 l\u00e0 H\u1ea1p L\u01b0 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3i ch\u1ebft. Con H\u1ea1p L\u01b0 l\u00e0 Ph\u00f9 Sai quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m b\u00e1o th\u00f9. N\u0103m 494 TCN, Ph\u00f9 Sai \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t. Vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 C\u00e2u Ti\u1ec5n, v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u00fan nh\u01b0\u1eddng xin n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4 \u0111\u1eebng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 cho Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4. Sau \u0111\u00f3, C\u00e2u Ti\u1ec5n n\u1eb1m eai n\u1ebfm m\u1eadt, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd th\u1eddi c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f5. C\u00f2n Ph\u00f9 Sai sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t \u0111a \u0111em to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ef1ng l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 tranh quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7. Sau hai l\u00e2n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n T\u1ec1, n\u0103m 482 TCN, Ph\u00f9 Sai h\u1ecdp c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n. Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y, C\u00e2u Ti\u1ec5n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kinh \u0111\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4. Ph\u00f9 Sai v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 xin h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 473 TCN th\u00ec b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. Sau \u0111\u00f3, C\u00e2u Ti\u1ec5n c\u0169ng k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n l\u00ean mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u1edf Ih\u00e0nh b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian. - Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c Tr\u1ea3i qua cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn l\u00e0 Y\u00ean, T\u1ec1, Tri\u1ec7u, Ng\u1ee5y, H\u1eb1n, T\u1ea7n, S\u1edf. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, ba n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec7u, Ng\u1ee5y, H\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n chia n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 Chu c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u n\u0103m 403 TCN. N\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 306 TCN, v\u00ec c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1n n\u00ean b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1eed ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 L\u1ed7, V\u1ec7, T\u1ed1ng, Tr\u1ecbnh, Ti\u1ebft, v.v... \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV TCN, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1eed Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea1i b\u00f9ng l\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00e1c li\u1ec7t. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c. Trong S\u1ed0 7 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn, Ng\u1ee5y 1'\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. V\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n c\u0169, n\u0103m 354 TCN, Ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec7u \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc n\u0103m 342 TCN, l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e0n \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n binh c\u1ee7a T\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. \u00edt l\u00e2u sau, Ng\u1ee5y b\u1ecb T\u1ea7n v\u00e0 S\u1edf l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u00eda nam, b\u1ecb hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, n\u00ean Ng\u1ee5y suy y\u1ebfu. \u1ede ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, cu\u1ed9c xune \u0111\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa T\u1ec1 v\u00e0 Y\u00ean. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, T\u00ea li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi S\u1edf \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh T\u1ea7n, Ng\u1ee5y, H\u00e0n r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Ng\u1ee5y, H\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh T\u1ea7n, S\u1edf. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a T\u1ec1, n\u0103m 284 TCN, n\u01b0\u1edbc Y\u00ean li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2n, Ng\u1ee5y, Tri\u1ec7u, H\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh T\u1ec1. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a T\u1ec1 b\u1ecb Y\u00ean chi\u1ebfm l\u00e0m qu\u1eadn huy\u1ec7n. N\u0103m n\u0103m sau, tuy T\u1ec1 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111a m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu. 137","N\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh, vua T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfu C\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. V\u1eeba d\u1ecbp \u1ea5y c\u00f3 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng U\u1edfng, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i Ph\u00e1p gia \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hi\u1ebfu C\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdng d\u1ee5ng. N\u0103m 359 TCN, Hi\u1ebfu C\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u01a1ng U\u1edfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu sau \u0111\u00e2y : + T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb an : Nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ee9 5 nh\u00e0, 10 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chung. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng ngang v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ch\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eb7c \u1edf ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c th\u00ec b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m ngang l\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu che gi\u1ea5u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i th\u00ec b\u1ecb x\u1eed ngang v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ecbch \u1edf ngo\u00e0i m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn. - Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p : N\u1ebfu ai s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u00faa, d\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee5a th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n lao d\u1ecbch. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu ai b\u1ecf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i bu\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng m\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i th\u00ec c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 con trai \u0111a c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ri\u00eang m \u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf chung th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i (v\u00ec \u1edf chung l\u00e0m chung s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t). - Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch l\u1eadp qu\u00e2n c\u00f4ng : B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai n\u1ebfu ch\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eb7c th\u00ec \u0111ir\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p, n\u1ebfu m u\u1ed1n l\u00e0m quan th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p l\u01b0cmg m\u1ed7i n\u0103m 50 th\u1ea1ch l\u00faa. Ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu nhi\u00eau hay \u00edt, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o \u0103n m\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc cao hay th\u1ea5p. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 con qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong t\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau khi ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch tr\u00ean, \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 Th\u00e1i t\u1eed. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng U\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng \\\"M u\u1ed1n thi h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u00e1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u t\u1eeb Th\u00e1i t\u1eed\\\". Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9i \u00f4ng vua tu\u01a1ng lai n\u00ean Th\u01b0\u01a1ng U\u1edfng \u0111a th\u00edch ch\u1eef v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t hai th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i t\u1eed. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00e1p l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh. N\u0103m 350 TCN, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng U\u1edfng l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed3 ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0ong m\u1edbi : - Nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u00f4n \u1ea5p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh huy\u1ec7n, do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1eed quan l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 Th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ebfn cai tr\u1ecb. - B\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec1n, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do mua b\u00e1n. - Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i, dung t\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u01a1ng U\u1edfng l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho 138","t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u00ea kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 chinh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \\\"nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi no, d\u00e2n d\u0169ng c\u00e1m trong l\u00fac chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng, khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecb an... ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ea9n gi\u00e0u m \u1ea1 n h \\\" ^ Tuy nhi\u00ean, Th\u01b0\u01a1ng U\u1edfng \\\"l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00ean tri kh\u1eafc b\u1ea1c\\\", \\\"\u00edt l\u00e0m \u0103n \u0111\u1ee9c\\\", \\\" d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111 \u1ebf t\u00e0n h\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\\\", do \u0111\u00f3, \\\"\u0111a nu\u00f4i o\u00e1n ch\u1ea5t h \u1ecd a \\\" \/ 2) Sau khi Hi\u1ebfu C\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed l\u00ean n\u1ed1i ng\u00f4i hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Hu\u1ec7 V\u01b0\u01a1ng. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng U\u1edfng s\u1ee3, ch\u1ea1y sang n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u1ee5y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5y binh l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng U\u1edfng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb cho xe x\u00e9 x\u00e1c. C\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho 6 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u lo s\u1ee3. V\u00ec v\u1eady n\u0103m 333 TCN, theo s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a T\u00f4 T\u1ea7n, T\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Y\u00ean, s\u00e1u n\u01b0\u1edbc Y\u00ean, T\u1ec1, Tri\u1ec7u, Ng\u1ee5y, H\u00e0n, S\u1edf \u0111a l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1ee3p tung \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ed1ng T\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng minh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 n\u0103m th\u00ec b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. Sau \u0111\u00f3, s\u00e1u n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f2n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p tung m\u1ea5y l\u00e2n n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng cang kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee3p tung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, n\u0103m 328 TCN, t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng Nghi d\u00f9ng m\u00e1nh kh\u00f3e ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u1ec3 chia r\u1ebd c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, l\u00f4i k\u00e9o c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi T\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"Li\u00ean ho\u00e0nh\\\" nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1eaft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c T\u1ea7n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, T\u1ea7n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e1ng gi\u00eang Tri\u1ec7u, Ng\u1ee5y, H\u00e0n, S\u1edf v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 Tr\u1ecbnh, T\u1ed1ng, L\u1ed7, V\u1ec7... \u0111\u00eau b\u1ecb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn th\u00f4n t\u00ednh. C\u00f2n n\u01b0\u1edbc Chu nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 th\u00ec n\u0103m 367 TCN, do vi\u1ec7c tranh gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i vua c\u0169ng chia th\u00e0nh hai n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 T\u00e2y Chu v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Chu. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 256 TCN v\u00e0 n\u0103m 249 TCN, hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1ecb T\u1ea7n ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 7 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u00e0 T\u1ea7n \u0111a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch. N\u0103m 230 TCN, T\u1ea7n di\u1ec7t H\u00e0n, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec7t Tri\u1ec7u (228 TCN), Ng\u1ee5y (225 TCN), S\u1edf (223 TCN), Y\u00ean (222 TCN), T\u00ea (221 TCN). Th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. 2. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i - S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u1edbi quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft. Gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc chu\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ec1 c\u00f3 (1) (2) T\u01b0 M\u00e3 Thi\u00ean - S\u1eed k\u00ed - Th\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e2n li\u1ec7t truy\u1ec7n. 139","kh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1eef trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u : \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn\\\". \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n, n\u0103m 513 TCN, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111a d\u00f9ng s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ec9nh, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea1m Tuy\u00ean T\u1eed. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1eaft cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u1edf H\u1ed3 Nam m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1ee9c S\u1edf. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y, l\u01b0\u1ee1i cu\u1ed1c, x\u1ebbng, li\u00eam, b\u00faa v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac s\u1eaft thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u0103 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng s\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00e0m s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o. Thi\u00ean T\u1ea5n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch Qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef ch\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng: \\\"Nh\u1eefng s\u00fac v\u1eadt l\u00e0m v\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th \u1ec3 d\u00f9ng Irong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e1ng\\\". V\u1ea5n d\u1ec1 th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ec9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng. N\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u00f4 th\u1eddi Ph\u00f9 Sai (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN) \u0111a \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebdnh n\u1ed1i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang v\u1edbi S\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0i v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i S\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0i v\u1edbi m\u1ea5y con s\u00f4ng \u1edf g\u1ea7n l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng nhi\u00eau h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u1ee5y, T\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111a t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec3u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c khai ph\u00e1 th\u00eam \u0111\u1ea5t hoana v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c th\u00e2m canh t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. Theo s\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Kh\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u1ee5y th\u00ec m\u1ed7i m\u1eabu ru\u1ed9ng trung b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i n\u0103m thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1 th\u1ea1ch 5 \u0111\u1ea5u(1), n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 6 th\u1ea1ch. Ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01b0n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng thau c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn r\u1ed3 r\u1ec7t. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng thanh tho\u00e1t, trang tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 chu\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng rm.ru, qua, dao v.v... c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfm ng\u1eafn, g\u01b0cme \u0111\u1ed3ng... Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eafng s\u1eaft, ngh\u1ec1 m\u1ed9c c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec1 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ed3 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft, ngh\u1ec1 s\u01a1n. Ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m mu\u1ed1i c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u \u0111a \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c quan chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 s\u1eaft v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefne b\u01b0trc ti\u1ebfn m\u1edbi. Ri\u00eang ngh\u1ed3 luy\u1ec7n s\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u00e8n s\u1eaft, ng\u01b0tVi ta c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fac, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eb3 gang v\u00e0 th\u00e9p. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn n\u1eafm m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u00f9y theo ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh (1) Th\u1ea1ch th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng 20 l\u00edt. 140","c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed3ng, x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eaft, x\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ec7t, x\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ed1m, x\u01b0irng m\u1ed9c v.v... N\u1ec1n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u01b0 doanh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu - Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u00eau v\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 ngh\u00ea luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft, ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m mu\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1eddng do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u kinh doanh. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng 3\/10 thu nh\u1eadp cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ed3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u00ednh b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111a cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng h\u00e0nc ng\u00e0y cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Ttiu c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 s\u00f4i n\u1ed3i. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, T\u1ec1 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb x\u01b0a, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111a \u0111em h\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII TCN, vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ec1 kh\u00e1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Qu\u1ea3n Tr\u1ecdng n\u00f3i : \\\"...Nay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c n\u01a1i, xem x\u00e9t b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a, ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u00e1c th\u1ed5 s\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111 \u1ebf bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1 ch\u1ee3, \u0111\u00e1nh xe b\u00f2, xe ng\u1ef1a \u0111i kh\u1ea5p b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1iig, \u0111em c\u00e1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, mua r\u1ebb b\u1ea9n \u0111\u1eaft. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ecbnh v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t giao th\u00f4ng. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ecbnh \u0111a \u0111i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n kh\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y : nam th\u00ec xu\u1ed1ng S\u1edf, b\u1ea5c th\u00ec l\u00ean T\u1ea5n, \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00ec sang T\u1ec1. Nh\u1edd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau. Sang th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, n\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong xa h\u1ed9i \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n l\u1edbn c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n l\u1ea1ng v\u00e0ng, chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 t\u00edch tr\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m cho ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng rai trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c : trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n thu\u00ea nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, cho vay l\u1ea5y lai, n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf. Tuy v\u1eady, do t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chia c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n ri\u00eang : c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ng\u1ee5y, Tri\u1ec7u, H\u00e0n d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1i x\u1ebbng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Y\u00ean, T\u00ea d\u00f9ng ti\u00ean h\u00ecnh con dao g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111ao, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2n, \u0110\u00f4ng Chu, T\u00e2y Chu d\u00f9ng ti\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf th\u00ec v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng b\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ne. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111a tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed3n hoa \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac nh\u01b0 L\u00e2m Tri c\u1ee7a T\u1ec1, H\u00e0m \u0110an c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u, \u0110\u1ea1i L\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ee5y, L\u1ea1c D\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Chu v.v... (1) Qu\u1ed1c N g\u1eef - T\u1ec1 ng\u1eef. 141","Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, theo Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c s\u00e1ch, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 L\u00e2m Tri c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 v\u1ea1n h\u1ed9 (kho\u1ea3ng 350.000 ngu\u1eddi). Qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u00f4' d\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00edt. - S\u1ef1 thay d\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tru\u1edbc, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ed3n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u00e2u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tan ra, ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u. ThcVi T\u00e2y Chu, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \\\"kh\u1eafp d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ea7m tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e2u cQng \u0111\u1ea5t vua\\\", Thi\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u00e0 Chu \u0111a phong \u0111\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u. Khi m\u1edbi ph\u00e2n phong, s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Chu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi phong \u0111\u1ea5t) v\u1edbi b\u1ed3i th\u1ea7n (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a tr\u1edf n\u00ean xa x\u00f4i v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, nh\u00e0 Chu v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 t\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea5t phong ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec v\u1eady, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u \u0111\u00eau coi lanh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c quy\u00ean s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ngo\u00e0i lanh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn c\u00f2n th\u00f4n t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u, do s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, do tranh gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a nhau, th\u00e1i \u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Khanh \u0111\u1ea1i phu c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh \u0111i\u00ean c\u1ee7ng d\u00e2n d\u00e2n tan ra. Do c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khai kh\u1ea9n th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t hoang. V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111a khai ph\u00e1 th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00edt ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia, do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u0169ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, do k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ec v\u1eady, nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec chia l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa. Cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cang c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ri\u00eang. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c quy\u00ean s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nu\u1edbc n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua b\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mua b\u00e1n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. S\u00e1ch T\u00e1 truy\u1ec7n ch\u00e9p : \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nhung \u0110\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf, d\u00f9ng v\u1eadt qu\u00fd \u0111 \u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua b\u00e2n\\\". S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mua b\u00e1n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi vi\u1ec7c mua b\u00e1n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh me, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1 tan ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t 142","ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tay c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn, n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u00e2u : \\\"Nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u ru\u1ed9ng li\u1ec1n b\u1edd b\u00e1t ng\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5c \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea5m d\u00f9i\\\". Tr\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u00e0n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, vi\u1ec7c thu thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ee1 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u1eefa, v\u00ec v\u1eady nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a. Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII TCN, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3n Tr\u1ecdng, n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00ea \u0111a c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf. N\u0103m 594 TCN, n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebf theo di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u00ea ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. N\u0103m 350 TCN, n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u01a1ng U\u1edfng, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec1n, cho d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua b\u00e1n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. - S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 giai c\u1ea5p S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m cho c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u1ea1i c\u1ea5p trong xa h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 \u0111a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a trong giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng t\u1ecb. Do c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ri\u00eang, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Khanh \u0111\u1ea1i phu, s\u0129 \u0111a bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng quan l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n gi\u00e0u c\u0169ng mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u01b0 \u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ki\u00eam \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. S\u1ef1 tan ra c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tinh \u0111i\u00ean \u0111a l\u00e0m cho giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 100 m\u1eabu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, c\u00f3 khi c\u00f2n khai kh\u1ea9n th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00edt n\u1eefa, \u0111a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 canh. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \\\"kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5c \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1eafm d\u00f9i\\\" th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e0y thu\u00ea cho \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. M\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00edt ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u0129nh canh th\u00eam ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. Do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a trong giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p v\u1ea3i l\u1ee5a v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i l\u00e0m lao d\u1ecbch. Nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u0129nh canh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 Q cho \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u00e2ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, trong xa h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 do. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c l\u00e0nh ngh\u00e9 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng Th\u00e2u Ban (th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 L\u1ed7 Ban) v\u00ea sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 143","t\u00f4n l\u00e0m \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ngh\u00ea m\u1ed9c \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee3 c\u00f3 n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n ngh\u00ea nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.. C\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 sau, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u. H\u1ecd chuy\u00ean l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i \u0111em s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u sinh ho\u1ea1t. M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed n\u00f3i : \\\"Th\u1ee3 g\u1ed1m, th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n \u0111em s\u00e1n ph\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea5y tli\u00f3c\\\", H\u00e0n Phi c\u0169ng n\u00f3i : \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng xe mu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u00e0u sang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u00e1o quan th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ebft non\\\". T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n cang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ne \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. Th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u00eau l\u00e1i bu\u1ed3n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. \u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n l\u1edbn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 T\u1eed C\u1ed1ng, Ph\u1ea1m Lai, B\u1ea1ch Khu\u00ea. T\u1eed C\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, chuy\u00ean bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e0o, n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7. Ph\u1ea1m Lai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t C\u00e2u Ti\u1ec5n, nh\u01b0ng sau khi gi\u00fap C\u00e2u Ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e1nh Ng\u00f4 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111a b\u1ecf sang n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u0110\u00e0o Chu C\u00f4ng. C\u00f2n B\u1ea1ch Khu\u00ea c\u0169ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ng\u1ee5y Hu\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n ki\u00eam \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 La B\u1ea5t Vi \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a b\u1ecf ra m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn c\u00e2n v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n vua, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1eeba t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2n. Do c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n l\u1edbn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0cVng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00ea ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Tu\u00e2n Oanh b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf b\u1eaft, n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1ecbnh c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1. Th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n l\u1edbn c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng giao du v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u \u01b0ong xa h\u1ed9i. Giai c\u1ea5p n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u00f9 binh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n v\u1ee3 con ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. N\u00f3i chung, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00f4n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111a b\u1ecb xa h\u1ed9i cho l\u00e0 phi l\u00ed n\u00ean b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Gi\u00e1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 : cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, \u00c1n T\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ed3 sang n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea5n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ec1 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u00e8n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o xe c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, do nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfn tranh, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 : Tri\u1ec7u U\u1edfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n \u0111a tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 : \\\"N\u1ebfu th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbch..., n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1i ph\u00f3ng\u201d. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 trong cung \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 gi\u1eef ng\u1ef1a, \u0111\u00e1nh xe, gia g\u1ea1o, n\u1ea5u r\u01b0\u1ee3u, h\u1ea7u ti\u1ec7c, ca m\u00faa v.v... Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu - Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 th\u1eddi ki ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 lanh \u0111\u1ecba th\u00e1i \u1ea5p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng xa d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tan ra, trong 144","khi \u0111\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 t\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1edbi : ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 phong ki\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. IV - V\u0102N H\u00d3A 1. V \u0103n h\u1ecdc Th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 th\u01a1 ca, bao g\u1ed3m ca dao c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 do giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ngtr\u1ecb s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c. Th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, th\u01a1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i h\u00e1t, v\u00ec v\u1eady vua Chu v\u00e0 vua c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng sai c\u00e1c vi\u00ean quan ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh SU11 t\u1ea7m th\u01a1 ca c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 nh\u1ea1c. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 hay s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu (trong v\u00f2ng 5 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9) ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. v \u1ec1 sau, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nho n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kinh Thi. Kinh Thi c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 305 b\u00e0i th\u01a1, chia l\u00e0m ba ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Phong, Nh\u00e3 , T\u1ee5ng. Phong l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ca c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c Phong. Nh\u00e3 chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ti\u1ebfu Nh\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u00e3. C\u00f2n T\u1ee5ng bao g\u1ed3m Chu T\u1ee5ng, L\u1ed7 T\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 do c\u00e1c quan ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 b\u00f3i to\u00e1n s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e1t khi c\u00fang t\u1ebf \u1edf mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3, Qu\u1ed1c Phong l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt cao nh\u1ea5t. B\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi th\u01a1 g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i d\u00e2n ca n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00e1n s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong b\u00e0i Ch\u1eb7t g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e0n c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n : Kh\u1ed3ng c\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7t, L\u00faa c\u00f3 ba tr\u0103m. Kh\u00f4ng b\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng s\u0103n, S\u00e2n treo \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00fa N\u00e0y ng\u00e0i qu\u00e2n t\u1eed, Ch\u1edb ng\u1ed3i \u0103n kh\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hay nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa trai g\u00e1i, v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c trong v\u00f2ng 5 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9, Kinh Thi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 10-LSTGC\u0110-A 145","h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Nho \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i : \\\"C\u00e1c tr\u00f2 sao kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc Thi ? Thi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ta ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u00fap ta m \u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eb1m nh\u00ecn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ta bi\u1ebft o\u00e1n gi\u1eadn. G\u1ea7n th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111 \u1ec3 th\u1edd cha, xa th\u00ec th\u1edd vua. L\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean chim mu\u00f4ng c\u00e2y c \u1ecf \\\" ^ \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, th\u01a1 ca c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 S\u1edf T\u1eeb, m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u01a1 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c d\u1ef1a theo d\u00e2n ca c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Khu\u1ea5t Nguy\u00ean. Khu\u1ea5t Nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf suy y\u1ebfu, b\u00ean trong th\u00ec vua quan th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n l\u0103m le th\u00f4n t\u00ednh. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua S\u1edf nghe theo, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang. \u0110\u1ebfn khi n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf b\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, kinh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7, v\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u0111au bu\u1ed3n, \u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng M\u1ecbch La t\u1ef1 t\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a Khu\u1ea5t Nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 Ly tao, C\u1eedu ca, Thi\u00ean v\u1ea5n, C\u1eedu ch\u01b0ong, Chi\u00eau h\u1ed3n, Vi\u1ec5n du v.v... trong \u0111\u00f3 Ly tao l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t. Qua b\u00e0i th\u01a1 n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi g\u1eafm l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00ed ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kinh Thi v\u00e0 S\u1edf T\u1eeb l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n th\u01a1 ca Trung Qu\u1ed1c sau n\u00e0y. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh th\u01a1 ca, v\u0103n xu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y trong khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00e1ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lun lo\u00e1t, gi\u00e0u h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00ed lu\u1eadn ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 M \u1eb7c T\u1eed, M \u1ea1nh T\u1eed, Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed, Trang T\u1ee7, H\u00e0n Phi T\u1eed v.v... 2. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng - B\u00e1t qu\u00e1i, Ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh, \u00c2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1eeb x\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft B\u00e1t qu\u00e1i, Ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh, \u00c2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ngay t\u1eeb khi t\u1ed9c Chu m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Chu \u0111\u00e3 quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1eb3ng qua do 8 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea5t, h\u1ed3, n\u00fai, l\u1eeda, n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u00e9t, gi\u00f3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t ra 8 qu\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb 8 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. T\u00e1m qu\u1ebb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e0n (tr\u1eddi), kh\u00f4n (\u0111\u1ea5t), c\u1ea5n (n\u00fai), \u0111o\u00e0i (h\u1ed3), ly (l\u1eeda), kh\u1ea3m (n\u01b0\u1edbc), ch\u1ea5n (s\u00e9t), t\u1ed1n (gi\u00f3). (1) Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef - D\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a 10-LSTGC\u0110-B 146","M\u1ed7i qu\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng ba g\u1ea1ch ng\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ee9t, ho\u1eb7c v\u1eeba li\u1ec1n v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u do s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau c\u1ee7a 8 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 sinh ra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft B\u00e1t qu\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chu Tuy\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng (827 - 782 TCN), m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan ch\u00e9p s\u1eed t\u00ean l\u00e0 B\u00e1 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1eed B\u00e1) l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt do 5 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 kim, m\u1ed9c, th\u1ee7y, h\u00f3a, th\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi u V\u01b0\u01a1ng (781 - 771 TCN), quan ch\u00e9p g\u1eed B\u00e1 D\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t minh ra thuy\u1ebft \u00c3m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng trong va tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 hai l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u00e2m v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau. M\u1ecdi tai bi\u1ebfn s\u1edf d\u0129 x\u1ea9y ra l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a hai kh\u00ed \u00e2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a sinh ra v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. C\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft B\u00e1t qu\u00e1i, Ng\u0169 h\u00e0nh, \u00c2m d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng duy v\u1eadt v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng th\u00f4 s\u01a1. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1edb l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c b\u00f3i to\u00e1n, t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ed1 V. V... c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. - Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu Th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu, uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f2n m\u1ea1nh, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i chung tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 xa h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c quy ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7 xa h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu, vua \u0110\u00f4ng Chu \u0111a m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, nhi\u00eau d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Khanh \u0111\u1ea1i phu \u0111ang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i ch\u01b0 h\u00e2u. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ec1 t\u00f4i gi\u1ebft vua, con gi\u1ebft cha, em gi\u1ebft anh th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea9y ra. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 xa h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c suy \u0111\u1ed3i, c\u00e1c quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a thcVi T\u00e2y Chu b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5. Ch\u00ednh ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh xa h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y \u0111a s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, trong \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Lao T\u1eed v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed. + L\u00e3o T\u1ee9 Lao T\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng Lao T\u1eed t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110am, nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed m\u1ed9t \u00edt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf, \u0111a t\u1eebng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9c quan gi\u1eef kho s\u00e1ch cho nh\u00e0 Chu. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Lao T\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong quy\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c 147","kinh truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 do Ho\u00e0n Uy\u00ean s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec n \u00e0 y \/ 1* V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Lao T\u1eed cho r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a vfl tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \\\"m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt mung lung sinh ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1eb7ng l\u1ebd, tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i, chuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u00f9ng, l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean h\u1ea1\\\". Lao T\u1eed g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u00f2i \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng do \\\"\u0111\u1ea1o\\\" sinh ra, do \u0111\u00f3 \\\"kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n b\u00f3i to\u00e1n c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eef l\u00e0nh\\\". \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi Lao T\u1eed \u0111a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i i\u1eadp trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch quan nh\u01b0 ph\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u1ecda, c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 m\u00eam, y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh, nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u00edt, tr\u00ean v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sau, th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u01b0, vinh v\u00e0 nh\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4n v\u00e0 d\u1ea1i... v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \\\"c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng sinh, kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 c\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh, d\u00e0i v\u00e0 ng\u1eafn c\u00f9ng so s\u00e1nh, cao v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u01b0\u1edbng nhau\\\". H\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a l\u1eabn nhau, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1i h\u1ecda c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ph\u00fac, trong ph\u00fac c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a s\u1eb5n h\u1ecda. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Lao T\u1eed v\u1eeba c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 duy v\u1eadt th\u00f4 s\u01a1 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng th\u00f4 s\u01a1 nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. V\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Lao T\u1eed ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \\\"v\u1ed5 vi b\u1ea5t tr\u1ecb (kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng cai tr\u1ecb) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u1ed3 n g ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t th\u1eadm t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. \u00f4 n g n\u00f3i : \\\"Trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1eeba th\u00e3i, ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed5ng ru\u1ed9ng hoang vu ; m\u1eb7c \u00e1o nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u, \u0111eo ki\u1ebfm s\u1eafc, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1n, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1eeba, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp\\\". \u00d4ng c\u0169ng \u0111a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean thu thu\u1ebf qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, L\u00e3o T\u1eed ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n xa h\u1ed9i \\\"n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00f3 d\u00e2n \u00edt\\\", do \u0111\u00f3 \\\"tuy c\u00f3 thuy\u1ec1n xe m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea9n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn, tuy c\u00f3 v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u00e0y ra\\\", kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e2n bu\u1ed9c d\u00e2y l\u00e0m d\u1ea5u l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \\\"d\u00e2n\\\" \u0103n th\u1ea5y ngon, m\u1eb7c th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb9p, s\u1ed1ng y\u00ean \u1ed5n v\u00e0 vui v\u1edbi phong t\u1ee5c c\u00faa m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng, Lao T\u1eed l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ngu d\u00e2n, v\u00ec d\u00e2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n th\u00ec kh\u00f3 cai tr\u1ecb. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho \\\"l\u00e3m h\u1ed3n h\u1ecd tr\u00f4ng r\u1ed7ng, nhung b\u1ee5ng h\u1ecd th\u00ec no, ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd y\u1ebfu nhimg x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00ec m\u1ea1nh\\\". \u2022 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Lao T\u1eed c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec v\u00e8 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1nh xe l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. + Kh\u1ed1ng T\u1eed (551 - 479 TCN) Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed t\u00ean l\u00e0 Kh\u00e2u, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Tr\u1ecdng Ni, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7, xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p s\u0129, nh\u01b0ng cha m\u1eb9 m\u1ea5t s\u1edbm n\u00ean \\\"h\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb c\u0169ng ngh\u00e8o h\u00e8n\\\", \u00f4 n g l\u00e0 (1) C\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng L\u00e3o T\u1eed t\u00ean l\u00e0 L\u00fd Nh\u0129 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh L\u00fd Nh\u0129 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh. 148","m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c T\u01b0 kh\u1ea5u (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 T\u01b0 ph\u00e1p) c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7 trong v\u00f2ng 3 th\u00e1ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ec1, V\u1ec7, T\u1ed1ng, Tr\u1ea7n, Th\u00e1i, S\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nhung \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng cung kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7 m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt sinh ra. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed cho r\u1eb1ng \\\"ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 th \u1ec3 th\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao th\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ma\\\", \\\"s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebft\u201d. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn l\u1ea5p l\u1eedng, kh\u00f4ng r\u1ecf r\u00e0ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebb m\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed d\u1ed1c h\u1ebft t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u00e0o l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi T\u00e2y Chu. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00ed do ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i n\u00e0y, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed n\u00f3i : \\\"Cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n ph\u00e9p m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t th\u00ec d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th \u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i nhung kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft li\u00eam si. Cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n ph\u00e9p m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u1ec5 th\u00ec d\u00e2n s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft li\u00eam si v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c l\u00f2ng quy ph\u1ee5c\\\". H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \\\"b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean tr\u1ecdng l\u1ec5 th\u00ec d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh, b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean tr\u1ecdng ngh\u0129a th\u00ec d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng, b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean tr\u1ecdng t\u00edn th\u00ec d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m kh\u00f4ng \u0103n \u1edf h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng\\\". Thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u1ecb t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \\\"ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i trung th\u1ef1c, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c chi d\u00f9ng, th\u01b0ong ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi gian th\u00edch h\u1ee3p\\\". Ngo\u00e0i ra, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh. C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng nh\u0103n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ch\u1ed7 bi\u1ebft coi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \\\"\u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u00ec \u0111\u1eebng l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi k h \u00e1 c \u201d, \\\"m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n l\u1eadp th\u00e2n th\u00ec gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1eadp th\u00e2n, m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t\\\". \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \\\"ki\u1ec1m c h \u1ebf m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang theo l\u1ec5\\\". C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \\\"kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ec1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nghe, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m\\\". Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, l\u1ec5 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c. Theo Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, \\\"Trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng , n\u1ebfu xa x\u1ec9 th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ; trong l\u1ec5 tang, n\u00eau nghi th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00ec ch\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t\\\". Do \u0111\u00f3 \\\"n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i chi c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdc l\u1ee5a, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chu\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1ng\\\". N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c 149"]