["\\\"l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n th\u00ec th \u1ebf hi\u1ec7n l\u1ec5 ra sao ? L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n th\u00ec th\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nh\u1ea1c ra sao ?\\\" Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 l\u00e0 hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed. Hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1eb9 v\u1edbi nhau. Trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a l\u1ebd, c\u00f2n l\u1ec5 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n. V\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ea5y, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u van t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh xa h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00e0i thu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc' ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn n\u00ean \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea3 ba m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed n\u00f3i : \\\"C\u00e1c tr\u00f2 v\u00e0o ph\u00e1i hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, ra ph\u00e1i k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn nh\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecbn c\u00e1c anh, n\u00f3i n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1i g\u1ea7n g\u0169i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n. Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00fa nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean th\u00ec d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111 \u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u0103n h\u00f3a\\\". Ri\u00eang trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u0103n h\u00f3a, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \\\"h\u1ecdc r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111a h\u1ecdc\\\", \u0111\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, \\\"kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 khi h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9m m\u00ecnh\\\" v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00e2u th\u1ecb \\\"bi\u1ebft th\u00ec t\u00f3 ra bi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u00ec t\u00f3 ra kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft\\\". T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn 3.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 Nhan Uy\u00ean, T\u0103ng S\u00e2m, T\u1eed C\u1ed1ng, T\u1eed L\u1ed9, T\u1eed Du, T\u1eed H\u1ea1, Tr\u1ecdng Cung, Nhi\u1ec5m B\u00e1 Ng\u01b0u v.v... H\u1ecd h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nho gia t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed c\u00f2n t\u1eadp h(\u1ef4p ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Thi, Thu, L\u1ec5, Nh\u1ea1c, D\u1ecbch, Xu\u00e2n Thu, trong d\u00f3 s\u00e1ch Nh\u1ea1c b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n, s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u0103m t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Nho g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u0169 kinh. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m trong b\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 th\u01b0 sau n\u00e0y. - C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c Th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, vua \u0110\u00f4ng Chu tuy v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng \u0111a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 Thi\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u l\u1edbn \u0111a ti\u1ebfn 150","h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e0ng \u00e1c li\u1ec7t hon tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t l\u1eabn nhau nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 to\u00e0n Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1ed1i ren h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong xa h\u1ed9i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111a n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 ir\u01b0\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u00f4ng k\u00edch l\u1eabn nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 s\u1eed s\u00e1ch Trung Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"b\u00e1ch gia tranh minh\\\" (tr\u0103m ph\u00e1i tranh lu\u1eadn). Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i l\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i M\u1eb7c gia, Nho gia, \u0110\u1ea1o gia, Ph\u00e1p gia. + M \u1eb7c gia Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 M\u1eb7c T\u1eed, t\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ecbch (kho\u1ea3ng 475 - 390 TCN), ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ed1ng. Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5, chi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebne l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7c T\u1eed l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa danh (t\u00ean g\u1ecdi) v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c (c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c), \u00f4 n g cho r\u1eb1ng \\\"c\u00e1i d\u00f9ng \u0111 \u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ean, c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c\\\", \\\"l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u0111 \u1ebf n\u00eau ra c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c\\\". Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, M\u1eb7c T\u1eed kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0. kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy v\u1eady, M\u1eb7c T\u1eed l\u1ea1i tin c\u00f3 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00ea ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7c T\u1eed l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ki\u00eam \u00e1i (th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi). \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng : \\\"N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau nhau, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nhau, gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i th\u00ec gi\u1eb7c gi\u00e3 tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, vua t\u00f4i cha con \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th \u1ec3 tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau l\u1eabn nhau, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00e1 thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 s\u1ebd \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh\\\". Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ki\u00eam \u00e1i, \u00f4ng c\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c {Phi c\u00f4ng) v\u00ec nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1ea5y \\\"t\u00e0n h\u1ea1i mu\u00f4n d\u00e2n\\\" , \\\"l\u00e0m ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a tr\u0103m h\u1ecd trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1\\\". Trong quan h\u1ec7 xa h\u1ed9i, t\u00ecnh Ih\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \\\"k\u1ebb c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c th\u00ec ph\u00e1i gi\u00fap d\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, k\u00e9 c\u1ecf c\u1ee7a th\u00ec ph\u00e1i chia s\u00e8 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, k\u00e9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00ec ph\u00e1i d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\\\". B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfn tranh, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f9ng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m (Ti\u1ebft d\u1ee5ng), v\u00ec s\u1ed1ng xa x\u1ec9 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \\\"c\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u1eadt c\u00e1i \u0103n c\u00e1i m \u1eb7c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n\\\". \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, \u00f4ng khuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng-n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1m tang linh \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, kh\u00f4ng nghe \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c v.v... 151","Trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, M\u1eb7c T\u1eed ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebb cao ng\u01b0\u1eedi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c (Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec1n). B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 (h\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb cao, n\u1ebfu ai ngu \u0111\u1ea7n thi h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng d\u1ee1i qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. Ngay vua c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ee9c trong thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u1eadp n\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7c T\u1eed r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n ch\u00fang lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng. T\u01b0 tmVng M\u1eb7c T\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u00e9n b\u00e1 kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ne rai trong xa h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c. H\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t che do M\u1eb7c T\u1eed lanh \u0111\u1ea1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u1eb7c gia. Sau khi M\u1eb7c T\u1eed ch\u1ebft, ph\u00e1i M\u1eb7c gia ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed5 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vua ch\u00faa qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7c T\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i M\u1eb7c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M \u1eb7c T\u1ee9. + Nho gia Sau khi Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed ch\u1ebft, Nho gia chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u00eau ph\u00e1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1i T\u0103ng T\u1eed (T\u0103ng S\u00e0m) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ne. T\u0103ng T\u1eed l\u1ea1i m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1ed7 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Nho gia cho T\u1eed T\u01b0 t\u1ee9c Kh\u1ed5ng C\u1ea5p, ch\u00e1u \u0111\u00edch t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed. T\u1eed T\u01b0 l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y cho M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed. M \u1ea1nh T\u1ee9, h\u1ecd M\u1ea1nh t\u00ean Kha, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u00e2u (c\u0169ng \u1edf S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y nay). V\u1ed3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed, c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng sinh n\u0103m 389 TCN v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 305 TCN, c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng sinh n\u0103m 372 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft n\u0103m 289 TCN. M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Nho h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c. K\u1ebf th\u1eeba ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n 2 u\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 le t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt. Theo M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u1ecdt l\u1ed3ng m\u1eb9. Do t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00d3I, bi\u1ebft h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n bi\u1ebft c\u0103m gh\u00e9t, bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecbn, bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i - Nh\u1eefne nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n, ngh\u0129a, l\u1ec5, tr\u00ed. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 khi m\u1edbi sinh ra ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng th\u00ec c\u00e1i t\u00ednh thi\u1ec7n ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ea5y s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1edfi ta se ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh x\u1ea5u, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec s\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n. V\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddne l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, M \u1ea1nh T\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n 152","ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed, M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ebfm l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n vui l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng. N\u1ed9i \u0111ung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i nh\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n ph\u1eb3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \\\"d\u00e2n l\u00e0 qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t, x\u00e3 t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 hai, vua th\u00ec coi n h \u1eb9\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd ph\u1eb3i bi\u1ebft \\\"VM\u00cd c\u00e1i vui c\u00faa d\u00e2n, lo c\u00e1i lo c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n\\\", ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a sun d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e1n \\\"tr\u00f4ng l\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fa d\u1ec3 th\u1edd cha m\u1eb9, tr\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111 \u1ebf nu\u00f4i v\u1ee3 con, n\u0103m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f9a th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c no lu\u00f4n, n\u0103m m\u1ea5t m\u00f9a th\u00ec kh\u00f3i ph\u00e1i ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c\\\". \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng th\u00eam d\u00e2u, nu\u00f4i g\u00e0 ch\u00f3 l\u1ee3n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi 50 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c \u00e1o l\u00f4ng, c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 70 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n th\u1ecbt. H\u01b0n n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00f4n t\u00ednh l\u1eabn nhau, v\u00ec \\\"\u0111\u00e1nh nhau \u0111 \u1ebf tranh th\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e1nh nhau \u0111 \u1ebf tranh \u0111\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed3ng\\\". N\u1ebfu k\u1ebb n\u00e0o th\u00edch g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0cmg th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec xa h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1, \u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00f4ng vua n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n, bi\u1ebft tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a th\u00ec m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00fd d\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng. Song trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0cmg nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u1eb3o t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch M \u1ea1nh T\u1eed. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng sau n\u00e0y, s\u00e1ch M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m trong b\u1ed9 T \u1ee9 th\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp sau s\u00e1ch Lu\u1eadn ng\u1eef. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Nho th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed. Tu\u00e2n T\u1ee9 (kho\u1ea3ng 298 - 238 TCN), h\u1ecd Tu\u00e2n, t\u00ean Hu\u1ed1ng, hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 Khanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Tri\u1ec7u, l\u00e0m quan L\u1ec7nh huy\u1ec7n Lan \u00ed \u0103 n g n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf. V\u1ed3 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1i duy v\u1eadt,' \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng tr\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang. Tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb hay lo\u1ea1n trong xa h\u1ed9i. L\u00e0nh d\u1eef ph\u00fac h\u1ecda c\u0169ng kh\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i do tr\u1eddi g\u00e0y ra. Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u1ed1ng n\u00ean s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i tr\u1eddi. \u1ed2ng cang cho r\u1eb1ng ma qu\u1ef7 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 sao b\u0103ng, c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i k\u00eau l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin. V\u00ea con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00f4ng cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec so v\u1edbi chim mu\u00f4ng, c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed, \u00f4ng cho b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec 153","th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n, ngh\u0129a, l\u1ed7 d\u1eaft d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n. V\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed c\u0169ng t\u00f4n s\u00f9ng v\u01b0tmg \u0111\u1ea1o. Theo Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed, trong c\u00e1i xa h\u1ed9i theo v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ea5y, vua ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy cao nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng vua ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng : \\\"Vua l\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n, d\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ebf ch\u1edf thuy\u1ec1n, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadt thuy\u1ec1n\\\". V\u00ec v\u1eady, vua ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc. Song, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed, Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed cho r\u1eb1ng, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a, h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp s\u0129 tr\u1edf l\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u1ec5 nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tuy c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i Nho gia, nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed v\u00e0 M\u1ea1nh T\u1eed. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 Nho ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ne. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tu\u00e2n T\u1eed. + \u0110\u1ea1o gia \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1o gia th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Trang T\u1eed. Trang T\u1ee9 (kho\u1ea3ng 369 - 286 TCN), h\u1ecd Trang, t\u00ean Chu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c quan nh\u1ecf \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ed1ng nhung xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o. \u0110a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u00ea b\u1ec7n gi\u00e0y c\u1ecf. V\u00ea tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, Trang T\u1eed c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u01b0 v\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o. \u00f4 n g n\u00f3i : \\\"L\u1ea5y l\u00ed m\u00e0 n\u00f3i thi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 c\u00e1i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i thay lu\u00f4n, cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ea5y v\u00f4 vi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1eeb khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u0110 \u1ea1o \u1ea5y l\u00e0m ra th\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ea7n tr\u1eddi, sinh ra tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1ee9c c\u1ea3 th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 cao, d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u b\u1ed3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 s\u00e2u, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 CQ, l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho l\u00e0 g i\u00e0\u201d . H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u do \u0111\u1ea1o sinh ra, Trang T \u1eed \u0111a \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn t\u1ed5n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan, cho r\u1eb1ng \\\"tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ta c\u00f9ng sinh ra, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt v\u1edbi ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\\\" m\u00e0 \\\"\u0111a cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t r\u1ed3i th\u00ec c\u00f2n n\u00f3i c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00e1i kia l\u00e0m g\u00ec n\u1eefa\\\". \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, Trang T\u1eed c\u0169ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n l\u00ed kh\u00e1ch quan, cho r\u1eb1ng khi x\u00e9t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00eda kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, Trang T\u1eed cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ch\u00e2n l\u00ed ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4 n\u1ec9? c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n l\u00ed tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. 154","Ngo\u00e0i ra, Trang T\u1eed c\u00f2n n\u00eau ra r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o, do \u0111\u00f3 khi ng\u1ee7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y chi\u00eam bao, khi t\u1ec9nh kh\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec lo \u00e2u, \u0103n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ngon, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng vui, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t, th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc, \u0111\u1eafc th\u1eafng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng vui m\u1eebng, v\u00ec v\u1eady l\u00ean cao kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3, xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbt, v\u00e0o l\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecfng. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Trang T\u1eed \u0111a c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. V\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Trang T \u1eed c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \\\"v\u00f4 vi\\\" (kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u0129 c\u1ea3) v\u00ec \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1edf d\u0129 trong xa h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e2y r\u1eaby \u0111\u1ea5u tranh l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111ua chen danh l\u1ee3i. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u1eefne ng\u01b0cM c\u1ed1 e\u1eafne \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho xa h\u1ed9i. Theo \u00f4ng, mu\u1ed1n xa h\u1ed9i y\u00ean \u1ed5n th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c, m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i quay v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a xa h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edfng, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Tuy v\u1eady, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Lao T\u1eed v\u00e0 Trang T\u1eed v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi xa h\u1ed9i Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed sau n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, gi\u00e0u h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e9p th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch Trang T\u1eed, v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec3n kinh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nam hoa kinh. + Ph\u00e1p gia Ph\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p gia b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p cai tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3n Tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u01b0\u00edmg U\u1edfng, Th\u00e2n B\u1ea5t H\u1ea1i, Th\u1eadn \u0110\u00e1o v.v... Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00ed lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p gia l\u00e0 H\u00e0n Phi. H\u00e0n Phi (kho\u1ea3ng 280 - 230 TCN) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e0n. V\u00ea m \u1eb7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, H \u00e0n Phi c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a vQ tr\u1ee5, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u do \u0111\u1ea1o sinh ra. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00ea c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Phi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ebb ph\u00e1i duy v\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, H\u00e0n Phi c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt lu\u1ed3n lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \\\"khi c\u00f2n khi m\u1ea5t, b\u1ed7ng ch\u1ebft b\u1ed7ng s\u1ed1ng, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 sau l\u1ea1i suy\\\". Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng. H\u01b0n n\u1eefa, \u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \\\"th\u1eddi th\u1ebf \u0111a kh\u00e1c th\u00ec s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c\\\". V\u1ebb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, H\u00e0n Phi cho r\u1eb1ng d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec \\\"d\u00e2n v\u1ed1n nh\u1eddn v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u00e2ng theo uy l\u1ef1c\\\". 155","Nhung mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec vua ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \\\"th\u1ebf\\\" t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee7 uy quy\u1ec1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean mu\u1ed1n cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh. Thu\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m ba m\u1eb7t : B\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m, kh\u1ea3o h\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t. Thu\u1eadt b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t quan l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo t\u00e0i n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee9c quan, ch\u1ee9c quan n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u00ec bai b\u1ecf. Thu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o h\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1t l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c, l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t th\u00ec ph\u1ea1t. V\u1edbi ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e1p, th\u1ebf v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt, \u00f4ng vua c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb chuy\u00ean quy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc n\u1eb7ng n\u00e9 \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n ngh\u0129a \u01a1n hu\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 trung t\u00edn. V\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p gia ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd hai vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00f2n v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u00ec ph\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p gia kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho xa h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a vua. H\u00e0n Phi l\u00ed lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e0ng s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c se \u00edt v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 se l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea5y s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho l\u00f2ng vua dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i n\u00e0o sai, \u0111o \u0111\u00f3 se kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, H\u00e0n Phi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng : \\\"Trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb vua s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 d\u1ea1y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a vua \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y quan l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m th\u00e2y\\\", n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ecdi di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i x\u00f3a b\u1ecf. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p gia kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u00eda \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eb1m ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi l\u00e0m b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Phi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp Ixrp th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch H\u00e0n Phi T\u1ee9. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i Nho gia, M\u1eb7c gia, \u0110\u1ea1o gia \u0111\u00eau n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p gia \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1ea7n. Sau khi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u00e0 T\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i Ph\u00e1p gia do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 136 TCN, H\u00e1n V\u0169 \u0110 \u1ebf thi h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \\\"bai tru\u1ea5t b\u00e1ch gia, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n Nho thu\u1eadt\u201d, nhung v\u00ea th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u00e1p gia v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nho gia \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc. 156","CH\u01af\u01a0NG V\u1ec9 HI L\u1ea0P C\u1ed0 \u0110\u1ea0I I - NGU\u1ed2N S\u1eec LI\u1ec6U V\u00c0 L\u1ecaCH s \u1eed s \u1eed H\u1eccC HI L\u1ea0P Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Hi\u1ec7n nay, khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u. Ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i sau \u0111\u00e2y : a) Nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng v.v... b) T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Hi L\u1ea1p (nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c th\u1ed5 ng\u1eef Hi L\u1ea1p cho ph\u00e9p ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0). c) Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u0103n b\u1ea3n : nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n bia ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Hi L\u1ea1p. d) C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc e) V\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng : Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n, truy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i... Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hi L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 hai t\u1eadp th\u01a1 : \\\"Ili\u00e1t\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"\u00d4\u0111ix\u00ea\\\" ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII TCN c\u1ee7a H\u00f4me. Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a H\u00f4me c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a to l\u1edbn m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i. Hai t\u1eadp th\u01a1 \u0111a ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eedng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Hi L\u1ea1p trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 H\u00ear\u00f4\u0111\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 \u00edt \u1ecfi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u1eafm. \u00d4ng sinh n\u0103m 484 TCN v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m 425 TCN. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, \u00f4ng tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c 157","ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i du l\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. \u00d4ng \u0111a vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m : \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed chi\u1ebfn tranh Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T\u01b0\\\", H\u00ear\u00f4\u0111\u1ed1t \u0111a c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0crng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \\\"Cha \u0111\u1ebb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\\\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi H\u00ear\u00f4\u0111\u1ed1t l\u00e0 Tuyxi\u0111\u00edt (kho\u1ea3ng 460 TCN - 395 TCN), xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 danh ti\u1ebfng. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, g\u1ed3m 8 quy\u1ec3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, Tuyxi\u0111\u00edt c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00ean m\u00f3ng cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. X\u00ean\u00f4ph\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 v\u00e3n Hi L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 nhi\u00eau t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, trong \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p\\\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Tuyxi\u0111\u00edt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi X\u00ean\u00f4ph\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Plat\u00f4n. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, xa h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 : Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt\\\". H\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 Arixt\u1ed1t ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u1ed3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Arixt\u1ed1t \u0111a \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u00e2n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n t\u00edqh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u00ea s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cGng kh\u00e1 nhi\u00eau. M\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a P\u00f4libia. \u00f4 n g tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Hi L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u0103m 220 \u0111\u1ebfn 160 TCN. Sau t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"Chi\u1ebfn tranh P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne\\\" c\u1ee7a Tuyxi\u0111\u00edt, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a P\u00f4libia \u0111u\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 cho ph\u00e9p ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t c\u01a1 b\u1eb3n \u01b0ong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, ch\u00fang c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 Hi L\u1ea1p. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c (nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, bi k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh lu\u1eadn) \u0111a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 xa h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 v\u0103n bia. C\u00f3 nhi\u00eau v\u0103n bia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111a \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u00eau m\u1edbi trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p... Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ed3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Cr\u00e9t - Mixen ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh sau khi nh\u1eefng khu di t\u00edch c\u1ed5, ti\u1ec1n Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eedng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 cho ph\u00e9p kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Cr\u00e9t ra \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n h\u00f3a Mixen. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa 158","Cr\u00e9t v\u00e0 d\u00e2n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Hi L\u1ea1p, do \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Cr\u00e9t - Mixen. Ti\u1ec1n c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u1eafc c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf Hi L\u1ea1p, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch v\u00e2n h\u00f3a, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n vi\u1ebft tay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p, m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p : Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hi L \u1ea1p l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5\\\" n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt lu\u00f4n iu\u00f4n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf xa h\u1ed9i. Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c ra \u0111\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e2u cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Vonph\u01a1 \u0111a xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp so s\u00e1nh \\\"Iliat\\\" \\\"\u00f4\u0111ix\u00ea\\\" v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n anh h\u00f9ng ca c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng, th\u1eddi k\u00ec H\u00f4me, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ca v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Troa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y qua \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc xa h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t che v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 xa h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, trong t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p xa h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh lu\u1eadn gia th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p \u0111a h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec7n minh cho nh\u1eefng l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 xa h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch \u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ecd n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 tinh th\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, l\u00f2ng dang c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Hi L\u1ea1p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p\\\" c\u1ee7a Gr\u1ed1t (1794 -1871), \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p\\\" c\u1ee7a Kir\u01a1xiux ; \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a\\\" c\u1ee7a \u0110r\u00f4id\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ea5p \u0111a th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 1861, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"Quy\u1ec1n m\u1eabu h\u1ec7\\\" c\u1ee7a Bach\u00f4phen \u0111a ch\u1ec9 ra quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3, \u0111a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u01b0tmg \u0110\u00f4ng. 159","C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, Hi L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u00d4lempic (n\u01a1i \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra th\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i). Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt 1875 - 1881 \u0111a m ang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau, \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n bia. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Nga c\u0169ng tham gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda nam ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt, v\u0103n bia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Ecgi\u01a1mitat. C \u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Nga. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf Nga v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c2u l\u00e0 Kutor\u01a1a (1809 -1889). Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Aten. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 X\u00f4b\u00f4l\u00f4p (1841 - 1909) chuy\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u0103n bia. Trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a Nga ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Misenk\u00f4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a H\u00ear\u00f4\u0111\u1ed1t, Tuyxi\u0111\u00edt, P\u00f4libia, v\u00e0 Xtarab\u00f4n. Vaxiliep \u0111a ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed xa h\u1ed9i Hi L\u1ea1p trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a trong khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a C.M\u00e1c v\u00e0 Ph.Enghen c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX. Lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c \u0111a xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ebb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 v\u1edbi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 : \\\"S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00eam\u00f4c\u01a1r\u00edt v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Epicuya\\\". Trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c {H\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n), M\u00e1c \u0111a gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eedng c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 nir\u1edbc\\\", Ph. Enghen \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Hi L\u1ea1p. Ph.Enghen \u0111a ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y sang ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u0169ng n\u0103m 90 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Nga \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Bi\u1ec3n \u0110en, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a c\u0169ng thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn. V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 Xecg\u00e2y K\u00f4valiep. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Mixulin \u0111a gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. 160","Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\\\" c\u1ee7a Lurie xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1929. N\u0103m 1947, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u1ed3ng v\u1ebb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ra \u0111\u1eddi. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Mac\u00f4venxki. \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 \u00edt, t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. II - \u0110I\u1ec0U KI\u1ec6N T \u1ef1 NHI\u00caN V\u00c0 D\u00c2N C\u01af Hi L\u1ea1p C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba T rung H\u1ea3i, c\u00f3 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng, bao g\u1ed3m mi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Hi L\u1ea1p (Nam b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Ban C\u0103ng), mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t ven b\u1edd Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea3o thu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u1ec7. Mi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Hi L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p. Mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 3 mi\u1ec1n : B\u1eafc, Trung v\u00e0 Nam Hi L\u1ea1p. N\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea3 3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111an xen c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, cao nguy\u00ean, r\u1eebng n\u00fai, \u0111\u1ed3i, s\u00f4ng, su\u1ed1i, eo, v\u1ecbnh... B\u1eafc Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e3y Pi\u0111\u01a1 chia c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh 2 khu v\u1ef1c, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u00capia, nhi\u1ec1u r\u1eebng n\u00fai v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng T\u00e9txali. T\u1eeb B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng Nam, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u00e8o T\u00e9cm\u00f4phin - m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e8o h\u1eb9p, hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf - Trung Hi L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u r\u1eebng n\u00fai, ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc, ngang \u0111\u00e3 chia v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed nh\u1ecf, h\u1eb9p h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nhau. Tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Att\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u00ea\u1ed3xi. Trung v\u00e0 Nam Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t eo nh\u1ecf - eo Corinh - c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3i, n\u00fai v\u00e0 r\u1eebng nh\u1ecf. Nam Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf, h\u00ecnh b\u00e0n tay, c\u00f3 4 ng\u00f3n du\u1ed7i th\u1eb3ng xu\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Lac\u00f4ni, M\u00e9tx\u00eani, \u00c1cg\u00f4l\u00edt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne. B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Hi L\u1ea1p d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh ri\u00eang \u1edf hai n\u1eeda \u0110\u00f4ng - T\u00e2y. B\u1edd ph\u00eda t\u00e2y g\u1ed3 gh\u1ec1, l\u1edfm ch\u1edfm kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n l\u1eafm cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng. B\u1edd ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00fac khu\u1ef7u, h\u00ecnh r\u0103ng c\u01b0a, t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecbnh, nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, an to\u00e0n, thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 \u0111i l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n. B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 b\u1edd ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Hi L\u1ea1p. C\u00f2n v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t li\u1ec1n ven b\u1edd Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i, n\u1ed1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hi L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed3ng. Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u00ea thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh lang c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa mi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Hi L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. \u0110\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o \u01a1 b \u00ea (\u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y), L\u00e1tb\u1ed1t, Ki\u1ed1t, Xam\u1ed1t (\u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed3ng) v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3o Xiclat, (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3o \u0110\u00eal\u1ed1t - m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5) ; \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Hi L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3o Cr\u00e9t tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u00ea, m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh t\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 - v\u0103n minh Cr\u00e9t - Myxen - trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p. 11-LSTGC\u0110-A 161","C\u0169 na gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u0129l c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hi L\u1ea1p. Hi L\u1ea1p \u00edt \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ir\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c(1), nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng nho v\u00e0 \u00f4liu. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p - \u1edf \u00c1tt\u00edch, C\u00f4ranh v\u00e0 B\u00ea\u00f4xi - c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m tinh x\u1ea3o, tuy\u1ec7t m\u0129 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9na th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nhung thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u1ea1i \u01b0u \u0111ai ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p b\u1edfi nhi\u00eau kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1ecf s\u1eaft \u1edf L\u1ed1c\u1ed3ni, m\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf \u01a1b\u00ea, b\u1ea1c \u1edf \u00c1tt\u00edch, v\u00e0ng \u1edf T\u01a1raxi... V\u00e0 nh\u0129me r\u1eebng g\u00f4 qu\u00fd b\u1ea1t ng\u00e0n \u1edf kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, neay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111a th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ne\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p s\u1edbm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng \u0111 \u00edt c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn \u1edf bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u00ea \u0111a c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba sinh s\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u0111a s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra n\u00ean v\u0103n minh t\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p - V\u0103n minh Cr\u00e9t, Myxen. T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 III, \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN, c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p , thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 \u1ea4n - \u00c2u, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t thi\u00ean di li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u \u0110anu\u00fdp xu\u1ed1ne v\u00f9ng Banc\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o thu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u00ea k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 1.000 n\u0103m, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n chinh ph\u1ee5c khu v\u1ef1c, Nam Banc\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4rien \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf ph\u00eda nam b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne, \u0111\u1ea3o Cr\u00e9t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf \u1edf nam \u00cagi\u00f4. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi I\u00f4nien \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng \u00c1tt\u00edch, \u0111\u1ea3o \u01a1b\u00ea, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ven b\u1edd ph\u00eda t\u00e2y Ti\u1ec3u \u1ea2. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ak\u00eaen ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf mi\u00ean Trung Hi L\u1ea1p, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ca\u00f4lien \u1edf B\u1eafc Hi L\u1ea1p, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u00ea v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ven b\u1edd Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n v\u00f9ng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean \u0111a c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Hi L\u1ea1p. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t ng\u1ed3n ng\u1eef, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n. H\u1ecd l\u1ef1 coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n H\u00ealen (Hellene) v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Henl\u00e1t (Hellas). III - V\u0102N MINH CRET - M YXEN (thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 III \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN) - Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 70 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, v\u0103n minh Cr\u00e9t - Myxen trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 s\u01a1 s\u00e0i, m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft (1) Gi\u1ed1ng R\u00f4ma, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadp l\u00faa m\u00ec c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c1. (2) \u1ec8Ii L\u1ea1p - ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb ch\u1eef Hellas n\u00e0y. 162 11-LSTGC\u0110-B","hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 qua 2 t\u1eadp s\u1eed thi Ili\u00e1t - \u1ed2\u0111ix\u00ea c\u1ee7a H\u00f4me cho t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, nh\u1edd c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c - Henr\u00edch S\u01a1liman (1822 - 1890) - v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh - Actua Ivan (1851 -1941) - v\u1edbi c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh T\u01a1roa, Myxen, Tiranh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 C\u01a1n\u00f4t (tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Cr\u00e9t), l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p t\u1eeb thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 II \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 I TCN, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Banc\u0103ng, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn, nh\u1ecf (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Cr\u00e9t) \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 - V\u0103n minh Cr\u00e9t - Myxen.(l) - Cr\u00e9t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u00eda nam bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u00ea, c\u00f2n Myxen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba danh thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng P\u00eal\u1ed3p\u00f4ne. N\u0103m 1900, Actua Ivan - nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh - \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khai qu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee3t \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c, theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 C\u01a1n\u00f4t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3o Cr\u00e9t. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd, Actua Ivan \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh T\u01a1roa (\u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1). V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1873, Henr\u00edch S\u01a1liman - nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c - \u0111\u00e3 t\u1edbi khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c P\u00eal\u00f4p\u1ed3ne. \u1ede Myxen, \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u di v\u1eadt qu\u00fd, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh l\u0169y x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed9 t\u00e1ng c\u00f3 ch\u00f4n theo v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng qu\u00fd b\u00e1u. N\u0103m 1885, S\u01a1liman l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Tiranh - m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng xa Myxen - m\u1ed9t cung \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1 bao quanh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. - V\u0103n minh Cr\u00e9t t\u1eeb thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n huy ho\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, XVI, XV TCN. V\u0103n minh Myxen t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN - khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ak\u00eaen t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc thi\u00ean di xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne - \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XII TCN, v\u0103n minh Myxen c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n huy ho\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t. Qua c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u1edf Cr\u00e9t-Myxen, kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. N\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u00faa m\u00ec, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eadu, rau, qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nho v\u00e0 \u1ed3liu. Gia s\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a, l\u1eeba. Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. C\u00e1c di v\u1eadt \u1edf cung \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh C\u01a1n\u1ed1t (v\u0103n minh Cr\u00e9t) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf M yxen(2^ cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh, ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 : s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, r\u00e8n, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, \u00e9p d\u1ea7u, (1) M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u00ea m\u1eb7t th\u1eddi gian, v\u0103n minh Cr\u00e9t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n v\u0103n minh Myxen, nhung v\u1ebb n\u1ed9i dung l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u1ea3 2 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ebbu \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng nhau, li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau, n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Cr\u00e9t - Myxen. (2) Khi khai qu\u1eadt \u1edf Cr\u00e9t, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 2 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 C\u01a1n\u1ed1t, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kho c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, v\u0169 kh\u00ed, chi\u1ebfn xa, d\u1ea7u, r\u01b0\u1ee3u. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m m\u00e0u, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c. \u1ede Myxen, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e9p d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u chum v\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ef1ne d\u1ea7u \u00f4\u1ec9iu. 163","s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u... Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cr\u00e9t - Myxen c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00fa c\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ed9ng rai \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ee9i Nam Italia, \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin, Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u0103n minh Cr\u00e9t - Myxen l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t xa h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u00ean v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00e0y b\u1ecb t\u00e0n t\u1ea1 v\u00e0o thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c thi\u00ean di l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. IV - TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I H\u00d4M E TRONG L\u1ecaCH s \u1eed HI L\u1ea0P (t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XI \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IX TCN) - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XI \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IX TCN, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec H\u00f4me, v\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p trong 2 iai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ro n\u00e9t trong 2 t\u1eadp s\u1eed thi Ili\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u00f4\u0111ix\u00ea, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 H\u1ed1me \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111a tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0ng cho t\u1edbi nay, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 H\u00f5me (bao g\u1ed3m v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00ea ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a 2 t\u1eadp th\u01a1...) v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i q\u1eeby\u1ebft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ili\u00e1l v\u00e0 \u00d4\u0111ix\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 m\u00f9 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i H\u00f4me, sinh \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng Ili\u00e1t - \u00f4 \u0111 ix \u00ea ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp htrp, c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c d\u00e2n eian truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng, c\u00f2n H\u00f4me kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb chung ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 \\\"Ili\u00e1t - \u00d4\u0111ix\u00ea l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ca c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9\\\"*1* Ili\u00e1t l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n anh h\u00f9ng ca chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 15.000 c\u00e2u th\u01a1, chia l\u00e0m 24 kh\u00fac ca, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ei\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u01a1roa \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. \u00f4\u0111ix\u00ea g\u1ed3m h\u01a1n 12.000 c\u00e2u th\u01a1, c\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 24 kh\u00fac ca, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y gian tru\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f9ng Hi L\u1ea1p - Uylix\u01a1 hay \u00d4\u0111ix\u00ea. Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec H\u00f4me, c\u1ed3ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111a d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Trong c\u1ea3 2 t\u1eadp th\u01a1, c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 418 ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, v\u00e0 48 ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi s\u1eaft. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi H\u00f4me l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n nu\u00f4i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi H\u00f4me \u0111a d\u00f9ng v\u1eadt ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng m\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch, l\u00e0m v\u1eadt trao \u0111\u1ed5i, trong c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 th\u1ea7n linh ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb : (1) Fr\u0103ngxoa \u0110\u00f4binh\u1eafc (Franfois d' Aubignac 1604 - 1676) - B\u00e0n v\u00e9 Ili\u00e1t. Puris 1715. (2) Th\u00e0nh T\u01a1roa c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ili\u00f4ng ; v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u1eadp th\u01a1 mung ten Ili\u00e1t. 164","m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng 20 con b\u00f2 \u0111\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t n\u1eef n\u1ed3 tr\u1ebb gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng 4 con b\u00f2. Trong t\u1eadp Ili\u00e1t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \\\"nh\u1eedng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u1ea7m h\u00e1i s\u1eafc trong tay \u0111ang g\u1eb7t, nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u00faa tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1eb7t ru\u1ed9ng, l\u01b0\u1ee3m n\u1eb1m d\u1ecdc lu\u1ed1ng c\u00e0y, l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3 l \u1ea1 i \\\" ^ Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi H\u1ed3me c\u00f2n tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 cam, chanh, l\u00ea, t\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nho, \u00f4liu. \u0110o\u1ea1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u1eddn qu\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Anxi\u00fat - th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh x\u1ee9 Ph\u00eaaxi trong \u00d4\u0111ix\u00ea c\u1ee7a H\u00f4me : \\\"\u1ede g\u1ea7n c\u1ed5ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o v\u00e2y k\u00edn xung quanh, trong v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y m\u1ecdc xanh t\u1ed1t... L\u00ea ti\u1ebfp l\u00ea, t\u00e1o ti\u1ebfp t\u00e1o, nho ti\u1ebfp nho kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng... xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u00e1t r\u1eb7ng nho cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed1ng rau \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i xanh m\u01b0\u1edbt quanh n\u0103m...\\\"\u00ae Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi H\u00f4me c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 r\u00e8n, d\u1ec7t v\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n, x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e0 \u1edf... Nh\u00ecn chung, kinh t\u1ebf Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi H\u1ed3me l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ef1 cung t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt l\u00e0 hai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nhung kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n (trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadt, l\u1ea5y gia s\u00fac l\u00e0m v\u1eadt trung gian, l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb), c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3. - Ili\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u00d4\u0111ix\u00ea cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng x\u1eab h\u1ed9i Hi L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi H\u00f4me kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a x\u0103 h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec Cr\u00e9t - Myxen, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hi L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi H\u00f4me l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ea1t k\u00ec. Theo Enghen, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo l\u1ed1i v\u1eeba c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ec1n uy, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c - theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n chia cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u1ed3i. Do nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong h\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ho\u1eadc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u1ee3, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1ng lang thang nh\u1edd c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1 t h \u00ed ^ \\\\ Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i H\u00f4me \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfp theo. N\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 th\u1eddi H\u00f4me ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfn t\u00f9 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1ec1. S\u1ed1 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u1ee3 \u0111\u0103 c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea3o. Gi\u00e1 n\u1ed1 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 cao (m\u1ed9t n\u1eef n\u00f4 tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a 4 con b\u00f2). S\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3:n\u1ea5u b\u1ebfp, gi\u1eef ng\u1ef1a, h\u1ea7u r\u01b0\u1ee3u... Nh\u00ecn (1) H\u00f4me : Ili\u00e1t - NXB V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1982, tr. 72. (2) H\u00f4me : \u1ed2\u0111ix\u00ea - NXB V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1982, tr. 63, 64 (3) Ch\u00ednh Uylit (Ulysse) vua x\u1ee9 Itac\u01a1 (Ithaque), nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a anh h\u00f9ng ca, c\u0169ng \u0111a c\u1ea3i trang th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n xin khi quay v\u1ebb g\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 con, sau 20 n\u0103m xa c\u00e1ch. 165","chung, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed3 l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p th\u1eddi H\u00f4me m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, s\u01a1 khai v\u00e0 mang n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f5 l\u1ed9 gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng. V - T H \u1edc I K\u00cc XU\u1ea4T HI\u1ec6N X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I C\u00d3 GIAI C\u1ea4P, NH\u00c0 N\u01af\u1edaC TRONG L\u1ecaCH s \u1eed HI L\u1ea0P (t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VIII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN) 1. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n l\u1edbn trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hi L\u1ea1p sau H\u00f4me - Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1edf neu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1eaft \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ne m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, trong n\u00f4nt\u1ec9 nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1... C\u00e1n c\u00e2n kinh t\u1ebf irong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh, ngh\u1ec1 \u0111a thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao th\u00ec t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII TCN, n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111a v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean. Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh (\u1ef1u l\u1edbn. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ne\u00e0nh, ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean, k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed5 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00ea v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0cmg \u0111a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e0n c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a (Qrrinh chuy\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u00ean bu\u1ed3m, thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn ; Mil\u00ea n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong ngh\u1ec1 gia c\u00f4ng kim lo\u1ea1i, d\u1ec7t ; M\u00eaga l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 len, d\u1ea1...). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111a th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u1edbi (\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m th\u1ee7 c\u00f5ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ti\u00ean t\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i ra \u0111\u1eddi thay cho l\u1ed1i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadt x\u01b0a kia. - S\u1ef1 tan ra c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0 h\u1eefu ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1ea5n \u00e1t quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 n\u1eafm trong tay nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednli l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u00e2ng krp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p sau n\u00e0y. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, bu\u1ed3n b\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t t\u00e2ne l(\u00fdp ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi (tuy kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n l\u1eeb qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c) nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, n\u1eafm trong tay h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ne nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng thiKmg - t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00ea kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 Hi L\u1ea1p trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u0169 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n th\u00e2n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u1ee3, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u00edt, ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ed5ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn l\u0129nh canh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t (v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi 4\/5 thu ho\u1ea1ch) ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m thu\u00ea tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, trong c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o ra 166","t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n - \u0110\u00eam\u1ed5t - v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nhau troni\u1ec9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xa h\u1ed9i th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f3 l\u1ec7 Hi L\u1ea1p. C h\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh \u0111a l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong xa h\u1ed9i Hi L\u1ea1p, ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfn t\u00f9, trone xa h\u1ed9i \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u00eau n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 nl\u0169rne n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o. Vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN, \u0111\u1ea3o Ki\u1ed1t \u0111a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1eddi H\u1ed3me c\u0169ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u1ea5t \u0111i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, xa h\u1ed9i Hi L\u1ea1p sau H\u1ed3me \u0111a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a giai c\u1ea5p \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, 3 t\u1ea7ng k\u00edp xa h\u1ed9i \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1 r\u1ed5 n\u00e9t : Qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c (ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n \u0110\u00eam\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn xa h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng giai c\u1ea5p d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Enghen, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111a ra \u0111\u00f2i \\\"kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng truy\u00ean th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p h\u1eefu s\u1ea3n b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p h\u1eefu s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a... . - M\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa trong xa h\u1ed9i Hi L\u1ea1p sau th\u1eddi k\u00ec H\u1ed7me l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c (l\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p di\u1ec5n ra \u1ed3 \u1ea1t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf ki VIII TCN. Trone l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VIII - VI TCN, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111a c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i Hi L\u1ea1p. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111a th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh me n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Hi L\u1ea1p, cune c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, (h\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng thu\u01b0ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p. Do v\u1eady, kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p Hi L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a giai c\u1ea5p t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng xa h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u0111a t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c cho t\u00e2ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed7 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0cmg v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, trong su\u1ed1t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p, l\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf (c\u1ea3 v\u00ea kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) so v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Hi L\u1ea1p c\u0169ng \u0111a t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hi L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1eed c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0ong T\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. (1) C.M \u00e1e - Enghen tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp, t\u1eadp II. NXB S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 1962, tr.424 167","V\u0103n minh Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u00ean b\u00e1 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Hi L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c (ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, l\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n...). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ngay t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111a cung c\u1ea5p cho Hi L\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh me c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 sau n\u00e0y. 2. S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Hi L\u1ea1p S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang r\u1ea5t Hi L\u1ea1p. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Hi L\u1ea1p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf tan ra c\u1ee7a x\u0103 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda ngo\u00e0i. C h\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a giai c\u1ea5p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111a l\u00e0m cho xa h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c d\u00e2n d\u1ea7n tan v\u1ee1 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t. Th\u1ee9 hai : Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Hi L\u1ea1p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb - qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh bang (polis). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh me c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Hi L\u1ea1p. Trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng, can thi\u1ec7p, n\u00ean ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t Hi L\u1ea1p (v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean x\u00e9 nh\u1ecf) th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ee9c thi\u1ebft( Do v\u1eady, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p, v\u00ea c\u01b0 b\u1eb3n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh bang, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau. Ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p, th\u00e0nh bang - \\\"polis\\\" - c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. Cho n\u00ean h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh bang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 k\u1ebft h\u1ef1p v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh bang kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee9n (l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 8000 km ) v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i (kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 30 - 40 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1ecf, h\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, d\u00e2n c\u01b0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh bang \u0111\u00eau c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh : C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi lanh th\u1ed5, c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ed3n, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng, ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 ri\u00eang. M\u1ed7i Ih\u00e0nh bang c\u00f3 xu th\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u1ea7n chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh (1) M\u00e3i t\u1edbi n\u1ea3m 338 TCN Hi L\u1ea1p m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, nhung s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111ir\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n du\u1ee9i \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i - ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia. 168","hang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 nhau, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau. C\u00f3 th\u00e0nh hang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c (ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 Xp\u00e1c), c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh bang l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo th\u1ec3 ch \u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (\u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Atcn). Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh bang \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, s\u1edbm ho\u1eb7c m u\u1ed9n, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 VIII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf ki VI TCN. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 Xp\u00e1c (\u1edf b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne) v\u00e0 Atcn (\u1edf b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Att\u00edch). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 hai qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh bang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n 2 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u0103 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Xp\u00e1c v\u00e0 Aten c\u0169ng l\u00e0 2 th\u00e0nh bang n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p. VI - TH\u00c0NH BANG XPAC x p \u00e1 c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p (ngay t\u1eeb th \u1ebf k\u1ec9 IX TCN). N\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Lac\u00f4ni thu\u1ed9c ph\u00eda nam P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne, Xp\u00e1c c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i. \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Lac\u00f4ni \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi s\u00f4ng \u01a1r\u00f4t\u00e1t (Eurotas) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau, xune quanh l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng day n\u00fai cao che ch\u1eafn, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Lac\u00f4ni l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3na s\u1eaft v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Hi L\u1ea1p. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t xa h\u1ed9i, \u1edf Xp\u00e1c c\u00f3 3 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng sinh s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xp\u00e1c - t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4rien chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tham gia bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n). H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u00eari\u00e9t v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Hil\u1ed1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xp\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i (\u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady \u1edf Xp\u00e1c, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5n t\u1ea1i. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1eadp th\u1ed5 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Hil\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Xp\u00e1c - \u0110\u00f4rien. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Xp\u00e1c \u0111em to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t chia th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3ni\u1ec9 10.000 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng nhau, m\u1ed7i kho\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed9 20 ha, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hil\u1ed1t v\u00e0 P\u00eari\u00e9t, cho m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4rien. Nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ed1 thu ho\u1ea1ch, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 canh t\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p b\u00e1n, chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u1ede Xp\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u00eari\u00e9t l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u i\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ak\u00eaen chi\u1ebfn b\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch (v\u1ec1 sau th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c t\u1edbi Xp\u00e1c sinh s\u1ed1ng), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 30.000 169","ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Xp\u00e1c coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u00eari\u00e9t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf (n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u0103n nu\u1ed3i, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n) n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xp\u00e1c - \u0110\u00f4rien. Ngo\u00e0i ra h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tham gia qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean ch\u1ebf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ri\u00eang. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kh\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p k\u1ebft h\u1ed3n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4rien. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hil\u1ed1t c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00e1m d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf Xp\u00e1c. Hil\u1ed1t l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd b\u1ecb chia theo nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n chia cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4rien, b\u1ecb g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu ho\u1ea1ch. Do v\u1eady, kh\u00e1c Aten, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Hil\u1ed1t \u1edf Xp\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ri\u00eang, c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp ri\u00eang, l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, nhung l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u1edf Xp\u00e1c, Hil\u1ed1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t theo ki\u1ec3u ri\u00eang, r\u1ea5t Xp\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u00eari\u00e9t v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Hil\u1ed1t l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Xp\u00e1c, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. Do v\u1eady ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0110\u00f4rien - Xp\u00e1c v\u1edbi 2 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Xp\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eb3ng tay d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, Xp\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh bang \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p, l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n phi\u1ec7t. Xp\u00e1c l\u00e0 dinh lu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, k\u00ecm h\u00e3m xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1eadp k\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch Aten ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng duy tr\u00ec n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Aten. VII - TH\u00c0NH BANG ATEN 1. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u00f2i v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 Aten (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII - th \u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN) - Aten l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Att\u00edch (thu\u1ed9c Trung Hi L\u1ea1p). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4 khan, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a h\u00e0ng n\u0103m kh\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Att\u00edch c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, m\u1ecf s\u1eaft, m\u1ecf b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Nh\u00ecn chung, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean x\u1ee9 Att\u00edch kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 canh t\u00e1c c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i. 170","C \u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Att\u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p - ng\u01b0\u1eddi I\u1ed3nien. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ra \u0111\u1eddi, c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ea1t k\u00ec c\u1ee7a x\u00e0 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c. C\u00f3 4 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c bao g\u1ed3m 30 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf 4 kh\u01b0 v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cao nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebb h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c (g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a 30 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 - ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Badil\u01a1 (Basil\u00eaus), do \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ea7u ra, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, ranh gi\u1edbi ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 nho\u00e0. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a 4 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111an xcn nhau, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo d\u1ea7n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 4 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u1edf x\u1ee9 Att\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, l\u1ea5y Aten l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten c\u00f3 nh\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten ra \u0111\u1eddi trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p, x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng Att\u00edch. Th\u1ee9 hai, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, xung \u0111\u1ed9t, \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a T\u00ead\u00ea, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a P\u00earic\u01a1let. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. Th\u1ee9 ba, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 - m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do. - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten, theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, l\u00e0 T\u00ead\u00ea ( Th\u00e9s\u00e9e). C\u1ed3ng lao l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a T\u00ead\u00ea l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean minh 4 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c (v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf 4 khuv\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau) theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed chung thaycho 4 c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u0169, T\u00ead\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 chia to\u00e0n x\u1ee9 Att\u00edch th\u00e0nh 48 \u0111\u1ecba khu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aten g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 48 n\u00f4c\u01a1rari, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 12 n\u00f4c\u01a1rari. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, x\u1ee9 Att\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. T\u00ead\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 chia to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Aten - v\u1ed1n x\u01b0a kia l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng thu\u1ed9c 4 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u0169 - th\u00e0nh 3 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau :qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, n\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eebng th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng. T\u00ead\u00ea l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7uti\u00ean thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u1edf Aten : tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, T\u1ebdd\u00ea c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea5n c\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n x\u01b0a v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c - H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o (Ar\u00ea\u1ed3pagi\u01a1) - g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng 171","lao c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 Baclil\u01a1 b\u1ecb bai mi\u1ec5n thay b\u1eb1ng 9 vi\u00ean quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh(1) (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed ra t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c). Aten sau T\u00ead\u00ea l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc theo thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. C h\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u1ed5. - S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ne nghi\u1ec7p \u0111a l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u xa h\u1ed9i Aten : T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f4ng (h\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0tVng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau \u0111 \u1eb7 c \u2018quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do b\u1ecb ki\u00eam tinh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefne n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n M\u00eatec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch xa h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng xa h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y \u0111a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra n\u0103m 630 TCN, do Xil\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n(\u201c'. Cu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1eabn \u00e2m \u00ec, n\u0103m 621 TCN, quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh \u0110rac\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n - Lu\u1eadt \u0110rac\u00f4ng - Lu\u1eadt \u0110rac\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc (\u00e3n c\u1eafp v\u1eb7t, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb rau, qu\u1ea3, c\u0169ng b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh). B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, nh\u1edd v\u1eady c\u0169ng \u0111a h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 x\u00e9t x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4n\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. - N\u0103m 594 TCN, X\u1ed1l\u00f4ng(3) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan. \u0110\u1ed5 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong xa h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, X\u00f4l\u00f4ng \u0111a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch xa h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Ny\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a X\u1ed7l\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \\\"S\u00easas\u01a1ch\u00eaia\\\" c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \\\"tr\u00fat b\u1ecf g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng\\\". X\u00f4l\u00f4ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111em n\u1ed9p cho qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e1n n\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c v\u1ee3 con m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb n\u1ee3 (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c k\u00ed v\u1eb7n t\u1ef1 vay n\u1ee3 l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n con n\u1ee3 l\u00e0m v\u1eadt th\u1ebf ch\u1ea5p). C h \u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u1ee3 \u1edf Aten ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. X\u00f4l\u00f4ng c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00ean t\u1ec7, c\u1ea5m xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n (tr\u1eeb nho v\u00e0 \u00f4liu) th\u1eeba (1) L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 1 quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. T \u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN. s\u00f4' l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh t\u0103ng l\u00ean 9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u1ed3i 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (2) Xil\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, ngu\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u huy ch\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u00e1n quan trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u00d4lemp\u00edch : Xil\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea3ng \u0111\u0103 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3n Acr\u00f4p\u00f4n - \u0111\u1ed3n th\u1edd n\u1eef th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 Aten - Th\u1ea7n At\u00eana. (3) X\u00f4l\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb sa s\u00fat. \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea1p th\u01a1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u00e0in v\u1edbi \u0111\u1edfi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o. 172","nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, t\u1ef1 do chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n<l). \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eb3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1ed1n \u0111a qu\u00e1 \u00edt' c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n n\u1ea1n ki\u00eam tinh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, X\u00f4l\u00f4ng \u0111\u0103 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u0111a cho m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u1ed5 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, X\u00f4l\u00f4ng \u0111a \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c : khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch kh\u1ea9n hoang... c\u0103n c\u01b0 theo t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, X\u00f4l\u00f4ng \u0111a ph\u00e2n chia c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Atcn kh\u1ed3ng k\u1ec3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c huy\u1ebft t\u1ed9c, th\u00e0nh 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p xa h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb 500 M\u00ea\u0111im th\u00f3c tr\u1edf l\u00ean. \u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 hai c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb 300 M\u00ea\u0111im th\u00f3c tr\u1edf l\u00ean. \u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 200 M\u00ea\u0111im th\u1ed1c, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi 200 M\u00ea\u0111im thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 4. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefne ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch tham gia gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng lao...). Trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p 1, 2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ecb binh, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p 3, 4 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia b\u1ed9 binh. \u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed5 b\u00e2u c\u1eed nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf 4 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u0169, X\u1ed1l\u00f5ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \\\"H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng 400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\" m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c 3 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng 400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ne nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0n\u1ec9\u1ec9 ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh l\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u00e1n tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, X\u1ed7l\u00f4ng \u0111a cho th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp to\u00e0 \u00e1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m, c\u00f9ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, x\u00e9t x\u1eed. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefne c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a X\u00f4l\u00f4ng \u0111a gi\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2n kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh (v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi T\u00ead\u00ea) v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadl l\u1ef1 xa h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch X\u00f5l\u00f4ng - theo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a H.Enghen - ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u0103 hi sinh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l(\u00fdp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t), t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u00eau ki\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea7ng krp b\u00ecnh d\u00e0n duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 v\u00ec n\u1ee3, t\u1ea1o c\u01b0 s\u1edf xa h\u1ed9i cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch \u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch X\u00f4l\u00f4ng cOng \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u00eau quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u01b0u th\u1ebf cho qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng - t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 - t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0ong nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Aten ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh me. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a X\u1ed3l\u1ed3ng \u0111a t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch m\u00e0 xa h\u1ed9i Aten \u0111ang g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i, xoa d\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 (1) Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, khi ch\u1ebft \u0111i, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1. 173","\u0111\u1eadt n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Atcn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a. N\u0103m 508 TCN, nh\u1edd phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ch\u1ed1ng xu th\u1ebf b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, Clixten - th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 508 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 506 TCN, Clixten \u0111a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch xa h\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 Aten. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Clixten l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Aten theo nh\u1eedne khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh (kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a 4 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u0169). To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 x\u1ee9 Att\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 10 khu h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Philai. M\u1ed7i khu Philai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 10 ti\u1ec3u khu (\u0110em\u01b0). C\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf m\u1ed7i ti\u1ec3u khu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u0103ng k\u00ed v\u00e0o s\u1ed5 h\u1ed9 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed5 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc theo d\u1ed5i, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. L\u1ed1i g\u1ecdi t\u00ean na\u01b0\u1eebi theo d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf Ihay b\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1i g\u1ecdi theo t\u00ean ri\u00eang t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Clixten, ranh gi\u1edbi, b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c (c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c) b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n. T\u00e0n t\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau. Clixten \u0111a c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten, theo h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed5ng 400 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf thay b\u1eb1ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bul\u00ea - Theo quy ch\u1ebf, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do nam gi\u1edbi Aten, tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 18 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham gia H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00e0 m\u1ed7i Philai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u 50 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Bul\u00ea l\u00e0 c\u01b0 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Aten, thay m\u1eb7t to\u00e0n th\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t n\u0103m. Bul\u00ea c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc - 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Bul\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia trong 10 u\u1ef7 ban th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c - P\u01a1ritani - M\u1ed7i P\u01a1ritani g\u1ed3m 50 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t khu Philai v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec 1\/10 c\u1ee7a n\u0103m (kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 36 \u0111\u1ebfn 39 ng\u00e0y) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c thay m\u1eb7t Bul\u00ea gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ed3ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Clixten \u0111a t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (Ecc\u01a1l\u00ea\u0111ia) l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten. Ecc\u01a1l\u00eadia l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Aten t\u1eeb 18 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean. C\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00f4ng qua hay ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Bul\u00ea, ch\u1ecdn c\u1eed nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Clixten \u0111a t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 quan ch\u1ee9c Alen l\u00ean 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m 10 quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 10 l\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1(l). \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, Clixten \u0111a cho th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \\\"ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng v\u1ecf s\u00f2\\\". B\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Aten n\u00e0o (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5) n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u, h\u00e0nh vi \u0111c d\u1ecda t\u1edbi n\u1ec1n an ninh xa h\u1ed9i, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u00ec trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n (1) 10 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Aten 174","d\u00e2n, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do Aten s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu k\u00edn, b\u1eb1ne c\u00e1ch ghi t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd nghi ng\u1edd l\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ecf s\u00f2 hay m\u1ea3nh g\u1ed1m. 6.000 l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu c\u00f9ng ghi t\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec 10 ng\u00e0y sau ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Aten trong th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 10 n\u0103m. B\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, Aten \u0111a c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng \u00e2m m\u01b0u ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n, ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n xu th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, qu\u00e0n phi\u1ec7t. Clixten c\u0169ng \u0111a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 c\u00f5ng th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do (nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ed3n c\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n) v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n MCt\u00e9c(1} c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng lao th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do Aten. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefne c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, Clixten \u0111a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau nh\u1eefng t\u1eb1n t\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 Aten. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Clixten \u0111a t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi h\u00f2a hoan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa man h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phe ph\u00e1i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u1edf Atcn m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i c\u00f5ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ngang nhau, c\u00f9ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ec7. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Clixten c\u0169ng \u0111a m \u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho n\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed7, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t Aten h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ea kinh t\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, g\u00f3p ph\u00e2n gi\u00fap Aten chi\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p, x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c I3a T\u01b0 trong th\u1ebf ki ti\u1ebfp sau. 2. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T \u01b0 (492 - 448 TC N ) Chi\u1ebfn tranh Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 Aten n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ngu\u1edfi Hi L\u1ea1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111a d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho Hi L\u1ea1p n\u1ed1i chung v\u00e0 Aten n\u00f3i ri\u00eang b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. - \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T \u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c1 (2) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th \u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua Xir\u00fat (558 - 529 TCN). T\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u00ec tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a vua \u0110ari\u00fat I (521 - 485 TCN) c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c lanh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0 \u0111a h\u1ebft s\u00fac r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng : ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1edbi t\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n Caxpi\u00ean, H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, ph\u00eda nam ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi v\u1ecbnh P\u00e9cx\u00edch (g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 Ai C\u1eadp), ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1p s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n v\u00e0 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u1ea2 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u1ebd. Ba T\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ef1ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu (c\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 binh, k\u1ecb binh v\u00e0 h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n), v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tham v\u1ecdng c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1edbn : kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf hi\u1ec3n Caxpi\u00ean, H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p (k\u1ed5 c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba). N\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a (1) Ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n M \u00eat\u00e9c chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao trong c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Aten. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf. n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nhung h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0. kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do Aten. (2) B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trung t\u00e2i\u0129i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Iran ng\u00e0y nay. 175","Hi L\u1ea1p b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Hi L\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Atcn sau c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch cua Clixten c\u0169n\u00ed: \u0111ang th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t v\u01b0\u01a1n ra c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T\u01b0 x\u1ea3y ra ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u00f3. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e0n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p (\u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u1ea2) \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh Mil\u00ea. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 509 TCN, Mil\u00ea \u0111a k\u00eau g\u1ecdi Aten v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p kh\u00e1c gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c. Aten \u0111a c\u1eed 20 chi\u1ebfn Ihuy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh bang \u00car\u00eat\u01a1ri (tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o \u01a1b\u00ea) sang gi\u00fap. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n, Mil\u00ea \u0111a v\u00e2y ham v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh X\u00e1c\u0111\u01a1 - th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. \u0110ari\u00fat I \u0111a \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p v\u00e0 mai t\u1edbi n\u0103m 494 TCN m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Mil\u00ea (Th\u00e0nh Mil\u00ea b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7, thanh ni\u00ean trai tr\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00f9 binh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0a v\u00ea Ba T\u01b0 b\u00e1n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7). V\u1ed1n s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, Je'\u1ee7c\u1ec9-cmndp-\u01a1hi\u1eefrf<^fS\u1eef> ic-\u0129e-\u0129r?t-xi~ari \\\\rrtiec~nff C\u0129-nnn\u1ecb An.\u0111(r.r\u0129+ M\u1ecb\/ ' \/\u01a0 \/7Q [;\u2022; 11 y\u1eef\/7\u1ee3\u00c16\u01a1'\/f?\u1ee3b\u01a1c<\/\u01a1f\u0129fu'f\/tf< ^ r V \u1ebd \u00f9 \/l'c\/ra rt\u01a1 \/\u1ea1 \/d \u00ea \u1ed9\u01a1\u1ee1r\u1ed7c\/ - T i\/ _ _ C\/\u00ecfF\u1edct c\/\u1ecbc\/r n\u1ea5m 4 9 ZTc\u1ecb<\u00ec ------ C \/r\/\u1eafrc\/\/c\/r \/Tff\u01a1\u1ec9 4 9 \u01a1 Tc.\\\" ----- c\u1ea0\/t\/\u00ecff\u0129'\/nwc\/\/rct\u00e2\/r\/rn?\u00e3xr\u1ee1r\u1ef5\u01b04r8\u01a10 TCA^ n\/r\u01b0\/r\u1ee3tr\u1ecd\/r 480*0\\\" c f\u00f3 \/jA \/u r\/7 H \u00ecnh 5 - B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T\u01b0 176","vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb Aten v\u00e0 \u00car\u00eat\u01b0ri \u0111a gi\u00fap Mil\u00ea l\u00e0m ph\u1ea3n, \u0110ari\u00fat I quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f5ng Atcn. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T\u01b0 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra ngay tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t Hi L\u1ea1p. v \u1ec1 ph\u00eda Ba T\u01b0. hai l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n sang Hi L\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh, v\u00e3n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa Ba T\u01b0 l\u1eeb b\u1ecf iham v\u1ecdng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3t' c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 485 TCN, \u0110ari\u00fat I ch\u00e9t, con trai l\u00e0 X\u00e9cx\u00e9t l\u00ean thiiy quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a cha m\u00ecnh. Y t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t ti\u1ebfn qu\u00e2n m\u1edbi. X\u00e9cx\u00e9t cho \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o r\u1ed9ng qua eo \u0111\u1ea5t \u00c1cxe (\u0111\u00e9 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n Ba T\u01b0 tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u0169i \u0111\u1ea5t At\u1ed1t - n\u01a1i th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e0y ra nli\u1eefng tr\u1eadn bao bi\u1ed5n l\u1edbn). X\u00e9cx\u00e9t \u0111\u00e3 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp, Ph\u00eanixi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u phao d\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua eo \u0110ac\u0111anen. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edch tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ebbu \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0nh quan, tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 th\u00eam qu\u00e2n. Ba T\u01b0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 479 TCN, Ba T\u01b0 l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c Hi L\u1ea1p. T\u1eeb T\u00e9txali, M\u00e1c\u0111\u00f4ni\u00fat th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n Hi L\u1ea1p tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o x\u1ee9 Att\u00edch, v\u00e2y ham th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Aten. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Hi L\u1ea1p do vua Xp\u00e1c - Paoxani\u00e1t - ch\u1ec9 huy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i v\u00e2y cho Aten, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ba T\u01b0. M\u00e1c\u0111\u00f4ni\u00fat ph\u1ea3i r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Att\u00edch. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng minh truy k\u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u1eadn t\u1eed chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Plat\u00ea. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn qu\u00e2n l\u1ef1c Ba T\u01b0 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, t\u01b0\u1edbng M\u00e1c\u0111\u00f4ni\u00fat t\u1eed tr\u1eadn. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Hi L\u1ea1p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ed3. Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e0 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf, h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Hi L\u1ea1p (do vua Xp\u00e1c - L\u00ea\u00f4tisit\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng Aten - X\u0103ngtip\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9 huy) \u0111a t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng qu\u00e2n Ba T\u01b0 \u1edf Mical\u01a1, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Lexb\u1ed1t, Xam\u1ed1t, Ki\u1ed1t... Hi L\u1ea1p c\u00f2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Ba T\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00e1c\u0111anen, Ba T\u01b0 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 448 TCN, Ba T\u01b0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i k\u00ed h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Hi L\u1ea1p - h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc Callia - th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \\\\ t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u00ea. Chi\u1ebfn tranh Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T\u01b0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bang Hi L\u1ea1p. 3. Aten trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 (t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V \u0111\u1ebfn the k\u1ec9 IV TCN) - S\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf Sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T\u01b0, trong th \u1ebf k\u1ec9 V, IV TCN, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Atcn \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh. Do nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Aten ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u1ed5ng cao, t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh 1 kg th\u00f3c cao h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 th\u00f3c nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o. Do v\u1eady, Aten v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1eadp l\u00faa m\u00ec c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf v\u00f9ng H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu Aten r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nho, \u00f5liu, v\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Aten v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nho v\u00e0 \u00f4liu - hai lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang v\u00e0 \u00e9p d\u1ea7u \u00f4liu. (1) Theo h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc. \u0111\u1ea3o Sip v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 177 12-LSTGC\u0110-A","Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9n2 kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Atcn v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ne nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ne h\u1ea3i. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u1ed1ng phong ph\u00fa, tinh x\u1ea3o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, th\u1ecfa man nhu c\u1ea7u ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Aten v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01b0ng. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u00ea th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng : luy\u1ec7n kim, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed5 da, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, s\u00e0nh s\u1ee9, nh\u1ea1c c\u1ee5, may m\u1eb7c, d\u1ed9t v\u1ea3i v.v... Quy m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u1edbn d\u1ea7n l\u00ean. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfne th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9 d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb 50 \u0111\u1ebfn 100 n\u1ed7 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111a tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. (\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf - nh\u01b0 \u1edf m \u1ecf b\u1ea1c L\u00f4ri\u00f4ng - \u0111a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ed3ng chuy\u00ean in\u1ed7n h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n (v\u1eeba t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eeba t\u1ea1o ra cho Aten m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1), v\u00ed nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng may m\u1eb7c \u0111a ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean \u0111o, c\u1eaft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean may nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o kh\u00e1c nhau. \u1ede c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng luy\u1ec7n kim c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac, l\u1ed3 \u0111\u00fac, th\u1ed5i b\u1ebd... L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 d\u00e0n t\u1ef1 4o l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 gi\u1ecfi, l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, chuy\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng tinh x\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m m\u1eaft gi\u1ea3 cho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5 tinh vi, trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh g\u1ed1m, s\u1ee9 m\u00e0u qu\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u00ean. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111a th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kinh t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i \u1edf A\u00eden ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. So v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Aten c\u00f3 k\u00e9m h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1 s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee3 trung t\u00e2m m\u1ecdc l\u00ean (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee3 \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Aten), b\u00e0y b\u00e1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu th\u1ecfa man nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n cho t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng xa x\u1ec9, \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1. N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn c\u0169ng mang t\u1edbi ch\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n, mua. G\u00e0, v\u1ecbt hoa qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1, len d\u1ea1, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, v\u0169 kh\u00ed, d\u1ea7u th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng, r\u01b0\u1ee3u, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y b\u00e1n la li\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c khu ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp h\u1ee3p i\u00ed \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u1ee3. D\u00e2n c\u01b0 Aten d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfc c\u00f3 ch\u1ea1m n\u1ed5i l\u00e0m v\u1eadt trung gian trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u1eed c\u00e1c ch\u1ee3. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng Aten ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t hcm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0, Aten \u0111a v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u00ean kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. C\u1ea3ng P i r \u00ea ^ m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n c\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u00f3 11 km l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m xu\u1ea5t, nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Aten \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb c\u1ea3ng Pir\u00ea, Aten xu\u1ea5t sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n bang nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ; d\u00e2u \u00f4liu, r\u01b0\u1ee3u nho, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m m\u00e0u c\u00f3 trang tr\u00ed hoa v\u0103n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ve \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch, thi\u1ebfc, ch\u00ec, m\u1eadt ong, v\u1ea3i (\u0111\u1ec3 may (1) C\u1ea3ng PirC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 3 khu v\u1ef1c v\u00f3i 3 c\u1eeda th\u00f4ng ra bi\u1ebbn. 2 c\u1eeda l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n c\u1ea3ng. 1 c\u1eeda l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3ng 178 12-LSTGC\u0110-B","m\u1eb7c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m bu\u1ed3m). C\u0169ng t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3ng Pir\u1ebd, Aten nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong Ih\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i : ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c t\u1eeb H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, B\u1eafc Phi, \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin, h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau t\u1eeb An \u0110\u1ed9, ch\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u00faa m\u00ec c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 ; ng\u00e0 voi t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u Phi ; g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n, nh\u1ef1a, \u0111\u00e1u, gai, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb x\u1ee9 Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia v\u00e0 T\u01a1rax\u01a1. Ngo\u00e0i ra Aten c\u00f2n nh\u1eadp c\u00e1, da s\u00fac v\u1eadt, gi\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, \u0111\u1ed3 thu\u1ef7 tinh... \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aten quan t\u00e2m - nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 - l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch \u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. C\u1ea3ng Pir\u00ea c\u0169ng l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Pir\u00ea, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 Aten, \u0110\u1ebdl\u1ed1t... l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0o b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Aten, l\u00e0 Aten kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadp h\u00e0nt\u0129 h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 Aten c\u00f2n nh\u1eadp (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7), sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t sang b\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda t\u00e2y). Aten th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch, \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o cho Aten nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n thu nh\u1eadp l\u1edbn(1) t\u0103ng th\u00eam vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Aten trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hi L\u1ea1p. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f4ng \u01b0n d\u1ee5ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 cho vay lai c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 A te i\/2> c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00e1c l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i sau khi b\u00e1n h\u1ebft h\u00e0ng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1edf h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c t\u1eeb Aten v\u1ec1 th\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 mang ti\u00ean Alen v\u1ec1. \u1ede c\u1eb3ng Pir\u00ea c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Aten \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea7ng l\u1ed1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1eeda hi\u1ec7u chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n, cho vay lai v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 (v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Padi\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 50 tal\u0103ng v\u00e0ng). B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten, \u01b0ong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111a vay ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng t\u01b0 gia n\u00e0y. Lai su\u1ea5t cho vay th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb 12 \u0111\u1ebfn 18%(3\\\\ Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V, IV T C N ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf Aten ph\u1ed3n vinh, th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Hi L\u1ea1p v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean - n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c si\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf. - S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Aten Sau c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch X\u00f4l\u00f4ng, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u1ee3 \u1edf Aten ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cung c\u1ea5p cho xa h\u1ed9i Aten l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 binh trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn(4\\\\ (1) Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a xu\u1ea5t, nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng 2% thu\u1ebf quan (2) H\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng li\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Aten n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Hi L\u1ea1p n\u00f3i chung \u00d4b\u00f4n - \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t 1 Drachme = 6 \u00d4b\u00f4n (Obole) 1 Tal\u0103ng = 6.000 \u00d4b\u00f4n 26,20 kg (3) Ri\u00eang l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t cho vay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i bu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa v\u00e0 tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n - ngh\u1ec1 hu\u00f4n hay g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng nguy hi\u1ebbm. c\u00f3 khi ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n - th\u01b0\u1eddng cao h\u01a1n. c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 100%. (4) Tr\u1eadn \u01a1rim \u00ea\u0111\u00f4ng (n\u0103m 468 TCN) Aten\u0111tt M t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 20.000 qu\u00e2n Ba T\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. 179","nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua v\u00e0 b\u00e1n t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1ec1. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 \u1edf Aten g\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi, Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, v\u00f9ng H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i(1). Cho t\u1edbi nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Aten. At\u00ean\u00ea - nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Hi L\u1ea1p th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III - cho r\u1eb1ng \u1edf Aten c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 40 v\u1ea1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, 2 v\u1ea1n d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, 1 v\u1ea1n ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n M\u00eat\u00e9c. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"Nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hi L\u1ea1p - R\u00f4ma\\\" (xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1886), nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c - B\u00eal\u1ed1c - l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng Aten (\u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cao nh\u1ea5t) s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 10 v\u1ea1n (c\u00f9ng 10 v\u1ea1n d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 30 v\u1ea1n ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n M\u1ebdt\u00e9c). C\u00f2n F.Enghen trong \\\"Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\\\" l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c : 365.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, (90.000 d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 45.000 ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n M\u00eat\u00e9c). Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Nga - Nikiph\u01a1r\u1ed1p - d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111a d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 so v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do : \\\"Ngay \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh bana Hi L\u1ea1p ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng vu\u1ef1t qu\u00e1 90% v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ee9c 15% c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh t h \u1ecb ^ 1. S\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng rai, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trone \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, xa h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aten. Trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng nhi\u00eau, v\u00ec n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Aten ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u1ed3ng nho, \u00f4liu - m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u00f4ng phu, c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, khi thu ho\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng (\u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi d\u1eadp, v\u1ee1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, d\u1ea7u \u00f4liu) - Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng lcinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00f3 x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 20, 30 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111a s\u1ed1 x\u01b0t\u00fdng \u0111a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf, s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ecf b\u1ea1c \u1edf L\u00f4ri\u00f4ng - do nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed - \u0111a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7*3). S\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 (rong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1p d\u1ecbch trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 (ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u01b0\u1eddn gia s\u00fac, gi\u1eef ng\u1ef1a, n\u1ea5u b\u1ebfp, h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1....). Trong th\u01b0\u01a1nc m\u1ea1i, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n, khu\u00e2n, b\u1ed1c d\u01a1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch \u1edf c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u bu\u00f4n. Khi c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, VQ kh\u00ed. \u1ede th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Aten, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 300 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 X\u00edtt\u01a1 (v\u00ec\u1ef1ig \u0110anu\u00fdp) l\u00e0m c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. (1) Ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 Aten r\u1ea5t \u01b0a d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng xa Aten, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3m h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t, s\u00fac kho\u1ebb, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a nhau n\u00f4n \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ebb ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7. (2) Nikiph\u01a1r\u1ed1p - L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th \u1ebf gi\u1edbi T\u1eadp 1, cu\u1ed1n I, NXB S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1962, tr. 137 (3) Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 thu\u00ea n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n 180","Nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1eabn c\u00e1n, trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n hay c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Aten quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ri\u00eang, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \\\"c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i\\\" - kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh(1) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi theo qu\u00ea qu\u00e1n). \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebb nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eafc d\u1ea5u tr\u00ean tr\u00e1n m\u1ed7i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n ra mua n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n Ihu\u1ed9c v\u1ed3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u00ean s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1n, mua, nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u1eeba k\u1ebf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ei\u1ebft ch\u1ebft n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n, mua, \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. N\u00f4 \u1ec9\u1ec7 \u1edf Aten \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. Aten c\u00f3 nh\u1eedng ch\u1ee3 chuy\u1ebdn b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em b\u00e1n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u00e1n gia s\u00fac. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua xem x\u00e9t, xoi m\u00f3i t\u1eeb d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p, c\u00e1i r\u0103ng, c\u00e1i t\u00f3c \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eebng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 t\u00f9 binh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sau m\u1ed7i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft trong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Nh\u1eedng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng gi\u1ecfi, v\u0169 n\u1eef, nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng... bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng cao gi\u00e1 h\u01a1n. \u1ede Aten, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, phong ph\u00fa. \u0110a s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e2 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch gia \u0111\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, mua n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 \u0111em n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 nu\u1ee9c thu\u00ea theo nh\u1eebng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn. (Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf m\u1ecf b\u1ea1c L\u1ed3ri\u00f4ng l\u00e0 do thu\u00ea l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 kinh doanh ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 theo ki\u1ec3u cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f4 \u1ec9\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 kinh doanh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf, b\u1ebfn t\u00e0u, trang tr\u1ea1i... theo nh\u1eefng k\u00ec h\u1ea1n quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111em n\u1ed9p cho ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ebbu v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, qu\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1eeda ch\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, c\u1ea7u c\u1ed1ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, ch\u00e8o thuy\u1ebbn... Nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n nh\u1eedng n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 t\u01b0 gia, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n M\u00eat\u00e9c (nh\u01b0 Clixten \u0111\u0103 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n). N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o trong \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Aten v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nhung th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed3 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m : chi ph\u00ed \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thu l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00ed do c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong x\u1ea7 h\u1ed9i Aten. - S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten - Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 - N\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u00e2't Giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf Aten c\u00f3 2 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn: qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc theo thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, (I) Con c\u00e1i do n\u1eed n\u00f4 sinh ra l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. 181","ch\u00fa n\u1ed3. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa hai ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ki xo c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN(I). Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1ea5n \u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc xu h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eb3o th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ne \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u1edd v\u1eady n\u00ean d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 Aten \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. th\u00e0nh ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 462 TCN, sau khi n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, E p h ia n t\u00e9P \u2019'* (Ephialtes) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch d\u00e0n ch\u1ee7. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft f\u00ecfig \u0111a t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng lao - m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 theo Ephiant\u00e9t, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan ph\u1ea3n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ed3 th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n - Quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y do H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng lao n\u1eafm gi\u1eef) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (Ecclesia). Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p trao cho h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Bule) v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 cho c\u01a1 quan ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 - to\u00e0 \u00e1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (H\u00e9lie) - H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng lao (Ar\u00ea\u00f4pagi\u01a1) v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c nang \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5, t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. T i\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, Ephiant\u00e9t \u0111a \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 G\u01a1raph\u00eaparan\u00f4m\u1ed3n, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e9 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 h\u1ecd so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o. C h\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y v\u1eeba ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefne m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng phi\u00eau l\u01b0u, qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ph\u00e1i b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng chiu khoanh tay, h\u00f2 h\u00e9t v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9n2 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang r\u1eb1ng Ephiant\u00e9t \\\"\u0111a m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e1 tr\u1edbn\\\"(3) v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u00e1m h\u1ea1i \u00f4ng (v\u00e0o n\u0103m 461 TCN). P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9t (P\u00e9ricles) (499 - 429 TCN) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u00e1nh t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lanh \u0111\u1ea1o cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten. P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9t xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 gi\u1ea7u c\u00f3, ch\u00e1u ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Clixten, con trai c\u1ee7a danh t\u01b0\u1edbng Aten X\u0103ngtip\u1ed1t. Nh\u1edd gia th\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, chu \u0111\u00e1o ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf n\u00ean P\u00e8ric\u01a1l\u00e9t s\u1edbm n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng, t\u00e0i cao, nh\u00e0 h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng rai v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u00e3n h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf Aten. S\u1eed gia Tuyxi\u0111\u00edt - ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u00e1i b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn P\u00earic\u01b0l\u00e9t \\\"... c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, uy t\u00edn, th\u1ed5ne minh, c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 cho ai mua chu\u1ed9c\\\". V\u00ec th\u1ebf, trong su\u1ed1t 15 n\u0103m (1) T \u1eeb n\u0103m 490 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 471 TCN, ph\u00e1i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0nh \u01b0u th\u1ebf T\u00eam ixtecl\u01a1 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ed9n ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. T\u1edbi n\u00e1m 471 TCN. ph\u00e1ih\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 t\u1ea5n c\u1ed3ngth\u1eafng l\u1ee3i th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \\\"b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu h\u1eb1ng v\u1ecf s\u00f2\\\", ph\u00e1i b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee5cxu\u1ea5t T\u00eam ixtecl\u01a1 kh\u1ecfi Aten v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a Xim\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c phe m\u00ecnh, l\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n cho m\u00e3i t\u1edbi n\u0103m 462 TCN. (2) Ephiant\u00e9t xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c sa s\u00fat, m\u1ed9t ngu\u1eedi m \u00e0 theo H\u00ear\u00f4\u0111\u1ed1t : \\\"Trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c. C\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 m ua chu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\". (3) L\u1eddi Plat\u00f4n - m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. 182","li\u00ean t\u1ee5c (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 444 \u0111\u1ebfn 429 TCN), P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3u l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Pcric\u01a1l\u00e9t \u0111a t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ecfu ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. li\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1eb1m ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u1ed7n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Atcn. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9t c\u00e2m quy\u00ean, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed3 Alen \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c h \u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9t c\u00e2m quy\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \\\"th\u1eddi k\u00ec ho\u00e0ng kim\\\" c\u1ee7a Aten v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hi L\u1ea1p. \\\"Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" hay \\\"th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9t\\\". P\u00earic\u01a1lct ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0cmg ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ed1n \u0111a c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Duy tr\u00ec quycn h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng 500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, to\u00e0 \u00e1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (c\u00f3 6000 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n), h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh (2 \u1ed3m 10 t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh)... P\u00earic\u01a1l\u1ed1t c\u00f2n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, quy \u0111\u1ecbnh 10 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ebd nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp m\u1ed9t l\u00e2n. To\u00e0 \u00e1n nh\u00e2n d\u00e0n v\u1edbi 6000 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n se kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefne ai tham d\u1ef1 phi\u00ean to\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u00ean c\u00f4ng khai h\u1ebft t\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho b\u1ecb can. P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9t c\u0169ng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefne ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4 n g d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 CJ0 (t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00f5 h\u1ed9i, thi \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ec3 thao, bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ca k\u1ecbch(1)...). \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u00ean d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n Aten, P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9t \u0111\u00e3 ih\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0crc b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ed1c th\u0103m N h\u1edd v\u1eady, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ne d\u00e2n Aten \u0111\u1ed3u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u1eafm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m \u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, k\u1ed5 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao nh\u1ea5t : quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho n\u00ean d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n A\u00edcn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ed3n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, P\u1ebdric\u01a1l\u00e9t \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c : Tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0cmg cho c\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng rai v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edfng xuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n g\u1eb7p kh\u1ed5 kh\u0103n (c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t th\u00f3c, l\u00faa, c\u1ea5p ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 mua v\u00e9 xem ca k\u1ecbch, th\u1ec3 thao...), ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3 Aten, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi P\u1ebdric\u01a1l\u00e9t c\u0169ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch di d\u00e2n Aten t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng minh \u0110 \u00ea l\u1ed1 t^ 1 v\u1eeba ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u1eeba th\u1ecfa man y\u00eau (1) Th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y. v\u0103n h\u00f3a Atcn \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. nh\u00e0 th\u01a1. so\u1ea1n k\u1ecbch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00eam\u00f4c\u01a1r\u00edt. Anaxago. H\u00ear\u1ed3\u0111\u1ed1t. Etsin. X\u00f4ph\u00f4cl\u01a1, Phi\u0111i\u00e1t... (2) Tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng (nh\u01b0 10 t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh) ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u1edbn (nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng Aten). (3) \u0110\u1ed3ng minh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 do Aten thi\u1ebft l\u1ea1p v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o sau chi\u1ebfn tranh Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T\u01b0 g\u1ed3m g\u1ea7n 200 th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c mc\u00ddi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhau \u0111\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng minh l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t \u1edf \u0110\u00eal\u1ed1t, sau \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 Aten. 183 \u00ed","c\u1ea7u ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n Aten. (Theo th\u1ed1nt\u1ec9 k\u00ea, P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9l \u0111a \u0111\u01b0a h\u01a1n 10.000 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Aten t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi \\\"Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9t\\\", Aten tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m \u1ed9t th\u00e0nh hang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t v\u00ea kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t. N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten l\u00e0 \u0111inh cao c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ed1'\u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, n\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ; do v\u1eady nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 Aten \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, t\u1ed5n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00f4 ]\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n M\u00eat\u00e9c. N\u1ebfu con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Enghen l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n M\u00eat\u00e9c \u1edf Aten ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb3o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do (365.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 45.000 ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n tr\u00ean 90.000 d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do). N\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eb3n xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 xa h\u1ed9i Aten, nh\u01b0nt\u00ed l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u1eadn m \u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Aten tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i da s\u00f4' c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111ang sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Aten. Th\u1ee9 hai : N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Aten c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp ngay trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u0103m 451 TCN quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n (nam gi\u1edbi, 18 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aten) m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (Eccl\u00e9sia) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ed1 c\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do Aten c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfm qu\u00e1 30% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do Aten. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf d\u01b0\u1edbi 18 tu\u1ed5i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu, \u1ed1m \u0111au, nh\u1eefng thanh ni\u00ean 18 tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng cha ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Alen chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao, nh\u01b0ng theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e1n. Th\u1ee9 ha : C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra \u1eed th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Aten, do v\u1eady, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf chi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do (\u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n) \u1edf neay Aten v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1edfng xuy\u1ebdn. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng : s\u1ed1 c\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n Aten th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n (Eccl\u00e9sia) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 6000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Aten v\u1ed1n d\u0129 \u0111a l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Aten, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. 4. C hi\u1ebfn tra n h P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne (431 - 404 TCN) v\u00e0 s \u1ef1 k h \u1ee7 n g ho\u1ea3n g c \u1ee7 a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p - \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN, \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hai \u0111\u1ed3ng minh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau : \u0110\u1ed3ng minh \u0110\u00eal\u1ed1t (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh Aten) do Atcn 184","lanh \u0111\u1ea1o, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u0103m 478 TCN v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng minh P\u00eal\u00f4p\u1ed3ne do Xp\u00e1c l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ebb quy\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa hai \u0111\u1ed3ng minh n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Alen mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c sang ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, n\u1eafin gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Italia, Xixin, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n \u0111ang n\u1eb1m trong tay Corinh, M\u00eaga - hai th\u00e0nh bang thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne - v\u1ed3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Aten l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh bang ti\u00ean phong v\u00e0 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c Ih\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, x p \u00e1 c l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng duy tr\u00ec th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 noi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch Aten ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Chi\u1ebfn tranh P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne - th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn huynh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p - \u0111\u0103 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u00f3. - K\u00e9o d\u00e0i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c 27 n\u0103m, huy \u0111\u1ed9ne h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p tham chi\u1ebfn, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn huynh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng xa h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Aten.(1) VIII - HI L\u1ea0P TRONG TH\u1edcI K\u00cc TH\u1ed0NG TR\u1eca C\u1ee6A M AK \u00ca\u0110\u00d4NIA. TH\u1edcI K\u00ec HI L\u1ea0P H\u00d3A (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 334 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 30 TCN) 1. M a k \u00ea \u0111 \u00f4 n ia v\u00e0 s \u1ef1 th \u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c th \u00e0 n h b a n g Hi L \u1ea1 p Makc\u0111\u00f4nia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c Nam \u1ea2u, ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Hi L\u1ea1p, Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia c\u00f3 2 khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed : mi\u1ed7n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai, cao nguy\u00ean th\u00edch h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i ; mi\u1ec1n h\u1ea1 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ne thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt. Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ed7 qu\u00fd, kim lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng T\u00e9txali (B\u1eafc Hi L\u1ea1p)(2). Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111a \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u1ed3 th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mak\u00ea\u0111\u1ed1nia v\u00e3n c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ea1t k\u00ec c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i H\u00f4me c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p). Al\u1ebfchxan I (495 - 450 TCN) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0(M \u0111a thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia, \u00c1ck\u00f4la\u00fat (419 - 399 TCN) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Mak\u00ea\u0111\u1ed3nia. \u00c1ck\u00eala\u00fat \u0111a x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Penla th\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1 tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Mak\u00ea\u0111\u1ed3nia ; thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng (1) Hi\u1ec7p u\u1ee9c n\u0103m 404 TCN quy \u0111\u1ecbnh 1. Aten ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng minh \u0110\u00eal\u1ed1t do m\u00ecnh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o 2. Aten ph\u1ea3i huy b\u1ecf l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 12 thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn 3. Aten ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf qu\u00e2n c\u1ea3ng Pir\u00ea. 4. Aten ph\u1ea3i b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ed3n Aten m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o tay 30 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. do Criti\u00e1t c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u. (2) Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. 185","nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1edfn\u00ed\u00ed giao th\u1ecfng, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0oni! nghi\u1ec7p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1... \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV TCN, nh\u1edd ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0n ban\u00ed> (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Hi L\u1ea1p), Mak\u00ea\u0111\u1ed7nia \u0111a nhanh ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u1edb th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Banc\u0103ng (khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111a suy y\u1ebfu). Philip II (359 - 336 TCN) - ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eadt n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia - \u0111a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf, xa h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u1ea1o n\u00f4n m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5l, gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddne v\u1ed3 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i nco\u1ea1i kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o. Philip II \u0111a t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, d\u1ef1 ir\u1eef l\u01b0ony th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng. \u0110\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Canxi\u0111\u00edc v\u00e0 T\u01a1rax\u01a1, Philip II \u0111a m \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ed3ng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mak\u00ea\u0111\u1ed3nia. N\u0103m 338 TCN th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn, Philip II \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafne xu\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Hi L\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p l\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 (do Aten v\u00e0 Teb\u01a1 c\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e2u). Nti\u01b0nt? kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ed1ng Ba T\u01b0, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p, do nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111a kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Tr\u1eadn k\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa Philip II v\u00e0 Li\u00ean minh Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf K\u00f4r\u00f4n\u00ea (thu\u1ed9c B\u00ea\u00f4xi). Li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i : To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn binh Teb\u01a1 t\u1eed tr\u1eadn, 1.000 binh s\u0129 Alcn b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft, 2000 binh s\u0129 kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh. N\u0103m 337 TCN t\u1ea1i Corinh, Philip II \u0111a tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh hang Hi L\u1ea1p (Xp\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1) thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0110\u1ed3ng minh Corinh (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed3ng minh Hi L\u1ea1p) do M ak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia ch\u1ec9 huy. V\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bane Hi L\u1ea1p v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nhung th\u1ef1c ra \u0111a b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Mak\u00ea\u0111\u1ed1nia (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ngo\u1ea1i giao). 2. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f4ng chinh c\u1ee7a Al\u1ebfchxan M ak\u00ead\u00f4nia - Th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L \u1ea1p h\u00f3a (Hell\u00e9nisme) (T\u01b0 n\u0103m 334 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 30 TCN) Nh\u01b0 v\u0169 bao, qu\u00e2n Al\u1ebfchxan tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfm Babilon, Xud\u01a1, P\u00e9cx\u00eap\u00f4l\u00edt (nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 quan tr\u1ecdne nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0). \u0110 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 di\u1ec7t vong sau 200 n\u0103m t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Kh\u1ed1ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, Al\u1ebfchxan ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho qu\u00e2n tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfm Ech\u00editan (kinh \u0111\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0cmg qu\u1ed1c M\u00eadi), P\u00e1cti, B\u00e1ct\u01a1ria v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1. T\u1ea1i Trung \u00c1, qu\u00e2n Al\u1ebfchxan g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, 2.000 chi\u1ebfn binh Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia b\u1ecf m\u1ea1ng. (V\u00ec v\u1eady sau khi \u0111a \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ne \u1edf v\u00f9n\u1eb9 n\u00e0y, Al\u1ebfchxan \u0111a th\u1eb3ng tay t\u00e0n s\u00e1t c\u01b0 d\u00e2n, 120.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i). T\u1eeb \u00c1peanixtan, Al\u1ebfchxan Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia th\u00e2n chinh ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n Mak\u00ea\u0111\u1ed7nia tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o T\u00e2y B\u1eafc An \u0110\u1ed9 (v\u00f9ne Pengi\u00e1p) v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. Al\u1ebfchxan c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u01b0t\u0129t s\u00f4ng In\u0111us (s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n) v\u00e0o s\u00e2u trong n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, nh\u01b0n\u00ed? v\u00ec qu\u00e1 186","m\u1ec7t in\u1ecfi tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chinh chi\u1ebfn, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n th\u01b0(Vng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9t k\u00edch, qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1. Al\u1ebfchxan bu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng ph\u1ea3i cho qu\u00e2n Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia r\u00fat v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc (n\u0103m 325 TCN) sau khi \u0111a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3n tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Pengi\u00e1p<l). 10 n\u0103m chinh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7y chi\u1ebfn t\u00edch, b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c Al\u1ebfchxan \u0111a thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, bao g\u1ed3m lanh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau, nhi\u00eau trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda h\u1eafc t\u1edbi t\u1eadn v\u00f9ng Iran, Trung \u1ea2 ph\u00eda nam xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u Phi, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y t\u1edbi b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Banc\u0103ng v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f5ng ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y B\u1eafc An \u0110\u1ed9. Al\u1ebfchxan \u0111a ch\u1ecdn Babilon l\u00e0m kinh \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, cai qu\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y, Al\u1ebfchxan \u0111a chia \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea5n (satrapes), s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia, duy tr\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 xa h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Al\u1ebfchxan nu\u00f4i tham v\u1ecdng x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00f9ng Ar\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111a t\u00edch c\u1ef1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ihu\u1ef7 d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng \u01a0ph\u01a1r\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefne \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 - ne\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 323 TCN - Al\u1ebfchxan ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t \u00e1c t\u00ednh, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi 33 tu\u1ed5i. C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Al\u1ebfchxan \u0111a l\u00e0m cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia kh\u1ee7ne ho\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a chinh Al\u1ebfchxan khi \u0111ang c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh \\\"C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u00e1m tane c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u\\\". Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \\\"Xuri2 \u0111\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110ia\u0111\u00eakh\u1ed1t\\\". Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e0n \u0111a t\u00f4n Ari\u0111\u00ea - em trai Al\u1ebfchxan - v\u00e0 con nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Al\u1ebfchxan l\u00e0m Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, P\u00e9c\u0111ic\u00e1t l\u00e0 t\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbne n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf chia nhau h\u00f9ng c\u1ee9 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng : Pt\u00f4l\u00eam\u00ea \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, L\u00ea\u1ed3n\u00edt \u1edf Xiri, Phil\u1ed1t \u1edf Xixin, Antig\u00f4n \u1edf Phorigi, N\u00ea\u00e1ckh\u1ed1t \u1edf Lixia... Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III TCN, \u0111 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c M ak\u00ea\u0111\u1ed3nia b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ecf, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 3 qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t (v\u1edbi nh\u1eefnt? v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau*) : 1. Qu\u1ed1c gia Pt\u00f4l\u1ed7m\u00ea, bao g\u1ed3m Ai C\u1eadp, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n Libi, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Al\u1ebfchxan\u0111\u01a1ri. 2. Qu\u1ed1c gia X\u00eal\u00eac\u00fat g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 c\u0169 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u1ea2, irung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Xiri. 3. Qu\u1ed1c gia Antig\u00f4n g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia c\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Hi L\u1ea1p. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1eeb khi Al\u1ebfchxan Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia \u0110\u00f4ng chinh (n\u0103m 334 TCN) cho t\u1edbi khi qu\u1ed1c gia Pt\u00f4l\u00eam\u00ea (\u1eed Ai C\u1eadp) b\u1ecb R\u00f4ma x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh (1) \u0110o\u00e0n vi\u1ebdn chinh c\u1ee7a Al\u1ebfchxan tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 b\u00e0ng hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1ef7. b\u1ed9. \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y do \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c h\u00e0i qu\u00e2n N\u00f4\u00e1cc\u00fat ch\u1ec9 huy. xu\u00f4i s\u00f4ng \u00c2n. ven b\u1edd v\u1ecbnh P\u00e9cx\u00edch, v\u00e0o c\u1eedu s\u00f4ng \u01a0ph\u01a1rat v\u1ec1 Babilon. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9 do Al\u1ebfchxan v\u00e0 Crat\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 huy. v\u01b0\u1ee3t quang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i tr\u1ed3n 800 km. m\u1ea5t 2 th\u00e1ng r\u00f2ng r\u00e3. n\u1ed7i gian tru\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u binh s\u0129 Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia. \u00ed 87","m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u1ed5ma (n\u0103m 30 TCN) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L\u1ea1p ho\u00e1(1) (Hell\u00e9nisme). Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, n\u1ed3n v\u0103n minh Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xung quanh (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u \u00c2u), t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ne \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb l\u1edbn v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch i\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Anti\u1ed1t (Xiri), P\u00e9cgam (Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1), Al\u1ebfchxan\u0111\u01a1ri (Ai C\u1eadp)... Th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a, nh\u1eefne \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111a t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho Hi L\u1ea1p ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, suy tho\u00e1i. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u00f4ng - T\u00e2y (m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd hon v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hon). V\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt.... Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc t\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u1ed1i sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfp thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a, khoa h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng (k\u1ed5 c\u1ea3 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1ch trang ph\u1ee5c theo ki\u1ec3\u01b0 Ba T\u01b0, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9). Th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a cang l\u00e0 th\u1eddi ki c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c l\u1edbn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. IX - V\u0102N H\u00d3A HI L\u1ea0P c \u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea0I N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u00eau v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u0103n h\u00f3a Hi L\u1ea1p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u00f5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf (nh\u1ea5l l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i), tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i - n\u00ean d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 - v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn cao \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4. 1. V \u0103n h\u1ecdc - Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00eanixi, ngu\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111a c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Hi L\u1ea1p. So v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh (Ai C\u1eadp), (1) Hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L\u1ee5p h\u00f3a. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean l\u1ea5y m\u1ed1c n\u0103m 323 TCN (khi Al\u1ebfchxan ch\u1ebft). C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00ean l\u1ea5y m\u1ed1c b\u0103ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Al\u1ebfchxan Mak\u00f4\u0111\u00f4nia phin li\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh 3 qu\u1ed1c gia (\u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf ki m TCN)... 188","h\u00ecnh \u0111inh (L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0), m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 cao, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t t\u01b0 duy. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 Hi L\u1ea1p ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft Xlav\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n nay, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u1ed5ma s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 R\u1ed3ma, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng rai \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1edd h\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa. - Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p. M it\u00f4 l\u1ed1 g ia ^ ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp hc\u1ef5p, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 d\u00e2n gian truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefne n\u1ed9i dung hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, huy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c k\u00ec \u1ea3o, g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng th\u1ea7n linh, c\u00e1c anh h\u00f9ng d\u0169ng s\u0129 Hi L\u1ea1p... Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong su\u1ed1t chi\u00eau d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p (t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u00e3n minh Cr\u00e9t - Myxen cho t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m th\u00e1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh bang) xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng kinh t\u1ebf, xa h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefne t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p, ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00e2n tho\u1ea1i v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng xa h\u1ed9i v\u1eeba \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, duy l\u00ed v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00ed. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u1ec1u do nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01b0, nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n k\u1ecbch th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u1ec3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i theo nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh^2) nh\u01b0ne nh\u00ecn chung, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hi L\u1ea1p d\u00f9 hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n, th\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt b\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a, \u00edt b\u1ecb h\u00f2a v\u00e0o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a, h\u00f2a v\u00e0o trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i cung c\u1ea5p cho v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i phong ph\u00fa. Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \\\"l\u00e0 mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 nu\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hi L\u1ea1p... ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1... v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Hi L \u1ea1p\\\"(3). Th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hi L\u1ea1p gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e8 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c vG tr\u1ee5, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh. Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Kha\u00f4x. m \u1ed9t v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, hung d\u1eef nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec3n kh\u01a1i, t\u1ed1i \u0111en. lang thang hoang d\u00e3. Kha\u00f4x sinh Gaia - ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 D\u1ea5t m\u1eb9 - v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ng\u1ef1c n\u1edf nang, n\u1ec1n m\u1ecfng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i. Gaia v\u00e0 Kha\u00f4x sinh ra Er\u00e9p (ch\u1ed1n t\u1ed1i t\u0103m v\u0129nh c\u1eedu), Nix (\u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i), Turtar (\u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c). Er\u00f4x (t\u00ecnh y\u1ebdu). \u01afran\u00f4x (b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi sao l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh), M\u00f4ntanh\u01a1 (n\u00fai non), P\u00f4nt\u00f4n (hi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3)... (1) Mit\u00f4l\u00f4gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi 2 t\u1eeb : Mit\u00f4x (truy\u1ebbn thuy\u1ebft, huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 L\u00f4g\u00f4x (ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb. truy\u1ed9n k\u1ed5). (2) C\u0169ng k\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 Pr\u00f4m\u00eat\u00f4 nh\u01b0ng Pr\u00f4m\u00f4t\u00f4 trong thi ca c\u1ee7a H\u00eadi\u1ed1t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Pr\u00f4m\u00eat\u00ea trong \\\"Pr\u00f4in\u00eat\u00ea h\u1ecb xi\u1ec1ng\\\" c\u1ee7a Etsin. C\u0169ng k\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 Or\u00e9xt\u01a1 gi\u1ebft m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9 cho cha, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edf C\u00f4\u00eaph c\u1ee7a Etsin kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi v\u1edf El\u1ebfcht\u01a1 c\u1ee7a X\u00f4pl\u00ec\u00f4cl\u01a1 v\u00e0 El\u1ebfcht\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u01a1rip\u00edt. (3) K.M\u00e1c - F.Enghen - tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp, t\u1eadp II S\u0111d tr. 630 189","D\u1ee9t - ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p coi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f9a h\u1ecd - l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Uran\u00f4x v\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n N\u00eaa, \u0111a x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ih\u1ea7n linh v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec9nh \u00d4limp\u01a1 l\u00e0m n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n(1). Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra sau c\u00f9ng, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hi L\u1ea1p k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh th\u00e2n Pr\u00f4m\u00eat\u00ea \u0111a l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t t\u1ea1o n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u1ed3i sa\u00fa \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a D\u1edbt cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ... C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 uy quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e2n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p, b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang, cho c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1... N\u1eef th\u1ea7n At\u00eana - th\u00e2n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 cho th\u00e0nh bang Atcn. \u0110i\u00f4nid\u1ed1t - th\u00e2n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ef1 cho ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng nho v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u01b0\u1ee3u, Ap\u00f4l\u00f4n - th\u1ea7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, Aphr\u00f4\u0111\u00edt - n\u1eef th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p... C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong th\u1ea7n th\u1ecd\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Hi L\u1ea1p : c\u0169ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ahen gh\u00e9t, c\u0169ng gi\u1eadn, bu\u1ed3n, \u0111 \u1ed1 k\u1ecb, \u0111a t\u00ecnh, \u0111a th\u00ea, \u00edch k\u1ec9... th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u khi b\u1ecb tr\u00fang th\u01b0cmg. - Th\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. T\u1eadp th\u01a1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hai t\u1eadp Ili\u00e1t - \u00d4\u0111ix\u00ea( \\\\ ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng ; th\u1eddi k\u00ec H\u00f4me. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai t\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca, hai t\u1eadp s\u1eed thi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trong v\u0103n \u0111\u00e0n Hi L\u1ea1p. Ili\u00e1t g\u1ed3m 15.783 c\u00e2u th\u01a1, chia th\u00e0nh 24 kh\u00fac ca. \u00d4\u0111ix\u00ea d\u00e0i 12. 110 c\u00e2u th\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng chia th\u00e0nh 24 kh\u00fac ca. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u01a1 \\\"Gia ph\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n\\\" \\\"Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft\\\" - H\u00eadi\u1ed1t - ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 B\u00ea\u00f4xi (th\u1ebf ki VIII TCN) \u0111a ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00fac c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang m\u1edbi ra \u0111\u1eddi. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII, VI TCN, th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean thi \u0111\u00e0n Hi L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u : Par\u1ed1t, T\u00ea\u00f4nh\u00edt, Ackil\u1ed1c, Panh\u0111a, v\u00e0 n\u1eef s\u0129 Xaph\u00f4... Xaph\u00f4 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o(4) n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p coi l\u00e0 \\\"n\u00e0ng th\u01a1 th\u1ee9 10\\\" (sau 9 n\u00e0ng th\u01a1 trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i). - K\u1ecbch th\u01a1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y l\u1ebd h\u1ed9i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n \u0110i\u00f4nid\u1ed1t. Trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ebd n\u00e0y, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Aten th\u01b0\u1eddng kho\u00e1c \u00e1o da c\u1eebu, h\u00f3a trang \u0111eo m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1, ca h\u00e1t di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00edch th\u1ea7n (1) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi \\\"th\u1ebf h\u1ed9 th\u1ea7n tr\u1ebb\\\" do D\u1edbt \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n \u00d4limp\u01a1. (2) T\u1eeb huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. \u00c9tsin \u0111\u00e3 xay d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edfbi k\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129anh\u00e2n v\u0103n : \\\"Pr\u00f4m\u00eat\u00ea b\u1ecb xi\u1ec1ng\\\". (3) T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a H\u00f4me. Hi\u1ec7n nay \\\"v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebb H\u00f4me\\\" v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n tr\u00e1i ngu\u1ee3c nhau. (4) Xaph\u00f4 sinh n\u0103m 600 TCN. B\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eebng m\u1edf nhi\u1ec1utr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc d\u1ea1y con c\u00e1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c : d\u1ea1y \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c, khi\u00eau v\u0169. thi ca... 190","tho\u1ea1i. Ngli\u1ed9 thu\u1eadt ca k\u1ecbch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eeb th\u1ed1 k\u00ed V TCN, \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n k\u1ecbch ki\u1ec7t xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Iih\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tuy\u1ec7t t\u00e1c g\u1ed3m 2 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i : hi k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 h\u00e0i k\u1ecbc h(1). \u00c9 tsin (525 - 426 TCN) xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tham gia h\u00e0o v\u1ed9 T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c trung cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T\u01b0. \u00c9tsin s\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra 90 v\u1edf k\u1ecbch (hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 7 v\u1edf), trong \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \\\"Orext\u01a1\\\", \\\"Pr\u1ed3m\u00eato h\u1ecb xi\u1ec1ng\\\". X \u00f4 ph\u1ed1cl\u01a1 (497 - 406 TCN) l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 k\u1ecbch th\u01a1 (c\u1ea3 hi k\u1ecbch, h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch) s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng qu\u00ea v\u1edbi P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9t. S\u00e1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a X\u00f4ph\u00f4cl\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 123 v\u1edf hi h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch (hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 7 v\u1edd), n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 \\\"\u01a1\u0111ip l\u00e0m vua\\\", \\\"\u01a1\u0111ip \u1edf Colon\\\". \\\"Antig\u00f4n\\\". \u01a1 r i p \u00edt (480 - 406 TCN). ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Xalamin. t\u00e1c gi\u00e0 c\u1ee7a 92 v\u1edf bi k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 1 v\u1edf h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch, ti\u00eau bi\u1ebbu l\u00f9 \\\"M\u00ea\u0111\u00ea\\\". \u01a1 rip \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i k\u1ecbch t\u00e2m l\u00ed \\\\ \u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hi L\u1ee5p. D\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 Arixt\u00f4phan (450 - 388 TCN), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a 44 v\u01a1 h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch (hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n 11 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m) nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1edf \\\"K\u1ecb s\u0129\\\". \\\"H\u00f2a h\u00ecnh\\\"... 2. S\u1eed h\u1ecdc T\u1ef1 th \u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN, ne\u01b0\u1edfi Hi L\u1ea1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u00e0nh v\u0103n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 vi\u1ebft s\u1eed chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. S\u1eed h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H \u00ear\u00f4\u0111\u1ed1t (484 - 425 TCN) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do Aten, \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00eat\u00e9c, s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Aten. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh, c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng \u0111i du l\u1ecbch \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, Babilon, Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i... H\u00ear\u00f4\u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1eed h\u1ecdc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a n\u1ebbn s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\\\". H\u00ear\u00f4\u0111\u1ed1t c\u00f3 9 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m vi\u1ebft v\u1ed7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Atxiri, Ba T\u01b0, Ai C\u1eadp, Babilon, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T\u01b0\\\" vi\u1ebft xong n\u0103m 430 T C N (2). Ca ng\u1ee3i tinh th\u1ea7n d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ec n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p, ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u1eaby l\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p \u1edf Marat\u00f4ng, T\u00e9cm\u00f4phin, Salamin... v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1ed3 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. Tuxid\u00edt (460 - 395 T C N )(3), l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u1ec9\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, c\u00f3 s\u1eb1ng l\u1ecdc ; t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 s\u1eed n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne\\\". \u00d4ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed, c\u00f3 ph\u00f4 ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c xa h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi). (1) L\u00fac n\u00e0y, Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t l\u1edbn c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9a t\u1edbi 17.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (k\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1eddng Aten). 44.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (k\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf M\u00eagal\u1ed1p\u00f4l\u00edt). (2) T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ra \u0111\u1eddi sau cu\u1ed1n s\u1eed \\\"Xu\u00e2n thu\\\" c\u1ee7a Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u00e1m. do v\u1eady n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. (3) B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Tuxi\u0111\u00edt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u1ee7n s\u1ef1 Aten trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn P\u00eal\u00f4p\u00f4ne. 191","T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p\\\" c\u1ee7a X\u00ean\u00f4ph\u00f4n (430-359 TCN) d\u00f9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111a cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc sau n\u00e0y nhi\u00eau t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd b\u00e1u v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p cho \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN. 3. Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (Thi\u00ean v\u00e3n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00ed, sinh v\u1eadt, y d\u01b0\u1ee3c), l\u00e0 noi s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho kho t\u00e0ng khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi Tal\u00e9t (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN), Pitago (580 - 500 TCN), \u01a0c\u01a1l\u00edt, Acsim \u00e9t (285 - 212 TCN)... \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3tqua c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n, chia, c\u1ed9ng, tr\u1eeb s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p, v\u01b0(m t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1tth\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ed, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1, nguy\u00ean l\u00ed v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i : \u0110\u1ecbnh l\u00ed Pitago, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ed Tal\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Acsim\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 \u01a0c\u01a1l\u00edt... C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho m\u00f4n h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecd \u0111a t\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a chu vi qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t (39.700 km), \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 chu vi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111o \u0129\u0129 = 3,1324. T a l\u00e9 t (Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN) nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p, qu\u00f4 \u1edf Mil\u00ea. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebbu cao c\u1ee7a Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p nh\u1edd ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111o v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed5 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Tal\u00e9t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111au ti\u00ean t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1cng\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c \u1edf Mil\u00ea - ng\u00e0y 28 - 5 -585 TCN. P it\u00e3 g o (580 - 500 TCN) nh\u00e0 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, qu\u00ea \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Xam\u1ed1t (thu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u00ea) ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 n\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf Xam\u1ed1t sang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Nam I li L\u1ea1p. \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc. Pitago (v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ed to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ed Pitago \\\"T\u1ed5ng b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a hai c\u1ea1nh g\u00f3c vu\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea1nh huy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t tam gi\u00e1c\\\". Pitago c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1i \u0111\u00e1t h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. A c s im \u00e9 t (285 - 212 TCN) - nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed c\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p - qu\u00ea \u1edf Xixin (th\u00e0nh hung X\u1eebacud\u01a1) t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Acsim\u00e9t. ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc (b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc), ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nguy\u00ean l\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00f2n b\u1ea9y. Khi R\u00f4m a t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng X\u1eebacud\u01a1. Acsim\u00e9t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t m inh ru nhi\u1ec1u v\u0169 kh\u00ed, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh : k\u00ednh h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1nh n\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y thuy\u1ec1n R\u1ed3m a ; I\u0129i\u00e1y bom n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tay \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00fat n\u01b0\u1edbc cho c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n Hi L\u1ea1p. Acsim\u00e9t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 71 = 3.1324 . Acsim\u00e9t b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n R\u1ecfma gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft ngay trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1edf Xiracud\u01a1. \u01a0 c \u01a1 \u1ec9\u00edt (n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III TCN), nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc qu\u00ea \u1edf Al\u1ebfchxan\u0111\u01a1ri (Ai C\u1eadp) ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 Al\u1ebfchxan\u0111\u01a1ri ; ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. V\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh 192","t\u1ef1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00f4n v\u0103n s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 : Tal\u00e9t (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN), Pitago (580 - 500 TCN), Arixt\u00e1c (kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III TCN), Eraxt\u00f4ten (281 - 192 TCN), H\u00eacata\u00fat. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Babilon, d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c (Tal\u00e9t) ; th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ed9t qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (Pitago), \u0111\u1ec1 ra thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 xoay quanh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 xoay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi (Arixt\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Xam\u1ed1t) { . T\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a chu vi qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c 39.700 km (Eraxt\u1ed3ten, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Al\u1ebfchxan\u0111\u01a1ri) v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u00ae (H\u00eacata\u00fat), t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m \u1ed9t n\u0103m c\u00f3 365 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 5\/19 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y (M \u00ea\u0129\u00f4n, th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN). v\u1ec1 y h\u1ecdc, H\u00edpp\u00f4c\u01a1r\u00e1\u0129 (460 - 377 TCN) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \\\"\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc y d\u01b0\u1ee3c\\\", l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3 ph\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00ea t\u00edn, d\u1ecb \u0111oan trong ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1ec1 ra vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c. H \u00ea r \u00f4 p h i n (\u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III TCN) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00eau ra lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u0103o l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n kinh, ch\u1ec9 huy c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00f4 n g c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e2u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft m\u1ea1ch (nhanh, ch\u1eadm) c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9nh nh\u00e2n. H \u00ea r a c \u01a1 l \u00ed t - ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 Tarentum - n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong gi\u1edbi ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt Hi L\u1ea1p. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n, khi m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb, H\u00earac\u01a1l\u00edt \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c m\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. 4. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda Ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Cr\u00e9t, Ai C\u1eadp, Babilon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p (t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ho\u00e0n m\u0129, \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \\\"\u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m m\u0129... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edb i\\\" ^ \\\\ - Trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, nguy nga : nh\u00e0 \u1edf, \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu, k\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u00e2n v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng... th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n phong c\u00e1ch Hi L\u1ea1p. \u0110\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n D\u1edbt (\u1edf \u00d4lempi), \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd n\u1eed th\u1ea7n At\u00eana (tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o \u00cagin) v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n P\u00e1ct\u00ean\u00f4ng (\u1edf Aten) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi P\u00earic\u01a1l\u00e9t. (1) V\u00ec ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y, Arixt\u00e1c b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \\\"k\u1ebb qu\u1ea5y ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 y\u00ean t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e2n \u00f4lim p\u01a1\\\" m\u00e3i 1.800 n\u0103m sau (th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng) C\u00f4p\u00e9cn\u00edc v\u00e0 Galil\u00ea (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italia) m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n l\u00ed \u1ea5y v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. (2) B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a H\u00eacata\u00fat m\u1edbi mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i : khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, B\u1eafc Ai C\u1eadp, Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, M\u00ead\u00f4p\u00f4tami, Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y B\u1eafc \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9. (3) C.M \u00e1c - Ph.Enghen - tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp, t\u1eadp II, S\u0111d, tr. 631 13-LSTGC\u0110-A 193","P \u00e1 c t\u00ea n \u00f4 n g \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ki\u1ec7t l\u00e1c c\u00f9a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Hi L\u1ea1p. D\u1ed3n th\u1edf n\u1eef th\u1ea7n At\u00e9na - th\u1ea7n h\u00e0o h\u1ed9 th\u00e0nh bang Aten - do ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 \u00edchtin\u1ed1t v\u1ebd theo s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ea7n c\u00f9a nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00f4u kh\u1eafc thi\u00ean t\u00e0i Phi\u0111i\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ebbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng x\u00ediy d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 447 TCN. c\u01a1 b\u00e0n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o n\u00e1m 432 TC\u2019N. d\u00e0i 70 m. ngang 31 m. cao 14 m : nh\u00ecn l\u1eeb xa. ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee7n v\u1eeba (rung nghi\u00eam, v\u1eeba t\u00e0n x\u1ee9ng, h\u00e0i h\u00f2a. trang nh\u00e3. To\u00e0n h\u1ed9 ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebbn b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trCn m\u1ed9t n\u1ebbn tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1. v\u1edbi 3 b\u1eadc. xung quanh c\u00f3 46 c\u1ed9t tr\u00f2n, trung tr\u00ed theo phong c\u00e1ch \u0110\u00f4rien. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00f9 di\u00eau l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00e0i c\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i hay di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf. x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Aten. Trong \u0111\u1ec1n c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eef th\u1ea7n At\u00eana. cao 12 m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7 kh\u1ea3m v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0 voi do Phi\u0111i\u00e1t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n111. - Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n m\u0129 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u00eau kh\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefne t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfne g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi l\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc t\u00e0i ba. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e9m \u0111\u0129a\\\" c\u1ee7a^Mir\u00f5ng, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \\\"Th\u1ea7n H \u00e9cm \u00e9t\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"Tli\u1ea7n V\u1ec7 n\u1eef\\\" c\u1ee7a Praxiten, t\u01b0 m g \\\"Nik\u00ea\\\" \u1edb Sam\u00f4t\u01a1r\u00e1t hay \\\"N\u1eef th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng\\\" b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1 (c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ne \u0111\u00e1 c\u1ea9m th\u1ea1ch) v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby. C\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \\\"N\u1eef th\u1ea7n At\u00eana\\\" c\u1ee7a Phi\u0111i\u00e1t (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \\\"At\u00eana\\\" trong \u0111\u1ec1n P\u00e1ct\u00ean\u00f4ng), t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi huy chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u\\\" (\u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Aten), t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \\\"Th\u1ea7n D\u1ee9t'' kh\u1ea3m ng\u00e0 voi v\u00e0 v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1ed3n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Dcrt t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Antix \u1edf \u00d4lempi. - V\u1ec1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c vc tr\u1ebdn v\u1ea3i, tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, s\u00e0nh, s\u1ee9 (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 g\u1ed1m m\u00e0u). P\u00f4linh\u1ed1t l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a tranh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \\\"chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch Marat\u00f4ng\\\", Ap\u00f4t\u00f4\u0111o \u0111a ph\u00e1t minh ra ph\u00e9p b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh trong h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa, g\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt trong tranh. Ti\u1ebfc r\u00e0ng cho t\u1edbi nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a P\u00f4linh\u1ed1t v\u00e0 Ap\u00f4t\u00f4\u0111o. 5. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 Hi L\u1ea1p - Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, xa h\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1edbi m\u1ee9c cao v\u00e0 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u00edt b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ngay t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a, na\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111a s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng l\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefnt\u1ec9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p - v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb - kh\u00e1c nhau, trong xa h\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfm n\u1ed3 Hi L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gay g\u1eaft, quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai t\u00e2ng n\u00e0y. (1) Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII. ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed3n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. T \u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf ki XVII. trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u00ec v\u00e0 V\u00ean\u00eadia. \u0111\u1ed3n P\u00e1ct\u00ean\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1. nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt qu\u00fd b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c. 194 13-LSTGC\u0110 B","Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i(1) t\u1eadp trung trong hai ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau : ph\u00e1i duy t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i duy v\u1eadt. - \u0110\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i danh : Tal\u00e9t (640 - 548 TCN), Anaxim\u0103ng (611 - 545 TCN), Anaximen (585 - 525 TCN), H\u00earac\u01a1l\u00edt (540 - 480 TCN), Anaxago (500 - 428 TCN), Amp\u00ea\u0111\u1ed1c (490 - 430 TCN), \u0110\u00eam\u00f4c\u01a1r\u00edt (460 - 370 TCN), \u00capiquya (341 - 270 TCN). N\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00eau cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 do v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, tuy r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e2n ni\u1ec7m v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Tal\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ne n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, n\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111a s\u1ea3n sinh ra c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. Anaxim\u0103ng l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 v\u1ed3 c\u1ef1c, v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u1ed1i ren v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, lu\u00f4n chia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u01b0crt, n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Tal\u00e9t, Anaximen l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, nh\u1edd kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i quay v\u1ec1 d\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. H\u00earac\u01a1l\u00edt cho r\u1eb1ne l\u1eeda l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t H\u00earac\u01a1l\u00edt \u0111a n\u00eau'ra nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng qua s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa 2 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3u v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111eu bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eafm hai l\u00e2n irong m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng\\\". V\u1edbi Amp\u00ea\u0111\u1ed1c th\u00ec v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do \u0111\u01a1n t\u1ed1, m\u00e0 do c\u1ea3 4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u1eeda, kh\u1ed5ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ph\u00e1i tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Anaxago cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 (1) Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i \u00capiquya do \u00capiquyu s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra. l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt k\u1ebf th\u1eeba nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u00f4t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4m\u1ed3c\u01a1r\u00edt. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1u t\u1ea1o n\u00f4n v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p theo nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i theo nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Xin\u00edt do Antixtan - h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a X\u00f4c\u01a1r\u00e1t thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, xa l\u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng xa hoa, kCu g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quay v\u1ed3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n d\u1ea1t. gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, ch\u1ea5t ph\u00e1c, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Xin\u00edt th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t th\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u01b0 v\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u1ea9n d\u1ea1t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ec9\u1ec9i L\u1ea1p. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Xt\u00f4ix\u00edt (kh\u1eafc k\u1ec9) do DCn\u00f4 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3o S\u00edp) s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i duy t\u00e2m, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0crng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ed, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea9n nh\u1ee5c, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng gian kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \\\"l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng vQ tr\u1ee5\\\" m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ki\u1ed3u) \u0111\u1ed3u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. 195","trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi, k\u1ebft h\u1ef1p v\u1edbi nhau t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t theo quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a va tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 Anaxago g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"l\u00ed t\u00ednh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\\\". \u0110 \u00eam \u00f4c\u01a1r\u00edt^, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00capiquya \u0111a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ampe\u0111\u1ed1c, Anaxago v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed - \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia n\u1eefa - v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc (to, nh\u1ecf) v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt. Nh\u00ecn chung, do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i (tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt), c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c xa h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng duy v\u1eadt c\u1ed3n mang n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh th\u00f4 s\u01a1, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng sau n\u00e0y. - Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy t\u00e2m \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p 1\u1eb1 P r\u00f4tag\u00f4r\u00e1t (481 - 411 TCN), G o\u00f3cgi\u00e1t (483 - 375 TCN), X\u00f4c\u01a1r\u00e1t (469 - 399 TCN) v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Plat\u00f4ng (427 - 347 TCN) v\u00e0 Ar\u00ecxt\u1ed1t (384 - 322 TCN). V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n l\u00ed kh\u00e1ch quan, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 quan t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c. Ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n X\u00f4c\u01a1r\u00e1t \u0111a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0i nghi \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea5c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb xa h\u1ed9i \u1edf Aten. L\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a X\u00f4c\u01a1r\u00e1t, Plat\u00f4ng \u0111a ti\u1ebfp thu, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft duy t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ti\u00ean b\u1ed1i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy t\u00e2m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p. Plat\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \\\"\u00fd ni\u1ec7m\\\" m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5n t\u1ea1i \\\"\u00dd ni\u1ec7m\\\" \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, si\u00eau th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n c\u1ee7a \\\"\u00fd ni\u1ec7m\\\". Plat\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Aten, g\u1ecdi \u00caphiant\u00e9t l\u00e0 \\\"k\u1ebb \u0111a m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy\u00ean t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e1 tr\u1edbn\\\", \u00f4ng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf Aten v\u00e0 n\u00eau ra m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf xa h\u1ed9i l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng, trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng\\\" Plat\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc do 3 t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdp th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u1eafm ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 hi\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n. T\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0169 s\u0129 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn (1) \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai, quy\u1ebft li\u1ed9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi X\u00f4c\u01a1r\u00e1t. Plat\u00f4ng. Ngo\u00e0i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u0110\u00eam\u00f4c\u01a1r\u00edt c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc uy\u00ean b\u00e1c (To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, v\u1eadt l\u00ed, y h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u00e0n h\u1ecdc. t\u00e2m l\u00ed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc). 196","tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb an, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n c\u00f9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng xa h\u1ed9i. Arixt\u1ed1t l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Plat\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia nh\u01b0ng sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Aten, Arixt\u1ed1t ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u1eb3 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u00eam\u00f4c\u01a1r\u00edt v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Plat\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u1edf ngo\u00e0i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"l\u00ed t\u00ednh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\\\". C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i Arixt\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i Nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p, Arixt\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u00f4n l\u00f4gic h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u00f4n sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc. C H \u01af \u01a0 N G V II R\u00d4MA C\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ea0I I - NGU\u1ed2N S\u1eec LI\u1ec6U V\u00c0 T\u00ccNH H\u00ccNH NGHI\u00caN c \u1ee9 u 1. N gu\u1ed3n s \u1eed li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc... - Tr\u01b0\u1ee9c h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc. Ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u00e0u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVII, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1. N\u0103m 1748, hu\u00e2n tu\u1ee9c Arun\u0111e \u0111a ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khai qu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 \u1edf Nam Italia - th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Pomp\u00e2y. N\u00e3m 1964, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp khai qu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 g\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma - th\u00e0nh Marx\u1ed1pb\u00f4, Xpinan, Pirgi - Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Tibr\u01a1. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, m\u00e1ng d\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n m\u00f4n, nh\u00e0 h\u00e1t, h\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng di t\u00edch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt qu\u00fd ngay \u1edf th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma nh\u01b0 khu di t\u00edch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Pat\u00ean\u00f4n, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Xb\u01a1l\u00edtt\u01a1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t di t\u00edch thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i R\u00f4ma \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, Ti\u1ec1n \u00c1, B\u1eafc Phi nh\u1ea5t l\u1eb1 c\u00e1c di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 Pomp\u00e2y, Gerculannum (Italia), Xalan\u00fat (\u0111\u1eb3o Cr\u00e9t), Akvinka (Hunggari), Tringa\u0111a (B\u1eafc Phi)... 197","Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u0169ng \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng x\u00edch tr\u00f3i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7... h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u1edf kh\u1ea5p n\u01a1i tr\u00ean lanh th\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. - T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng. \u1ede R\u00f4ma, ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf R\u00f4ma c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01b0 (trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 bia, m\u1ed9 ch\u00ed) khi khai qu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 Pirgi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1, \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 2 l\u00e1 v\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng c\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t R\u1ed3ma. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 v\u00e0 Ph\u00eanixi^. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 - m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef latinh sau n\u00e0y - \u1edf v\u00f9ng Nam Italia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p. Nhln chung t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111 \u1ebf ch\u1ebf (kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I, III) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 nh\u00f3m : Nh\u00f3m m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00f4ma, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \\\"b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a X\u00ean\u00e1t n\u0103m 18.6\\\", nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Aug\u01b0xtux\u01a1, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddne \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u1ed5 Ancara (hi\u1ec7n nay thu\u1ed9c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Th\u1ed5 Nhi K\u00ec), c\u00e1c b\u1eb3n kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u00f3m hai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bia, m\u1ed9 ch\u00ed, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ch\u00fac th\u01b0, v\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111i\u00eau l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Burunitan t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cQng \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y Papir\u00fat, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00f3i v\u00ea s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma \u1edf v\u00f9ng C\u1eadn \u0110\u1ed7ng. Trong khi khai qu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0110ura - Eppr\u00f4p\u1ed3s tr\u00f4n s\u00f4ng \u01a0ph\u01a1rat, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y Papir\u00fat c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi, Ai C\u1eadp. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1947, kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c hang \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ecdc b\u1edd ph\u00eda t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n ch\u1ebft (T\u1eed H\u1ea3i), c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ed5, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Arane\u00e2y v\u00e0 Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ed5 R\u00f4ma c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng cho bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u0103m \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u v\u00ea quan h\u1ec7 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1eefa R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh. (1) Hi\u1ec7n nay vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p 198","- T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng iruy\u1ed3n thuy\u1ebft, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n trong t\u1ebf l\u1ed7, trong nghi th\u1ee9c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 c\u1ed1. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u0103ng l\u1eef trong \u0111\u00f3 ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 k\u0129 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y, th\u00e1ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 ki\u00eang k\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 ghi t\u00ean c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u1ec7m. R\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 l\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111a b\u1ecb thi\u00eau hu\u1ef7 trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Galia t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng R\u1ed3ma v\u00e0o n\u0103m 390 TCN. N\u0103m 126 TCN, tu s\u0129 M.Xev\u00f4la \u0111a ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Irong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5 s\u1ed9 g\u1ed3m 8 t\u1eadp (hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 \u00edt). V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u00e2u C\u00f4ng neuy\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u so\u1ea1n danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c Ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh R\u00f4ma n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddne \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng bia \u0111\u00e1 (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u1edf khu Capit\u00f4li). T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u0103n bia kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean 12 b\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110 \u00f3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt 12 b\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Hi L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111a vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma, H\u00ear\u1eafc Mitilen (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN) \u0111a vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma. (Hi\u1ec7n nay ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0110i\u00f4\u0111\u00f4, Plutac). C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1eb3 R\u00f4ma c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Ennhin \u0111a vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca v\u00ea l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma t\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th \u1ebf k\u1ec9 III TCN. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 Vicktor (cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II TCN) cQng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma. T \u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh Punic l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 I. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng latinh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Cat\u00f4 (234 - 149 TCN) vi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean \\\"kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u\\\", trong \u0111\u00f3 ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ebb n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ki thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf, xa h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II TCN. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III - II TCN, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0i k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Plapkt\u01a1, Terenxi, Luxili... C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 P\u00f4libi (201 - 120 TCN) \u0111a c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 \\\"Th\u00f4ng s\u1eed\\\" g\u1ed3m 40 quy\u1ec3n ghi ch\u00e9p chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ed3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma t\u1eeb n\u0103m 264 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 146 TCN k\u1ec3 c\u1eb3 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u00ec C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"B\u00e0n v\u00ea nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\\\", \\\"B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p\\\" c\u1ee7a Xix\u00ear\u00f4n (106 - 43 TCN) - v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan to\u00e0. Nh\u1eefne t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a X\u00ea\u0111a (100 - 44 TCN) \\\"Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00ea cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Galia\\\", \\\"Ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn\\\" cung c\u1ea5p cho ta m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n phong ph\u00fa v\u00ea \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc, phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n... 199"]
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