LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI CỔ ĐẠI - LƯƠNG NINH Chủ biên

["C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi vua k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp sau Kamses II c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ham chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn, \u0111a nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, nh\u01b0ne ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf gi\u1eef v\u1eefne \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp \u1edf nh\u1eedn\u00ed! v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Ramses III, Ai C\u1eadp v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong khu v\u1ef1c. 2. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t V\u1eabn nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Ai C\u1eadp Ih\u1eddi T\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c d\u1ef1a chu y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ne\u00e0nh n\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111a c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi. B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed1t trong k\u0129 thu\u1eadt canh t\u00e1c. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng rai trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i c\u00e0y c\u00e1n \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 c\u1ea7m t\u1ea1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0y t\u01b0 th\u1ebf tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng v\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea5t. B\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Haemhet mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3nh 20 Iig\u01b0\u1edfi \u0111ane l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng - m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m cu\u1ed1c, c\u00f2n nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7m v\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eadp. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ne\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i. Quan Vidia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch lanh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 v\u0103n \u0111a ehi l\u1ea1i : \\\"C\u00f4ng v\u0103n c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u g\u1eedi v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef trong dinh Vidia ; Vidia x\u00e9t m\u1ecdi \u0111cm ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee5ng v\u00ea ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. \u00f4 n g quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00e2u, m\u1ed7i trang vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng l\u1eef, gi\u1eef s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ea1. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c Ih\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i c\u0169ng do \u00f5ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. Ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n \u1ed3ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c l\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1c s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i..., c\u1eed quan l\u1ea1i chuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch theo doi t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng do \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng trong c\u1eb3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng theo d\u1ed5i, quan s\u00e1t sao Lang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed3ng Nin l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng(1). Trong nhi\u00eau c\u00f4ng v\u0103n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebbu \u0111\u00ecnh Ai C \u1eadp th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd cQng c\u00f3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi l\u1ec7 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee9 4 th\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i g\u1eedi b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean cho quan Vidia. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00eau tr\u1ebdn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u1edf th\u1eddi T\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd l\u1edbn. Th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u1eddng l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 quan Vidia Rekmir c\u00f3 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1n Ih\u1edd th\u00e2n At\u1ed3n \u1edf Teb\u01a1. Trong b\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ebfm d\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1edbi 150 th\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ne c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 m\u0129 ngh\u1ec7, (1) D\u1eabn theo Chi\u1ebdm T\u1ebf : L\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, NXB Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 1978. tr.99. 50 4-LSTGC\u0110-B","l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ecf, \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n, ng\u00e0nh luy\u1ec7n kim v.v... v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea5u qu\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c h \u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p kim g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim \\\"\u0111\u1ed3ng thau g\u1ed3m 6 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n\\\". H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ai C\u1eadp r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i B\u1eafc Nam t\u1edbi 3200 km l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Xiri v\u00e0 Palextin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. Ai C\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t sang Xiri, Palextin, Ph\u00eanixi... c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ed3 m\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e1 hay ng\u00e0 voi. Ai C\u1eadp l\u1ea1i mua g\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a Lib\u0103ng, s\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hatti, \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3o S\u00edp v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 hay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u00ea. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng thanh kim lo\u1ea1i (v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng) c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng 91g. Lo\u1ea1i \\\"ti\u1ec1n\\\" \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00eaben v\u00e0 chia th\u00e0nh 10 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u1ecf h \u01a1 n \/ 3. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0110 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eb1ng vQ l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Phara\u00f4ng Ai C\u1eadp. Trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c Phara\u00f4ng th\u1eddi T\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c lu\u00f4n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i v\u0169 trang x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u0103nh th\u1ed5. Nhung \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c Phara\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u1ea1n ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 m\u1ee5a chu\u1ed9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed7 qua c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Babilon, Axiri, Kitanni, Hatti, S\u00edp v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u v\u01b0\u01a1ng mi\u1ec1n Xiri, Palextin... vi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c Phara\u00f4ng Ai C\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong kho lun tr\u1eef c\u1ed3ng v\u0103n c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u XVIII ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf v\u00f9ng E1 - Amarna. Qua c\u00e1c v\u00e3n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc khu v\u1ef1c Ti\u1ec1n \u00c1, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1eed c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0m, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c k\u00ed k\u1ebft c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc hay c\u00e1c li\u00ean minh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 - ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 khi b\u1eb1ng th\u01b0 t\u1eeb, c\u00f4ng v\u0103n qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0, vua Babilon y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n cu\u1ee9p m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n s\u00fac v\u1eadt th\u1ed3 h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Babilon. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 kh\u00e1c, vua Babilon ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp v\u1edbi Axiri, m\u00e0 Babilon cho l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn h\u01a1n th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 ra nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch cho c\u00e1c Phara\u00f4ng, ch\u1ee7 (1) Theo V.I. Ap\u0111i\u00e9p, SGD, tr. 199 51","y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch v\u1ed3 v\u00e0ng, h\u1ea1c, ch\u00e2u h\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Amenkh\u00f4tep III (1455 - 1424 TCN) \u0111a ph\u1ea3i g\u1eedi cho vua Axiri 20 tal\u1ea7ng v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng ta \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9(1) Nh\u01b0 Ir\u00ean \u0111'a n\u00f3i, sau hai l\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Haiti, nhimg \u0111\u1ebbu kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n th\u1eafng b\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng hai b\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i k\u00ed h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00f2a \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ec3 Ih\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c mi\u00ean b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c Phara\u00f4ng \u0111a \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 l\u00ean l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn. Trong th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho Phara\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd 1h\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u00fan nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \\\"h\u1ea1t b\u1ee5i b\u00ean ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\". H\u1ecd cai tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t che c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u00ean th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c do qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Ai C\u1eadp c\u1eed sang. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c vi\u00ean th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, v\u01a1 vct c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9. Trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c Phara\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi T\u00e2n v\u01b0cmg qu\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ra s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddne l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed5 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t an d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c Phara\u00f4ne \u0111a chia \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh hai mi\u1ec1n - mi\u00ean B\u1eafc v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam, m\u1ed7i mi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan \u0111\u1eb7c hi\u1ec7t cai qu\u1ea3n ; vi\u00ean quan n\u00e0y do Phara\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m. Nh\u00e0 vua c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u00e1n quy ch\u1ebf quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a quan Vidia v\u00e0 \\\"v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng\\\" c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta. Theo b\u1ea3n quy ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a quan Vidia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u : Vidia kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00f4ng coi c\u00e1c c\u1ed3ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong ho\u00e0ng cung, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 quan ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00faa ch\u00e2u c\u0169ng h\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nhi\u00eau v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i chia s\u1ebb bcrt cho m\u1ea5y quan ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c trong ch\u00e2u do Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m xu\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3u do vua tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ed3n chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, c\u00e1c Phara\u00f4ng lu\u1ed3n ch\u00fa \u00fd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ai C\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 binh, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u00eam chi\u1ebfn xa. Chi\u1ebfn xa c\u00f3 hai ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m n\u00ean chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ai C\u1eadp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn xa \u0111a s\u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 h\u1ecd m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed5 m ua v\u0169 kh\u00ed, xe v\u00e0 ng\u1ef1a k\u00e9o. Trong b\u1ed9 binh, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Nubi, Libi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111a b\u1ecb Ai C\u1eadp chinh ph\u1ee5c. (1) Theo V.I. Ap\u0111iep. SGD, tr. 202. 52","H\u1ecd h\u1ecb b\u00e1t \u0111i l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea cho Ai C\u1eadp. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng da l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ai C\u1eadp. 4. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Amenkh\u00f4tep IV v\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ai C\u1eb7p \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u1ed3 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c Phara\u00f4ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ecdn t\u0103ng l\u1eef cao c\u1ea5p th\u1edd th\u1ea7n At\u00f4n, \u0111em r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00fang cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e0i khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00e2ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Tutmet III \u0111em nhi\u1ed3u v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u1ebb c\u00fang cho \u0111\u1ed3n th\u1edd th\u00e2n At\u00f4n. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 kinh l\u1ebf v\u00e0 tinh th\u00e2n b\u1ecdn l\u0103ng l\u1eef Al\u1ed3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh, l\u1ea5n \u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Phara\u1eefng. Trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea5y Amenkh\u00f4tep \u1ec8V (1424 - 1388 TCN) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ecdn quan l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng k\u00edp c\u01b0 d\u00e2n kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed5 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecdn l\u0103ng l\u1eef At\u00f4n v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169, d\u1ed3 cao uy quy\u1ed3n c\u1eeda Phara\u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o - m\u1ed9t v\u0169 kh\u00ed th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1400 TCN, Amenkh\u00f4tep IV \u0111a th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00ea xu\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 t\u00f4n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi At\u1ed1n. Th\u00e2n At\u00f4n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Phara\u1eefng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u1ecfa. Amenkh\u00f4tep IV c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ecf t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u c\u0169, l\u1ea5y t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Iknaton (hay c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Akh\u00eanat\u00f4n - c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a At\u00f4n\\\"). \u00d4ng c\u0169ng r\u1eddi b\u1ecf kinh \u0111\u00f4 Teb\u01a1, x\u00e2y kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 Akh\u00eanat\u00f4n - c\u00e1ch Teb\u01a1 300 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. \u00f4 n g cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e0i nguy nga tr\u00e1ng l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1edd th\u1ea7n At\u1ed3n \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4 Akh\u00eanat\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u noi kh\u00e1c trong kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169, \u1ec9knaton sai \u0111\u1ecfng c\u1eeda h\u1ed1t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u00e0i c\u0169, bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c l\u0103ng l\u1eef ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf ve \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1i \u0111i kh\u1eafp noi \u0111\u1ed5 x\u1ecfa t\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u00e2n, k\u1ec3 c\u00e1 th\u1ea7n At\u00f4n, \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00f4n c\u00e1c hia \u0111\u00e1 hay l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i, l\u0103ng t\u1ea9m, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u1ea5y \u0111a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u1edb cho b\u1ecdn (\u0103ng l\u1eef At\u1ed3n v\u00e0 b\u1ecdn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ea1nh I\u00ccIC. Sau khi Iknaton ch\u1ebft, c\u00e1c t\u0103ng l\u1eef c\u0169 li\u1ebbn x\u00f3a b\u1ecf c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1edd th\u1ea7n At\u00f4n. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf r\u1ed1i ren, m\u1ed9t qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng H\u00f4remhep, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111 \u1ee1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn t\u0103ng l\u1eef \u1edf th\u00e0nh Teb\u01a1, \u0111a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c binh bi\u1ebfn, c\u01b0crp ch\u00ednh quy\u00ean v\u1ebb tay m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eafng l\u1eadp ra v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u00eau XIX. 53","5. S\u1ef1 suy vong c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1ee9c Ai C\u1eadp th\u1eddi H\u1eadu k\u00ec v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u1eeb v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 XXI tr\u1edf \u0111i l\u00e0 th\u1eddi H\u1eadu k\u00ec v\u01b0\u01a1na qu\u1ed1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ai C\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ed1 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, suy vong c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u00e2n li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ai C\u1eadp. V\u00e0o gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 X TCN, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1nh thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi Libi \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp l\u00e0 So San (Chochang) l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (n\u0103m 941 TCN), c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i Phara\u00f4ng, l\u1eadp ra v\u01b0\u01a1ne tri\u1ec1u ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ed9c, cai tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n Ai C\u1eadp. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k.i\u2019 VIII TCN, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5nt\u0129 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 suy y\u1ebfu \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nubi \u1edf ph\u00eda nam \u0111a ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1nh Ai C\u1eadp, l\u1eadl \u0111\u1ed5 n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Libi, x\u00e1c l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (n\u0103m 726 TCN). N\u0103m 671 TCN, Ai C\u1eadp l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Atxiri \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Atxiri kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao l\u00e2u. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 lanh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c mi\u00ean B\u1eafc l\u00e0 Posammetic, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ai C\u1eadp \u0111a n\u1ed5i d\u1eady, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Atxiri, kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Posammetic tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1na l\u1eadp ra V\u01b0tmg tri\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 XXVI, m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u Ih\u1eddi k\u00ec g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u01b0\u01a1ni\u1ec9 qu\u1ed1c Sait (654 - 525 TCN) - th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u00ed\u2019 VI TCN tr\u1edf \u0111i, Ai C\u1eadp li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba T \u01b0 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb (n\u0103m 525 TCN), sau \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ecb Al\u00eachx\u0103ng Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia chinh ph\u1ee5c (n\u0103m 332 TCN). Sau khi Al\u00eachx\u0103ng ch\u1ebft, Ai C\u1eadp b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Ih\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Al\u00eachx\u00e3ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 Pt\u00f4l\u1ebdm\u00ea, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra v\u01b0\u01a1ne tri\u1ec1u Pt\u00f4l\u1ebdmc \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ai C\u1eadp b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u00ec Hi L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a (TK IV \u0111\u1ebfn I TCN). VI - V\u0102N H\u00d3A AI C\u1eacP C\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ea0I Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0n lo\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Ai C\u1eadp l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 xa h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ai C \u1eadp cang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1u quan tr\u1ecdng, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn to l\u1edbn v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 54","1. V\u0103n t\u1ef1 C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Sume, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u0103n t\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u hoa v\u0103n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, v \u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, ch\u1eef Ai C\u1eadp l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1, nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi, h\u1ecd v\u00e8 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, \u1edf gi\u1eefa th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ea5m. \u0110\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, mu\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1ebd ba l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u con tr\u00e2u. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft cho nhanh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3rl h\u00f3a, ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t ; lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eef th\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c th\u01b0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef n\u00e0y ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c \u1ed5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u00e2m ti\u1ebft. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song = \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 k\u00eanh \u0111\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \\\"Mer\\\". Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0, ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c \u1ed5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi mu\u1ed1n vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 \u00e2m. Do c\u00f3 ch\u1eef t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sun t\u1ea7m v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. 2. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt V\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ai C\u1eadp b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c d\u00e2n gian, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, ngay t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi c \u1ed5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Trung v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng kim \\\"c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n\\\" c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ai C\u1eadp. V\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Ai C\u1eadp ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau : v\u0103n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng, v\u0103n vi\u1ebft, th\u01a1 ca v.v... V\u00e3n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef, ng\u1ea1n ng\u1eef, ca dao, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i... \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lun truy\u1ec1n s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec7n l\u00ed th\u00fa c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec7n Thuy\u1ec1n g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n, truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 X in u h \u00e9t,. 55","truy\u1ec7n N\u00ed\u1ec9ir\u1eddi th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh... r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Ai C\u1eadp \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2n Iruycn t\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd l\u1ed9c, hay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean r\u0103n v\u00e0 l\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 lu\u00e2n l\u00ed ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh cua giai c\u1ea5p lh\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \\\"L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a vua H\u00earacl\u00ea\u00f4p\u00f4l\u00edt\\\", \\\"L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean r\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u1ec9puxe\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"L\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a N\u00f4phecti\\\" \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u00f3i \u1edf ph\u00e2n tr\u00ean. C\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 du l\u1ecbch nh\u01b0 Iruy\u1ec7n Thuy\u1ec1n g\u1eb7p n\u1ea1n, truy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Xinuhct, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Xinuhel \u1edf Xiri v.v... Th\u01a1 ca c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i : C\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi s\u0129 cung \u0111\u00ecnh, ca l\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Phara\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 lh(T. tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng. Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadl ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Irong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 kim, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ti\u1ec1n kho\u00e1ng h\u1eadu. C\u00e1c Phara\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p - nh\u1eefng l\u0103ne m\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec ki\u00ean c \u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 v\u1edbi u\u1ee9c v\u1ecdng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m l\u1eebni\u0129 l\u1eaby v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n uy h\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf v\u00f9ng Memphit, h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ng\u1ecdn Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p h\u00f9ng v\u0129 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1eebng s\u1eefng, uy nghi\u00eam, v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec9nh cao ch\u00f3t v\u00f3t l\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi cao xanh c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng sa m\u1ea1c, nh\u01b0 Ih\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C \u1eadp Ih\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i : \\\"B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u0169ng d\u1ec1u s\u1ee3 th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eddi gian th\u00ec l\u1ea1i s\u1ee3 Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p\\\". Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Xphanh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 cao t\u1edbi 20m, \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh s\u01b0 t\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 nguy\u00ean. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111a \u0111\u1ee7 n\u00f3i l\u00ean b\u00e0n tay t\u00e0i hoa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1ea5c Ai C \u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Nhung kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chi c\u00f3 th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c tu\u1ef1ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0 l\u1ea1i, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Rah\u00f4t\u00e9p, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng N\u00f4ph\u01a1r\u00f4, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \\\"Xa tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u01a1l\u00e9t\\\" v.v... \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m kinh ng\u1ea1c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e2n dung n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng N\u00eaphectili - v\u1ef1 Phara\u1ed7ng \u1ec9knat\u00f4n l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t m\u0129 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. N\u00eaphectiti \u0111\u1ed9i m\u0169 cao m\u00e0u xanh da tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u1eb9p v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111eo chu\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0u. L\u00f4ng m\u00e0y v\u00e0 m\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f4 m\u00e0u, da m\u00e0u r\u00e1m n\u00e1ng th\u1eabm. C\u00e1i l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta say m\u00ea t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1c, s\u1ef1 uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e0u s\u1eafc l\u00e0m cho n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb, duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng. 3. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u00f4ng t\u00edn ngu\u1eefng c\u1eeda ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp th\u00f2i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 trong tay ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c 56","b\u00e0n c\u1ed5 v\u0103n, c\u00e1c di t\u00edch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3n th\u1edd, mi\u1ebfu m\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tranh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt n\u1eefa. Qua c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Ai C\u1eadp trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec d\u00e0i c\u00f2n gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, trong \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ecdi chim mu\u00f4ng, c\u1ea7m th\u00fa \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n : h\u1ea1c th\u1ea7n, r\u1eafn th\u1ea7n, s\u00f3i th\u1ea7n..., m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi Ra, \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ea7n \\\"Ghep\\\" v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y th\u1ea7n - Odirit t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng Nin. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Amenkh\u00f4t\u00e9p IV c\u00f3 th\u00eam th\u1ea7n At\u00f4n - c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u0169ng tin v\u00e0o linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. Theo h\u1ecd, trong m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n \\\"Ka\\\" \u0111i theo th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 h\u1ec9nh v\u1edbi b\u00f3ng. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft th\u00ec \\\"Ka\\\" r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi x\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o x\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00ec \\\"Ka\\\" m\u1edbi ch\u1ebft theo. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y \\\"Ka\\\" s\u1ebd quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u00f3 t\u1ee5c \u01b0\u1edbp x\u00e1c. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ea3y sinh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn giai c\u1ea5p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khi m\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u1ed3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n'th\u00ec giai c\u1ea5p b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ed3 \u00edh\u1ea7n v\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng duy v\u1eadt. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00ed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \\\"th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia\\\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nghi ng\u1edd th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft n\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \\\"m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y tai nghe\\\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tro b\u1ee5i\\\". H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1i \\\"th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n\\\" \u1ea5y khi m\u00e0 trong x\u1ea3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \\\"\u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng to\u00e0n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp\\\". V\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f2i \\\"nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft\\\" ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u00f4i\\\". M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc qua hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"B\u00e0i ca c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh th\u01b0 c\u1ea7m\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"Cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1edbi linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\\\", nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ai C\u1eadp. 57","4. S\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc Do nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u1edf Ai C\u1ea1p th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng c\u1ed5 v\u0103n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \\\"tri th\u1ee9c\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\\\" \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \\\"hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\\\" nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 t\u1eeb kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 12 cung ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1o (th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u XIV), v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f2m sao B\u1eafc c\u1ef1c, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 5 ng\u00f4i sao l\u00e0 Kim, M\u1ed9c, Th\u1ee7y, H\u1ecfa v\u00e0 Th\u1ed5. Nh\u1edd quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u00e3n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t sao Lang \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng Nin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m l\u1ecbch t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm. L\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u00e2m l\u1ecbch - m\u1ed9t n\u0103m c\u00f3 365 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 12 th\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ee9 4 n\u0103m l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng nhu\u1eadn. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 \u0111o b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi : m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m 24 gi\u1edd. V\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfm th\u1eadp ti\u1ebfn v\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1 0 n\u00ean c\u1ee9 khi \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 10 th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e2y th\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1edb, \u0111\u1ebfn 1000 th\u00ec v\u1ebd c\u00e1i c\u00e2y... Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfm, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1eeb, c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 chia th\u00ec th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh di\u1ec7n t\u00edch h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c, h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u00ecnh th\u00e1p \u0111\u00e1y vu\u00f4ng, h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 pi b\u1eb1ng 3,16. Theo H\u00ear\u1ed3\u0111\u1ed1t th\u00ec s\u1edf d\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp gi\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 do nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00ec ph\u00f9 sa c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng Nin ph\u1ee7 h\u1ebft b\u1edd ru\u1ed9ng. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 hai m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi l\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc. Do c\u00f3 t\u1ee5c \u01b0\u1edbp x\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 \u01b0\u1edbp ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed5 x\u00e1c n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean khoa trong y h\u1ecdc : n\u1ed9i, ngo\u1ea1i khoa, m\u1eaft, r\u0103ng, d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y... Trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec h\u1ecd cho tim l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. Khi m\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbp x\u00e1c, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn gi\u1eef tr\u00e1i tim l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tay ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1i tim. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 v\u0103n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100 t\u1eeb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn l\u1edbn lao v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0ng v\u00e3n h\u00f3a chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. 58","CH\u01af\u01a0NG III L\u01af\u1ee0NG H\u00c0 C\u1ed0 \u0110\u1ea0I I - NGU\u1ed2N S\u1eec LI\u1ec6U V\u00c0 QU\u00c1 TR\u00ccNH NGHI\u00caN c\u1ee9u Ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdne nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e2n c\u1ed5 v\u0103n vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t. Khi khai qu\u1eadt c\u00e1c Ih\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 nh\u01b0 Lagas, \u01afma, Ua, Larsa v.v..., ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a t\u00ecm Ih\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn \\\"cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch\\\" b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t nung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ri\u00eang th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vua Alxuabanipan \u0111a c\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i neh\u00ecn cu\u1ed1n, m\u00f5i cu\u1ed1n g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u iran\u1ec9\u1ec9, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ghi s\u1ed1 irang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng d\u1ea5u v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef \\\"Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Atxuabanipan, ch\u00faa t\u1ed5 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ne Atxiri\\\". N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa, v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ph\u00e1p, s\u1eed bi\u00ean ni\u00ean, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ed7 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u1ec7 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nso\u1ea1i giao, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea3ng k\u00ea khai \u0111\u1ed9ng, (h\u1ef1c v\u1eadt va kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n, s\u1ed5 s\u00e1ch k\u1ebf to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n ki\u1ec7n, kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd mua b\u00e1n nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7... Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3ng ch\u1eef b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f2n kh\u1ea5c ch\u1eef tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 282 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi l\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Su\u0111\u01a1 n\u0103m 1902, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. V\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ne l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f2n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u0110\u1ed3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i di t\u00edch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hay \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng khu di t\u00edch - nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng khu ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5, nh\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3n mi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 dinh Ih\u1ef1, nh\u1eefne k\u00eanh m\u00e1ng d\u1ea9n n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u c\u1ed1ng, th\u00e1p Babilon 7 t\u00e2ng, \\\"V\u01b0\u1eddn treo Babilon\\\" v\u00e0 c\u1ed5ng V\u00d21\u01281 Is\u01a1ta v.v... Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u1edf H\u00f4rxabal, Lagas, Esnuna, \u01afa, Meri... \u0111a cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5n\u00ed\u1ec9 l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed5 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7l \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed L\u01b0\u1edfng H\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 R\u00f4ma. C\u1ed7ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi H\u00ear\u00f4\u0111\u1ed1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f5ng s\u1ee9c, kh\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 cho 59","vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Hi L\u1ea1p - Ba T\u01b0 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n micu t\u00e1 ti m\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, nh\u1eefng phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n t\u00edn ng\u01b0Cyng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u0103 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nen \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0o to\u1ea1i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng se t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n ghi ch\u00e9p s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\\\" c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0110i\u00f4\u0111or v\u00e0 \\\"\u0110\u1ecba l\u00ed\\\" c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed Xtrab\u00f4n. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 d\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ed3 khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 th\u00ec Beros (TK. IV - III TCN) - m\u1ed9t (\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ne\u01b0\u1edfi Babilon c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 trong \u0111\u1ed3n th\u1edd Mar\u0111uk \u1edf Babilon, \u1ed1ne c\u00f3 \u0111icu ki\u1ec7n tham nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o kho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3n ; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Beros \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n truy\u1ed3n thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Babilon t\u1eeb sau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed3ng Ih\u1ee7y theo truy\u1ec1n Ihuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn khi A\u1ec9\u00f4chx\u00e3ng Mak\u00f4\u0111\u00f4nia t\u1eeb tr\u00e2n. Song, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a \u00f4 ne \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c trong c\u00e1c l\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a I. Phlavia v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 neu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1t v\u00f4 t\u1eadn v\u1eeba c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u00ean t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Song, trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u1ea2u ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Atxiri c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, cho n\u00ean ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Atxiri h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u00e3n t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 du l\u1ecbch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italia l\u00e0 P\u00eatr\u00f4 Vall\u00ea \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0o TK XVII. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i TK XVIII, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110an M\u1ea1ch i\u1eb1 Karsten Nibur \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed d\u1ecbch lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng Ih\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Mai \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda \u0111\u00e2u TK XIX, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u1ed3ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Anh Raolinx\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef n\u00e0y. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 v\u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch, khai th\u00e1c, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a khu v\u1ef1c [.\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u1edf v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eaft \u0111\u00e2u l\u1eeb gi\u1eefa TK XIX khi m\u00e0 Botta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Horxab\u00e1t d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a khu ho\u00e0ng cung c\u1ee7a vua Atxiri Sarg\u00f4n II. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u1eeda sau TK XIX, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 - th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia - th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u1edf v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u : Lagas do \u0110e Xarzek v\u00e0 Hez\u01a1 khai qu\u1eadt. Kinh \u0111\u00f4 T\u00e2n Babilon do m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c ; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ph\u1ebf t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i qua s\u1ef1 mi\u00eau t\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 V\u01b0\u1eddn treo Babilon, c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh n\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u1ec9scrta v.v... 60","V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u TK XX, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 khai qu\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. \u1ede Ua, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u0103n t\u1ef1 c\u1ed5. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u1edf Esnuna - m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Acc\u00e1t \u1edf v\u00f9ng Trung L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u1edf Meri - c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Mari tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng \u01a0ph\u01a1rat v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1933 - 1936 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3. Trong nh\u1eebng n\u0103m 1949 - 1959, Malloen li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e0o b\u1edbi \u1edf v\u00f9ng Kalaha, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ed5 \u1edf c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Atxiri v\u1edbi b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh d\u00e0y t\u1edbi 5m. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt, ngay t\u1eeb n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u TK XIX \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed khu v\u1ef1c. Do cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n \u1edf Babilon v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, do nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Atxiri h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i thuy\u1ebft \\\"\u0110\u1ea1i Babilon\\\", \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Babilon trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Delis, Vinkler v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tri th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, t\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v.v... \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Babilon v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, Babilon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft \\\"\u0110\u1ea1i Babilon\\\" \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i (nh\u01b0 E. Mayer, Ph. Kugler v.v...) ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc khi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Song, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume. Nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh G. Child v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (nhir L. Ullei, B.Grozn\u01b0i, L. King, X.N. Kramer) \u0111a cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume l\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \\\"g\u1ed1c\\\" v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 - n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u01a1 quan ki\u1ec3u ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \\\"th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng kim\\\"... C\u00f3 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Babilon, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Li\u00ean X\u00f4 (tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y) nh\u01b0 M .v. Nilolxki, v .v . Struve, I.M. \u0110iakonov v.v... c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ed3ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u0103n t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft h\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1n chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0.","II - \u0110I\u1ec0U KI\u1ec6N T \u1ef1 NHI\u00caN V\u00c0 c \u01b0 D\u00c2N - Gi\u1eefa khu v\u1ef1c T\u00e2y \u00c1 (l) c\u00f3 2 con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn - s\u00f4ng Tigr\u01a1 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng \u01a0ph\u01a1r\u00e1t - b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n r\u1eebng n\u00fai \u00c1cm\u00eani ch\u1ea3y xu\u00f4i b\u00ean nhau, r\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed5 ra v\u1ecbnh P\u00e9cx\u00edch (V\u1ecbnh Ba Tu). V\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean n\u1eb1m gi\u1eeba 2 s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 - \u1edf h\u1ea1 v\u00e0 trung liru - thu\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 M\u00ead\u00f4p\u00f4tami (M\u00e9sopotamie) \\\"mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai con s\u00f4ng\\\" (hay L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0). Ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh nguy\u00ean M\u00ead\u00f4p\u00f4tami c\u00f3 d\u00e2y n\u00fai bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi \u00c1cm\u00eania v\u00e0 cao nguy\u00ean Iran c\u00e0n c\u1ed7i ph\u00eda t\u00e2y gi\u00e1p th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean Xiri v\u00e0 sa m\u1ea1c Arabi, ph\u00eda nam l\u00e0 v\u1ecbnh P\u00e9cx\u00edch. V\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, ng\u00e0y r\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng, \u0111\u00eam r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh, \u00edt m\u01b0a. \u1eeb\/\/\u0129 T*UNG \/\/\/\u1ec9?\/ A\u01b0 Z\u01b0 C\u1edac \/\u00e1 \u1ee1 sr\u00c1 \/r\/r\u1ee1 \u00fd t\/\u01a1 \/r \/s y \/y . \u1eac \u01b0 \u1ef9n \u1ef9 \u00e1\u01b0 \u00e2\/r\u1eac\u1ee3\/r \u1ef9 v \u01a1 \/r\/r\u00fd \/y ' Ai\/7 \/\/\u01a1' H\u00ecnh 1 - B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Ai C\u1eadp - Lu\u1eefng H\u00e0 (1) T\u00e2y \u00c1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed h\u01a1i kh\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e9 bao g\u1ed5m Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 (Th\u1ed5 Nh\u0129 K\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay), Ti\u1ec1n \u00c1 (v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ven b\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, nay thu\u1ed9c Xiri, Lib\u0103ng, Gio\u00f3c\u0111ani, Ixraen...), l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 (nay l\u00e0 Ir\u1ea5c, C\u00f4o\u00e9t), b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Ar\u00e1p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n Iran (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khu T\u00e2y Iran). 62","Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00f4ng Nin \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, hai s\u00f4ng Tigr\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u01a1phoT\u00e1t c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. H\u00e0ng n\u0103m, v\u00e0o m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n, h\u0103ng tuy\u1ebft \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00fai r\u1eebng \u00c1cm\u00eani tan ra, l\u0169 \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 xu\u00f4i, l\u00e0m m\u1ef1c n\u01b0\u1edbc hai con s\u1ed5ng \u1ea5y d\u00e2ng cao, g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng tr\u1eadn l\u0169 l\u1ee5t kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u1edf lun v\u1ef1c \u0129.\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0(I \\\\ N\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00fat \u0111i, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u1edbp ph\u00f9 sa m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c gieo Ir\u1ed3ng l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch l\u00faa m\u00ec. Tigr\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u01a0ph\u01a1r\u00e1t c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i - v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u00e0nh lang giao l\u01b0u kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e3n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u00f4ng - T\u00e2y. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ec9.\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 n\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a h\u00e0ne n\u1ea7m kh\u1ed3ni\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ; do v\u1eady n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hay b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u0103 ch\u0103m lo t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, \u0111\u00e0o k\u00eanh m\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau cho \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 h\u00e2u nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed3ne c\u00f3 kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ecf \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, \u0111\u1ecf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ecf kh\u0103n v\u00e0 thua thi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. B\u00f9 l\u1ea1i, L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t t\u1ed1t, ngu\u1ed3n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 g\u1ed1m, g\u1ea1ch, s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, c\u00e2y ch\u00e0 \u1ec9\u00e0(2) r \u00ed t qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm, qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed5 \u0103n, v\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111an l\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t thay than. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00eau ki\u1ec7n l\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1 r\u1ed5 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, t\u1ea1o n\u00f4n nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0. L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 kh\u1ed5ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf che ch\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ecba hlnh kh\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau, c\u1ecf c\u00e2y t\u1ed1t t\u01b0\u01a1i n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng sa m\u1ea1c Xiri n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng v\u00e0 cao nguy\u00ean Iran c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i, do v\u1eady c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng xung quanh khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u00f2m ng\u00f3 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau \u1ea5y. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng xa h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn iranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 v\u00e0 du m\u1ee5c, k\u00edt qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ecfa v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean n\u00ean v\u00e3n h\u00f3a l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. (1) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u1ea1n h\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y, nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u1ed3 sau c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eau d\u1ecdt th\u00eam v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. (2) C h\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y thu\u1ed1c h\u1ecd c\u1ecd. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ecdt \u0111\u1edbi. c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi : \u1edf ven b\u1edd \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. d\u1ecdc s\u00f4ng Nin. tr\u00f4n b\u00fan \u0111\u1ea3o Ar\u00e1p, Num Calipho\u00f3cnia, Num M\u0129 v\u00e0 B\u0103c An D\u1ed9. \u1ede trung v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Tigr\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u01a0ph\u01a1r\u00e1t tr\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00f9 l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t. Trung h\u00ecnh, c\u00e2y ch\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao t\u1edbi 20m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh th\u00e2n c\u00e2y l\u00e0 70cm, t\u00e1n l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 2 \u0111\u1ed1n 3m. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00edch hcrp nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 20 - 25\u00b0c. M \u1ed7i n\u00e3m trong \u0111i\u1ed3u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng, m \u1ed9t c\u00e2y ch\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb 100 \u0111\u1ed1n 150 kg qu\u1ea3. Ch\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (kho\u1ea3ng 62%), c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t h\u00e9o (1%). \u0111\u1ea1m (3%). 63","- Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ed3n v\u0103n minh t\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c L\u01b0Crng H\u00e0. Kho\u1ea3ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 IV TCN, ng\u01b0(Yi X um e \u0111a thi\u00ean di t\u1eeb mien r\u1eebng n\u00fai Trung \u00c1 xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh C\u01af d\u1ea7n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, l\u1ea5y n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau l\u00e0m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Ua, \u00cari\u0111u, Lagas, Kis, Suruphe, \u1ee4r\u00fac. t '\\\" l \u1eed thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN, c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c du m\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00eamit, hao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acc\u00e1t, Ph\u00eanixi, Hebcrr\u01a1, Atxiri, Can\u0111\u00f4... \u0111a t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00f4n m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb Xiri \u0111\u1ebfn sa m\u1ea1c Ar\u00e1p. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acc\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng tm n \u00a3 lun L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 3500 TCN chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng du m\u1ee5c sang l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau. Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111a x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acc\u00e1t trong su\u1ed1t m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN, ng\u01b0\u1edfi Xume v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acc\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi nhau. Ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ed3u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n t\u1edbi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ed7n h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ne \u0111\u1ed3ng ne\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00f4m. - Nh\u1eefng di ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, ne\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng di ch\u1ec9 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u00ec IV TCN - th\u1eddi k\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi sang \u0111\u1ed3ng - ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 di ch\u1ec9 \u00cal\u01a1\u00f4b\u00e2y\u0111\u01a1 c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u00cari\u0111u hi\u1ec7n nay 181 km v\u00ea ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0, bi\u1ebft nah\u00ea n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, nhung s\u0103n b\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng. H\u1ecd bi\u1ebft d\u1ec7t, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed5 g\u1ed1m. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng cQng \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu h\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 l\u1ecdp b\u1eb1ne lau s\u1eady. Di ch\u1ec9 Ur\u00fac - n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean h\u1edd \u01a0ph\u01a1r\u00e1t - thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 IV TCN. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch, ch\u00e3n nu\u00f4i b\u00f2, c\u1eebu, d\u00ea, l\u1ee3n, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ne h\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch th\u00f4, t\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111a ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n ra ch\u1eeb t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e2u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume. Di ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ebdn \u0111\u1ed3i \u0110\u01a1gien\u0111\u00e9t Nax\u01a1r\u00ea thu\u1ed9c cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 IV \u0111\u00e2u III TCN. C\u1ed3na c\u1ee5 h\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111a kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 hi\u1ebfn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u xe v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ed1 h\u00e1nh do gia s\u00fac k\u00e9p v\u00e0 xe tr\u01b0\u1ee3l \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng l\u1ea7y l\u1ed9i, ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 g\u1ed1m \u0111a th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t. 64","III - NG\u01af\u1edcI XUME L\u00c0M CH\u1ee6 L\u01af\u1ee0NG H\u00c0 - Kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda sau thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 IV TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00ean di \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf d\u1ea7n l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng du m\u1ee5c, x\u00e2y \u0111\u1eafp nhi\u00eau c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ecb th\u1ee7y, l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1edfi ti\u00eau cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, bi\u1ebfn L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c \\\"c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00eau ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\\\" (H\u00ear\u1ed3\u0111\u1ed3t). Nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 IV, \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN, n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00cari\u0111u, Lagas, Ua, Umma, Uruc... M\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia Xumc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean quan \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch c\u1ed3ng t\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Nuban\u0111a. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 hi\u1ebfm kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kim lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i mua t\u1eeb \u00calam v\u00e0 Iran v\u00ea, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd \u0111a ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m tinh x\u1ea3o, d\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i. T\u1eeb thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi g\u1ed7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau \u0111\u1ec3 c h \u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u0169 kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c(1) N\u1eb1m tr\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed giao th\u1ed3ne quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i phong ph\u00fa, n\u00f4n vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn \u0111a s\u1edbm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Xume mang \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed5 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng trong c\u00f4ng x\u00e3. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, trao \u0111\u1ed5i theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadt v\u1eabn chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong ngo\u1ea1i (h\u01b0\u01a1ng (ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 mang nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 l\u00f4ng c\u1eebu, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n bang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y kim lo\u1ea1i). - S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu d\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean 2 giai c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 : giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb. Giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb hao g\u1ed3n\u00ec qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 l\u00e2ng l\u00f3p t\u0103ng l\u1eef, n\u1eafm quy\u1ed3n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. v \u1ebd danh ngh\u0129a, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t trong to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c thu\u1ed9c v\u00ea Patcsi - ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e2u m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia - nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 Ih\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn : ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Pat\u00easi, ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed9c, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c quan l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3n mi\u1ebfu. S\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn. B\u1ecdn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111a thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u1eefng trang tr\u1ea1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, r\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ha, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Pat\u00easi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng trang tr\u1ea1i ri\u00eang giao cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn tr\u1ed3ng coi (v\u1edbi b\u1ed5ng l\u1ed9c do nh\u00e0 vua c\u1ea5p h\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 200 - 300 ha cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi). (1) Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 dao g\u1ea3m, m\u0169i gi\u00e1o, r\u00ecu. \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c h\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. b\u1ea1c. v\u00e0ng, trong m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecfi m\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ed3u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia Ua (Th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 27 - 26 TCN). 5-LSTGC\u0110-A 65","\u0110\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu cang chi\u1ebfm nhi\u1ec1u ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, \u1edf qu\u1ed1c gia I.agas v\u00e0o (hi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN, s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u0103ng l\u1eed \u0111a chi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n n\u1eeda t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f5ng xa n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00ec v\u00e0 giao cho m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh canh t\u00e1c. N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng xa nh\u1eadn ru\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, lao d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed3n mi\u1ebfu, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu, l\u0103ng t\u1ea9m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i... N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng xa l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Xumc. V\u1ed3 danh ngh\u0129a, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng xa chia ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9n2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, cai qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd l\u1ed9c. L\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng xa \u1edf X um e l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t che v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng xa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c ri\u00eang, kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, \u00edt quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng xa n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong c\u00f4ng xa \u0111a t\u1ea1o n\u00e8n \u0111\u1eb7c ir\u01b0na ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a l\u1ed5\u2019 ch\u1ee9c xa h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume \u1edf c\u00e1c thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 IV, III TCN. T\u1ea7ng k\u00edp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111a kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng d\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng xa. N\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. N\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng xa b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do theo \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (t\u1ef1 do th\u00e2n th\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 do canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n ru\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd). M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ne kh\u00e1c m\u1ea5t l\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0129nh canh lio\u1eb7c l\u00e0m thu\u00ea cho qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed3n mi\u1ebfu. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c (\u00edt h\u01a1n) b\u1ecb b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng, b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u00f3 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tron\u00ed\u1ec9 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed7 l\u1ec7. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c (hi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN \u0111a n\u00f3i t\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Ncu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho xa h\u1ed9i Xume l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 binh b\u1ecb b\u1eaft iron\u00ed\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfn tranh hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1ec1 (gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kho\u1ea3ng ch\u1eebng l\u1eeb 14 \u0111\u1ebfn 20 S\u00eaken b\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng 117 - 170e b\u1ea1c), trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm ti l\u1ec7 cao h\u01a1n. Gi\u1ed1ne nh\u01b0 Ai C\u1eadp, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed3 [\u1ed9 \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Xume \u0111a t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trone khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng : S\u1ed1 lir\u1ef1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0crng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng xa, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, hay t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u00f4' ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ne ni\u1ec9hi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp nh\u1eefne c\u00f4ng Ir\u00ecnh th\u00fay l\u1ee3i... Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt hi sinh trong c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 t\u1ebf th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng 66 5-LSTGC\u0110-t\u00ed","c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u00e1n c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i. Quan h\u1ed9 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169rm kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i l\u00e0 quan h\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed3 v\u00e0 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Xume v\u1eeba b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u1ed3ng xa, v\u1eeba b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7, b\u1edfi v\u1eady s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u1ecb tr\u1ecb - n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng xa, th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u1ed5ng, n\u00f4 l\u1ed9, v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i. Ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 \u00edt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ed3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Xume. Do v\u1eady, h\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 phong tr\u00e0o ph\u00e1n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang lao kh\u1ed5 \u1edf Xume c\u00f2n m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1eed li\u1ec7u ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u1ed5ng chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5u tranh s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ih\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng, n\u00f4n2 d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edb qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Lagas, l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a P\u00eat\u00easi t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o \u1edf Lagas, \u0111\u01b0a Urucaginna l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Pat\u00easi, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 (n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng quy\u00ean t\u1ef1 do cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng xa n\u1ed1ng th\u00f4n, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c quan l\u1ea1i...). - T\u1ed4 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf trung \u01b0cme t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o tay nh\u00e0 vua v\u00e0 t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1nh me. \u0110\u1ee9ne \u0111\u00e2u m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume l\u00e0 Pat\u00easi (c\u0169ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Lugal\u01a1 - ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7). Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea3u, Pat\u00easi do h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u h\u1ea7u ra, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n Pat\u00easi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c v\u1ecb c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i, th\u00e2u t\u00f3m trong tay m\u00ecnh m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i : Pat\u00easi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a t\u00e2ng lcrp t\u0103ng l\u1eef, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh ; Pat\u00easi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Xume, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kinh t\u1ebf, coi s\u00f3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ed1i cao m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia. D\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c Pat\u00easi v\u00e0 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c cho Pat\u00easi i\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb trung \u01b0cmg \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e2u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 Nuban\u0111a (g\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Vidia \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp) tr\u1ed3ng coi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, kho t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 (h\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ecf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 thu thu\u1ebf, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, kho t\u00e0ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ne c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ir\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng... B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Xume c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i cQne \u0111a t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho b\u1ecdn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u01b0 d\u00e2n b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb - C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ean qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef t\u1edbi 200 - 3000 ha \u0111em ph\u00e1t canh \u0111\u1ec3 thu t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Xume th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u01a1 khai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c, th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i 67","kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 hi\u1ebfn. \u1ede c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Xume v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecfng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed5ng b\u00f4 lao (tr\u01b0\u1edfng lao) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh : \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia (tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn hay k\u00ed k\u1ebft h\u00f2a h\u00ecnh...). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ed3n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng xa n\u00f4ng th\u1ed5n Xume c\u0169ng \u0111a bu\u1ed9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y cai tr\u1ecb trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1ee9c ; c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 v\u1edbi lay xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c Ih\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u1ed3ng th\u00f4n. Do v\u1eady, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Xume ngay t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp do nh\u1eefng nhu c\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf x\u0103 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n d\u01b0 c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i dai d\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u1ed1ng |\u1ecay>n ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u0103 l\u00e0m cho th\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume mang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00ed do v\u00ec sao (rong su\u1ed1t n\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Xumc lu\u1ed3n lu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi nhau, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia chung th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u1eafm b\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng(1). IV - NG\u01af\u1edcI ACC\u00c1T N\u1eaeM B\u00c1 QUY\u1ec0N \u1ede L\u01af\u1ee0NG H\u00c0 - Kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e2u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN, t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00eam\u00edt l\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n ngo\u1ea1i Capcad\u01b0 h\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean di xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam, v\u00e0 \u00e0o \u1ea1t tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o T\u00e2y \u00c1, s\u1ed1ng du m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00e0i t\u1eeb Xiri \u0111\u1ebfn sa m\u1ea1c Arap. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u1ebdn\u00edt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acc\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u00edrung du L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, l\u1ea5y th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Acc\u00e1t l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00f4n qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Acc\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa 2 s\u00f4ng \u01a1phcrr\u00e1t v\u00e0 Tigr\u01a1 s\u00e1t g\u1ea7n nhau nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 giao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddne th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y, t\u1eeb Nam \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc, t\u1ea1o cho Acc\u00e1t m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf trong giao d\u1ecbch Ih\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, giao l\u01b0u kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e3n h\u00f3a. - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia Acc\u00e1t l\u00e0 S\u00e1cg\u00f4n (2369 - 2314 TCN) theo truy\u1ed3n thuy\u1ebft, S\u00e1cg\u00f4n (ti\u1ebfng Acc\u00e1t l\u00e0 Saruk\u1ebdrr) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \\\"vua ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh\\\", \u0111a l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0 quan h\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Uarababa. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c di v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 S\u00e1cg\u00f4n \u0111a c\u00fang cho mi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Nippua ta th\u1ea5y : sau khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c gia Acc\u00e1t, S\u00e1cg\u00f4n \u0111a \u0111\u00e1nh Kis\u01a1, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Lugand\u1eafcgidi (Pat\u00f4si c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia Uniina) , ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Ur\u00fac v\u00e0 (1) M\u00e3i t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XXIV TCN. Lugand\u1eafcgidi - Pat\u00f4si c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia Dmina (c\u00e1ch Lagus kho\u1ea3ng 60 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc) sau khi th\u1ed1n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Lagas \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm Ur\u00fac, lia. A\u0111\u00e1p. Nippua.. v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft v\u00f9ng Xume. (2) Pat\u00easi Lugand\u0103cgidi c\u1ee7a Umina b\u1ecb S\u00e1cg\u00f4n b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh, b\u1ecb x\u00edch tay giii v\u1ed3 N\u00edppua v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft l\u00e0m v\u1eadt t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n Enlil\u01a1. 68","han 50 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Pat\u00easi kh\u00e1c. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a S\u00e1cg\u00f4n - Acc\u00e1t. S\u00e1cg\u00f4n c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00calam, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng - b\u1eafc L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. S\u00e1cg\u1ed3n c\u0169ng \u0111\u0103 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eebng cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1edbi t\u1eadn Xiri, Palextin. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia Acc\u00e1t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb v\u1ecbnh P\u00e9cxich (v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0) \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Tigr\u01a1 (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u00calam) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. S\u00e1cg\u1ed3n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00eamit ti\u1ebfp thu v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00eam\u00edt - Acc\u00e1t. Trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, S\u00e1cg\u00f4n c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed3ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc : s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n 2 s\u00f4ng \u01a0ph\u01a1r\u00e1t v\u00e0 Tigr\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i to\u00e0n khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, tu b\u1ed5, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. - \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Naramxin (2270 - 2251 TCN) - ch\u00e1u n\u1ed9i S\u00e1cg\u1ed3n, qu\u1ed1c gia Acc\u00e1t l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed3n vinh. B\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, Naramxin \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c Acc\u00e1t. Naramxin \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00calam, c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L u m lu b \u00e2 y ^ (\u0111\u1ed3ng - b\u1eafc L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0). Naramxin c\u00f2n v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai Acm\u00eani\u00ae. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Acc\u00e1t c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng X i r i ^ v\u00e0 tr\u00e0n t\u1edbi b\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. M\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf T\u00e2y \u00c1 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Acc\u00e1t. Vua Naramxin tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \\\"Vua 4 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\\\". Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 du\u1ee9i th\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Acc\u00e1t, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu, r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. Ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u1ed3ng th\u00f4n th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u1eaft x\u00e9n ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ed3ng \u0111em b\u00e1n. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean bia c\u1ee7a vua Manistusu \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebftvua mua nhi\u1ec1u ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u1ed3ng th\u00f4n thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Kis\u00f4v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi 2.000 ha, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng trang tr\u1ea1i ri\u00eang v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1eadt t\u1eb7ng cho c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c, t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a n\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u0169ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm. T\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, c\u1ed1 h\u1eebu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 d\u1ef1atr\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3ng h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u1ecb tan v\u1ee1. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 v\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 (1) Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1 Naramxin \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf X ud\u01a1. (2),(3) T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n kh\u1eafc \u1edf mi\u1ed3n L agas. 69","ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 chia cho h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u0111\u0103 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1ng theo ki\u1ec3u l\u0129nh canh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m thu\u1ebd theo nh\u1eefng giao k\u00e8o cam k\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ebbn ch\u00f9a, th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn kh\u1ed3ng g\u00ec h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, quan h\u1ec7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u1edd th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n. \u00c1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Acc\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u00e2m \u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong \u0111\u00e1m qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang lao kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1edf ngay c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Xume ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c Acc\u00e1t. Nhi\u1ec1u phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u1ed5 ra \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ecfi Rumes\u01a1 (con trai S\u00e1cg\u1ed3n) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i k\u00eau l\u00ean : \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 cha ta - S\u00e1cg\u00f4n - \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ta, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1ng ta. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ta c\u1ea3\\\". \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb S\u00e1cg\u00f4n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa Acc\u00e1t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m \\\"\u0111\u1ed1t th\u00e0nh ra tro, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 chim c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n\\\". - \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Sacalisara (2253 - 2230 TCN) - tri\u1ec1u vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acc\u00e1t \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 - x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. B\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acc\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00calam t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Am\u00f4r\u00edt t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Guti t\u1eeb h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t 60 - 70 n\u0103m n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Guti. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb ch\u1eefng l\u1ea1i, thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 v\u00e0 sun d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y n\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tu b\u1ed5, kinh t\u1ebf ki\u1ec7t qu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u1ee9ng. L\u00f2ng h\u1eadn th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume, Acc\u00e1t v\u1edbi t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Guti ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2150 TCN, Utukegan - vua th\u00e0nh Ur\u00fac - \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Xume, Acc\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Guti ra kh\u1ecfi khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, kh\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Xume v\u00e0 Acc\u00e1t. V - V\u01af\u01a0NG TRI\u1ec0U III UA V\u00c0 s\u1ef1 PH\u1ee4C H\u01afNG C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI XUME - Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Guti ra kh\u1ecfi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Xume c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c Xume - Acc\u00e1t. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 2132 TCN, L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb Ua (V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ebbu III). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u III Ua - Uanammu v\u00e0 con trai l\u00e0 Sulighi, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. Sau \u0111\u00f3, hai cha con Sulighi 70","tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \\\"Vua Xume v\u00e0 Acc\u00e1t\\\". Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm \u00calam, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y t\u1ea5n c\u1ed3ng Xiri, Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. Uanammu \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 khoe r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 \\\"\u0111\u01b0a b\u00e0n chan m\u00ecnh t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n tr\u00ean\\\" (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1ecbnh Pecx\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i). C\u00e1c vua c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u III Ua c\u0169ng ra s\u1ee9c t\u1eadp trung quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0o tay m\u00ecnh, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n n\u1eafm trong tay c\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n(1). D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ua, c\u00e1c Pat\u00easi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c quan l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Ua v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eebng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eebng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00calam v\u00e0 Am\u00f4r\u00edt, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 4 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, vua Xusin \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ed3n l\u0169y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7. Vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u III Ua l\u00e0 Ibixin (2049 - 2024 TCN) \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7, bao quanh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Ua, N\u00edppua... - Kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Xume n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u III Ua \u0111\u0103 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c hung v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i b\u1ecb\u2019b\u00ea tr\u1ec5 trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Guti th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, s\u1eeda ch\u1eeba v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c g\u1ea7u gu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean cao, n\u00ean nh\u1eebng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng cao c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau, canh t\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a b\u00f2, ng\u1ef1a, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p phong ph\u00fa. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ng\u1eef c\u1ed1c, ch\u00e0 l\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u1ebft tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nho (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu v\u01b0\u1eddn \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e2y nho). Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 : d\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, s\u00e0nh s\u1ee9, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ed3ng th\u00fa, da th\u00fa... kh\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed3 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t sang m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. - C\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u1ed3ng th\u00f4n v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Xume, nhung s\u1ef1 r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 \u0111\u0103 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i Acc\u00e1t v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. Ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng h\u1eedu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0 h\u1eefu m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ch\u01b0a l\u1edbn (m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng l\u1eef t\u1ed1i cao m\u1edbi c\u00f3 36 ha, \u0111a s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 1\/2 \u0111\u1ebfn 1 ha). Nh\u00ecn chung, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng trang tr\u1ea1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u0169ng trang tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, t\u0103ng l\u1eef v\u1eabn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 (1) S\u1eed bi\u00ean ni\u00f4n th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi Sulighi l\u00e0 \\\"Th\u1ea7n\\\". 71","ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ed3ng x\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ea1n ki\u00eam tinh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng x\u1ea3y ra, nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb tu\u1ee9c \u0111o\u1ea1t ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn l\u0129nh canh ho\u1eb7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m thu\u00ea trong c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebbn mi\u1ebfu. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao v\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u01afa (v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u III) quan h\u1ec7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1eabn t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u00f9 binh v\u00e0 mua t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p^1\\\\ Nhi\u1ec1u x\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ec7t \u1edf Lagas \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 (c\u1ea3 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef). Vi\u1ec7c mua, b\u00e1n n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 cho thu\u00ea n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn (\u0111i\u1ec1u 3 - lu\u1eadt Xume, \u0111i\u1ec1u 40 - lu\u1eadt Esmuna) - V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u III Ua \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 - \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t bu\u1edbc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb (t\u1eeb 2132 \u0111\u1ebfn 2024 TCN), nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ua \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9. T\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Ibixin (2049 - 2024 TCN), nh\u1eefng c \u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ua h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa. Ibixin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang lao kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ea5n c\u1ed3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u00calam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Am\u00f4r\u00edt. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2024 TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00calam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Am\u00f4r\u00edt \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u III c\u1ee7a Ua. L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi. VI - L\u01af\u1ee0NG H\u00c0 TH\u1edcI V\u01af\u01a0NG QU\u1ed0C BABILON (1894 - 1595 TCN) 1. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Lu\u1eefng H\u00e0 c\u1ee7a vu\u01b0ng tri\u1ec1u Babilon Sau khi l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u III Ua, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00calam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Am\u1ed3rit c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau : Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00calam c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, v\u01a1 v\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 r\u1ed3i r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u1ebb n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Am\u00f4r\u00edt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0 m\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ixin v\u00e0 Laxa (\u1edf Nam L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0), Esmuna v\u00e0 Meri (\u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc lun v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Tigr\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u01a0ph\u01a1r\u00e1t). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u1ed3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Babilon th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 l\u00e0 vua Hammurabi (1792 - 1750 TCN). B\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c, ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u1ed3n kh\u00e9o, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, Hammurabi (1) Trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ed9p, s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 cho bi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t trang tr\u1ea1i r\u1ed9ng ch\u1eebng 200 ha m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 24 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. 72","\u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Am\u00f4rit \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed9c \u1edf L\u01b0\u1eddng H\u00e0. Li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Laxa (l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00calam), Hammurabi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i. Li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Meri (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Meri), Hammurabi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng qu\u1ed1c gia Esmuna. Khi th\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh, Hammurabi huy \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n th\u1ed3n t\u00ednh Laxa (1762 TCN), Meri. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi chung mi\u1ec1n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 l\u00e0 Babilon. C \u01b0 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume-Acc\u00e1t hay Am\u00f4r\u00edt c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babilon. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Babilon (1894 - 1595 TCN) l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec huy ho\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Babilon tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp theo. 2. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01b0ng qu\u1ed1c Babilon - B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi \u0111\u00e3 cho ta bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babilon - L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, s\u1eaft c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 canh t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1i c\u00e0y th\u1ed3, n\u1eb7ng, l\u01b0\u1ee1i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a b\u00f2, ng\u1ef1a, l\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c khu ru\u1ed9ng, v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam di\u1ec7n t\u00edch canh t\u00e1c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu b\u1ed5, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. 9 n\u0103m sau khi l\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, Hammurabi \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u00e0o s\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n s\u00f4ng Tigr\u01a1, \u01a0ph\u01a1r\u00e1t (\u1edf v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u) mang t\u00ean \\\"s\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0o Hammurabi - s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3\\\". Hammurabi v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o : \\\"Ta tu b\u1ed5 s\u1ed3ng ng\u00f2i, \u0111em n\u01b0\u1edbc ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 tu\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng v\u00f9ng Xume v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Acc\u00e1t. Ta bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai hai b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i. Ta \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ph\u00fa\\\". D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Hammurabi, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \\\"vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n\\\". C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c c\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0 t\u1eebng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u00f4ng nom gi\u1eef g\u00ecn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, ai c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh vi ph\u1ea1m s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00ed, b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng (\u0111i\u1ec1u 53), n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do h\u1ecd g\u00e2y n\u00ean. Nh\u1edd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf mang, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0.","Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch, l\u00faa m\u00ec v\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c khu v\u01b0\u1eddn l\u1edbn v\u1eabn tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u00e2y ch\u00e0 l\u00e0. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p phong ph\u00fa d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee7 cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i xu\u1ea5t sang c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1eadn, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ch\u0103n nu\u1ed3i \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf Xiri. Quy\u1ebbn s\u1edf h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i cao v\u1ec1 danh ngh\u0129a v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 vua. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 3 lo\u1ea1i : + Ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, quan l\u1ea1i, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0t\u0103ng l\u1eef. + Ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t do c\u00f4ng xa n\u00f4ng th\u1ed3n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. 4- Ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh. Tuynhi\u00ean, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ru\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ch\u01b0a l\u1edbn l\u1eafm ; 90% nh\u1eebng ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng\u0111\u1ea5tt\u01b0h\u1eefuc\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 8,5 ha, ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 31 ha \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t canh thu t\u00f4 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u 42 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u 47 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u0111a quy \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1 r\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0129nh canh, m\u1ee9c t\u00f4 kh\u00e1 cao, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1\/3 \u0111\u1ebfn 1\/2 thu ho\u1ea1ch. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. C\u00f3 2 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng : th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ngay trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n. Th\u1eddi Hammurabi cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh kinh doanh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp cao. V\u1eadt cho vay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n (b\u1ea1c), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c v\u1edbi l\u00e3i su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 cao, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 20%, c\u00f3 khi l\u00ean t\u1edbi 30%. - X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Babilon th\u1eddi Hammurabi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng - ch\u1ee7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 Babilon ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n th\u1eddi k\u00ec Xume, Acc\u00e1t, do lu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung t\u1eeb t\u00f9 binh chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u00e0o gi\u00fap n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n ho\u1eb7c che gi\u1ea5u n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00fap ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o gi\u00fap n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eebng d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n kh\u1eafc \u1edf tr\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n tay... N\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Babilon th\u1eddi Hammurabi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111em trao \u0111\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111em n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ra mua, b\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e1c t\u00f9y \u00fd h\u1ecd. 74","Quan h\u1ec7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Babilon c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Babilon v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u01b0a \u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f4ng x\u00e3. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea5y n\u1eef n\u1ed3 v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u1eef n\u00f4 sinh ra s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do. \u0110i\u1ec1u 117 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do b\u1ecb g\u00e1n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho ch\u1ee7 trong th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n l\u00e0 3 n\u0103m. 3. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed5 Babilon - Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed5 Babilon ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung trong tay nh\u00e0 vua, vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Hammurabi v\u00ec th\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Enxi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Babilon. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. Hammurabi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1eadp trung chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf. Hammurabi \u0111a chia v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh 2 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn, 2 khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p cai tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau : V\u00f9ng Acc\u00e1t v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Xume l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, \u1edf v\u00f9ng Nam Xume l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9 hai. \u1ede Acc\u00e1t v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Xume, vua c\u1eed nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n (th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c do nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Xucalu, thay m\u1eb7t nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cai qu\u1ea3n khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kinh t\u1ebf, thu thu\u1ebf, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c (th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1...). V\u00f9ng Nam Xume \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Xinidinnama. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng Acc\u00e1t, B\u1eafc Xume, c\u00e1c quan th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 vua qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u0103n nu\u1ed3i trong trang tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua. - Hammurabi r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u1eddi Hammurabi l\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh v\u00e0 binh s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Ai c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban th\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t h\u1eadu. Ru\u1ed9ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p cho binh s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 3 h\u1ea1ng cao th\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau. Cao nh\u1ea5t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00eacu d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ea5p ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 R\u00ea\u0111u v\u00e0 Bairu. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam. Binh s\u0129 n\u00e0o b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p x\u1eed r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng, binh s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ec7nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng 75","ra c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, Hammurabi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, chinh ph\u1ee5c to\u00e0n x\u1ee9 L\u01b0\u1eedng H\u00e0, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0a Babilon tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \\\"th\u1eddi k\u00ec ho\u00e0ng kim\\\" c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3 3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng : cu\u1ee9p b\u00f3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c c\u1ed3ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed3ng c\u1ed9ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i. - Hammurabi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u00f4ng vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh v\u0103n ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho to\u00e0n khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. Lu\u1eadt Hammurabi v\u1edbi 282 \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7, v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh canh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t... m\u00e0 s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecf xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p h\u1eefu s\u1ea3n, c\u1ed3ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n. - Sau khi Hammurabi ch\u1ebft (1750 TCN), v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 Babilon li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \\\"s\u1ef1 suy vong \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. Trong nu\u1edbc, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p nh\u1eebng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7, d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Babilon ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda nam trong \\\"Li\u00ean minh nh\u1eefng nu\u1edbc v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n\\\". Qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng Xamxriluna - con trai Hammurabi - c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u1ed3 \u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng xung quanh khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 : ng\u01b0\u1eddi X\u00eam\u00edt (\u1edf v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i Xume), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00calam, t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hitdit \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00e1tx\u00edt \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. N\u0103m 1518 TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00e1tx\u00edt chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Babilon v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1165 T C N ^ \\\\ Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Atxiri th\u00f4n t\u00ednh. Babilon m\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9, m\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VII TCN, khi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2n Babilon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Babilon m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. VII - L\u01af\u1ee0NG H\u00c0 TRONGTH\u1edcI K\u00cc TH\u1ed0NGTR\u1eca C\u1ee6A V\u01af\u01a0NG QU\u1ed0C T\u00c2N BABILON (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Can\u0111\u00ea) - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Can\u0111\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c X\u00eam\u00edt, thi\u00ean di \u0111\u1ebfn L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acc\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Atxiri (kho\u1ea3ng TK XI TCN). Trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00e1tx\u00edt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Atxiri thay nhau th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Can\u0111\u00ea \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam Lu\u1eefng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Atxiri, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Can\u0111\u00ea (1) C\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00e1tx\u00edt th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb Babilon cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1204 TCN, ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 1165 TCN l\u00e0 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Babilon th\u1ee9 4, sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babi\u1ec9on l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00e1tx\u00edt. 76","\u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 (rong h\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Aixiri(1). N\u0103m 626 TCN, nh\u00e2n khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Atxiri suy y\u1ebfu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Can\u0111\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4\u0111i l\u1ea5n c\u1ed1ng li\u00eau di\u1ec7t Alxiri. \u0110 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Atxiri di\u1ec7t vong, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00ea\u0111i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Can\u0111\u00ea chia nhau th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0, Xiri v\u00e0 Palextin thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Can\u0111\u00ea. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Can\u0111\u00ea \u0111a ch\u1ecdn Babilon l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c do v\u1eady l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Can\u0111\u00ea th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, l\u1ea5y Babi\u1ec9on l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed3, l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2n Babilon trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Lu\u1eefng H\u00e0. - V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2n Bahilon l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tricu Nabus\u1ed3\u0111\u00f4n\u00f4xo (Nabuchodonosor) (605 - 561 TCN). Nabus\u00f4\u0111\u00f4n\u00f4xo l\u00e0 cai tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Nah\u1ed3p\u1ed1laxa \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con r\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a vua Mc\u0111i. Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Nabus\u00f4\u0111\u00f4n\u1ed3xo, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2n Babilon \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ee9i \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ecf, v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Babilon h\u01a1n 1000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. Nabus\u1ed5\u0111\u00f4n\u00f4xo \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 IT1 \u1ede r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 597 TCN, Nabus\u00f4\u0111\u00f4n\u00f4xo t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00earudalem v\u00e0 c\u1eed Xitki l\u00ean l\u00e0m, vua h\u00f9 nh\u00ecn, l\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c Babilon. N\u0103m 689 TCN, Nabus\u00f4\u0111\u00f4n\u00f4xo l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 Gi\u00earudalem c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn Do Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Xitki. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Xitki c\u00f9ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u00e0ng gia, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Can\u0111\u00ea b\u1eaft v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 Babilon(2). Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 Nabus\u1ed5\u0111\u00f4n\u00f4xo c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c Xiri v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh hang c\u1ee7a Ph\u00eanixi, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Babilon \u1edf v\u00f9ng ven b\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Babilon c\u0169ng da t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi Ai C\u1eadp, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u1ed1ng chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ai C\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng Babilon c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c ven h\u1edd \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Palextin). Th\u1eddi k\u00ec Nabus\u00f4\u0111\u1ed5n\u1ed5xo tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i tri\u1ec3n. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng kh\u1ed3i p h \u1ee5 c , 1I1\u1ede I\u0129\u00ecang v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c \u1ed3 n g tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, nh\u1edd th\u1ed1 n\u1ed1ne nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn li\u1ebfp l\u1ee5c gi\u1eef v\u1ecb tr\u00ed h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf l a n Babilon. C\u1ed3ng xa n\u1ed3ng th\u1ed1n v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0 h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ne v\u1edbi n\u00f3, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u0129nh canh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u1ea1o nen nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng (1) V\u00ed nh\u01b0 Nab\u00f4p\u1ed3laxu ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2n Babilon - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Can\u0111\u00f4. \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Atxiri v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Atxiri \u1edf Nain Lu\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. (2) L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Do Th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1n th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn \\\"Th\u1eddi k\u00ec nh\u00e0 ng\u1ee5c Babilon\\\". 77","to\u00e0n v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 \\\"Nh\u00e0 Murasu \u1edf N\u00edppua\\\", \\\"nh\u00e0 Hgl\u01b0bi \u1edf Habilon\\\"... \u0111\u1ed3ng Ih\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u0103ng Ih\u00eam s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ecf, m\u1ea5t ru\u1ed9na \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e1i l\u00e0m lliu\u00ea l\u0129nh canh ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c p\u1ec9i\u1ea3i b\u00e1n th\u00e2n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n d\u00e0i h\u01a1n ir\u01b0\u1edbc (kho\u1ea3ng 10 n\u0103m ). S\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a I1 \u00d4 l\u1ec7 d\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. \u1ede th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y, giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed7 \u0111a \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 theo l\u1ed1i m\u1edbi. Ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 cung c\u1ea5p cho n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 kinh doanh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m n\u1ea1p cho ch\u00fa n\u00f4 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n nh\u00edt \u0111\u1ecbnh theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t theo ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y \u0111a l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nu\u00f4i n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp do n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1 do t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ri\u00eang, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 kinh doanh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n giao d\u1ecbch mua b\u00e1n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddne v\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 cho vay lai l\u00e0 hai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh \u1edf T\u00e2n Babilon. Th\u01b0ong nh\u00e2n mua v\u00e0 b\u00e1n c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u1ed5ng nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecf ti\u00e9n \u0111\u1ed5 bao th\u1ea7u c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 thrtng t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau thu l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Nabus\u00f4\u0111\u00f4n\u00f4xo C\u0168\u0128\u00cc2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ne c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea1o b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ed3n vinh, nguy nga cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 Nippua, Un\u00edc, Xeppar\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kinh \u0111\u1ed3 Babilon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu s\u1eeda, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng khang trang \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111e. Th\u00e0nh Babilon c\u00f3 chu vi d\u00e0i hcm 13km \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hao b\u1ecdc xung quanh b\u1edfi 3 l\u1edbp t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh cao v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp t h \u00e0 n h l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed5 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9. Trong th\u00e0nh c\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby. \u1ede ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u00f3 c\u1eeda Ixta (n\u1eef th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i) cao 12m, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi g\u1ea1ch incn m\u00e0u xanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefni\u0129 ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc n\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c th\u00fa v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 b\u00f2 r\u1eebng, r\u1ed3ng... T\u1eeb c\u1eeda lxta (\u1edf c\u1eeda h\u1eafc) \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111en th\u1edd th\u00e2n Mac\u0111\u00fac (\u1edf ph\u00eda nam) l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn, th\u1eb3ng t\u00e1p - \\\"\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed7\\\" - v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1eddng Ih\u00e0nh cao, trang tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh b\u00f2 r\u1eebng, s\u01b0 t\u1eed, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2u r\u1ed3ng, m\u00ecnh s\u01b0 t\u1eed, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1t h\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1 h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng m\u00e0u ph\u1ea5n h\u1ed3ng, hai h\u00ean l\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf. C\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edf th\u00e2n Mac\u0111\u00fae l\u00e0 th\u00e1p \u0110icur\u00e1t h\u00f9ng v\u0129 cao 90m, g\u00f4m 7 t\u1ea7ng, t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch tr\u00e1ng men m\u00e0u xanh nh\u1ea1t. Trong \u0111\u1ed3n l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00e2n Mac\u0111\u00fac b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3n th\u00e1p, cung \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh, trong th\u00e0nh Babilon c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ecf m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ne hai trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, sau n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p coi l\u00e0 1 trong 7 k\u00ec quan c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i - khu v\u01b0\u1eddn treo Babilon. - N\u0103m 562 TCN, vua Nabus\u00f4\u0111\u1ed1n\u00f4xo ch\u1ebft, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2n Babilon h\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, suy y\u1ebfu. N\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ho\u00e0ng gia kh\u1ed1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 trong 78","v\u00f2ng 24 n\u0103m d\u0103 thay \u0111oi t\u1edbi 4 iri\u1ed3u \u0111\u1ea1i. 'l\u01a1i th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ne - Nah\u1ed3x\u00edt (555 - 538 TCN), T\u00e2n Hahilon h\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi nguy c\u01a1 x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u0111 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0. Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Ih\u1ed1n t\u00ednh v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c M\u00ea\u0111i, Ti\u1ebfu \u00c1, Ba T\u01b0 l\u1ea5n c\u1ed3ng Babilon (n\u0103m 538 TCN, Nab\u1ed3x\u00edl b\u1ecb h\u00e1t, con (rai Vantaxa h\u1ecb gi\u1ebft). V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2n Babilon di\u1ec7t vong. VIII - NH\u1eeeNG TH\u00c0NH T \u1ef1 u V\u1ea2N H\u00d3A c \u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea0I L\u01af\u1ee0NG H\u00c0 L\u1ecbch s\u1eed Lir\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a L\u01b0\u1ee1ne H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1ea7n h\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume, Acc\u00e1t, Babilon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Can\u0111i... Trong \u0111\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume kh\u1ed3ne nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp n\u00ean nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e2u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ne n\u00ean n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecfa L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0. V\u0103n h\u1ecfa L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, phong ph\u00fa c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00ed .\u01b0\u1ee1n2 H\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi n\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecfa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf T\u00e2y \u1ea2, v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 R\u1ed3ma. 1. C h\u1eef vi\u1ebft Ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ed9n \u1edf L\u01b0\u1eedni> H\u00e0 kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 IV TCN v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume \u0111a ph\u00e1i minh ra ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ve - v\u1ebb sau l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t v\u1ea1ch h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh \u00fd. H\u1ecd d\u00f9n2 m\u1ed9t thanh e\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf hay s\u1eady v\u00f3t nh\u1ecdn 1 \u0111\u1ea7u, \u1ea5n tr\u00ean phi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh 1 \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn, \u0111\u00e1y h\u1eb1ng, tr\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh g\u1ed7 v\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eafng, tr\u1ed5ng I\u00ecli\u01b0 m\u0169i t\u00f4n hay chi\u1ebfc \u0111inh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfc \u0111inh n\u00e0y h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb. M\u1ecfi t\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trang s\u00e1cl\u00ec, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp. nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ecf c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefn\u00edi g\u00f3c nh\u1ecdn, n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c e\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1eeb h\u00ecnh g\u1ed1c hay h\u00ecnh \u0111inh. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf T\u00e2y \u1ea2 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xuine ph\u00e1t minh ra l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u1eef m\u1eb9 \u0111e c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Acc\u00e1t, Bahilon, Hatti, Atxiri, Ba T\u01b0. Sau khi khai qu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Niniv\u01a1 - Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c Atxiri, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vua Atxuabanipan, trong \u0111\u1ecf l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u1edbi 2200 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \\\"trang s\u00e1ch\\\" b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi h\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i ch\u1eef \\\"h\u00ecnh \u0111inh\\\" Xume. N\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u00ed XIX, hai nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0110\u1ee9c Gor\u00f4t\u00f4phen (Gr\u00f4telend) v\u00e0 Anh Raolinhx\u01a1n (Henry kavvlinson) th\u00f4ng qua v\u0103n t\u1ef1 Ba T\u01b0 \u0111a \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 79","ch\u1eef h\u00ecnh \u0111inh n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c \u1ec9 .\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u1edbi. 2. V\u0103n h\u1ee5c C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc do ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xume s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i : v\u00e3n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian, th\u01a1, ca v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ed5 lo\u1ea1i anh h\u00f9ng ca. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc iruy\u1ed3n mi\u1ec7ng, d\u00e2n ca c\u00f3 b\u00e0i ca c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi xay l\u00faa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea5u b\u1ebfp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh m\u00ec. Th\u1ed5 lo\u1ea1i ng\u1ee5 ng\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u00ean r\u0103n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con ne\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec7n ng\u1ee5 ng\u1ed3n \\\"Cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa ng\u1ef1a v\u1edbi h\u00f2\\\". Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ed3 n\u1ea1n h\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Ninuta v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef gi\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1eeba thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u1eeba d\u1eef t\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a hai d\u00f2ng c\u1ea3ng Tigr\u01a1, \u01a0ph\u01a1r\u00e1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gian kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c h \u00ed ng\u1ef1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i tri\u1ec3n n\u1ed3n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfna kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u1ed5n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca, ng\u1ee3i khen s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Mac\u0111\u00fac - th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 - kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Trong b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \\\"Emit v\u00e0 Enten\\\", th\u00e2n Enhin \u0111a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e2n th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng trong cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho hai ngh\u1ec1 ir\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i. Trong v\u00e3n h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n Mac\u0111\u00fac lu\u1ed5n lu\u1ed5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n t\u1ed1i cao, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i. Th\u00e2n \u0111a chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef Tiam\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 anh h\u00f9ng ca Gilgamesh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn b\u1ecb hao ph\u1ee7 b\u1edfi l\u00f3p m\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng anh h\u00f9ng ca Gilgamesh \u0111\u00e3 ca ng\u1ee3i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ca ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i thi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i \u00e1c. Gilgamesh l\u00e0 vua (h\u00e0nh Ur\u00fac, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, gi\u00e0u ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111a k\u1ebft th\u00e2n v\u1edbi Enki\u0111u v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng. T\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng trai \u0111ci l\u00e0m n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Is\u01a1ta say \u0111\u00e1m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i h\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1. Is\u01a1ta c\u0103m t\u1ee9c, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i Gilgamesh. N\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111a cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n b\u00f2 xu\u1ed1ng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng Ur\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng Gilgamesh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ch\u00e0ng l\u00e0 Enki\u0111u \u0111a gi\u1ebft h\u1ebft \u0111\u00e0n b\u00f2 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Is\u01a1ta, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng. Iscrta c\u00e0ng t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn \u0111a l\u00e0m cho Enki\u0111u l\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft. Gilgamesh c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, b\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u00ecm th\u00e2n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n v\u00ea s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1edfng sinh b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. 80","3. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 theo \u0111a th\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Un\u00edc th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Anu, Hri\u0111u Ih\u1edf (h\u00e2n Eaua. Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ed.\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n th\u1edd nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Th\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00eca v\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n. Th\u1ea7n Tarnmu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n d\u1ea1y h\u1ea3o c\u01b0 d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee3t, l\u00e0m ntih\u1ed5 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n \u00e1i, h\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng. Th\u00e2n N\u00eagan - Th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ne\u1ee5c - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt k\u00ec d\u1ecb, c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh gh\u00ea g\u1edbm : m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1eebng b\u00f2, m\u00ecnh s\u01b0 t\u1eed, c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh. N\u1eef th\u1ea3n Iara \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n m\u1eb9, th\u00e2n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n. Th\u00e2n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi Sarn\u00e1t l\u00e0 th\u00e2n b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 lu\u1eb7l ph\u00e1p, t\u00f2a \u00e1n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao trong (o\u00e0n khu v\u1ef1c L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Babilon, th\u1eddi k\u00ec H\u0103mmurabi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, Th\u00e2n M\u00e1c\u0111\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb (h\u00e2n t\u1ed1i cao trong to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c, b\u1eb3n th\u00e2n nh\u00e0 vua c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a, thay m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n M\u00e1c\u0111\u00fac cai tr\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n d\u00e2n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u0103ng l\u1eef L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ed7 nghi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u01b0 d\u00e2n trong to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. 4. Khoa h\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean To\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfm kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 5 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y 60 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb. Ngo\u00e0i ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ne h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 10 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf (ph\u01b0cmg ph\u00e1p Th\u1eadp ti\u1ebfn v\u1ecb). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 n = 3,00 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 chu vi h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111a ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00ed : trong m\u1ed9t tam gi\u00e1c vu\u00f4ng, h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea1nh huy\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a hai c\u1ea1nh g\u00f3c vu\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0i t\u1eadp to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 theo nhi\u00eau ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu ho\u1ea1ch \u1edf c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3nh ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau ; t\u00ednh th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e0o 4 c\u00e1i h\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u kh\u00e1c nhau... V\u1ed3 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng. B\u00e2u tr\u1eddi L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t 8 th\u00e1ng trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, do v\u1eady c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thu g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. H\u1ecd \u0111a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1o, chia c\u00e1c tinh th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi th\u00e0nh 12 cung g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"12 cung ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1o\\\". C\u00e1c ch\u00f2m tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ve v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i theo qu\u1ef9 6-LSTGC\u0110-A 81","\u0111\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00ea sao ch\u1ed5i, sao b\u0103ng, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c. L\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u01a1ng H\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u00ec th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Xume, v\u00e0 theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u00e2m l\u1ecbch : 1 n\u0103m c\u00f3 12 th\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng c\u00f3 29 ho\u1eb7c 30 ng\u00e0y (6 th\u00e1ng 29 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 6 th\u00e1ng 30 ng\u00e0y). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 40 t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t ghi ch\u00e9p kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ec7nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh v\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p, m\u1eaft, tai, tim, th\u1ea7n kinh... N\u1ed9i khoa v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i khoa \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f4 r\u00e0ng trong y h\u1ecdc L\u01b0Crrm H\u00e0. 5. Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1, g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn lao trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc. Nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu c\u00f3 trang tr\u00ed, ch\u1ea1m kh\u1eafc s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1 \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vua Gu\u0111\u00eaa - vua Lagas\u01a1 - v\u00e0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vua Nabus\u00f4\u0111\u00f4n\u1ed3xo - vua x\u1ee9 M\u00ea\u0111i l\u00e0 2 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0(l). N\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t trong ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Babilon(2> v\u00e0 khu v\u01b0\u1eddn treo Babilon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a N abus\u00f4\u0111\u00f4n\u00f4xo - qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2n Babilon sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 7 k\u00ec quan c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n khu v\u01b0\u1eddn treo Babilon - khu v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u01b0\u1ee3ng uy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nabus\u00f4\u0111\u00f4n\u00f4xo x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed5 chi\u1ec1u \u00fd v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1eadu. S\u1ee7ng \u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa x\u1ee9 M\u00ea\u0111i - x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng n\u00fai, c\u00e2y, c\u1ea3nh. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1eddn treo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o cao 25m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 4 t\u1ea7ng, n\u1ed1i m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7u thang to, r\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo l\u1ed1i ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng - ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00f2m cu\u1ed1n b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t cao, c\u00f3 trang tr\u00ed. Ngu\u1eebi ta d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1 to ph\u1eb3ng x\u00e2y kh\u00edt \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh. K\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u00f3i m\u1ecfng, nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ee9i 2 h\u00e0ng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau ch\u1eb7t chs b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9t th\u1ea1ch anh, tr\u00ean l\u1edbp g\u1ea1ch \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbi cho c\u00e2y, trong v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eabn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. M\u1ed9t gu\u1ed3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng \u01a0ph\u01a1r\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u00ean b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u1edf m\u1ed7i t\u1ea7ng, v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e1c g\u1ea7u ra m\u00fac n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u1edbi cho c\u00e2y c\u1ecf. V\u01b0\u1eddn treo b\u1ed1n m\u00f9a c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i xanh t\u01b0\u01a1i. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \\\"v\u01b0\u1eddn hoa kh\u00f4ng trung\\\" \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u00e0nh Babilon l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby. (1) Cung \u0111i\u00ean c\u1ee7a vua Gu\u0111\u00eaa d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 50m, r\u1ed9ng 30m, tu\u1eedng x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 trang tr\u00ed. (2) Xem ph\u1ea7n \\\"L\u01b0\u1ecfng H\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u0103n Bab\u1ec9lon\\\". 82 6-LSTGC\u0110-B","\u0110\u1ec1n th\u00e1p Ement\u00ealauki c\u0169ng \u1ec9\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. Th\u00e1p cao 90m, t\u1eeb xa tr\u00f4ng ng\u1ecdn th\u00e1p 7 t\u1ea7ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i thang kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u01b0\u01a1n th\u1eb3ng l\u00ean tr\u1eddi. T\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i vu\u00f4ng c\u1ea1nh 90m, cao 30m, g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e9t m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u01a1n m\u00e0u \u0111en. T\u1ea7ng hai h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n theo th\u1ebf h\u00ecnh th\u00e1p s\u01a1n m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf. T\u1ea7ng ba m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng, t\u1ea7ng 4, 5, 6 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng 7 m\u00e0u xanh, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ebbn v\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u00e1i che v\u00e0 trang tr\u00ed h\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc s\u1eebng to b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng cao v\u00fat \u1edf 4 g\u00f3c, t\u1ea7ng 7 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i mi\u1ebfu nh\u1ecf trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n M\u00e1c\u0111\u00fac b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng. C H \u01af \u01a0 N G IV \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8 C\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ea0I (T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III) I - \u0110\u1ea4T N\u01af\u1edaC \u1ea4N \u0110 \u1ed9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c, n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam ch\u00e2u \u00c1 nhung h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y b\u1edfi d\u1ea3i n\u00fai cao nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Himalaya, n\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \\\"ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba\\\". \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, qua \u0111\u00e8o Bolan (nay \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Pakistan) v\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00fai Toba Kakar, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00e2y - b\u1eafc, t\u1eeb Taxila qua Kabun (nay l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Apganixtan), v\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u00e3y Hinducuc hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Iran v\u00e0 Trung \u00c1 ; nhung \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1p bi\u1ec3n, n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb T\u00e2y (H\u1ed3ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 V\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0) sang \u0110\u00f4ng (Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh Dir\u01a1ng), n\u01a1i d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n b\u1ea9t bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i T\u00e2y - \u0110\u00f4ng. B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u00f4i b\u1edfi d\u00e3y n\u00fai Vin\u0111ia. N\u1eeda ph\u00eda b\u1eafc l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, do s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng (Ganga) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng - b\u1eafc, v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n (Indus) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y - b\u1eafc (v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y nay thu\u1ed9c Pakistan). N\u1eeda ph\u00eda nam, \u0110\u00eacan l\u00e0 n\u00fai Vin\u0111ia k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00e0nh cao nguy\u00ean \u0110\u00eacan, n\u00fai cao, r\u1eebng r\u1eadm chi\u1ebfm ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam hai d\u00e3y n\u00fai \u0110\u00f4ng Gat v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Gat ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc hai b\u1edd \u0111\u00f4ng, t\u00e2y c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. Tuy \u00edihi\u00ean, hai v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 d\u00e0i l\u00e0 hai v\u00f9ng qu\u1ea7n c\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i. 83","B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u ngang r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb 67\u00b0 - 87\u00b0 kinh \u0111\u00f4ng, (kho\u1ea3ng 2100 km) n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean 3 m\u00fai gi\u1edd, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 7\u00b0 \u0111\u1ebfn 32\u00b0 v\u0129 b\u1eafc (kho\u1ea3ng 3000km). T\u1eeb trung lun s\u00f4ng Indus, c\u00f2n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 qua \u0111\u00e8o G\u00f4man nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t xa v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt d\u00f9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qua Axam \u1ea3 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Mianma, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n ti\u1ec7n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Will Durant (1946) cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u00eacan l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb Sanskrit Dakshina = (tay ph\u1ea3i, nh\u00ecn h\u01b0\u1edbng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi m\u1ecdc) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam ; Ren\u00e9 Grousset (1955) l\u1ea1i cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb Sanskrit, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Gi\u1eefa Tr\u01b0a = \u1edf Gi\u1eefa (?) \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a : t\u1eeb c\u1ef1c nam \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1t v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 lun s\u00f4ng An v\u00e0 s\u1ed3ng H\u1eb1ng, t\u1eeb 7\u00b0 - 25\u00b0 v\u0129 b\u1eafc, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t n\u00f3ng. Ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00f9ng gi\u00e1p ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Himalaya l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 tuy\u1ebft r\u01a1i. Mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, \u1edf v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 23\u00b0, ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1edbi ch\u00ed tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4. V\u00f9ng t\u00e2y b\u1eafc, lun v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng An, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00f4 n\u00f3ng x\u00ea d\u1ecbch \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ean tr\u00ean (trong kho\u1ea3ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 25\u00b0 - 30\u00b0) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean sa m\u1ea1c Thar, m\u1ed7i chi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3ng 600km. Lun v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u00c2n r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm m\u01b0a v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a sa m\u1ea1c Thar, c\u00e1t bay d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp d\u00e0y tr\u00ean hai b\u1edd trung l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng An. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a, c\u00f3 m\u01b0a, c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i t\u1ed1t t\u01b0\u01a1i. Gi\u00f3 bi\u1ec3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u01b0a, kh\u00ed h\u1eadu d\u1ecbu m\u00e1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ho\u1ea1t cho d\u00e2n hai v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f4ng, t\u00e2y. V\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng - b\u1eafc ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a, tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 : mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc s\u00f4ng ng\u00f2i v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam l\u1eafm r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fai, c\u00f3 n\u00fai cao r\u1eebng gi\u00e0 b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai d\u1ea3i b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n d\u00e0i v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 sa m\u1ea1c n\u00f3ng ch\u00e1y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u01b0a theo gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn v\u1eeba c\u1edfi m\u1edf, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u1eeba chia c\u1eaft v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau b\u00ean trong, v\u1eeba h\u00f9ng v\u0129 v\u00e0 v\u1eeba c\u1ef1c k\u00ec \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. S\u1ed3ng \u00c2n (Indus) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh \u00c3n \u0110\u1ed9 m\u00e0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Sindhu. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng Iran ph\u00e1t \u00e2m l\u00e0 Hindu, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 Hindu - Hindustan. X\u01b0a kia t\u1eeb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, sau d\u00f9ng .\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 chung \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi t\u00ean s\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Indus, v\u00e0 t\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 India, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y t\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u1ed3ng vua truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c cho n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh BHARAT. II - S\u1ef1 PH\u00c1T HI\u1ec6N \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u1edbn v\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi n\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 84","t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn trong m\u1ea5y trang s\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ecf, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ecf th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y n\u00e9t l\u1edfn. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ed3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u00ec xa x\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea2n \u0110\u1ed9, khoa kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u0103n h\u00e1n. T\u1eeb 1863, ne\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u0103 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u1ed3 v\u00e3n h\u00f3a Soan (l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus) v\u00e0 Madras (Nam An), nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1935 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ed3 n\u1ec1n v\u00e3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169 n\u00e0y qua h\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m khai qu\u1eadt mang t\u00f4n \u0110o\u00e0n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c Yale B\u1eafc \u1ea4n(I) N\u0103m 1864, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u00ea th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1 gi\u1eefa, hay \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf D\u1ecbabalpur v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ed1n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30 th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y tr\u00f4n nhi\u1ed3u \u0111\u1ecba \u0111 i \u1ec3 n \/ c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t di ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u h\u00edt \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n \u0110 \u1ed9 ^ Trong nhi\u00eau n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft v\u00ea th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia s\u01a1 k\u00ec \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u00e3n m inh c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a hem tr\u00ean l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00edch th\u00fa cho gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan l\u00e2m t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed An \u0110\u1ed9. T h\u1ef1c ra, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1875, A.Cunningham \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m Harappa, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u1ea4n \u0110 \u1ed9 R.Sahni, R. D.Banerji rru\u00ddi khai qu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ee7 hai di ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 Harappa v\u00e0 M ohend\u1ecbo Daro (tr\u00ean tri\u1ec1n s\u00f4ng Indus). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kliai qu\u1eadt n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ra l\u1ea1i do gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c s\u1edf kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd (Archaeological Survey) \u1ec9\u1eb1 John Marshall th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u1edf Anh n\u0103m 1924, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m x\u00f4n xao d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn Anh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1eeb b\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ed3 ncn v\u0103n minh c\u1ed5 s\u1ed3ng Indus, nh\u01b0 Kot Diji (Sind, H\u1ea1 lun), Kalibangan (\u1edf R\u1ea1\u1ecbasthan), Rupar (Pun\u1ecbab - Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng lun), c\u1eb3ng th\u1ecb Lothal (\u1edf Gujarat). A.Cunningham c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 x\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 X\u0128X, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u00e0 sun t\u1ea7m c\u00e1c di t\u00edch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (\u0111\u1ed3n, th\u00e1p, c\u1ed9t...) v\u00e0 bi k\u00ed. Nh\u1edf \u0111\u1ecf, m \u1edf in\u00e0n cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n khu di t\u00edch hang \u0111\u1ed9ng Ad\u1ecbanla. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1819 - 1879, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a th\u1ea5y trong v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Ad\u1ecbanta, g\u1ea7n l\u00e0ng Pardapur, bang Hydcrahad, T\u00e2y \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, 29 ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a l\u1edbn t\u1ea1c trong l\u00f2ng hang \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr\u00ean v\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00f9a \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00f9 \u0111i\u00eau h\u00edch h\u1ecda (1) Yale North India Hxpedition, do H. dc Terra, T.T.Paterson. P.Teilhard de Chardin l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. (2) D.H. Gordon - The microlithic In\u0111ustry of India - Man, 1938. (3) L.A. Cam miade M.C.Burkitt - Fresh light on The Stone Age in SouthEast India - Antiquity. \u1ec9 930. T.IV. 85","m\u00e0u lam, xanh, \u0111\u1ecf, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c t\u00edch Ph\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u00e0u s\u1eafc r\u1ef1c r\u1edd, n\u00e9t v\u1ebd sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \\\"x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\\\". Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c di t\u00edch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n phong ph\u00fa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lun truy\u1ec1n ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y, ho\u1eb7c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean bia, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u0103n t\u1ef1 c\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1n (Sanskrit), Brahmi, Kharosthi, Pali... M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 tu h\u00e0nh v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Sanskrit, Pali, Kharosthi (tr\u1eeb Brahmi) nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecdc, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan khoa h\u1ecdc Anh, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c. N\u0103m 1784, William Jones l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u1edf Bengan (Asiatic Society of Bengal), m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ng\u00e0nh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 1784, Charles Wilkins c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb Sanskrit sang ti\u1ebfng Anh t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 Bhagavad Gita, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i vinh quang cho H\u1ed9i n\u00e0y. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh nh\u01b0 H.H.Wilson (d\u1ecbch Vishnu Purana, London 1864), ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p E.Bournouf (d\u1ecbch Bhagavata Purana, Paris 1840), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Max Muller (d\u1ecbch Dhammapada, Oxford 1898) V .V ... C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, khi n\u0103m 1795, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, n\u0103m 1821 l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i ch\u00e2u \u00c1, n\u0103m 1823. Anh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i Ho\u00e0ng gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 (Royal Asiatic Society). \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1928, Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n minh \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Xoocbon. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1c r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 trong th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng n\u0103m 1837, James Prinsep, gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef Brami, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef tr\u00ean \\\"c\u1ed9t Ashoka\\\", nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u0129 XIX, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t chuy\u00ean gia \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc Anh, Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, v\u1eeba d\u1ecbch v\u1eeba nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i l\u1eebng l\u1eaby nh\u01b0 R.T.H. G riffith s ^ \\\\ J.Eggeling^2\\\\ A.Bergaigne, A.Barth, E.Senart v.v... Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 A.Ghosh thay John Marshall l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c s\u1edf kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, t\u1eeb sau 1954, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n Rajagriha, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 P.A iyangar^, N.p. Chakravarti, R.K.Mookerjee, K.A.Nilakantha Sastri, R.s. Sharma^4\\\\ v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 minh v\u0103n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 H.K.Shastri. (1) R.T.H. Griffiths d\u1ecbch : RigVeda, Banaras 1896 (2) J.Eggeling d\u1ecbch : Shatapatha Brahmana, Oxford 1882 (3) Aiyangar p.s. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ed9c Tamils (t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u) \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 600. Madras 1929. (4) N.p. Chakravarti,. India and Central Asia. Calcutta 1927. 86","Ng\u00e0y nay, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ebb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00ed th\u00fa, h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. III - TH\u1edcI TI\u1ec0N S\u1eec V\u00c0 N\u1ec0N V\u0102N H\u00d3A S\u1ed2NG \u1ea4N Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30, nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale-Cambridge ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh khai qu\u1eadt di ch\u1ec9 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3i Sixalik n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Pakistan. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh h\u00e0m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Ramapith\u00e9cus - c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3n \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9. Ramapith\u00e9cus \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n Dryopith\u00e9kus, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 10 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Australopith\u00e9k\u00e9us v\u00e0 Homo Erectus. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb v\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t qu\u00e3ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch x\u01b0\u01a1ng, nhung hai n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169 h\u1eadu k\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 400.000 \u0111\u1ebfn 200.000 n\u0103m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Soan \u1edf T\u00e2y - b\u1eafc, tr\u00ean h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Indus v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Madras \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf hay \u0111\u00e1 gi\u1eefa c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam (v\u00f9ng Tinnevelly) v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1eafc (v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y Bengal). \u0110\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n tr\u00ean h\u1ea7u kh\u1eafp ti\u1ec3u l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba Hindustan : t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c b\u1eafc Kasamia \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0110\u00eacan, \u1edf Bellery, t\u1eeb tri\u1ec1n s\u00f4ng Indus \u1edf T\u00e2y b\u1eafc, Axam v\u00e0 Orixa \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1eafc. \u0110\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi tr\u00ean l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u1ed3ng Indus, trong c\u00e1c thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 IV v\u00e0 III TCN, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ed3ng thau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y : v\u0103n h\u00f3a Nal tr\u00ean d\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed3i Baluchistan, \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Kulli \u1edf Pur\u1ef3ab, mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Indus l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u01b0 tr\u00fa th\u00e0nh l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n c\u01b0. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c di ch\u1ec9 Harappa v\u00e0 Mohendjo-Daro \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hai \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch nhau r\u1ea5t xa, ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c : Harappa \u1edf T\u00e2y Punjab, th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u Indus, c\u00f2n Mohendjo - Daro \u1edf v\u00f9ng Sind, b\u1eafc h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Indus. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 2 khu : khu th\u00e0nh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 dinh th\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i v\u00e0 khu c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a J.Marshall cho hay, \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c 87","L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0, nh\u1eefng cung \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd qu\u00e1 nguy nga, \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00fap l\u1ec1u tranh v\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Indus \\\"nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n\\\". Khu d\u00e2n c\u01b0 l\u00e0 \\\"nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f4 quy ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1o v\u00e9t, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1\\\". \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 hai t\u1ea7ng, x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch nung, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u1eafm c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm ri\u00eang, \\\"t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u\\\". \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kho \u0111\u1ef1ng l\u00faa, nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea7y h\u00e0ng ki\u1ec3u c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf n\u1eb1m li\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y m\u00e0 theo J.N\u00earu, \\\"g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1ee3 An \u0110\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y nay\\\", nh\u1eefng kho h\u00e0ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 ri\u00eang r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \\\"cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ed3n vinh\\\". Ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 trong ph\u1ed1 bu\u00f4n n\u00e0y \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean\\\" : \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, ng\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m c\u00f3 men, \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ea3i d\u1ec7t s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng. \u1ede Harappa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1edbi 2000 con d\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt, b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c th\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 sao nh\u1eefng con d\u1ea5u Harappa c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1eefa lun v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus v\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u1edbi Iran, Trung \u00c1, v\u00e0 T\u00e2y \u00c1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Indus c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t con d\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u1edf Indus, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 giao lun th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai v\u00f9ng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt, v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00f4ng Indus \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 3000 - 1500 n\u0103m TCN, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00ec k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n t\u1ef1 so v\u1edbi Ai C\u1eadp, Lu\u1ee9ng H\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 quy ho\u1ea1ch th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ed5, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u1ea3i s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng v\u00e0 g\u1ed1m tr\u00e1ng men. Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Indus ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 s\u1eaft, ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng ng\u1ef1a, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 th\u00f3c d\u01b0 th\u1eeba ch\u1ee9a trong kho \u0111\u1ee5n, c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb kh\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c, theo J. Marshall, \\\"tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh L\u01b0\u1ee1ng H\u00e0 v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi\\\". 88","Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u0103n h\u1ecfa s\u00f4ng \u1ec9ndus c\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u suy s\u1ee5p nhanh ch\u1ecfng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i h\u1edfi n\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u1ecfa s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng - h\u1eafc m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i suy x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u1edb nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea7n h\u00f3a Harappa v\u00e0 Mohendjo-Daro l\u00e0 d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Dravida - Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, n\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u1ecfa s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfp sau v\u1ed3 th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i mang nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ed5m ri\u00eang, kh\u1ed5ng ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00f4ng \u1ea2n. Mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u t\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ef1 th\u1ea1ch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, c\u00f2n \u1edf Harappa th\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u1eb3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 di c\u1ed1t thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ed9 gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n h\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ea3 \u1edf s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n v\u00e0 mi\u00ean Nam, v\u1edbi T\u00e2y \u1ea2 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \\\"v\u0169 n\u1eef\\\" ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Harappa, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc da \u0111cn, m\u1ed3i d\u1ea7y, gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dravida mi\u1ec1n Nam, c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p th\u00eam h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i n\u1ed3n t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y. C\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf An \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi N\u00eagrit\u00f4, thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111en m\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 ne\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Munda. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Australoid, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Negroid c\u00f3 pha tr\u1ed9n \u00edt nhi\u00eau y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00e0ng Mongoloid, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m Dravida \u1edf \u1ea2n \u0110\u1ed9. C\u00e0 hii nh\u1ecfm n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay s\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 cao nguy\u00ean \u0110ccan nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eebng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u1ea4n, qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch di c\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf di ch\u1ec9 Harappa. \u1ede Harappa c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c V\u00e0ng - Mongoloid, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mongolo\u1ec9d s\u1ed1ng l\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc, v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Himalaya, thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef H\u00e1n T\u1ea1ng. V\u00ec sao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00f4ng Indus ? M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111a \u0111\u01b0a ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u1ebdn : h\u1ea1 lun s\u00f4ng Indus \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00f2ng, l\u0169 l\u1ee5t v.v... \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef vai tr\u1ecf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng. D\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 c\u00f3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn sau chinh ph\u1ee5c thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Indus, th\u00ec d\u1eabu sao h\u1ecd x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i hun ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, sau khi ph\u00e1 s\u1ea1ch c\u00e1i c\u0169. V\u1eady l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u1ed1 c\u0169ng kh\u1ecf s\u1ed1ng, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1n li th\u00ec b\u1ecf \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i hcm. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ed1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec ? Hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a th\u1ed5 kh\u1eb5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4 n\u1ed3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng sa m\u1ea1c h\u1ecfa ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n \u1edf T\u00e2y - b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1ed3 r\u00e0ng. Sa m\u1ea1c Thar \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3* v\u00f9ng Sind, h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u Indus. Gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i c\u00e1t hay li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ebb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, n\u00ean \u1edf Mohendjo - Daro, t\u1eebng l\u1edbp c\u00e1t ch\u1ed3ng l\u00ean nhau khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n cao nh\u00e0 sau m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi gian. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y n\u1ed1i l\u00ean cao 2, 3 l\u1ea7n 89","v\u00ec m\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n c\u0169 b\u1ecb c\u00e1t ph\u1ee7 \u0111a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u01b0a v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc sinh ho\u1ea1t do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng hi\u1ebfm h\u01a1n. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ed5 s\u1eed \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00f4ng Indus \u1ecf s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, ti\u1ebfn c\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya. G\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2y, Romita Thapar l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng Arya kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u00e2n n\u00f3i ng\u1ed3n ng\u1eef An - Au. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u1edf \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9. J.M. Datla \u0111a n\u00f3i qu\u00e1 khi cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 d\u00e0n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV TCN l\u00e0 181 tri\u1ec7u, n\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 100 tri\u1ec7u m\u00e0 W.H. Morulanl \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1eebng v\u00e0o th\u1ebf kj XVII v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a chinh quy\u1ec1n Anh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh Ih\u1ed1ne k\u00ea v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1881 l\u00e0 253 tri\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u00c2'n \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u1ec7u th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Arya c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafne \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Dravida ? Neh\u0129 v\u00ea m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean di \u1ed3 \u1ea1t, chinh ph\u1ee5c, n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0(Yi Arya c\u00f3 le l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean di c\u1ee7a d\u00e1n n\u00f3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n - \u00c2u. C\u00f3 th\u1ed5 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee3t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean ki II TCN. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c thi\u00ean di c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Nam \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdp ng\u01b0\u1eddi Akeens v\u00e0 Doriens \u0111\u1ebfn Hi L\u1ea1p) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1n Ti\u1ec1n \u00c1 (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ef1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi Philistins) v.v... s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 di\u1ec5n ra s\u00f4i n\u1ed5i \u1edf nam ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i \u1edf Trung \u00c1 v\u00e0 Iran. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed Nam \u00c2u \u0111a rong ru\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, thi\u00ean di \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn B\u1eafc An \u0110\u1ed9, n\u00ean trong c\u00e1c di c\u1ed1t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Harappa, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1edbm. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt d\u1eebng ch\u00e2n \u1edf thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Indus nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao l\u00e2u v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng \u0111ang b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n c\u01b0 v\u1ec1 mi\u00ean Nam. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u0111a kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf s\u00f4ng Indus m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i sang ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00ean l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Ganga. M\u1ed9t krp v\u0103n h\u00f3a Arya tr\u00f9m l\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ecba Dravida. D\u00e2n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng \u1ea4n - \u00c2u-Arya, g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 th \u1ebf v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1eeb Iran \u0111\u1ebfn, nhung r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb xa h\u01a1n, qua Iran \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya (\u0111\u00fang ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u00f3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n - \u00c2u t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1na T\u00e2y) t\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1500 TCN ? C\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef (Sanskrit) sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00eau \u0111\u01b0a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Arya \u1edf \u1ea2'n \u0110\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian l\u00ean t\u1edbi thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 III TCN, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 \u0111a n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u00f4ng 90","Indus mang \u0111\u1eadm s\u1eafc th\u00e1i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Dravida. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n l\u1ee5i kho\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1500 TCN, \u0111\u1ec3 sau \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi \u1edf thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Ganga. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba danh m\u00e0 th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i t\u1edbi, ch\u0129 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean k? I TCN, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m men x\u00e1m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a thung l\u0169ng Gapa, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf di ch\u1ec9 Aligarth (c\u00e1ch \u0110\u00eali kho\u1ea3ng 100 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng nam) c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1100 - 100 TCN. \u0110\u1ed3 s\u1eaft c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft qua di ch\u1ec9 \u1edf Hastinapur l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 700 TCN. D\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf lun v\u1ef1c Ganga c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam (\u0110\u00eacan) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u1eeba ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p s\u01a1 khai, ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, m\u1ed9c qu\u00e9t m\u1ea7u v\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ed5 ho\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Arya \u0111\u1ebfn sau, kho\u1ea3ng 1500 TCN, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 trung l\u01b0u Ganga, sau ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1 lun Ganga. Nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya m\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Ganga l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng ng\u1ef1a. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ngh\u1ec1 ch\u0103n nu\u1ed3i du m\u1ee5c sang \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ganga. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u00f9m l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1edbp g\u1ed1m th\u1ed5 ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 g\u1ed1m men x\u00e1m c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y v\u00e0 g\u00f4'm \u0111en b\u00f3ng \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Ganga. Hai lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed1m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u1edf Ganga. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb t\u1eeb, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd su\u1ed1t n\u1eeda sau thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN. IV - L\u01afU V\u1ef0C S\u00d4NG H\u1eb0NG TH\u1edcI s \u01a1 s \u1eed (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1000 - 600 TCN) M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh sai l\u1ec7ch : d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u0111\u1ebfn lun v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng (Ganga) \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i chia \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t chung cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN m\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c Arya tr\u00ean thung l\u0169ng s\u1ed3ng H\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t thung l\u0169ng n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra trong n\u1eeda sau th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Arya \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean gi\u00e0nh \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1edbi nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Harappa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 3000 n\u0103m TCN nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3. M\u1ecdi kinh k\u1ec7 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 700 TCN m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u0103m 500 TCN m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n t\u1ef1 s\u00eamitic 91","(T\u00e2y \u1ea2) v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 ng\u1ed3n ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n gai v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 \u00e2m v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng La tinh, Hi L\u1ea1p. Do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee5i chung l\u1eb1 h\u1ed9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1ea4n - \u00c2u. Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n v\u1ed7 th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 xa x\u00f4i. V\u0103n li\u1ec7u xua nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kinh Veda, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e2u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a kinh n\u00e0y, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Rig-Vcda cho bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda sau thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN). Hai b\u1ed9 s\u1eed thi Ramayana v\u00e0 Mahahharata ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0110\u00f4ng - B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trong kho\u1ea3ng 1000 - 700 n\u0103m TCN. Puranas l\u00e0 m\u1ed9l t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p huy\u00ean tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i mu\u1ed9n (500 TCN - 5(X) CN) k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y, nh\u1eefne huy\u1ec1n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Ih\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ngu\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Theo Puranas, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i Manu, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u00e2m c\u1ee7a M anava, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9c ch\u00e2u A, th\u1eddi c\u00f4ng xa nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng, khai ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi d\u00e2n L\u01b0\u1eefng H\u00e0 n\u00f4n ti\u1ebfp Ihu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed3ng th\u1ee7y r\u1ed3i th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i t\u00e1i l\u1eadp c\u01a1 nghi\u1ec7p, sinh con \u0111\u1ebb c\u00e1i v.v... Rig-Veda l\u00e0 th\u01b0 l\u1ecbch g\u1eafn v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft th\u1ee5c, n\u00ean luy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \\\"kinh\\\" B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, lo\u00e1t l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ef1 huy\u1ec1n ho\u1eb7c, nhung c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ne nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c : C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Arya \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111u\u1eddni\u1ec9 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i chia th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea7u ngh\u00e8o, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng xa \u0111\u1ed1ng k\u00edn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u00f3 tru\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng xa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1eefng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ea5m \u0111u\u1ee3m vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tinh linh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ea3n m\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Vcda \u0111ir\u1ef1c vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i mu\u1ed9n, n\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111a di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng (h\u1edfi (khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya m\u1edbi v\u00e0o thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng) th\u00ec c\u00f2n xen l\u1eabn c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi sau. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp theo, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ( h \u00ed k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 I TCN, \u1edf v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1eed thi Mahabharala v\u00e0 Ramayana. Mahabharata (Bharat v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u01a1 d\u00e0i 107.000 kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1 (2 c\u00e2u) 8 ch\u1eef, d\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa s\u1eed (hi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, k\u1ec3 v\u1ed3 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Shakuntala sinh ra Bharat. Bharat l\u00e0 \\\"vua\\\" \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a 2 d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 2 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c Kauravas v\u00e0 Pandavas. Pandavas l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf ng\u00f3i, tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u1edf kinh \u0111\u1ed3 Hastinapur (ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Delhi), nh\u01b0ng d\u00f2ng Kauravas mu\u1ed1n tranh ng\u00f4i, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn (ranh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0n, li\u1ec1n 18 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng Kuru (Kurukshetra). B\u00ean Pandavas th\u1eafng, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ebft g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft, b\u00f4n thua th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n ai s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t. Bhishma thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng Pandavas l\u1ebdn ng\u00f4i. 92","S\u1eed thi Mahabharata ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa 2 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c th\u1ee7y t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya trong \u0111i\u1ed3u ki\u1ec7n x\u0103 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, n\u1ea9y sinh t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, tranh gi\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, un th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1ea1p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Mahabharata l\u00e0 Vyasa. T\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \\\"ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01b0u t\u1eadp\\\". Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed b\u1edfi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m thi s\u0129 d\u00e2n gian t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 I TCN \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Gupta, th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV CN. Cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n anh h\u00f9ng ca chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp Kshatriya, v\u1ec1 sau l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n l\u1ed3ng th\u00eam v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i dung m\u1edbi. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u00edch chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm 20% s\u00f4 c\u00e2u. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, m\u01b0\u1ee3n l\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n, c\u01b0\u1edbi xin, phong t\u1eb7ng, l\u1ec5 nghi, qua \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt Manu, quan ni\u1ec7m Yoga, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Sankhya v\u00e0 Upanishad. S\u1eed thi Ramayana (nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Rama) d\u00e0i 24.000 kh\u1ed5 th\u01a1, c\u1ed1t truy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n Mahabharata. T\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 s\u1eed thi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Valmiki, nhung c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u1ed3ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 d\u00e2n gian, s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9. Ramayana ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n Mahabharata \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n c\u01b0 tr\u00fa v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn trung v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 lun s\u1ed3ng H\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Nam v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ea3o Lanka. Truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Rama n\u01b0\u1edbc Kosala (nay c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n di\u1ec5n ra s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Mahabharata kho\u1ea3ng 700km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng) thi t\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft duy\u00ean c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Si ta, con vua Janak n\u01b0\u1edbc Videha. B\u1ecb th\u1ee9 phi ghen gh\u00e9t, l\u1eeba, khi\u1ebfn vua cha \u0111\u00e0y ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed Rama v\u00e0 Sita v\u00e0o r\u1eebng. \u1ede r\u1eebng, Sita b\u1ecb \\\"qu\u1ef7\\\" Ravana b\u1eaft mang v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea3o Lanka. Rama ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec5n chinh l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn x\u1ee9 s\u1edf Ravana, giao tranh \u00e1c li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1edd \\\"vua kh\u1ec9\\\" Hanuman h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Ravana, c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0ng Sita xinh \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 chung th\u1ee7y. Rama l\u00ean ng\u1ed3i, vinh hi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. D\u00f9 mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n Rig Veda, c\u1ea3 Mahabharata v\u00e0 Ramayana \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Rama v\u00e0 Ravana ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u01b0 d\u00e2n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u0103n b\u1eafn v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3m h\u00e1i trong v\u00f9ng n\u00fai Vin\u0111ia. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn Lanka c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n mu\u1ed9n. V\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3, Janak, vua c\u1ee7a Videha \u0111ang c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng th\u00ec th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa lu\u1ed1ng c\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 b\u00e9, m\u00e0 \u1ed3ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m con g\u00e1i - c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Sita. 93","Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1eeb Veda \u0111\u1ebfn Ramayana, m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kho\u1ea3ng 900 n\u0103m, t\u1eeb 1500 - 600 TCN, l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng, chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb s\u0103n b\u1eafn, h\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3m sang n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. D\u00e2n v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng \u00c2n ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ch (Yava) th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00f9ng ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc. H\u1ecd d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebdo c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i c\u00e0y. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111an b\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng lau s\u1eady, thu\u1ed9c da, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m m\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 g\u1ed1m \u0111en b\u00f3ng c\u00f3 hoa v\u0103n gi\u1ea3i b\u0103ng ch\u1ea5m. Cu\u1ed1i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 800 n\u0103m TCN, k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ngh\u1ec1 r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac kim kh\u00ed (\u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1eaft), l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ecf, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 xe k\u00e9o,\u2019nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda. Th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta trao \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ven bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng H\u1ea3i. H\u1eb3n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tuy \u0111\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt trung gian. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con b\u00f2, sau d\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 v\u00e0ng thoi - nishka. Nishka sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00f3i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c (rashtra), c\u00e1c vua (raja) nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u li\u00ean minh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c (jana), g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c (vish) ; m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0ng (grama) v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c ; m\u1ed7i l\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh (kula), \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00f4 l\u00e3o gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng (kulapa). Sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean (samiti), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f4 l\u00e3o (sabha) c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ng\u00f4i vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 I TCN, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00f4 l\u00e3o, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0 t\u1ebf (purohita) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (senani), d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00e1c quan ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o v.v... Rig Veda \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea7n Brama sinh ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 4 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp l\u00e0 Braman (sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed3m), Ksatria (t\u1eeb tay), Vaisia (t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f9i) v\u00e0 Su\u0111ra (t\u1eeb b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Brahma). Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \\\"t\u00f4i l\u00e0 ca s\u0129, c\u00f2n cha t\u00f4i l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y lang v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i xay b\u1ed9t\\\". Ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a x\u1eab h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1ee3ng lun (v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c), t\u0103ng l\u1eef v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 lun truy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1ec7 c\u1ea5m k\u1ebft h\u00f4n gi\u1eefa t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u1ecd g\u1ecdi d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1eafc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Panis v\u00e0 d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ru\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 Dasa. Shu\u0111ra h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y, Dasa, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Arya. 94","Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Arya m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t cao th\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, nhung l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Arya v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Dasa (hay Panis). S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 varna, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc hay \\\"ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7ng t\u00edn h \\\", d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Arya v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. D\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba Dravida qua n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Harappa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f2n mang nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y : th\u1ea7n m\u1eb9, th\u1ea7n c\u00e2y... ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arya \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp thu v\u00e0 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0y : h\u1ecd t\u00f4n th\u1edd M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi (Surya), M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng (Soma), Th\u1ea7n Ch\u1ebft (Vama), Th\u1ea7n L\u1eeda (Agni). Kinh Veda cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh Veda - nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi : Brahma - th\u1ea7n S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, Shiva - th\u1ea7n H\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 Vishnu - th\u1ea7n B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Veda c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng Veda v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, hay \\\"nghi\u1ec7p\\\" (Karma) c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mong m\u1ecfi \u1edf m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp sau t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110 \u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p (D harm a), quy t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n do Th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eb7t ra. V - C\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C GIA S \u01a1 K\u00ec V\u00c0 B\u00c1 QUY\u1ec0N MAGA\u0110A (600 - 321 TCN) T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN, c\u00e1c minh v\u0103n, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Arthasastra c\u1ee7a Kautilya, c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a ngu\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, \u0111a cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng, trong kho\u1ea3ng 5 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 (6 - 2 TCN). T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean hai b\u1edd s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 1 b\u1ed9 I \u1ea1 c ^ \\\\ m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf li\u00ean minh c\u1ee7a 2 b\u1ed9 \\\\\u1ea1 \u00e9 2\\\\ B\u1ed9 m\u00e1y cai qu\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c gia do vua \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3ng \u1edf kinh \u0111\u00f4. Kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u1ed5, trung t\u00e2m qu\u1ed1c gia, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 vua, c\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 t\u0103ng l\u1eef, n\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp trung d\u00e2n c\u01b0 l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb hay kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u00f3 dinh th\u1ef1, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u00e0 ph\u1ed1 x\u00e1, nhung m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Indus v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c Kamboja v\u00e0 Gandhara, (kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Taxila) ; c\u00f2n l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ganga c\u00f3 Koshala (kinh \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 Ayodhya), Vrijis (Vaishali), Vatsa (Kaushambi), Kashi (Kashi), Magadha (Rajagriha), A nga (Champa) v.v... (1) \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 : Shakyas, Koliyes, Mallos... (2) \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 : Vrijis, Yadavas... 95","C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh l\u00e3n nhau, n\u00ean sang th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V XCN ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 4 qu\u1ed1c gia - Kashi, Koshala, M agadha v\u00e0 Vrijis trong \u0111\u00f3 Magadha nhanh ch\u00f3ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Magadha n\u1eb1m \u1edf h\u1ea1 lun Ganga, nhung c\u00e1ch mi\u1ec1n c\u1eeda s\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u0169 l\u1ee5t, l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a Anga - Champa. \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111ai r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng lun v\u00e0 c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng Ganga \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Magadha m\u00e0 ta bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 Bimbisara (kho\u1ea3ng 550 - 490 TCN). Th\u1eddi Bimbisara tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt (kho\u1ea3ng 560 - 480 TCN) tuy r\u1eb1ng, theo Ph\u1eadt t\u00edch, Ph\u1eadt sinh c\u00f9ng n\u0103m v\u1edbi Bimbisara nu\u1edbc Magadha v\u00e0 Prasenajit n\u01b0\u1edbc Koshala(1). Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc Shakyas, s\u1ed1ng \u1edf kinh th\u00e0nh Kapilavastu, du\u1ee9i ch\u00e2n Himalaya. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, Shakyas b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat v\u00e0o Vrijis, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o Magadha. Ph\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa cho nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u1edbng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \\\"gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\\\" nh\u00e2n th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng di\u1ec7t d\u1ee5c, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi ham mu\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 s\u1eafc, l\u1ee3i, danh..., n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u1ef1 bon chen c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tham lam. Chuy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 gi\u00e0u mu\u1ed1n mua \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng t\u1ecbnh x\u00e1 cho Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f2i d\u1ea3i v\u00e0ng k\u00edn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec b\u00e1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea3i k\u00edn 80 kho\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Nh\u01b0ng theo quan ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng l\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 nhau, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, qu\u1ed1c gia : \\\"Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u1edf ra cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi... nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef t\u00ean s\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u00ean g\u1ecdi \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a 4 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, Vaisia v\u00e0 Su\u0111ra khi v\u00e0o T\u0103ng gi\u00e0 (Sangha) th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Thi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ta\u201d. Gi\u00e1o l\u00ed Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed3ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 varna, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 Arya, s\u1ef1 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e2n chia, th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a t\u0103ng l\u1eef B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia. Quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00edch (1) Theo c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Nam T\u00f4n, Ph\u1eadt sinh n\u0103m 622 v\u00e0 t\u1ecbch n\u0103m 543 TCN. L\u1ea5y n\u0103m Ph\u1eadt t\u1ecbch, 543 TCN l\u00e0m n\u0103m m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u Ph\u1eadt l\u1ecbch. \u0110i\u1ebbu \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, n\u1ebfu coi Ph\u1eadt c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Bimbisara. 96","c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t An \u0110\u1ed9 m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Ganga. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Bimbisara m\u1edbi l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c : l\u1eadp b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. Con l\u00e0 Ajatashatru c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1t ru\u1ed9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a vua cha, \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1m s\u00e1t vua, c\u01b0\u1edbp ng\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi 32 n\u0103m c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n (493 - 461 TCN) \u1ea0\u1ecbatashatru l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c. \u00d4ng gi\u1eef quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi K\u00f4sala \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 nam, r\u1ed3i quay l\u1ea1i chinh ph\u1ee5c K\u00f4sala v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Vrijis \u1edf b\u1eafc v\u00e0 Anga \u1edf c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng G anga l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u00e1c li\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Magadha c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 s\u1edf \u1edf ven \u00c2n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u00d4ng vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf mang x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh \u0111\u00f4 Rajagriha n\u1eb1m g\u1ecdn trong m\u1ed9t thung l\u0169ng bao quanh l\u00e0 5 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh l\u0169y t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea5n th\u00e0nh m\u1edbi n\u1eb1m qu\u00e1 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, ngay tr\u00ean b\u1edd nam s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1ee7y l\u1ed9, g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Pataligrama, v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Pataliputra ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o s\u00e1nh k\u1ecbp. Ajatashatru qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 461 TCN, ti\u1ebfp theo m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u s\u00f3ng gi\u00f3, c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 5 vua li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp tranh ng\u00f4i (461 - 413 TCN), r\u1ed3i k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ean l\u00e0 Shishunaga gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh (413 - 360 TCN). Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ean l\u00e0 Mahapadma Nanda tho\u00e1n ng\u00f4i. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng vua n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i \u00f4ng l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp Su\u0111ra, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cung n\u1eef v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng th\u1ee3 c\u1eaft t\u00f3c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c hi\u1ebfm hoi \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, vua kh\u1ed3ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb Ksatria. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Nanda v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u do \u00f4ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp (360 - 321 TCN) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u h\u00e8n k\u00e9m, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn. C\u00e1c vua Nanda quan t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i, \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 v\u00e0 thu thu\u1ebf h\u1ecdp l\u00ed. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n kh\u1ed1 phong t\u00fac. Vi\u1ec7c cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c \u1ed1 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua Nanda. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u, theo c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Hi L\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 20.000 k\u1ecb binh, 200.000 b\u1ed9 binh, 2000 xe, 3000 voi. Th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n M agadha k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Bimbisara \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y (550 - 321 TCN) ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t du\u00fai s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Magadha. 7-LSTGC\u0110-A 97","\u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Iran v\u00e0 Hi L\u1ea1p. N\u0103m 530 TCN, Cyrus, ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ba T\u01b0 \u0111a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn, v\u01b0\u1ee3t day n\u00fai Hin\u0111ucuc, chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng Indus. Hai qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Pun\u1ecbab, l\u00e0 Kambo\u1ecba v\u00e0 Gandhara \u0111a ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng thu\u1ebf cho Ba T\u01b0. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f2n tham gia qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ba T\u01b0 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi Hi L\u1ea1p (486 - 465 TCN). N\u0103m 330 TCN, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Ba T\u01b0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Al\u00eachxan, vua x\u1ee9 Makedonia v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Hi L\u1ea1p - Makedonia. N\u0103m 327 TCN, Al\u00eachxan \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t Hindu Kush ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, nh\u1ea7m ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c lanh th\u1ed5 c\u0169 c\u1ee7a Ba T\u01b0. Chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Pun\u1ecbab, Al\u00eachxan n\u1ea9y ra \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f4ng chinh, v\u01b0\u01a1n ra t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n. Nhung qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc xa l\u1ea1, Al\u00eachxan cho qu\u00e2n xu\u00f4i s\u00f4ng Indus ra \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 r\u00fat qu\u00e2n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 Babilon. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Nanda \u1edf Magadha c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111a kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea9y ra. Cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Al\u00eachxan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng An \u0111a \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 : \u0111a th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y quan h\u1ec7 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng - t\u00e2y, \u0111a x\u00f3a s\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y - B\u1eafc t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Indus sau n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u00eau Maurya. Thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y - B\u1eafc v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u1edbi. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ee7y l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf mang. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft v\u00e0 r\u00e8n \u0111\u00fac s\u1eaft l\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2u ti\u00ean n\u1edf r\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Magadha. C\u00e1c m\u0169i lao, gi\u00e1o, m\u0169i t\u00ean s\u1eaft, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft \u0111a kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a mi\u00ean B\u1eafc, c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ed1m m\u1ecbn, tr\u00e1ng men m\u00e0u th\u1eabm, ng\u1ea3 t\u1eeb m\u00e0u xanh th\u00e9p, sang x\u00e1m th\u1eabm v\u00e0 \u0111en b\u00f3ng ; ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u0129a v\u00e0 b\u00e1t nh\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p quen m\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng len th\u00f4 d\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng l\u00f4ng c\u1eebu, \u0111a t\u1ecf ra v\u1ed3 c\u00f9ng th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng d\u1ec7t s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Al\u00eachxan l\u00e0 Nearchus \u0111a t\u1ea3 \\\"h\u1ecd m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n d\u00e0i ch\u1ea5m g\u00f3t, cho\u00e0ng t\u1ea5m v\u1ea3i qua vai, m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c qu\u1ea5n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2u, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u1ea3i s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1eafng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u, hay l\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i (c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng c\u00e0y) \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf...\\\". Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f2n \u0111eo hoa tai l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0 voi, che \u00f4, \u0111i gi\u1ea7y da thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eafng. 98 7-LSTGC\u0110-B","C\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i (Shreni). C \u00e1c nh\u00e0 bu\u00f4n chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a t\u1eeb h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda s\u00f4ng Indus r\u1ed3i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0 v\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng H\u1ea3i, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn Punjab, qua Taxila, theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn Iran v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n \u00c1. Trong vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, nhung ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. H\u00ear\u00f4\u0111\u1ed3t t\u1ea3 l\u00ednh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (trong qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ba T\u01b0) m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o s\u1ee3i b\u00f4ng, trang b\u1ecb cung tre, gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u0169i t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft. B\u1ed9 binh c\u00f3 m\u00e1y b\u1eafn \u0111\u00e1 (Mahaghilakantaka) b\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn xa (Rcithamushala) l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i xe l\u1edbn, k\u00e9o hay \u0111\u1ea9y, c\u00f3 c\u00e0i g\u01b0\u01a1m dao, c\u00f3 m\u00e1i che d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng xung k\u00edch. VI - V\u01af\u01a0NG TRI\u1ec0U M\u00d4RYA V\u00c0 s \u1ef1 TH\u1ed0NG NH\u1ea4T \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8 (321 - 232 TCN) Sau v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Nanda l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u m\u1edbi, g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u00f4rya - t\u00ean b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con c\u00f4ng) c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u1edf Magadha. Th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Chandragupta, xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u Nanda, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n - Vaishya, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd do c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i (321 - 297 TCN). Chandragupta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng l\u1eef B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Kautalya, h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ph\u00f2 t\u00e1. Ch\u00ednh Kautalya \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Arthasastra (Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n ph\u1eadn hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb), v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u1ea9m nang tr\u1ecb n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Chandragupta m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Kautalya t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cai tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh chinh chi\u1ebfn m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 suy s\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf v\u00f9ng Punjab, sau khi Al\u00eachxan r\u00fat \u0111i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Indus. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n Trung, \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng Narmada, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc d\u00e3y n\u00fai Vindhya, chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u00e3y Hindu Kush, chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Iran, nay l\u00e0 Apganistan (n\u0103m 303 TCN). Ba T\u01b0 l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Al\u00eachxan giao cho m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 S\u00eal\u00eauc\u00f4s cai qu\u1ea3n. Chandragupta chuy\u1ec3n sang k\u1ebft giao h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u S\u00eal\u00eauc\u00f4s v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u l\u00e0m Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi (1) C\u0169ng trong quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f2a hi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u S\u00eal\u00eauc\u00f4s l\u00e0 Megasthen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng c\u00e1n b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u M\u00f4rya, \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Ind\u1ec9ka, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. 99"]