LỊCH SỬ THẾ GIỚI CỔ ĐẠI - LƯƠNG NINH Chủ biên

["Ngo\u00e0i ra ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\\\" c\u1ee7a Xali\u00fat Crip\u01a1 (86 - 35 TCN), \\\"V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt\\\" c\u1ee7a Lucr\u00e9t (kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 90 TCN), \\\"V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma\\\" c\u1ee7a T\u00edt Livi (59 - 17 TCN), \\\"Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc R\u00f4ma'' c\u1ee7a Galicarn\u00e1t, \\\"\u0110\u1ecba l\u00ed\\\" c\u1ee7a Xtrab\u00f4n, \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed\\\" g\u1ed3m 14 t\u1eadp v\u00e0 \\\"S\u1eed bi\u00ean ni\u00ean\\\" g\u1ed3m 16 t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Tax\u00edt (55 - 120), \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Do Th\u00e1i\\\" c\u1ee7a I\u00f4x\u00edt Flavia (37 - 95) v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Plutac (46 - 126) vi\u1ebft v\u1ed3 ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p, R\u00f4ma t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00f4ma \u0111\u1ebfn X\u00eada. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n s\u1eed li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, ghi ch\u00e9p c\u1ee7a Ter\u01a1tulian (cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III), \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e0 th\u01a1\\\" c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 Kexaris vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p, sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng latinh. 2. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV, Eppr\u00f4pi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma. Nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u gi\u00e1o khoa \u01b0ong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc \u1edf Bidantium trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u1edf Bidantium, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u00e2u so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ed5n tra c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng R\u00f4ma n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ed nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n \\\"Ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" c\u1ee7a Xinela (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IX) v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XII, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00ea l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Italia. Trong c\u1ea5c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIII - XIV, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu th\u1eadp h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma, bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Anc\u00f4na Tririac\u00f4 (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIV) v\u00e0 Brach\u00eaninhi (1380 - 1459) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 (c\u1ea3 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt). N\u0103m 1440, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, L\u00f4renx\u00f4 \u0111a cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \\\"B\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf C\u00f4nxtantin\\\". T\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XV, \u0111\u00e2u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI, h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ee5c \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c, Balan, Ti\u1ec7p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L \u1ea1p - R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5, do \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng Latinh Hi L\u1ea1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma \u0111a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p \u0111a t\u00edch c\u1ef1c g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma. N\u0103m 1681, B\u00f4xine xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII \u1edf Pari xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c trong 6 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o\\\" c\u1ee7a Lennhe \u0111\u00ea Tillem\u1ed3n (1690 - 1738), R\u00f4llenna li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 1739 \u0111\u1ebfn 1749 \u0111a cho 200","xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb3n b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma t\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn \u00c1ctium\\\". Ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng Italia, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Ph\u00e1p M\u00f4ngtexki\u01a1, V\u00f4nte v.v... Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVIII, \u1edf Anh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 7 t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u00ca\u0111ua - G\u00edpb\u00f4n \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed suy vong c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma\\\". Nh\u1edd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khai s\u00e1ng Ph\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed... Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0110an M\u1ea1ch G\u00ea\u00f4 - Nhibua (1776 - 1831), gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bon, B\u00e9clin, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma\\\", g\u1ed3m 3 t\u1eadp (xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1811 - 1832). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc G\u00ea\u00f4 l\u00e0 T\u00ea\u00f4\u0111\u00f4 - Mongien (1817 - 1903) v\u00e0 Karn\u01a1 Niche (1823 - 1880) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma\\\" (5 t\u1eadp), \\\"Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00f4ma\\\" (3 t\u1eadp), \\\"Lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 R\u00f4ma\\\", \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00fac ti\u1ec1n R\u00f4ma\\\", \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a R\u00f4ma\\\"... Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p. \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" g\u1ed3m 3 t\u1eadp, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1848 c\u1ee7a Vallon (1812 - 1904), \\\"S\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma t\u1eeb Auguxtux\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn Ant\u00f4ni\u00f4\\\", \\\"Xix\u00ear\u00f4n v\u00e0 b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\\\" c\u1ee7a Buachi\u00f4 (1823 - 1908) \\\"Xa h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" (1864), \\\"Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng R\u00f4ma\\\" (1885) c\u1ee7a Priuxches \u0111\u00ea Culangi\u01a1 (1830 - 1889). C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gia kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c - L\u00eanin c\u0169ng quan t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"H\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1ecfng \u0110\u1ee9c\\\", \\\"Ch\u1ed1ng \u0110uyrinh\\\", \\\"T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\\\", \\\"C\u00e1c xa h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec1n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\\\", \\\"Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc\\\", \\\"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u00e9cman c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\"... \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf ki XX, c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh me \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi, Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, Xiri, M\u00ead\u00f4p\u00f4tami, Italia... nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt qu\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n, h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 (\u1edf Ai C\u1eadp \u0111a cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eedng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Papir\u00fat c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma...). T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1884 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1902 \u0111a xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" g\u1ed3m 5 t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Maiera (1855 - 1930) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf v\u00f9ng Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, ven \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, t\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf ki IV TCN. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Italia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Ferrer\u00f4 v\u1edbi \\\"S\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma\\\" g\u1ed3m 6 t\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1901 - 1902 \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f5ma v\u00e0o 5 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea7u\\\" c\u1ee7a Paix\u01a1 g\u1ed3m 5 t\u1eadp (xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u1eeb 1913 \u0111 \u1ebfn 1930), 50 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u00eau t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u0110\u1ee9c. \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf 201","xa h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma\\\" c\u1ee7a R\u00f4xt\u00f4x\u00e9p (n\u0103m 1926), \\\"C\u00e1c d\u00e2n l\u1ed9c v\u00e0 vtin minh\\\" (1927), \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" (trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma g\u1ed3m 4 t\u1eadp, 6 cu\u1ed1n) c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 P\u00e2yx\u01a1, \u00d4m\u00f4, Baie... \u1ede M\u0129 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1933 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1938 \u0111a xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 T.Franc\u00f4 \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eedikinh t\u1ebf R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" c\u1ee7a m \u1ed9t ki\u1ec1u d\u00e2n \u0110\u1ee9c - Vexterman - xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1955. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Nga c\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma. N\u0103m 1512, \u1edf Nga \u0111a xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb3n t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"\u0110\u1ea1i bi\u00ean ni\u00ean\\\" trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed5. N\u0103m 1685, \u1edf Matxc\u01a1va \u0111a thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m Xlav\u01a1 - Hi L\u1ea1p - Latinh, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp, bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p, Latinh sang ti\u1ebfng Nga \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Nga Bi\u00ealinxki, \u0110\u00f4br\u00f4liub\u00f4p... c\u0169ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX, trong gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Nga \u0111a n\u1ed5 ra cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf R\u00f4ma. N\u0103m 1861, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc T\u1ed5ng h\u1ecdp Matxc\u01a1va \u0111a xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a P.M. L\u00ea\u00f4nch\u00e9p, c\u1ee7a P.G. Vixn\u00f4gra\u0111 \u0111a th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ne l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xa h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Nga c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 M.p. \u0110rag\u00f4 Man\u1ed5p (1841 - 1895) \u0111a cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb3n \\\"V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma\\\" (n\u0103m 1869). Sau C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m duy v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 20 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a X.I. K\u00f4val\u00e9p, x .v . Xecgh\u00ea\u00e9p. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 30, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00ea l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed xa h\u1ed9i c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" (1936) c\u1ee7a K\u00f4val\u00e9p \\\"Kh\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" (1938) c\u1ee7a Xecgh\u00ea\u00e9p, \\\"Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II, I TCN\\\" (1934) c\u1ee7a X.A. Gi\u00eab\u00eal\u00e9p \\\"Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Xpactacux\u01a1\\\" (1936) c\u1ee7a A .v. Mixulin. Sau Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 II, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec1u \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" c\u1ee7a Maskin, \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma\\\" c\u1ee7a K\u00f4val\u00e9p. \\\"Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o\\\" (1946) v\u00e0 \\\"R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 C\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y\\\" (1954) c\u1ee7a R.I. Uvippe ; \\\"Kh\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Italia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" v\u00e0 \\\"\u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" (1964). \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" (1971) c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 A.G. Boksanhin. II - \u0110I\u1ec0U KI\u1ec6N T \u1ef1 NHI\u00caN V\u00c0 D\u00c2N C\u01af - N\u01a1i ph\u00e1t sinh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Italia, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn, d\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u1eb9p h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfc \u1ee7ng n\u1eb1m ch\u1eafn ngang \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Ph\u00eda b\u1eafc b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o 202","c\u00f3 d\u1eaby n\u00fai Anp\u01a1 (Alpes) t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh bi\u00f4n gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa Italia v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ; ba ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng, T\u00e2y, Nam \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3n bao b\u1ecdc. D\u00e3y n\u00fai Apennin ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o t\u1eeb B\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng Nam nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng. G\u1ea7n Italia c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1edbn : \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin \u1edf ph\u00eda nam, \u0111\u1ea3o Co\u00f3cx\u01a1 v\u00e0 X\u00e1c\u0111enh\u01a1 \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y. Kh\u00e1c Hi L\u1ea1p, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Italia l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p n\u0103m l\u1ea7n Hi L\u1ea1p, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 : \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng P\u1ed3 (mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc), \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng Tibr\u01a1 (mi\u1ec1n Trung), c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u1edf Italia, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn r\u1ea5t thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac. Italia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u00ec, s\u1eaft, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ki-l\u00f4-m\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3ng v\u1ecbnh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Hi L\u1ea1p, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf Italia trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u0103 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00f4ma. - B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Italia l\u00e0 n\u01a1i qu\u00e2n c\u01b0 kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN - t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed3ng thau - ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ligua (Ligures) \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua d\u00e3y Anp\u01a1, tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Campanium, Latium, v\u00e0 B\u01a1rutium. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ec9 II TCN, l\u1ea1i x\u1ea9y ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t thi\u00ean di m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc xu\u1ed1ng, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Itali\u1ed1t (Italiotes) - Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Itali\u1ed1t s\u1ed1ng \u1edf v\u00f9ng Latium \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Latinh. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 X TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 t\u1eeb Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 c\u0169ng thi\u00ean di sang b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Italia, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf v\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng \u00c1cn\u01a1 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Tibr\u01a1. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VIII TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn mi\u1ec1n Nam Italia, \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin, v\u00e0 theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh bang (qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb), quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh bang Xiraquyd\u01a1, Tarentum, Cuma... Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, mi\u1ec1n c\u1ef1c nam Italia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea1i Hi L\u1ea1p. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Italia^. Mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xent\u01a1 (m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italia quen g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Galia) \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc d\u0103y Anp\u01a1 c\u0169ng tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai ph\u00eda b\u1eafc b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng P\u00f4. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean k\u1ec9 I TCN, c\u01b0 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Italia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 sau : (1). C h\u1eef c\u00e1i Latinh c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Italia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1eef Hi L\u1ea1p ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. 203","Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Galia \u1edf mi\u00ean c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng P\u00f4) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 \u1edf gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng s\u1ed3ng \u00c1cn\u01a1 v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Tibr\u01a1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Itali\u1ed1t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb ven bi\u1ec3n c\u1ef1c Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin. Trong \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Latinh \u1edf v\u00f9ng h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng Tibr\u01a1 - ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma - l\u00e0 nh\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean th\u00e0nh bang R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y. III - TH\u1edcI K\u00ec \\\"V\u01af\u01a0NG CH\u1ec8NH\\\" - Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi k\u00ec \\\"V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh\\\" trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma chinh l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ea1t k\u00ec c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c R\u00f4ma, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 - h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb xa h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 sang xa h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc - Hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u1ee9 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma do R\u00f4mulus x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 753 TCN, bu\u1ed5i kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb n\u1eb1m b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Tibr\u01a1 \u1edf Trung Italia, n\u01a1i qu\u1ea7n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a 3 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Latinh, m\u1ed7i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m 100 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c. C\u1ee9 10 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 1 Curi (b\u00e0o t\u1ed9c). Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee5 t\u1ed9c - b\u00e0o t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau b\u1edfi quan h\u1ec7 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a 300 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u00ean b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed xa h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y l\u00e0 3 c\u01a1 quan : Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 \\\"vua\u2019 (Rex). Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao (S\u00eanat), bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh c\u1ee7a 300 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00ea nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt, quy\u1ec1n ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecb quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n - ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Curi - \u0111ir\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u1ee7a 300 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a 30 b\u00e0o t\u1ed9c - Curi) \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Curi v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu \u1eefong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Curi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma nh\u01b0 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn hay ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a, x\u00e9t x\u1eed, t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 b\u00e2u ra m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng vua (Rex). 204","\\\"Vua\\\" (Rex) - do \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Curi b\u00e2u ra, kh\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Curi bai mi\u1ebdn - th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a li\u00ean minh 3 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. - \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u00ec \\\"V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh\\\", xa h\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xa h\u1ed9i, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u00e9n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma, \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Latium \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m \u0103n, sinh s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c khu n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n bao quanh th\u00e0nh R\u00f4m a kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m \u1edf r\u1ed9ng (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN m\u1edbi c\u00f3 16 khu, sang th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN con s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0ng l\u00ean 26 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 35 \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 \u0128V TCN). Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m \u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u01b0 d\u00e2n m \u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n P\u01a1l\u00e9p (Plebs). P\u01a1l\u00e9p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do. ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Curi. kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, kh\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed trong to\u00e0 \u00e1n R\u00f4ma, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma) v\u00ec s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n m\u1edbi t\u1edbi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t Curi n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma c\u1ea3. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma g\u1ed1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n P\u01a1l\u00e9p n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u00eam \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma. H\u1ecd n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t \u1edf R\u00f4ma. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, h\u1ecd cQng chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh bang R\u00f4ma \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ngu\u1eedi P\u01a1l\u00e9p, t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh quy\u1ebft li\u1ed9t nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n R\u00f4m\u00edt nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma c\u1ee7a 30 Curi. Ph. Enghen \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n g\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c R\u00f4ma, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. IV - TH\u1edcI K\u00ec C\u1ed8NG HO\u00c0 (t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV TCN \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I) 1. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch cua Xecvi\u00fat Tuli\u00fat v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ra d\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nu\u1ee9c R\u00f4ma Nh\u1eadn r\u1ed5 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c, gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 IV TCN, X\u00e9cvi\u00fat Tuli\u00fat (kho\u1ea3ng 540 - 530 TCN) \u0111a theo c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a X\u00f4l\u00f4ng (Hi L\u1ea1p), ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch xa h\u1ed9i \u1edf R\u00f4ma. \u00d4ng \u0111a chia d\u00e2n (th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng l\u00e0m ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1) th\u00e0nh 6 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo m\u1ee9c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. \u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t : c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 100.000 a s ^ \u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 hai 75.000 as (1) as : m \u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4m a c\u1ed5 205","\u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 ha : 50.000 as \u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 l\u01b0 25.000 as \u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 n\u0103m : 11.000 as \u0110\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u : nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n binh ngh\u00e8o. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n chia \u1ea5y, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i Xenturi c\u1ee9 100 binh s\u0129 th\u00ec t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh 1 Xenturi v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i Xenturi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea7ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp 80 Xenturi b\u1ed9 binh v\u00e0 18 Xenturi k\u1ecb binh, chi\u1ebfm 98 tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 193 Xenturi. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c Xenturi k\u1ecb binh, s\u1ed1 Xenturi h\u1ed9 binh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 22, 20, 30 v\u00e0 1. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb Xenturi, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u1edbi - \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Xenturi \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp thay th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Curi \u1edf th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed7i Xenturi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng 1 l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u0169ng theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 b\u00e1n (97\/193) l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua, do v\u1eady \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t (\u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t) v\u1edbi 98 l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu lu\u1ed3n lu\u00f4n n\u1eafm \u01b0uth\u1ebf trong\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1edbi nhau th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u \u00fd ki\u1ebfnc\u1ee7ac\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5pkh\u00e1c. V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1ih\u1ed9i Xenturi,n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c \u0111a ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho n\u1ec1n d\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7, gi\u00e0nh \u01b0u th\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, Tuli\u00fat xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf 3 b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c c\u0169 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp 4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh chinh theo khu v\u1ef1c c\u01b0 tr\u00fa. T\u00ednh huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng trong quan h\u1ec7 xa h\u1ed9i da gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed khu v\u1ef1c \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p nhanh ch\u00f3ng ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma theo \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ph. Enghen g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Tuli\u00fat l\u00e0 \\\"cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch in\u1ea1ng \u0111a k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u0169\\\" . C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Xecvi\u00fat \u0111\u00e3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean \\\"m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh\\\", d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01b0 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n\\\"^ \\\\ C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Tuli\u00fal b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111a h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n P\u01a1l\u00e9p v\u00e0 d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma g\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c Xenturi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u1ed5ma, m\u00e0 theo m\u1ee9c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, theo s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u, ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong xa h\u1ed9i, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp kh\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma sau n\u00e0y. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Tuli\u00fat \u0111a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u01b0 s\u1edf th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh (1). c . M\u00e1c - Ph. Enghen tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp. T\u1eadp II. NXB S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1962. tr. 456. (2). c . M\u00fac - Ph. Enghen - S\u0111d. tr. 458. 206","c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n P\u01a1l\u00e9p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p \u0111a c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Xenturi. Tuy v\u1eady v\u1edbi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Tuli\u00fat, ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e2n chia ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ed3ng (ager publicus), ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t x\u1eed c\u1ed3ng khai v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong c\u00e1c to\u00e0 \u00e1n R\u00f4ma, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfp theo. 2. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n - S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec \\\"v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh\\\", ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf \u1edf R\u00f4ma, n\u00ean c\u00e1c \\\"vua\\\" (Rex) \u0111\u1ebbu l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1. T\u1edbi th\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a vua cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong 7 \\\"vua\\\" c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \\\"v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh\\\", m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u1ed3ma v\u00e0 \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 510 TCN, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang R\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u00ec m\u1edbi - th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 - trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \\\"vi\u1ec7c chung\\\" (ti\u1ebfng Latinh : res p u b lica\/ \\\\ Thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp. C\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Xenturi (\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang). \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Xenturi h\u1ecdp 1 n\u0103m 2 l\u1ea7n t\u1ea1i qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Macx\u01a1 (Mars) - qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u1ea7n Chi\u1ebfn tranh - \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i R\u1ed3ma nh\u01b0 tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn hay ngh\u1ecb h\u00f2a, b\u1ea7u c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Xenturi cang b\u1ea7u ra hai quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh (consul) trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c R\u00f4ma v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec 1 n\u0103m. Hai quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ngang nhau s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i, n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c l\u00e2m nguy, m\u1ed9t trong hai quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh s\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn c\u1eed l\u00e0m t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \\\"Dictato\\\" \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i - trong th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n 6 th\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 quy\u1ed3n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu v\u1ed3 m\u1ecdi c\u1ed3ng vi\u1ec7c. Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o (S\u00ean\u00e1t) bao g\u1ed3m 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Xenturi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i cao, nhung tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o th\u00f4ng qua, c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn c\u1eed trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb vi\u00f4n Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u0103o, do v\u1eady, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00f4n lao l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Xenturi, th\u1ef1c thi m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, ngo\u1ea1i giao, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, l\u1ed7 nghi, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o... Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 \u0111a t\u1ecf r\u1ee1 t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111a mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t hai m\u1ea1t kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, trong th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebbn c\u00f4ng (1) Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \\\"d\u00e2n\\\" c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, tham gia l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vQ trang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ea1t trong c\u00e1c Xenturi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma. 207","d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Xcnturi, c\u1ee7a quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n trong th\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 hu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan, Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00f4n l\u1ea3o d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea7y quy\u1ebbn uy v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i coi tr\u1ecdng, tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, m \u0103t kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ecdi quy\u1ed3n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 R\u00f4ma l\u1ea1i n\u1ea3m trong tay b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 - Pat\u01a1rixi - Patcrrixi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, n\u1eafm gi\u1eef m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, thao t\u00fang m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh \u0111an xen v\u00e0o nhau, c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Do v\u1eady, th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf C\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebbn l\u1ef1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, nh\u1edd v\u1eady n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00f4n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdp. - Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n P\u01a1l\u00e9p (Plebs) C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Tuli\u00fat b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111a xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p v\u00e0 Pat\u01a1rixi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c huy\u1ebft t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong xa h\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng ; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tham gia b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb x\u00e9t x\u1eed b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c to\u00e0 \u00e1n. Do v\u1eady, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa P\u01a1l\u00e9p v\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c Pat\u01a1rixi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p. Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ed1n lao bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u1eed m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u00ean c\u1eed nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd - nh\u1eefng quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n - l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 2 r\u1ed3i l\u00e0 4, 6 v\u00e0 10 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u00ean R\u1ed1ma. Theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n (Tribun) l\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt hay \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. Quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p. Tuy v\u1eady, trong th\u1ebb ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 hi\u00ean. Theo th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn, quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c trong ph\u1ea1m vi th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdp T\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c l\u00e2m nguy, khi 1 trong 2 ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m \\\"\u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i\\\" th\u00ec quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n quan t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V TCN, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n R\u00f4ma, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n P\u01a1l\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 471 TCN, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n l\u1ea5y bi\u1ed5u quy\u1ebft theo b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u1ebfn*\u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c. Do vi\u1ec7c b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n P\u01a1l\u00e9p chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao trong s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 R\u00f4ma, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 coi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Xenturi, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u0103m 445 TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n P\u01a1l\u00e9p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Canul\u00eaiux\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh, cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n P\u01a1l\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p \\\"qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c\\\" Pat\u01a1rixi. 208","5 n\u0103m sau. cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a ngu\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p \u0111\u00f2i quy\u00e8n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc pli\u00e1p lu\u1eadt cQng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh dan V\u00cc1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p theo li\u01b0\u1ee9ng c\u00e0i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a X\u1eefl\u00f4ng \u1ea3 Aten (Hi L\u1ea1p). U\u1ef7 han d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi g\u1ed3m 10 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng trong 2 n\u00e0m. K\u1ebft qu\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c han h\u00e0nh - b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt th\u00e0nh v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3u li\u00ean c\u00f9a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma - \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma v\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng x\u00e9t x\u1eed. quy\u1ec1n tli\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, vi\u1ec7c cho vay n\u1ee3 l\u00e3i, quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef... V\u00ec b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean 12 t\u1ea5m b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng khai \u1edd c\u00e1c qu\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edd c\u00e1c n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, n\u00f4n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt 12 b\u1ea3ng. N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh t\u1eeb c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Tuli\u00fat (gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 VI TCN) \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 287 TCN, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n P\u01a1l\u00e9p \u0111a k\u00e9o d\u00e0i e\u00e2n 300 n\u0103m. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u01a1l\u00e9p tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa man. Nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n P\u01b0l\u00e9p da gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, gian kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n 3 th\u1ebf ki \u0111a \u0111\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean kh\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n R\u1ed3ma, c\u01a1 s\u1edf xa h\u1ed9i b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, trong xa h\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u giai c\u1ea5p m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ea c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1. Trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ecf b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp d\u00e2n v\u1edbi giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169, t\u1ea1o n\u00e9n t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c m\u1edbi, chi ph\u1ed1i n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 R\u00f4ma. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n v\u00ec th \u1ebf cQng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i. 3. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh bang non tr\u1ebb, R\u00f4ma tr\u1eed th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i Nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 quy ch\u1ebf c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma, th\u00e0nh bang R\u00f4ma b\u00ean b\u1edd Tibr\u01a1 \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, an ninh xa h\u1ed9i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu, c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tham v\u1ecdng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng uy l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c R\u00f4ma \u0111a \u0111\u1eb7t R\u00f4ma tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft : b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng lanh th\u1ed5. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ina \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra trong su\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n 200 n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111a tr\u1ea3i qua 2 th\u1eddi k\u00ec - Th\u1eddi k\u00ec R\u1ed3ma th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Italia v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec v\u01b0cm ra kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. - R\u00f4ma th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea3o Italia V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eafl t\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eedng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 \u1edf gi\u1eefa 2 s\u00f4ng \u1ea2cn\u00f4 v\u00e0 Tibr\u01a1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111a suy y\u1ebfu, tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ecd v\u1eabn kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n lanh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. 14-LSTGC\u0110-A 209","Tr\u1eadn k\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n R\u00f4ma \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra \u01b0 th\u00e0nh V\u1ebdi - th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng Tibr\u01a1 - qu\u00e2n R\u00f4ma \u0111a li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e2y ham v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh trong su\u1ed1t 10 n\u0103m (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 406 \u0111\u1ebfn 396 TCN). Th\u00e0nh V\u00eai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 b\u1ecb san ph\u1ea3ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn Ih\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Sau khi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng xong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00cat\u01a1ruxc\u01a1 \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, R\u00f4ma b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Latium. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Latinh \u1edf \u0111\u1eaby kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Latinh \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0c\u1ef5c ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o kh\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, R\u00f4ma b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u01b0\u01a1n xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng lanh th\u1ed5 mi\u00ean Trung Italia, n\u01a1i v\u1ed1n d\u0129 \u0111ang thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Samnium. Su\u1ed1t non n\u1eeda th\u1ebf k\u1ec9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma \u0111a ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng 3 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn nh\u1eb1m th\u00f4n t\u00ednh v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Samnium. Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra v\u1eb1o c\u00e1c n\u0103m 343 - 341 TCN, chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 II (n\u0103m 326-304 TCN) v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 III (n\u0103m 298 - 290 TCN). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Samnium cam ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u1edf Trune Italia \u0111a thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a R\u1ed3ma. Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e0 th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i, R\u00f4ma m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0ong v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam, nh\u00f2m ng\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p \u1edf mi\u1ec1n c\u1ef1c Nam v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin. Nh\u1eefne cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00e2u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma \u0111a chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng Lucanium v\u00e0 Campanium \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. N\u0103m 280 TCN, R\u00f4ma \u0111a k\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Tarentum, th\u00e0nh bang m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p \u1edf mi\u00ean Nam Italia. Trong tr\u1eadn k\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111a x\u1ea9y ra \u1edf B\u00ean\u00eavent\u00f4 n\u0103m 275 TCN, li\u00ean qu\u00e2n Tarentum, Epia th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, Pirux\u01b0 v\u1ed9i va r\u00fat qu\u00e2n v\u00ea Hi L\u1ea1p. Th\u00e0nh bang Tarentum l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o tay ng\u01b0(M R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh bang kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p \u1edf Nam Italia c\u0169ng l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t quy thu\u1eadn. R\u1ed1ma \u0111a l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Italia. N\u0103m 275 TCN \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh chinh ph\u1ee5c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Italia c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma. - R\u00f4ma v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec3n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i X\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Italia, R\u00f4ma chi\u1ebfm th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, th\u1ecfa man quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ed3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, chi\u1ebfm th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam. Nh\u1edd h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u0129 Ihu\u1eadi \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean R\u00f4ma \u0111a x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi 120 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i l\u1edbn. S\u1ee9c \u0111ang m\u1ea1nh, th\u1ebf \u0111ang l\u00ean, R\u00f4ma \u0111a kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i tham v\u1ee5ng m \u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c. Tuy 210 14-LSTGC\u0110-B","nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma \u0111a v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i : \u1ede ph\u00eda t\u00e2y \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 ; ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia, Xiri. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1edbn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Ih\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111a v\u00e0 \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i \u0111a b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5. Chi\u1ebfn tranh R\u1ed1ina - \u00a3\u00e1ctag\u00f4 Chi\u1ebfn tranh R\u00f4ma - Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia Chi\u1ebfn tranh R\u00f4ma - Xiri. + Chi\u1ebfn tranh R\u00f4ma - C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 (264-146 TCN) L\u1ecbch s\u1eed quen g\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Punic, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y \u0111\u0103 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 120 n\u0103m (264-146 TCN) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gian kh\u1ed5, t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 chi\u1ebfn tranh R\u00f4ma - C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 \u0111\u00eau \u0111ang th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t, m\u01b0u toan bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh v\u00f9ng lanh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. Sau hai chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch, C\u00e1ctag\u1ed7 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 b\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 201 TCN, vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 vi ph\u1ea1m hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, R\u00f4ma \u0111a \u0111em \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n sang C\u00e1ctag\u1ed3 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0 bu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ctae\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, r\u1eddi s\u00e2u v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 15 kin c\u00e1ch b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ngh\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i, ph\u1ea3i giao n\u1ed9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a 300 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c C\u00e1clag\u1ed7 sang R\u00f4ma \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m con tin. Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a R\u1ed3ma \u0111a bu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ctag\u1eef ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7m v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 d\u00f9 s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 k\u00e9m xa R\u00f4ma. Su\u1ed1t 2 n\u0103m ki\u00ean tr\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 146TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00e1ctag\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e0nh cam ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. R\u00f4ma ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c trong su\u1ed1t 6 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam. Th\u00e0nh C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 b\u1ecb thi\u00eau hu\u1ef7. Th\u00e0nh bang C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa \u0111a b\u1ecb R\u00f4ma xo\u00e1 t\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi R\u00f4ma. Chi\u1ebfn tranh R\u00f4ma - C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. + Chi\u1ebfn tranh R\u00f4ma - Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 214 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 168 TCN), chi\u1ebfn tranh R\u00f4m a - Xiri (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 192 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 189 TCN) v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u00fa c\u00f9a R\u1ed7ma \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u00e1i B\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u00f3ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c sang \u0110\u1ed5ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, R\u1ed5ma \u0111a g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c Ih\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111ang n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Mak\u00ea\u0111\u1ed7nia v\u00e0 Xiri. Chi\u1ebfn tranh R\u00f4ma - Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u R\u1ed3ma gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ai C \u1eadp b\u1ecb Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm. Trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1eeb 171 \u0111\u1ebfn 168 TCN, R\u1ed3ma \u0111a li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u1edbi da t\u00e2m bi\u1ebfn Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \\\"t\u1ec9nh\\\" c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf R\u00f4ma. N\u0103m 168 TCN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nm \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i 211","tr\u1eadn P\u00edtna (Nam Mak\u00ea\u0111\u1ed3nia), R\u00f4ma \u0111a chia x\u1ee9 Mak\u00ea\u0111\u1ed7nia th\u00e0nh 4 v\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, kh\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean h\u1ed9 v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o R\u00f4ma. Cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 147 TCN, Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \\\"t\u1ec9nh\\\" R\u00f4ma. Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma tr\u01b0\u1edbc Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia \u0111a k\u00edt th\u00fac qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a R\u1ed7ma \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, x\u00e1c l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u1ed3ma \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Sau khi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 to\u00e0n Italia, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 264 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 146 TCN, R\u00f4ma \u0111a l\u1ea7n l\u01b0t\u1ef5t \u0111\u00e1nh g\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u1edf c\u1ea3 T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed5ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, th\u00e2u t\u00f3m trong tay m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, thao t\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n, bi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i \\\"ao nh\u00e0\\\" c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh bang non tr\u1ebb, R\u00f4ma \u0111a v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. 4. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma th\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111a \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho R\u00f4ma nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 quy\u00ean b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u01b0u \u0111ai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n R\u00f4ma trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng. Chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 R\u00f4m a thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1edbn lao, v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c, ch\u00e2u b\u1ea5u c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm xu\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf, c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng khai th\u00e1c, b\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111i\u1ec1n v\u00e0 trang vi\u00ean \u0111\u00eau b\u1ecb nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00f4ma t\u1ecbch thu, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ban t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 chia cho d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u00e1 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n sung v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng qu\u1ef9. Ri\u00eang s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn ph\u00ed m\u00e0 R\u00f4ma b\u1eaft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p \u0111a l\u00e0 con s\u01a1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn : C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p 3200 tal\u0103ng b\u1ea1c (l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 1), 10.000 tal\u0103ng v\u00e0ng (l\u1ea7n 2), Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng 1.000 tal\u00e3ng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Xiri 15.000 tal\u0103ng v\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng \u0111a \u0111em v\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00f9 binh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho xa h\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma. \u0110\u00e1nh th\u1eafng Tarentum, R\u00f4ma b\u00e1n 30.000 t\u00f9 binh l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 \u0111a cung c\u1ea5p cho R\u00f4ma 95.000 t\u00f9 binh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 1 : 25.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 2 : 20.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 3 : 50.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7), ri\u00eang chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u1edf X\u00e1c\u0111en, R\u00f4ma \u0111a b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 80.000 t\u00f9 binh... T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1edb \u0111a g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1edbn lao v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 xa h\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. 212","- S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u00ea' + Kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p N\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o tay giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c \u0111a gi\u00fap cho nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 trong tay nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Th\u00f5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng R\u00f4ma \u0111a bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i \u0111em ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma di c\u01b0 t\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0103n, \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00eau \u0111em b\u00e1n cho t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n R\u00f4ma \u0111a tung ti\u00ean, v\u00e0ng ra mua s\u1ed1 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i s\u0103n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kinh doanh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Ngo\u00e0i ra, b\u1ecdn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o uy th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm ru\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea5t t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o, d\u00e2n l\u01b0u t\u00e1n, binh s\u0129 t\u1eed tr\u1eadn. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 trong tay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu v\u01b0\u1eddn, kho\u1ea3ng ru\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0o tay giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1n trang l\u1edbn hay \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1i - L atiphun\u0111ia^ \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Latiphun\u0111ia l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf R\u00f4ma. V\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00f4ma g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1i (Latiphun\u0111ia). Khi c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00f4ma, v\u0103n minh R\u1ed7ma ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i khi c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia suy y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 tan ra, \u0111 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma c\u0169ng \u0111i v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, suy vong. Latiphun\u0111ia l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c canh. Do v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Latiphun\u0111ia, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 2 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n : c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5. Trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o (d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau) c\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o 2 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia, do v\u1eady, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma. M\u1ed7i Latiphun\u0111ia thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e2n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u00eau h\u00e0nh, cai qu\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf R\u00f4ma l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ea cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1edf t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng, vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia c\u0169ng c\u00f3 (1) lati : ru\u1ed9ng ; phun\u0111ia : \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, tr\u1ea1i. 213","s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ri\u00eang : tr\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng d\u1ebd \u0111\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t. Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ecfng nho, \u00f4liu. C\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea7u \u00f4liu, \u00e9p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u01b0\u1ee3u nho, c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia \u1edf Nam Italia, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu kinh doanh ngh\u1ec1 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin v\u00e0 B\u00e1c Phi, c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia l\u1ea1i chuy\u00ean tr\u1ed3ng ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c. Kinh t\u1ebf Latiphun\u0111ia mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t 2 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1eb3o vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ecfa man cho c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1n trang, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t che v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. Latiphun\u0111ia s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. S\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y thu ho\u1ea1ch b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia c\u0169ng \u0111a thu\u00ea m\u01b0\u1edbn n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do t\u1edbi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia - lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf R\u00f4ma - \u0111a g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong xa h\u1ed9i. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u0111a b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd theo s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c(1) m\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a cho n\u00ean n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p R\u00f4ma quay trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u1ebbn kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00f4 s\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 l\u1ed7, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn (v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 s\u1ee3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t) nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m : s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1ea1o b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf R\u00f4ma trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, kinh t\u1ebf Latiphun\u0111ia \u0111a ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng b\u00ean trong n\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u00e3n kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft : m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. + C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00fa c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfm vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u01b0ong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma, nhung kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n (c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i (1). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf R\u1ed9ma \u0111a t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng, gi\u00e1 1 kg l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c nh\u00edp t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 1\/2 gi\u00e1 1 kg lu\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf R\u00f4ma. Do v\u1eady, R\u00f4ma th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Phi. 214","v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf R\u00f4ma n\u00f3i chung. Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u00e1 ngay trong m\u1ed7i x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf R\u00f4ma. Capu n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ef1ng d\u1ea7u \u00f4liu, r\u01b0\u1ee3u nho, \u00catoruria l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f5ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng trong nghe s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng h\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u1edf R\u00f4ma l\u1ea1i chuy\u00ean s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00e1o cho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e0y d\u00e9p... Gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 R\u00f4ma bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n k\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 tung ti\u1ec1n ra thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf k\u1ec9. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u1eadp xu\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed5 trang s\u1ee9c m \u0129 ngh\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i qu\u00fd, thu\u1ed9c da v\u00e0 s\u00e2n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng da, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u xa x\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Nh\u1eedng x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea7u \u00f4liu \u00e9p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u01b0\u1ee3u nho m\u1ecdc l\u00ean \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia, ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng thuy\u00ean (thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n), nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf v\u00f3i quy m\u00f5 l\u1edbn nhur c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng khai th\u00e1c m\u1ecf b\u1ea1c \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha \u0111\u00e2 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi 40.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u00e9 v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh 2 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, m \u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 t\u00fac, s\u00e0n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1n trang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00f9 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tung v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. So v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u1edf R\u1ed7ma c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n. Sau khi \u0111a l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ne m\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u00eau ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh me nh\u1edd c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfn ph\u00ed, nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2u b\u00e1u c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh, ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i k\u1ebfch x\u00f9 trong vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c m\u1ecf v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tay giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 R\u00f4ma ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1edbn. Ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u1ea5y \u0111a gi\u00fap R\u00f4ma t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh me n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1ea7m u\u1ea5t l\u00f4i k\u00e9o kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c t\u01b0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u, nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do kh\u00e1 gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ch\u00fat v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh tham gia. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111a di\u1ebdn ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng. H\u00e0ng xa x\u1ec9 t\u1eeb Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ph\u01b0ong \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma, cung c\u1ea5p cho qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. L\u00faa m\u00ec t\u1eeb ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Phi v\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang R\u00f4ma c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t h\u1ea7u kh\u1eafp \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u1edbn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u00eal\u1ed1t l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb sau khi th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Corinh v\u00e0 C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 suy s\u1ee5p, \u0110\u00eal\u1ed1t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf 215","th\u00e0nh h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u li\u1ebft c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n ven \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. H\u1ecd bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng xa x\u1ec9 ph\u1ea9m, th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u0129 ngh\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf R\u00f4m a c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngh\u00ea ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, thu nhi\u00eau l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. \u0110i sau nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n chinh chi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 m ua c\u1eb3 ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u00f9 binh. \u0110\u00e1nh Tarentum, R\u00f5ma b\u00e1n 30.000 t\u00f9 binh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, sau 3 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch trong chi\u1ebfn tranh Punic, R\u00f4ma b\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng 95.000 t\u00f9 binh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Xac\u0111en, 80.000 t\u00f9 binh b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 - Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1ecdc l\u00ean \u1edf m\u00f5i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, ch\u1ee3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0110\u00eal\u1ed1t (bi\u1ec3n \u00cagi\u00ea), Acvile (Italia). H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 to\u00e0n v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u00eal\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 l\u00e2n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y b\u00e1n t\u1edbi 10.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7... nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1eeb \u0110\u00eal\u1ed1t, Acvile... l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1eb3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c... Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111a th\u00f4i th\u00fac v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00ean t\u1ec7, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng as truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed5ng \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n Sest\u00e9ctius c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u1ea5p 2,5 l\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ed3ng Denarius b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n Aureus b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng(1). \u0110\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 cho vay lai tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ed5. \u1ede c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau \u0111a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng chu\u1ef5\u00ean cho vay n\u1ee3, nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed5i ti\u00ean, chuy\u1ec3n ti\u00ean, g\u1eedi ti\u1ec1n... Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho vay n\u1ee3 lai ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh, lai su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 cao, c\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00ean t\u1edbi 50%. - S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 + N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf Latiphun\u0111ia, kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p R\u00f4ma ph\u1eaft tri\u1ed5n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf, trong c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m g\u1ed1m, thu\u1ed9c da, ch\u1ebf r\u01b0\u1ee3u nho, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch trong c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn bu\u00f4n v\u00e0 thuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn, trong c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn... L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u00e1m b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t suy gi\u1ea3m, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh chi\u1ebfn mi\u00ean man \u0111a ti\u00eau hu\u1ef7 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea s\u01a1 b\u1ed9, ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang s\u1ed1 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, sau chi\u1ebfn tranh Punic l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111a gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea5t 3 v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 2 l\u00e0 7 v\u1ea1n, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eadp trung ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf R\u00f4ma \u0111a l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t, ph\u00e1 (1) H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i : - 1as b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3ng - ti\u1ec1nc\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t \u1eebong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7. - 1Sest\u00e9ctius b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng = 2,5 as - 1Denarius h\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c= 4 Sest\u00e9ctius - 1Aureus b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng = 25 Denarius 216","s\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, m \u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i l\u00e0m thu\u00ea, nh\u1eadn ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u0129nh canh v\u1edbi t\u00f4 thu\u1ebf qu\u00e1 cao, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi b\u1ecf l\u00e0ng qu\u00ea ra c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ngh\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c d\u1ef1a nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecdn gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee9u t\u1ebf l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u1eed (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh hung, \u00e1m s\u00e1t n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft). L\u00e2u d\u00e2n, t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u00e0y m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khinh mi\u1ec7t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0103n b\u00e1m x\u0103 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 d\u00e2n \\\"P\u01a1lep th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb\\\" (plebs urbana) c\u00f2n M\u00e1c g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0u m anh s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o xa h\u1ed9i. L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1m b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t suy gi\u1ea3m, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 R\u00f4ma l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1eeba kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, chi ph\u00ed \u00edt nh\u01b0ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t tho\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u1ee3, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 do b\u1ecdn c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n b\u1eaft c\u00f3c \u0111em b\u00e1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfn t\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n bu\u00f4n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t. Ch\u1ec9 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang 3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi C\u00e1ctag\u00f4, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f5 R\u00f4m a \u0111a c\u00f3 trong tay 95.000 t\u00f9 binh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, c\u00f2n ri\u00eang tr\u1eadn th\u1eafng X \u00e1c\u0111en \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p 80.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, xa h\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 2 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n : nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, R\u00f4ma \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 - m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf - xa h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 - h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 giai c\u1ea5p - l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m \u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 \u1edf R\u00f4ma, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng rai v\u00e0 kh\u1ea5c nghi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u1edf R\u00f4ma. + S\u1ed0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c n\u00f4 l\u1ed7 S \u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau v\u00e0 so v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do thi chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi nay, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u00eau \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau. F.Enghen cho r\u1eb1ng \\\"d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea5n \u00e1t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\\\", c\u00f2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau, Val\u00f4ng - nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XIX - \u0111a cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhau theo t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 1\/1 (50% n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 50% t\u1ef1 do). N h\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00eal\u1ed1c (cu\u1ed1i XIX \u0111\u1ea7u XX) l\u1ea1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 3\/5 (37,5% n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, 62,5% t\u1ef1 do), trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Vexcheman - nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XX - l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra m \u1ed9t t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c 1\/2 (33% n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\/67% t\u1ef1 do)... N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf R\u00f4ma c\u00f3 nhi\u00eau ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau. 217","Ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00f9 binh. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ebbn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u1ed3ma, R\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u00f9 binh v\u00e0 b\u00e1n l\u00e0m n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Punic l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 III, 50.000 c\u01b0 d\u00e2n C\u00e1ctag\u00f4 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. \u0110\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm x\u1ee9 Epia n\u0103m 167 TCN, R\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 150.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1n l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma. Chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u00f9 binh c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Do v\u1eady, n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 t\u00f9 binh v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau vong c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y. Ngu\u1ed3n n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u1ee3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9, theo \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt P\u00eat\u00ealiux\u01a1, n\u0103m 326 TCN, R\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00ec n\u1ee3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Italia, c\u00f2n \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111o\u1ea1t ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho ch\u1ee7 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ecdn c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n b\u1eaft c\u00f3c. B\u1ecdn h\u1ea3i t\u1eb7c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 c\u01b0\u1edbp t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n, c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a, b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ven bi\u1ec3n) \u0111em b\u00e1n l\u00e0m n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7. Ngu\u1ed3n n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 do n\u1eeb n\u00f4 sinh ra. M \u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, song ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n ra m ua ; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa,lo\u1ea1i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y nu\u1ed3i t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 sai khi\u1ebfn. Do v\u1eady, b\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed3 r\u1ea5t khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng (nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin), m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kinh doanh l\u1eadp tr\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean nu\u1ed3i n\u1eef n\u1ed3 sinh \u0111\u1ebb. Ngo\u00e0i 4 ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1m tr\u1ebb lang thang, m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i v\u00f4 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia ch\u1ee7 \u0111em v\u1ec1 nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf R\u00f4ma kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p: c\u00f3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ngu\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u00f3 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma. Ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, ngu\u1ed3n n\u00f4 ]\u1ec7 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1m t\u00f9 binh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n vong c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u1ed3 R\u00f4ma. + Vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 \u1edf R\u00f4ma. 218","Tuy nhicn, R\u00f4m a v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m \u1ea1nh I\u0129ie c\u1ee7 a c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia, do v\u1eady, s\u1ed1 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 d\u00f9ng trong n\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfm t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u1ed3l\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t che, t\u1eb1n b\u1ea1o d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00e0n roi v\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e2n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00f4 s\u01a1, c\u1ed5 l\u1ed7, n\u1ed5 l\u1ec7 h\u00e2u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng : canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t, gieo tr\u00f4ng, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u1ebfn thu ho\u1ea1ch m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Italia c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c \\\"t\u1ec9nh\\\" c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3 da, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, qu\u00e2n \u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c cho t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn r\u01b0\u1ee3u nho, \u00f4 liu, x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e2m m\u1ecf khai th\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed7i x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng cQTig nh\u01b0 trong khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c m\u1ecf b\u1ea1c \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0111 a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n 40.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Trong th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch : tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 kh\u00e1c thu\u00ea. Trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u00e8n \u1edf kh\u1eafp \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, H\u1ed3ng H\u1ea3i, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 khu\u00e2n v\u00e1c, b\u1ed1c x\u1ebfp, d\u1ee1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, ch\u00e8o thuy\u00ean... Ngo\u00e0i s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed3 c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o. N\u00f4 l\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u00eac gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n nh\u01b0 : g\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng, qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c gia c\u1ea7m, gi\u1eef ng\u1ef1a, n\u1ea5u b\u1ebfp, h\u1ea7u h\u1ea1 cho t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, th\u01b0 k\u00ed, k\u1ebf to\u00e1n, nh\u1ea1c c\u00f4ng, v\u0169 n\u1eef... ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ngo\u00e0i ra \u1edf R\u00f4ma, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f2n l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec1 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m \u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea5u s\u0129 (Gla\u0111iato) mua vui cho ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn t\u1eed chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Gla\u0111iato kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi th\u00fa d\u1eef. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i v\u1ed3 c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m. N\u00f4 l\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. N \u00f4 l\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 cGng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 do ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 b\u1ecf ti\u1ec1n ra m ua v\u1ec1, nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch cho ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, h\u00e3n h\u1eefu cQng c\u00f3 m \u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 giao cho n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tin c\u1ea9n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cGng kh\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 m \u00ecnh ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00f2a \u00e1n, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdp n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng kh\u1ed5ng th\u1eeba nh\u00e2n h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ed9, do v\u00e2y t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 chung \u0111\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 con th\u00ec con c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \\\"C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i\\\", \\\"c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 bi\u1ebft k\u00eau\\\", l\u00e0 gia s\u00fac. Ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n sinh, s\u00e1t v\u00f3i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n b\u00e1n, mua, \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e1c, chuy\u1ebbn nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 quy\u00e8n gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ecdp ph\u00e1p. 219","Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m : S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng chi ph\u00ed \u00edt nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ecdn ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 R \u00f4m a \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc, v\u1eaft ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do v\u00e2y, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 R\u00f4ma v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ngh\u1ec9 hai ng\u00e0y trong d\u1ecbp l\u1ebb, nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia, c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m m\u1ecf, c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng, tr\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n, thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn. \u1ede m \u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn t\u00f9 C\u00e1ctag\u00f4), n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb b\u1eaft lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khi ch\u00e2n tay v\u1eabn \u0111eo xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch. Kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n \u1ec9\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 d\u00e0nh cho n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc, ng\u00e0y thu ho\u1ea1ch, m\u1ed7i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng xu\u1ea5t \u0103n l\u00e0 3 h\u1ea3ng (= 327,5 grain) trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng h\u00f4m m\u01b0a gi\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb9, kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3i. kh\u00e1t, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. S\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, b\u00eanh t\u1eadt, \u1ed1m \u0111au v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i nh\u1ecdc nh\u00e0n, qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft \u0111i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. + C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Tinh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t th\u1eadm t\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111a l\u00e0m cho m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t, gay g\u1eaft. V\u00ec v\u1eady t\u1eeb th \u1ebf k\u1ec9 II \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I TCN, tr\u00ean lanh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma \u0111a n\u1ed5 ra nhi\u00eau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n, t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a VQ trang tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn l\u00e0m lao \u0111ao gi\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb R\u00f4ma. \u0110\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u0103m 136 - 132 TCN v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u0103m 104 - 99 TCN tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0110\u00f4m \u00f4phil\u1ed1t \u1edf th\u00e0nh Enna. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 xin qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110am\u00f4phil\u1ed1t \u0111a kh\u00f4ng cho, l\u1ea1i l\u0103ng nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp. T\u00f9 Enna, phong tr\u00e0o n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nhanh ch\u00f3ng lan sang c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c, \u1edf Agrigi\u0103ngt\u01a1 - th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf T\u00e2y Nam \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin - qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a do Cl\u00ea\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 huy c\u0169ng \u0111a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang c\u1ee7a Cl\u00ea\u00f4ng (h\u01a1n 5.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) \u0111a gia nh\u1eadp l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Enna. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o Enna t\u0103ng l\u00ean, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf, qu\u00e2n khcVi ngh\u0129a \u0111a \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n 8.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 Xixin trong su\u1ed1t 5 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi. N\u0103m 132 TCN, R\u00f4ma \u0111a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn do quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh Rapiliux\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Xixin. Qu\u00e2n R\u00f4ma bao v\u00e2y th\u00e0nh T\u00f4r\u00f4m\u00eanium. Ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n \u0111a anh dang ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i, b\u1ecb v\u00e2y ham l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, th\u00e0nh T\u00f4r\u00f4m\u00eanium th\u1ea5t th\u1ee7. Qu\u00e2n R\u00f4ma ti\u1ebfn sang v\u00e2y ham Enna, trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Enna cang r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Enna l\u1ee5t v\u00e0o tay qu\u00e2n R\u00f4ma, R\u00f4ma \u0111a ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t mang t\u00ednh 220","ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ea3 th\u00f9, 20.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i, Cl\u00ea\u00f4ng t\u1eed tr\u1eadn, c\u00f2n \u01a1 n \u00fa t b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i trong t\u00f9. Kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Xixin b\u1ecb d\u00ecm trong bi\u1ec3n m\u00e1u. L\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 do Xpactacux\u01a1 lanh \u0111\u1ea1o (7 3 -7 1 TCN). Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5u s\u0129 (G la\u0111iato) \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng B atiata thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Capu (Italia). Nh\u1eedng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5u s\u0129 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, lu\u1ed3n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f9a gi\u1ee1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5u n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i b\u1edfi \u00e1c th\u00fa ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i. N\u0103m 75 TCN, 200 \u0111\u1ea5u s\u0129 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng Batiata \u1edf Capu t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n, nhung k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i l\u1ed9, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 80 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u1ea9n n\u00e1u \u1edf n\u00fai V\u00eaduv\u01a1 - ph\u00eda nam Capu. H\u1ecd b\u1ea7u En\u00f4maiux\u01a1 (Enomaius), Crikxux\u01a1 (Cricksus) v\u00e0 Xpactacux\u01a1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 huy. X pactacux\u01a1 l\u00e0 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5u s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1ee9 T\u01a1rax\u01a1 (Hi L\u1ea1p), tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p ch\u1ed1ng R\u1ed3ma, b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t Gla\u0111iato. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, Xpactacux\u01a1 c\u00e0ng t\u1ecf r\u1ed3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n l\u0129nh, th\u00f4ng minh, ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tham gia c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 \u1edf Italia, R\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em qu\u00e2n t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. N\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf kh\u1eafp Italia theo v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Xpactacux\u01a1 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4ng, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng, qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 h\u01a1n 70.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft Nam Italia thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Xpactacux\u01a1 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n l\u00ean ph\u00eda b\u1eafc t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u00e3y Anp\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng (Hi L\u1ea1p). N\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 l\u0103nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o Italia, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u1ec9talia, mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i R\u00f4ma ngay tr\u1ebdn qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, 2 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u00f9ng ph\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbng Crikxux\u01a1 t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh H\u00ealiux\u01a1 (Hellius) \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i, Crikxux\u01a1 t\u1eed tr\u1eadn. \u0110o\u00e0n do Xpactacux\u01a1 lanh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1eabn ph\u00e1i tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, thu h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o, qu\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 120.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111a \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n, Xpactacux\u01a1 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, Xpactacux\u01a1 l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng nam. L\u00ed do n\u00e0o \u0111\u0103 khi\u1ebfn Xpactacux\u01a1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ? Cho t\u1edbi nay cang ch\u01b0a th\u1eadt r\u1ed7, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf, kh\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Xpactacux\u01a1 th\u1ea5y n\u00f4n ch\u1ed1ng R\u00f4ma ngay t\u1ea1i Italia. Nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u0111a g\u00e2y n\u00ean n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ebbn R\u00f4ma - n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec khi nghe t\u00ean Haniban t\u1edbi c\u1ed5ng th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma x\u01b0a kia. Vi\u1ed9n nguy\u00ean lao \u0111a c\u1eed Craxiux\u01a1 v\u1edbi 10 qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n R\u00f4m a tinh nhu\u1ec7 t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p phong tr\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao \u0111a ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7u h\u1ed3i c\u1ea3 Pomp\u00eaiux\u01a1 \u0111ang \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 Luculux\u01a1 \u0111ang l\u00e0m th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1c Mak\u00ea\u0111\u00f4nia v\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp \u1ee9ng. Xpactacux\u01a1 ti\u1ebfn xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ecfm Brutium \u1edf Nam Italia, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n sang Xixin, nh\u01b0ng do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a b\u1ecdn c\u01b0\u1edbp bi\u1ec3n, thuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Xpactacux\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Craxiux\u01a1 v\u00e2n \u0111u\u1ed5i g\u1ea5p \u1edf ph\u00eda sau, Craxiux\u01a1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 221","r\u00fat qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Xpactacux\u01a1, d\u1ed3n qu\u00e2n khen ngh\u0129a xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o. Craxiux\u01a1 \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u00e0o r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eafp lu\u1ef9 cao th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng tuy\u1ebfn d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t 55 km c\u1eaft ngang v\u00f9ng Bratium. Tinh th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n c\u1ef1c k\u00ec nguy hi\u1ebbm, ph\u00eda tru\u1edbc l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n, ph\u00eda sau l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tuy\u00e9n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n R\u00f4ma, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch r\u00fat sang Hi L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u1ecf. M \u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 71 TCN, tr\u1eadn k\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Craxiux\u01a1 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a qu\u00e2n X pactacux\u01a1 \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra \u00e1c li\u1ec7t \u1edf Apuli - X pactacux\u01a1 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o m\u00f4ng, \u00f4ng \u0111a ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1eb1ng khi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh lui nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb x\u1ed7ng t\u1edbi, cho t\u1edbi khi ng\u0103 xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e2y b\u1ecdc xung quanh \u00f4ng. To\u00e0n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, \u0111a b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m gi\u1ebft h\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft. Thi th\u1ed5 X pactacux\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra... 6.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft v\u00e0 b\u1ecb treo c\u1ed5 d\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb Capu \u0111\u1ebfn R \u1ed3 m a '1\u2019. Tuy nhi\u00ean, phong tr\u00e0o ch\u01b0a t\u1eaft h\u1eb3n, mai t\u1edbi n\u0103m 62 TCN, C \u00f4taviux\u01a1 m\u1edbi ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Xpactacux\u01a1. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 do Xpactacux\u01a1 lanh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefne cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. N gh\u0129a qu\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c v\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i su\u1ed1t trong m\u1ea5y n\u0103m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ngay \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f5ma, g\u00e2y bao n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng cho giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Xpactacux\u01a1 \\\"m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 s\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i... m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cao qu\u00fd, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\"^2). - Nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9cch\u1ee7 n\u00f4, s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Xila Ngay t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0111a x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c duy tr\u00ec n\u1ed3n chuy\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u00e0 t\u00e2ng l\u00f3p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng kj s\u0129 (l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a), ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u1edf ngo\u00e0i R\u00f4ma, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a anh em Goracux\u01a1, phong tr\u00e0o Xatimmiux\u01a1, d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt Rulux\u01a1, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ed5ng minh..., trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y. M\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa hai ph\u00e1i qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c R\u00f4ma ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ra theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh v\u00e0 qu\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao. N\u00ean c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb tan v\u1eef. (1) Appian - Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn I (tr\u00edch t\u1eeb 'T \u01b0 li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\" (Ch\u1eef Nga) - T. 252 - 2. (2) C.M \u00e1c - Ph.Enghen - tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp, t\u1eadp II. NXB S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. 1962, tr. 216. 222","N\u0103m 8X TCN, Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao c\u1eed Xila (Sylla) l\u00e0m t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed3ng chinh R\u00f4m a sang \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a M il\u01a1ri\u0111\u00e1t (\u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1). Nh\u01b0ng khi X ila v\u1eeba r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi R\u00f4ma, ph\u00e1i c\u00f4ng tli\u01b0one k\u1ecb s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111a c\u1eed Mariux\u01a1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c phe c\u00e1nh m\u00ecnh l\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u1edf R\u00f5ma. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c tin, Xila \u0111a k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n quay v\u00e9 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Mariux\u01a1, ph\u00e1i c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ecb s\u0129 th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf, M ariux\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y sang B\u00e1c Phi l\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ch\u1edd th\u1eddi c\u01a1. N\u0103m 87 TCN, Xinna - \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng - tr\u00fang c\u1eed ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i Xila \u0111ang \u1edf Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p Mit\u01a1ri\u0111\u00e1t, M ariux\u01a1 t\u1eeb B\u1eafc Phi \u0111a tr\u1edf v\u1ed3 R\u00f4ma, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ef1p v\u1edbi Xinna t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng phe qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ecbch thu ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c phe Xila chia cho b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 thao t\u00fang ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n R\u00f4ma mai t\u1edbi n\u0103m 82 TCN. N\u0103m 83 TCN, sau khi \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p xong cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf Mit\u01a1ri\u0111\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ea1m \u1ed5n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, Xila k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma. N\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u gi\u1eefa 2 ph\u00e1i x\u1ea3y ra, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i. Ph\u00e1i X ila ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, Xila \u0111a cho l\u1eadp b\u1ea3n danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefne qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111a theo Mariux\u01a1, v\u00e2y b\u1eaft, t\u1ecbch thu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 x\u1eed t\u1eed b\u00eau \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf Phorum. Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 90 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 2.600 k\u1ecb s\u0129 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i. Phe M ariux\u01a1 n\u1ebfm m\u00f9i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ed3. N\u0103m 82 TCN, phe qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a Xila l\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n. Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Xila, quy\u00ean l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n b\u1ecb bai b\u1ecf, quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ed1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao \u0111ane t\u1eeb 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt l\u00ean 600 ne\u01b0\u1eddi (to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00e2n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Xila). X ila c\u00f2n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 bai b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n bao th\u1ea7u thu\u1ebf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp k\u1ecb s\u0129 I]uy \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00f4ma tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp thu thu\u1ebf t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh. X ila trao cho Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a, X ila c\u0169ng \u0111a gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho lum 1 v\u1ea1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a 12 v\u1ea1n c\u1ef1u binh s\u0129 t\u1edbi l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Latium, Pixenum, \u00cat\u01a1ruria, Campania. C h\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Xila \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c R\u00f4ma, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a quy t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, X ila v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cQng g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m \u1ed9t l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhi\u00eau v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed5 nan gi\u1ea3i, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn : Mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, Xila ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a binh s\u0129, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i trong ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp Mariux\u01a1). T\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a R\u00f5ma. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb so v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ne d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma. Do v\u1eady, Xila kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9. 223","N\u0103m 78 TCN, quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh Lipi\u0111ux\u01a1 - ng\u01b0(M Ihu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i X ila - \u0111a c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Xila, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt l\u00faa m\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n. Xila v\u00e0 phe qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng. Lipi\u0111ux\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1, ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y sang X \u00e1ulen (r\u1ed3i ch\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00f3). Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 R\u00f4ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i Xila \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u01b0ng phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng v\u1eabn \u00e2m \u1ec9 v\u00e0 lan sang c\u00e1c \\\"t\u1ec9nh\\\" c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha. - Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \\\"tam h\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t\\\" v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i X\u00eada. Trong th\u1eddi gian x\u1ea3y ra cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a n\u00f4 l\u1ed9 do X pactacux\u01a1 lanh \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi d\u1ecbu xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a ho\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng neay sau \u0111\u00f3, hai ph\u00e1i qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t nhau gay g\u1eaft h\u01a1n. Craxiux\u01a1 v\u00e0 Pomp\u00eaiux\u01a1 - hai k\u1ebb c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00ecm kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Xp\u00e1ctacux\u01a1 trong bi\u1ec3n m\u00e1u - tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh 2 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb R\u1ed7ma. C\u0169ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c x\u1ee9 n\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec 3 n\u0103m, X\u00eada tr\u1edf v\u00ea R\u00f4ma v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn t\u00edch huy ho\u00e0ng. X\u00eada, Pomp\u00eaiux\u01a1 v\u00e0 Craxiux\u01a1 \u0111a t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tay ba, l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb R\u00f4ma. Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \\\"ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tam h\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t\\\" l\u00e0 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi 3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng : qu\u00e0n s\u1ef1, k\u1ecb s\u0129 v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u0103m 59 TCN, X\u00eada \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, X\u00eada th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt \u0111em l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n v\u00e0 binh s\u0129 : gi\u1ea3m 1\/3 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Campania chia cho 2 v\u1ea1n c\u1ef1u binh s\u0129, d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o. X\u00eada c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a C\u01a1lau\u0111iux\u01a1 (Claudius) - ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh - l\u00ean l\u00e0m quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n. N\u0103m 58 TCN, h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec ch\u1ea5p chinh quan, X \u00eada l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c x\u1ee9 G\u00f4l\u01a1 (v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec 5 n\u0103m). N\u0103m 56 TCN, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 \\\"tam h\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t\\\" quy \u0111\u1ecbnh : X\u00eada ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c x\u1ee9 G\u00f4l\u01a1, Pomp\u00eaiux\u01a1 v\u00e0 Craxiux\u01a1 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p chinh quan c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec 56, 55 TCN. H\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan, Pom p\u00eaiux\u01a1 se l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c T\u00e2y Ban Nha ; Craxiux\u01a1 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1c x\u1ee9 Xiri. N\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb R\u00f4m a b\u1ecb l\u0169ng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 chia X\u1eba b\u1edfi 3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c trong li\u00ean minh tam h\u00f9ng l\u00e2n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. N\u0103m 54 TCN, theo \u0111\u00fang tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn, Craxiux\u01a1 sang tr\u1ea5n gi\u1eef x\u1ee9 Xiri (nhung ch\u1ec9 n\u0103m sau - n\u0103m 53 TCN - Craxiux\u01a1 b\u1ecf m\u1ea1ng trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn giao chi\u1ebfn). C\u00f2n Pomp\u00eaiux\u01a1, theo tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i sang T\u00e2y Ban Nha, nhung y \u0111a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee9 \u1edf l\u1ea1i R\u00f4ma (ch\u1ec9 c\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn sang T\u00e2y Ban Nha). Pom p\u00eaiux\u01a1 tr\u1edf m\u1eb7t, quay l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao, hi v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n th\u00e2u t\u00f3m m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u1edf R\u1ed3ma. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 li\u00ean minh \\\"tam 224","h\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n 'th \u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t\\\" tan v\u01a1. \u1ede G\u00f4l\u01a1, X\u00eada li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng : C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c G\u00f4l\u01a1 \u0111\u00eau khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c Gi\u00e9cm an b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea9y sang h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng Ranh'. L o s\u1ee3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a X\u00eada, Pom p\u00eaiux\u01a1 c\u00e0ng b\u1eaft tay ch\u1eb7t che v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i X\u00eada. N\u00e3m 52 TCN, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9, Pom p\u00eaiux\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan duy nh\u1ea5t - \\\"Ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ban ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh\\\" - m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p R\u00f4ma. Pomp\u00eaiux\u01a1 v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao bu\u1ed9c X\u00ea\u0111a sau khi h\u1ebft nhi\u1ec7m k\u00ec ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u00e0 quay v\u00ea R\u00f4ma v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m \u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng. X\u00eada b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 : ho\u1eb7c se c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ! S\u1eabn c\u00f3 trong tay 13 qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n R\u00f4ma thi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, k\u1ecb s\u0129 v\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u00e0y 14 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 49 TCN, X\u1ebdda th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n, t\u1eeb G\u00f4l\u01a1, v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Rubica v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng, b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng R\u00f4ma. Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao v\u00e0 Pomp\u00eaiux\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp tr\u1edf tay, bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf R\u00f4m a ch\u1ea1y sang Hi L\u1ea1p. \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Pomp\u00eaiux\u01a1, X \u00eada quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n sang t\u00edn c\u00f4ng 7 qu\u00e2n \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Pomp\u00eaiux\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha. Tr\u1eadn k\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfn \u0111a x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Il\u00e9c\u0111a (Ilerda), qu\u00e2n Pom p\u00eaiux\u01a1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tan v\u1ee1, T\u00e2y Ban Nha theo X\u00eada. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, X\u00eada th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn sang Hi L\u1ea1p. N\u0103m 48 TCN, tr\u1eadn k\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa X\u00eada v\u00e0 Pomp\u00eaiux\u01a1 \u0111a x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Ph\u00e1cxan (Pharsale), X\u00eada \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng, Pomp\u00eaiux\u01a1 th\u00e1o ch\u1ea1y sang Ai C\u1eadp, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, y b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 h\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a vua Ai C\u1eadp gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. T\u1eeb B\u1eafc Phi, X\u00eada k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n qua mi\u1ec1n Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ed1ng R\u00f4ma. N\u0103m 45 TCN, X\u00eada to\u00e0n th\u1eafng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma. Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n X\u00eada l\u00e0 \\\"qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ee5\\\" v\u00e0 trao cho y m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t : \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0 l\u1ec7nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma, t\u0103ng l\u1eef t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p m\u1eb7c y ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma, y ph\u1ee5c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u1ebdng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lanh \u0111\u1ea1o cao nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0103n m\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, X\u00eada \u0111a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, th\u00e2u t\u00f3m trong tay m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean v\u00ea ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o... \\\"Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tam h\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t\\\" k\u1ebft th\u00fac. N\u1ec1n c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a R\u00f4ma ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, nhung c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Sau khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, X\u00e8da \u0111a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch mang l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng, k\u1ecb s\u0129, binh l\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. S\u1ed0 ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao t\u1eeb 300 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 900 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, to\u00e0n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n t\u00edn X\u00eada th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ban th\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ed9ng rai c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho binh s\u0129, \u0111\u01b0a 8 v\u1ea1n binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n R\u00f4ma \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n R\u00f4ma cho nhi\u1ec1u 15-LSTGC\u0110-A 225","qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ban h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch p h \u00e1 p ^ \\\\ N\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i X\u00eada \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. N\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a v\u1eabn c\u00f2n in \u0111\u1eadm trong suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. L\u1ea5y c\u1edb b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1eabn k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng phong tr\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng X\u00eada. Th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 44 TCN, c\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, phe qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111\u0103 g\u00e2y t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho Brutux\u01a1 v\u00e0 C\u00e1txiux\u01a1 - nh\u1eebng k\u1ebb th\u00e2n t\u00edn nhung l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i X\u00eada - \u0111\u00e2m ch\u1ebft X\u00eada ngay trong khi \u00f4ng \u0111ang ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o. - \\\"Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tam h\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai\\\". S\u1ef1 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00f4cta viux\u01a1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a C\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a X\u00eada n\u0103m 44 TCN \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma. Trong khi \u0111\u00e1m b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n \u0111ang \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t x\u1eed nh\u1eebng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0u s\u00e1t X\u00eada, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a X\u00eada l\u00e0 L\u00eapi\u0111ux\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 huy k\u1ecb binh \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma, Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1 c\u0169ng k\u00e9o qu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o c\u1eed l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o r\u1ea5t lo s\u1ee3 y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i m\u1edbi theo ki\u1ec3u X\u00eada, c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e1m b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n v\u00e0 binh s\u0129 l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1 \u0111\u0103 b\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o mua chu\u1ed9c, ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i X\u00eada. \u0110\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, \u00d4ctaviux\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 19 tu\u1ed5i, nhung \u00d4 ctaviux\u01a1 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ch\u00e1u g\u1ecdi X\u00eada b\u1eb1ng c\u1eadu, do v\u1eady \u0111\u00e1m binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n hi v\u1ecdng \u00d4 ctaviux\u01a1 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p X\u00eada, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, c\u1ea5p cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi 300 S\u00e9ct\u00e9csium. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u00e3o c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng \u00d4ctaviux\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1. \u00d4ctaviux\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ed3n ngoan \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 43 TCN, \u00d4ctaviux\u01a1, A nt\u1ed3niux\u01a1 v\u00e0 L \u00eapi\u0111ux\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft tay nhau trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ed k\u1ebft \u1edf B\u1ed3n\u00f4nia, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean \\\"ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n tam h\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai\\\" trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma, c\u00f9ng nhau n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n chi ph\u1ed1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00f4ma. Theo th\u1ecfa \u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quan trong n\u0103m 42 TCN s\u1ebd giao cho L\u00eapi\u0111ux\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m. Ngo\u00e0i v\u00f9ng Italia, do c\u1ea3 3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, Ant\u1ed3niux\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia cai qu\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 G\u00f4l\u01a1, L\u00eapi\u0111ux\u01a1, T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 (1) L\u1ecbch m\u1edbi n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch Juliux\u01a1 (g\u1ecdi theo h\u1ecd X\u00eada). Theo l\u1ecbch n\u00e0y, 1 n\u0103m c\u00f3 365 ng\u00e0y 1\/4. C\u1ee9 4 n\u0103m nhu\u1eadn 1 l\u1ea7n. \u1ede T\u00e2y \u00c2u, l\u1ecbch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1582. 226 15-LSTGC\u0110-B","Num G\u00f4l\u01a1, c\u00f2n \u00d4ctaviux\u01a1 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o Xixin, X\u00e1c\u0111en v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Phi. Sau khi k\u00ed tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ea3 ba \u0111a k\u00e9o l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 \u00e9p Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i trao cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ed3ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc R\u00f4ma trong th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n 5 n\u0103m. L\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \\\"Li\u00ean minh tam h\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai\\\", y \u0111a th\u1eb3ng tay tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i : 300 ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i (t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb t\u1ecbch thu), \u1ed3ctaviux\u01b0 v\u00e0 Ant\u00f4niux\u01b0 c\u00f9ng th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma t\u1ea5n c\u1ed3ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i do C atxiux\u01a1 v\u00e0 B rutuxc\/1* ch\u1ec9 huy \u1edf v\u00f9ng Banc\u0103ng. N\u0103m 40 TCN, \\\"tam h\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai\\\" l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 chia nhau c\u00f9ng cai qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Ant\u1ed7niux\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia cai qu\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng ; L\u00eapi\u0111\u01b0x\u01a1 cai qu\u1ea3n v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Phi ; \u00d4ctaviux\u01a1 cai qu\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 G\u00f4l\u01a1 v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha. C\u1ea3 ba t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1eaft tay nhau, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhau nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1edd th\u1eddi c\u01a1 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nhau \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y R\u00f4ma. N\u00e3m 36 TCN, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e1nh th\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a phe \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u1edf Xixin (do X\u1ebfchtiux\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 huy), th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4 ctaviux\u01a1 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t m \u1ea1nh l\u00ean, kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan, \u00f4 ctaviux\u01a1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng thu h\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng binh s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 L\u00eapi\u0111ux\u01a1. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a L\u00eapi\u0111ux\u01a1 \u1edf R\u00f4ma kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, \\\"tam h\u00f9ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai\\\" b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ea1n v\u1eef. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, y k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Ai C\u1eadp Cl\u00ea\u00f4p\u00e1t (n\u0103m 37 TCN) v\u00e0 \u0111em nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u1eb1y t\u1eb7ng ho\u00e0ng gia Ai C\u1eadp v\u1edbi tham v\u1ecdng l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t giang scm ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t h\u00f9ng c\u1ee9 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. L\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c R\u00f4ma tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1, \u00d4ctaviux\u01a1 \u0111a th\u1ed1ng l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng. T h \u1ebf l\u00e0 \\\"Li\u00ean m inh tam h\u00f9ng l\u00e2n hai\\\" tan v\u1ee1. N\u0103m 31 TCN, tr\u1eadn k\u1ecbch chi\u1ebfn \u0111a x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u0169i Actium (thu\u1ed9c x\u1ee9 \u00capia). Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ea1i, b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y sang Ai C\u1eadp. N\u0103m 30 TCN, \u00d4ctaviux\u01a1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng Ai C\u1eadp, th\u1ebf c\u00f9ng Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Cl\u00ea\u00f4p\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t. Ai C\u1eadp bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \\\"t\u1ec9nh\\\" c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma. Nh\u1eefng th \u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u0111a b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb. \u00d4ctaviux\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y R\u00f4ma. x a h\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi, c\u01a1 s\u1edf xa h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, t\u1ea7ng l\u00f3p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m , nh\u1eefng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eeba bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, c\u00e1c c\u1ef1u chi\u1ebfn binh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th \u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a \u00f4ctaviux\u01a1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf xa h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a R\u1ed1ma. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u1eadp trung, \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfm n\u1ed3 R\u00f4ma \u0111a th\u1eafng th\u1ebf. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u1ed1ma b\u01b0\u1edbc sang trang m\u1edbi - th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111 \u1ebf ch\u1ebf. (1) Th\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i. c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t 227","V - TH \u1edcI K \u00ec \u0110\u1ebe CH\u1ebe (t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V) 1. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec c\u1ef1c th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 R\u00f4ma Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00d4 guxtux\u01a1 (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I, II) Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k l'I, II, tr\u00ean t\u00edt c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1no di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, an ninh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 R\u00f4ma \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u1eddi k\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o \\\"th\u1eddi ki ho\u00e0ng kim\\\" c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. - T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb + Sau khi \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1 (n\u0103m 30 TCN), \u1ed5ctaviux\u01a1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf R\u00f4ma. Tuy kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ee5c t\u1ebf, \u00f4ctaviux\u01a1 \u0111a n\u1eafm trong tay nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 : t\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (Imperator), quan ch\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n v\u0129nh vi\u1ebdn, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 to\u00e0n Italia... Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao c\u00f2n suy t\u00f4n y l\u00e0 \\\"qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ee5\\\" (ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng y danh hi\u1ec7u \u00f4guxtux\u01a1 (\u0111\u1ea5ng cao c\u1ea3, t\u00f4n k\u00ednh). Kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m coi th\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, ch\u1ec9 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1 1 trong danh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n - P\u01a1rinx\u00e9p. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do \u00f4ctaviux\u01a1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Princip\u00e1t - ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7. Trong ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00ea cao c\u1ee7a \u00f4ctaviux\u01a1, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ed1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao bao g\u1ed3m 600 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00e2n t\u00edn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ctaviux\u01a1, nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao cho Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao ; \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Princip\u00e1t th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che \u0111\u1eady kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kho\u00e1c C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Th\u1eddi ki \u00f4 ctaviux\u01a1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma \u0111a m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng : ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u01a0ph\u01a1r\u00e1t ; ph\u00eda t\u00e2y t\u1edbi b\u1edd \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u00eda nam xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn sa m\u1ea1c Xahara, c\u00f2n ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Ranh v\u00e0 \u0110anu\u00fdp, ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u00e9cman. Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 R\u00f4ma v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec1n, mi\u1ebfu, r\u1ea1p h\u00e1t, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng phu, nguy nga, tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7 \u0111a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m \u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ctaviux\u01a1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e2u ti\u00ean trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf - V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Giuliux Clau\u0111iux (Julius Claudius) t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 27 TCN \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 68 sau CN. 228","N\u0103m 14, \u00d4 ctaviux\u01a1 qua \u0111\u1eddi, Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00f4n lao \u0111em t\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb v\u00e0 danh hi\u1ec7u \u00f4guxtux\u01a1 trao cho T ib \u00eariu x \u01a1 ^ (14 - 37), n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 R\u00f4ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam, vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Tib\u00eariux\u01a1, v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebb cao. Tib\u00eariux\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf d\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kho\u00e1c C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. Sau T ib\u00eariux\u01a1 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Caligula (37 - 41). Caligula ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1edf R\u00f4ma theo ki\u1ec3u Ai C\u1eadp, b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3u sinh ho\u1ea1t \u1edf cung \u0111\u00ecnh Ai C\u1eadp, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y em g\u00e1i m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m v\u1ee3. Caligula \u0111a cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Ixida c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u1edf R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 x\u1ebfp m\u00ecnh trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. Caligula \u0111a d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c m\u1ecdi d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Caligula ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 4 n\u0103m, n\u0103m 41, y b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c s\u0129 quan c\u1eadn v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u01b0u s\u00e1t. Sau khi C aligula ch\u1ebft, n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb R\u00f4ma kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, phe c\u00e1nh duy tr\u00ec n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a c\u0169, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf xa h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 quy\u00ean l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf chi ph\u1ed1i xa h\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma l\u1ea1i \u0111ang trong tay gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ctaviux\u01a1, do v\u1eady \u0111a ch\u1ecdn Clau\u0111iux\u01a1, ch\u00fa ru\u1ed9t C aligula l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 41 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 54). N h\u1edd s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u01b0u k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 k\u1ebf - Ag\u01a1ripina - Clau\u0111iux\u01a1 \u0111a c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 quan m\u1edbi, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u00eam b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp ra v\u1ee5 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, n\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p... Clau\u0111iux\u01a1 c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ban b\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng rai v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao cho qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u00ednh. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n R\u00f4ma b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf ra. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Clau\u0111iux\u01a1 ti\u1ebfp \u25a0t\u1ee5c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m \u1edf r\u1ed9ng lanh th\u1ed5 R\u00f4ma, x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn x\u1ee9 B \u01a1ritania (n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ng\u00e0y nay) th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u00eda nam h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u \u0110anu\u00fdp, v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a vua M it\u01a1ri\u0111\u00e1t III x\u1ee9 B\u1ed1tpho thu\u1ed9c H\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Acm\u00eania, chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 B\u1ea5c Phi... Clau\u0111iux\u01a1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh r\u00e1o ri\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c \\\"R\u1ed1ma h\u00f3a\\\" c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c d\u00e0n m\u1edbi. N\u0103m 54, Ag\u01a1ripina (Agrippina) - \u0111\u01b0tmg kim ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu - \u0111a \u00e9p Clau\u0111iux\u01a1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn N\u00ear\u00f4 - con ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 - l\u00e0 con ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, Ag\u01a1ripina \u0111a \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c Clau\u0111iux\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a con trai N\u00ear\u00f4 - l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi 18 tu\u1ed5i - l\u00ean l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia. Trong 5 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, quy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c v\u00ea Ho\u00e0ng th\u00e1i h\u1eadu Ag\u01a1ripina v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec. T\u1eeb n\u0103m th\u1ee9 6 tr\u1edf \u0111i, v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o, (1) Tib\u00eariux\u01a1 l\u00e0 con ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 th\u1ee9 3 c\u00f9a \u00d4ctaviux\u01a1. nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d4ctaviux\u01a1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 con nu\u00f4i v\u00e0 g\u1ea3 con g\u00e1i cho. 229","th\u00edch \u0103n ch\u01a1i, t\u1ef1 do, tr\u00e1c t\u00e1ng(1), N\u1ebdr\u00f4 \u0111a l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u1ebft m\u1eb9, \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9c anh trai, gi\u1ebft v\u1ee3, gi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 th\u00e0y d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh - nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc X\u00eanec\u01a1 - v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111a th\u1eb5ng tay d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p, gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai m\u00e0 y nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. N\u00ear\u00f4 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh N\u00ear\u00f4 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m g\u00e2y ra v\u1ee5 ch\u00e1y kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u1edf R\u00f4ma n\u0103m 64 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ee5 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1eabm m \u00e1u c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o*2). N\u00ear\u00f4 c\u00f2n t\u1ee5 \u00fd tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 cho Hi L\u1ea1p t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 phung ph\u00ed ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Do v\u1eady, th\u1eddi N\u00ear\u00f4 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh, kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a (kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a \u1edf B\u01a1ritania, Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1, B\u1eafc Phi...). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 N\u00ear\u00f4 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00ear\u00f4 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf \u01b0\u1ed1n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t. N\u00ear\u00f4 ch\u1ebft, v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Giuliux Clau\u0111iux do \u00f4 ctaviux\u01a1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 R\u00f4m a c\u0169ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac m \u1edf ra th\u1eddi k\u00ec m\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf R\u00f4ma. + V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Phlaviux\u01a1 (69-96) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 R\u00f4ma l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1. Vi\u1ec7c \\\"R\u00f4ma h\u00f3a\\\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn m \u1ea1nh me, vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ed1 ngh\u1ecb vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao l\u00e0 qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111a chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 40%. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 - m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf - \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1eb3n gi\u1ed1ng nhau nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c phi\u1ebfm n\u00f4. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Phlaviux\u01a1 tr\u1ea3i qua 3 th\u1eddi k\u00ec tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a 3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 - Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf : Phlaviux\u01a1 Vexpa\u0111ianux\u01a1 (67 - 79) Phlaviux\u01a1 Titux\u01a1 (79 - 81) Phlaviux\u01a1 \u0110\u00f4m itianux\u01a1 (81 - 96) + T\u1eeb n\u0103m 96 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 192, R\u00f4ma d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf thu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 3 - V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1. N\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb R\u00f4ma th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (m \u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111a b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9). C h\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng (1) N\u00ear\u00f4 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u th\u01a1 ca v\u00e0 th\u00edch ng\u00e2m th\u01a1, di\u1ebdn k\u1ecbch, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n N\u00ear\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ea3 vai \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng bi\u1ebbu di\u1ec5n xi\u1ebfc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n theo \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ecbch R\u00f4ma sang Hi L\u1ea1p bi\u1ebbu di\u1ed7n. (2) \u0110\u00e1m ch\u00e1y l\u1edbn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 9 ng\u00e0y, thi\u00eau hu\u1ef7 10\/14 khu ph\u1ed1 R\u00f4ma, t\u01b0\u01a1ng truy\u1ec1n khi \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m gay c\u1ea5n nh\u1ea5t, N\u00ear\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e8o l\u00ean th\u00e1p cao, v\u1eeba xem v\u1eeba g\u1ea3y \u0111\u00e0n v\u00e0 ng\u00e2m th\u01a1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh T\u01a1roa. N\u00ear\u00f4 \u0111\u00e2 vu cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m g\u00e2y ra v\u1ee5 ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t d\u00e3 man. 230","chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kho\u00e1c C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a h\u00e2u nh\u01b0 \u0111a b\u1ecb v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 bi\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebb cao, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c bai mi\u1ec5n c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m trong lay Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ecf ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n n\u1eafm gi\u1eef ng\u00f4i ho\u00e0ng \u0111 \u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c R\u00f4ma ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. C\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n ng\u00f4i theo l\u1ed1i cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m \u0111\u00fat. V\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u A nt\u00f4niux\u01a1 (96 - 192) tr\u1ea3i qua 6 \u0111\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau. - N \u00e9cva (96 - 98). - Tr\u1ea1\u1ecbarux\u01a1 (98 - 117), l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf R\u1ed3ma \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italia. - Ha\u0111rianux\u01a1 (117 - 138) : ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha - Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1 (138 - 161) : ng\u01b0\u1eddi Italia. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec A nt\u00f4niux\u01a1 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 R\u00f4m a l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh vinh quang cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \\\"H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7\\\" (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n\\\") g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng, uy t\u00edn trong Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean lao v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1 c\u0169ng ch\u00fa \u00fd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 thu\u1eadt qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1ec5 nghi, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n. - \u00f4 r\u1ebdliux \u01a1 (161 - 180) : ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 uy\u00ean th\u00e2m. - C om m \u00f5\u0111ux\u01a1 (180 - 192), con trai \u00d4r\u00ealiux\u01a1, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng hc\u1ef5p k\u1ebf ng\u00f4i duy nh\u1ea5t trong tri\u1ec1u Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1. T\u1eeb sau n\u0103m 192, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 R\u00f4ma b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. - T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf + S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, thu\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u0129 thu\u1eadt trong s\u1eb3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c kim kh\u00ed, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t minh ra c\u1ed1i xay n\u01b0\u1edbc, li\u1ec1m cong \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7t l\u00faa, vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u00e1y \u00e9p nho b\u1eb1ng g\u1ed7, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t... Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111a th\u00fac \u0111\u00e1y kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u0111a tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf B\u1eafc Italia v\u00e0 Campania. \u0110\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m v\u1ebd hoa \u1edf Acr\u01a1tium, \u0111\u00e8n th\u1eafp \u1edf Mutina... Ngh\u00ea d\u1ec7t c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean m \u00f4n h\u00f3a cao \u0111\u1ed9, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean d\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean nhu\u1ed9m m\u00e0u... Nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng xa x\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u00ea th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tinh x\u1ea3o, kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh (v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n 231","xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c m\u1eaft gi\u1ea3 cho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ngh\u00ea s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb...). Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng quy I\u01281\u00d4 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u00ean khai th\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m cao c\u1ea5p, g\u1ea1ch ng\u00f3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng... Nh\u1eefng m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \u00ecruy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh me nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ngh\u1ed7 kim kh\u00ed, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u0169 kh\u00ed, g\u1ed1m, d\u1ec7t, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn r\u01b0\u1ee3u, d\u1ea7u \u00f4liu, d\u1ec7t th\u1ea3m . .. C\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00eau s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m thu\u00ea. Theo \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch h\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. R\u00f4ma c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng rai v\u1edbi Ar\u00e1p, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Hoa. Thuy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n R\u00f4ma ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng \u0110anu\u00fdp, s\u00f4ng Ranh, Vixtuyn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn v\u00f9ng Bantich v\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Xc\u0103ng\u0111inav\u01a1. Tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i, thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e8 R\u00f4ma \u0111i l\u1ea1i nh\u1ed9n nh\u1ecbp. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf kh\u1eafp Italia, kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 sang t\u1eadn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, B\u1eafc \u00c2u, Ban T\u00edch... Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng s\u1eb3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng (h\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u1ec7u, gia v\u1ecb, t\u01a1 l\u1ee5a, \u0111\u00e1 qu\u00fd...) c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n R\u00f4ma chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ed5, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00ed nh\u01b0 L\u00f4ng\u0111inium (Lu\u00e2n \u0110\u00f4n ng\u00e0y nay), L\u00fac\u0111unum (Li\u00f4ng), Vin\u0111\u00f4b\u00f4ra (Vi\u00ean)... + Th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p R\u00f4ma r\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma \u01b0\u01b0\u1edbc sau v\u00e3n l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a c\u00e2y \u01af\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh m e. Nho, \u00f4liu v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf R\u00f4ma. V\u0103n minh R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p, t\u1ef1 t\u00fac m\u00e0 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. S \u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia t\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng xa h\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Latiphun\u0111ia ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eedng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a - ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II, \u0111\u00e2u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n - d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn - \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt Latiphun\u0111ia, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn tr\u1ed3ng nho, \u00f4liu, \u0111a b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y .l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u0169ng \u0111a chia nh\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ebdn trang r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eedng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, giao cho n\u00f4'l\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e2u ti\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c canh t\u00e1c 232","m\u1edbi trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3 cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7 n\u00f2ng \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. 2. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, suy vong c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 R\u00f4ma (th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III - th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 V) - S\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Ngay t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 II, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf R\u00f4ma \u0111a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. Sang th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1ecf ra nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. S\u00f4' l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, m\u1ed9t m \u1eb7t ngu\u1ed3n cung c\u1ea5p n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu - n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u00f9 binh - ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ra \u1ed3 \u1ea1t nh\u01b0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0111a v\u01b0\u01a1n kh\u00e1 xa v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111a v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1eb3 n\u0103ng cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 \u0111a l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1 \u0111\u00f4ng n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111a x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cQng gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho k\u0129 thu\u1eadt canh t\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u00ean, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eabn th\u00f4 k\u1ec7ch n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 (\u0111\u1ed5 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng). Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t m inh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. B\u1eca b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t t\u00e0n t\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111a t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 (l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, l\u00e0m \u1ea9u, tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, lang ph\u00ed khi gieo tr\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng nhu khi thu ho\u1ea1ch...). Do v\u1eady n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat theo th\u1eddi gian. M \u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a v\u0169 trang quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a Xp\u00e1ctacux\u01a1, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra l\u00fac ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m l\u00fac c\u00f4ng khai \u0111a l\u00e0m cho t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u00e0n v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m suy gi\u1eb3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t tr\u00e2m tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111a \u0111\u1eb7t giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 R\u00f4ma tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf : Mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 (v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7), do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4. C\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf R\u00f4ma \u0111a c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Clau\u0111iux\u01a1 \u0111a ban h\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ea5m b\u1eaft n\u00f5 l\u1ec7 \u1ed1m \u0111au lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb7ng, c\u1ea5m gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111au y\u1ebfu. N\u00ear\u00f4 \u0111a c\u1ea5m \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ra \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi da 233","th\u00fa. Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1 ra s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh... Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111a g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u van s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111a t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd chia x\u1ebb c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia r\u1ed9ne l\u1edbn kia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m \u1ea3nh ru\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf r\u1ed3i giao cho n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, thu ho\u1ea1ch, n\u1ed9p cho ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho m\u00ecnh. L\u1ed1i kinh doanh n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111a l\u00f4i k\u00e9o nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, v \u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00ec ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi - ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng. - S\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf d\u1ed9 l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng + T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf ki I tr\u1edf \u0111i, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1n trang (Latiphun\u0111ia) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 \u0111a tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ecdp, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia suy gi\u1ea3m. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 x\u00e9 nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh, giao tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn x\u01b0a kia ng\u00e0y d\u1ea7n tan v\u1ee1, nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho c\u00e1c \u0111i\u00ean \u1ea5p - Sant\u00fat - (Saltus). Vi\u1ec7c tan ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng suy vong c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 R\u00f4ma, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n k\u00e9o theo h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c canh t\u00e1c, ph\u01b0ong th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c Latiphun\u0111ia chuy\u00ean doanh tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, th\u00ec b\u00e2y gi\u1edd trong c\u00e1c Sant\u00fat, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111a chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n sang tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t cQng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0111a kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 giao tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh ru\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u00ean ti\u1ec3u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, n\u1ed9p s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho ch\u1ee7. L\u1ed1i b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u1eeba c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ch\u1ee7, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, k\u00edch th\u00edch h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cao. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111a c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ea7n t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau vong. + Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng (Colonus) l\u00fac m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1n trang xa m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng \u0111a l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi trong xa h\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng 234","c\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng), h\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n -c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed3n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1ec7 n\u1ed3ng \u0111cm thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00ea kinh t\u1ebf, canh t\u00e1c ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7, l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng ph\u1eb3i n\u1ed9p t\u00f4 (kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 1\/3 \u0111\u1ebfn 1\/2 thu ho\u1ea1ch), ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng ph\u1eb3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 t\u1eeb 6 \u0111\u1ebfn 12 ng\u00e0y. Khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, khi ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 \u0111em chia nh\u1ecf Latiphun\u0111ia r\u1ed3i giao cho n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m \u00ecnh t\u1ef1 canh t\u00e1c, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m , th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng \u0111a thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T \u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III, l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng (d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau) c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7, l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn, v\u1ed3 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Sang c\u00e1c th\u1ebf ki IV, V, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng s\u00fat k\u00e9m. N\u0103m 332, v\u1edbi s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf C\u00f4nxtantinux\u01a1, th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ebf t\u1eadp, cha truy\u1ec1n con n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 b\u00e1n ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng (v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh) \u0111ang canh t\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00f4 ru\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u00e1n k\u00f2m theo, v \u1ec1 m\u1eb7t xa h\u1ed9i, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nhau, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, l\u1ec7 n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu ho\u1ea1ch. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u1ec7 n\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \\\"ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng n\u00f4 th\u1eddi trung \u0111 \u1ea1 i\\\" ^ . - S\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 Ngay t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u1ec1u Ant\u00f4niux\u01a1 (96 - 192), s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4m a \u0111a b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 tranh ch\u1ea5p trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 giai c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 c\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n. B\u1ecdn qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady x\u01b0ng h\u00f9ng x\u01b0ng b\u00e1 v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1ch d\u1ea7n kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c R\u00f4ma. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 m\u01b0u s\u00e1t, ch\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra, trong v\u00f2ng 50 n\u0103m (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 235 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 284), R\u00f4ma \u0111a thay \u0111\u1ed5i 28 \u0111\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 c\u00e2m quy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1, 2 n\u0103m nh\u01b0 G alux\u01a1 (251 - 253), Carux\u01a1 (282 - 283). Cu\u1ed1i th \u1ebf k\u1ec9 III, \u0111\u1ea7u th \u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV, \u0111 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4m a b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1eddi h\u1eadu k\u00ec \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. C\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111a v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o kho\u00e1c C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, ra s\u1ee9c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, t\u1eadp trung cao \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o lay m\u00ecnh, t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean l\u0103o \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng theo ki\u1ec3u s\u1ed1ng xa hoa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. N\u0103m 284, \u0110i\u00f4l\u00eatianux\u01a1 l\u00ean ng\u00f4i Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf (284 - 305) \u0111a tr\u00fat b\u1ecf danh hi\u1ec7u nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 V\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee7 n\u1eafm c\u1ea3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m \u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp - \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 C h\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 V\u01b0ong ch\u00fa. \u0110 i\u00f4l\u00eatianux\u01a1 (1) C.M\u00e1c - Ph.Enghen : Tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp. t\u00e2p n , NXB S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1962. tr. 488. 235","c\u00f2n c\u1eed M \u1eafcximianux\u01a1 - m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n t\u00edn - l\u00e0m ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 2 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng tr\u1ecb v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn Galer\u01a1 v\u00e0 Conxtant\u01a1 l\u00e0m ph\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c cho h\u1ecd. N\u0103m 305, c\u1ea3 \u0110i\u00f4l\u00eatianux\u01a1 v\u00e0 M \u1eafcximianux\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec1u tho\u00e1i v\u1ecb, vi\u1ec7c tranh gi\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i b\u00e1u l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 Conxtantinux\u01a1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb 306 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 337. N\u0103m 330, Conxtantinux\u01a1 d\u1eddi kinh \u0111\u00f4 t\u1eeb R\u00f4ma sang Bidantium - th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ca c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p \u1edf eo B\u00f4xpho - \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh C \u00f4nxtantin\u00f4p\u00f4l\u00edt^. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 395, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf T\u00ea\u00f4\u0111\u00f4diux\u01a1 (379 - 395) \u0111a chia \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma th\u00e0nh 2 ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 trao cho 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi con cai qu\u1ea3n. Acca\u0111iux\u01a1 - con tr\u01b0\u1edfng - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai qu\u1ea3n n\u1eeda ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 C\u00f4nxtantin\u00f4p\u00f4l\u00edt.H\u00f4r\u00f4niux\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai qu\u1ea3n n\u1eeda ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 R\u00f4ma. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma h\u00f9ng c\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0a kia ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c chia th\u00e0nh 2 n\u1eeda, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 2 n\u01b0\u1edbc : T\u00e2y b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c (v\u1ec1 sau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Bidantium) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau. - S\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201c man t\u1ed9c\\\" v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y b\u1ed9 R\u00f4ma H \u00ecnh 6 - \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Gi\u00e9cman v\u00e0 Slav\u01a1. (1) Kinh \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m tr\u00ean giao \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebft h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng giao th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a 2 ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c l\u1edbn (\u00c1 - \u00c2u). V\u00ec v\u1eady \u00edt l\u00e2u sau, C\u00f4nxtantin\u00f4p\u00f4l\u00edt \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m \u1ed9t trung tam kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. 236","Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \\\"da man\\\" s\u1ed1ng \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u00e9cman \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y b\u1ed9 R\u00f4ma. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u00e9cman bao g\u1ed5m c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c G\u1ed1t (T\u00e2y G\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng G\u1ed1t), c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c V\u0103ng\u0111an, Ph\u01a1r\u0103ng, \u0102nggl\u00f4 X\u1eafcx\u00f4ng, Bu\u1ed1cg\u00f4ng... C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u00e9cman \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng xa nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng Ranh (\u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y) \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn s\u00f4ng Vixtuyn (\u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng), t\u1eeb \u0110anu\u00fdp (\u1edf ph\u00eda nam) \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u1ec3n Bant\u00edch (\u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc). Ngay t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III, ng\u01b0\u1eddi G\u1ed1t \u0111a thi\u00ean di xu\u1ed1ng v\u00f9ng Banc\u0103ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u01a1r\u0103ng \u0111a tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o x\u1ee9 G\u00f4l\u01a1. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n R\u00f4ma \u0111\u0103 ph\u1eb3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00ean lanh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \\\"b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng minh\\\" c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV, khi b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Hung n\u00f4 v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n Caxpi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng - Nam \u00c2u, c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u00e9cman v\u1ed9i va di c\u01b0 \u1ed3 \u1ea1t v\u00e0o s\u00e2u trong lanh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma \u0111ang \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean di d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c Gi\u00e9cman \u0111a di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong 2 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IV v\u00e0 V, \u0111\u1ee3t n\u1ecd n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ee3t kia v\u00e0 li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma cai tr\u1ecb. D\u00e0n ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n qu\u00e1 c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma, \u0111a \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 coi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u00e9cman nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u1ee9u tinh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y G\u1ed1t t\u1eeb Banc\u0103ng tr\u00e0n sang ph\u00eda t\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Italia. Th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh huy ho\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi b\u1ecb v\u00e2y ham. H\u01a1n 40.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 R\u00f5ma \u0111a ch\u1ea1y theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y G\u1ed1t. N\u0103m 410, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 lanh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh Alar\u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y G\u1ed1t \u0111a chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y b\u1ed9 R\u00f4ma. Trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y G\u1ed1t \u0111ang l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 Italia, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi V \u0103ng\u0111an t\u1eeb l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng \u00d4\u0111e, b\u0103ng qua x\u1ee9 G\u00f4l\u01a1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t day Pir\u00ean\u00ea, x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp T\u00e2y Ban Nha (N\u0103m 4 0 8 )(1). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Bu\u1ed1cg\u00f4ng cang Ir\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng s\u00f4ng R\u00f4n (Rh\u00f4ne) - thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam G\u00f4l\u01a1 - v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd - V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Bu\u1ed1cg\u00f4ng - N\u0103m 420, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u01a1r\u0103ng x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda b\u1eafc x\u1ee9 G\u00f4l\u01a1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u01a1r\u0103ng ; kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 440, t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea2nggl\u00f4 - X\u1eafcx\u00f4ng t\u1eeb ven b\u1edd B\u1eafc H\u1ea3i, v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u1ec3n M\u0103ngs\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o B\u01a1ritania (n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh ng\u00e0y nay). Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u1ed3 \u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u00e9cman, tr\u00ean lanh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma x\u01b0a kia, \u0111a m\u1ecdc l\u00ean nhi\u00eau v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \\\"man t\u1ed9c\\\" ; V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y G\u1ed1t (Vidig\u1ed1t) \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c V\u0103ng\u0111an \u1edf B\u1eafc Phi (1) \u0110\u1ebfn khi t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y G\u1ed1t chuy\u1ec3n sang x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi V\u0103ng\u0111an \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua eo bi\u1ec3n Gib\u01a1ranta, chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y B\u1eafc ch\u00e2u Phi, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp vu\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. 237","V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Ph\u01a1r\u0103ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc x\u1ee9 G\u00f4l\u01a1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Bu\u1ed1cg\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ed1ng Nam x\u1ee9 G\u00f4l\u01a1 V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea2nggl\u00f4 X\u1eafcx\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ea3o B\u01a1ritania V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ed1ng G\u1ed1t (\u00d4xtr\u00f4r\u01a1g\u1ed1t) \u1edf Italia Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf R\u00f4ma c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y b\u1ed9 R\u1ed7ma ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u00f9 nh\u00ecn, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1eb1m Irong tay c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u0129nh \\\"man t\u1ed9c\\\". N\u0103m 476, th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gi\u00e9cman l\u00e0 \u1ed3 \u0111 \u00f4 acr\u01a1 \u0111a l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y b\u1ed9 R\u00f4mul\u00fat \u00d4guxtul\u01a1, r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 xung l\u00e0m vua. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111a \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t vong c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y b\u1ed9 R\u00f4m a(1). VI - V\u0102N H\u00d3A R\u00d4MA c \u1ed5 \u0110\u1ea0I 1. K h\u00e1i q u \u00e1 t ch u n g - Sau Hi L\u1ea1p, R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd 2 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n sau \u0111\u00e2y : Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t : N\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a R\u00f4ma h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfm n\u00f4 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i. Ph.Enghen \u0111a nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t : \\\"Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia Hi L\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch \u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7 th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia R\u00f4m a c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\"^2). Th\u1ee9 hai : N\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a R\u00f4ma \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hi L\u1ea1p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u0103n h\u00f3a R\u00f4ma cang ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hi L\u1ea1p. - C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Hi L\u1ea1p, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a R\u00f4ma ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, khoa h\u1ecdc xa h\u1ed9i, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc... cho t\u1edbi nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c qu\u00fd b\u00e1u trong kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc. Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0103n h\u00f3a R\u00f4ma (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Hi L\u1ea1p) kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111a \u0111\u1ea3m h\u1ea3o cho nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n g\u00f3p ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u n\u00f3i ri\u00eang \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00fane nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a Ph.Enghen : \\\"Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u0103n minh Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4m a th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hi\u1ec7n \u0111 \u1ea1 i\\\"(3>. (1) \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u00f3t 1.000 n\u0103m n\u1eefa, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Bidantium, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trung \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u00e2i t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1453 m\u1edbi b\u1ecb Th\u1ed5 N h\u0129 K\u00ec chinh ph\u1ee5c. (2) (3) Ph.Enghen : Ch\u1ed1ng \u0110uyrinh, NXB S\u1ef1 Th\u00e2t, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1971, tr. 306 238","- \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hi L\u1ea1p th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 r\u1ed5 trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a R\u00f4ma. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ec3, v\u0103n h\u00f3a R\u00f4ma c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hi L\u1ea1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, R\u00f4ma v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf R\u00f4ma \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c R\u00f4ma h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 R\u00f4ma. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1eef Hi L\u1ea1p, ti\u1ebfng Latinh v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma ti\u1ebfp thu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n Hi L\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean \u0111i, m ang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i R\u00f4ma. Th\u1ea7n D\u1edbt c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u00e2n Giupite. Th\u1ea7n \u00e1i t\u00ecnh Hi L\u1ea1p Aphr\u00f4\u0111\u00edt, v\u1edbi R\u00f4m a l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n V\u00eanu\u00fdt. 2. V\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc - V\u0103n h\u1ecdc. N\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u1ecdc R\u00f4ma ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u01a1 ca, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00ea t\u00e0i R\u00f4ma, vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Latinh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp thu truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc d\u00e2n gian c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec nhi\u00eau nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n R\u00f4ma v\u1ed1n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ed \u00edt C\u0169n2 \u0111a t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng, t\u1eebng du h\u1ecdc \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc R\u00f4m a l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u00ec tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u00d4 ctaviux\u01a1 (27 TCN - 14 sau CN). V\u0103n h\u1ecdc R\u00f4m a bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i : th\u01a1 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, th\u01a1 tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang, s\u1eed thi, k\u1ecbch, v\u0103n xu\u00f4i... Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc R\u00f4ma, c\u00f3 An\u0111r\u00f4nicux\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tarant\u01a1 - m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh bang Hi L\u1ea1p thu\u1ed9c Nam Italia - \u00f4ng \u0111a d\u1ecbch \u00f4 \u0111 ix \u00ea c\u1ee7a H\u00f4me ra ti\u1ebfng Latinh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng rai \u1edf R\u00f4ma. N\u00f4viux\u01a1 v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng ca \\\"Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Pun\u00edch\\\" g\u1ed3m 7 quy\u1ec3n. M \u00e1cxiux\u01a1 Pl\u00f4tux\u01a1 (254 - 184 TCN) v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n k\u1ecbch n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. Th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, c\u0103m gh\u00e9t chi\u1ebfn tranh, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u01a1 \\\"\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\\\". Catulux\u01a1 (87 - 45 TCN) n\u1eef thi s\u0129 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, em g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a quan b\u1ea3o d\u00e2n Clau\u0111iux\u01a1, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u00e0ng Lexbi n\u1ed3ng ch\u00e1y y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. X\u00eada kh\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m \u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i ba m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u00e0i hoa. \\\"K\u00ed s\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u1edf x\u1ee9 Ci\u00f4l\u01a1\\\" c\u1ee7a Xcda \u0111a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n V\u0103n h\u1ecdc - S\u1eed h\u1ecdc R\u00f4ma. Vi\u1ebfcgiliux\u01a1 (70 - 19 TCN ) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a R\u00f4m a c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \\\"Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ca c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i\\\", \\\"Khuy\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng\\\", \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u01a1 t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m 12 b\u00e0i l\u1ea5y ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 \\\"\u00can\u00ea\u00edt\\\" ph\u1ecfng theo \u00f4\u0111ix\u00ea c\u1ee7a H\u00f4me, ca ng\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m, quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma, ca ne\u1ef1i s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma th\u1eddi \u00f4ctaviux\u01a1. 239","H\u00f4raliux\u01a1 l\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, \u0111a t\u1eebng du h\u1ecdc \u1edf Hi L\u1ea1p (Aten) ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u n\u1eb7ng v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u01a1 \\\"Ca ng\u1ee3i\\\" g\u1ed3m 103 b\u00e0i. \u00d4 vi\u0111iux\u01a1 (43 TCN - 17 CN) xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh k\u1ecb s\u0129 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u00eau t\u1eadp th\u01a1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf R\u00f4ma : \\\"Tinh ca\\\", \\\"Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\\\", \\\"N\u1eef anh h\u00f9ng\\\", \\\"Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 bu\u1ed3n\\\" v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u01a1 \\\"Bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh\\\" g\u1ed3m 15 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. - S\u1eed h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III TCN, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p th\u00e0nh v\u0103n. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc R\u00f4ma ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III TCN, ti\u1ebfng Latinh \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a R\u00f4m a \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II TCN l\u00e0 Polybiux\u01a1 (205 - 125 TCN), g\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. B\u1ed9 \\\"Th\u00f4ng s\u1eed\\\" c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng g\u1ed3m 40 quy\u1ec3n thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p, R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i trong kho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m (t\u1eeb n\u0103m 264 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 146 TCN). Polybiux\u01a1 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc R\u00f4ma \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ed5 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, coi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1eed h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u1ee9 i\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. Titux\u01a1 Liviux\u01a1 (59 - 17 TCN) ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u00d4 ctaviux\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u : \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u1ed7ma\\\" g\u1ed3m 142 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ecbch s\u1eed R\u00f4ma t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 IX TCN. Ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n nay b\u1ed9 s\u1eed 142 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y chi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 35 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. Taxitux\u01a1 (55 - 120) l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a R\u00f4m a \u1edf th \u1ebf k\u1ec9 I, II, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed\\\", \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u1ee9 Gi\u00e9cmani\\\", \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed bi\u00ean ni\u00ean\\\". N\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf Taxitux\u01a1 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng chi c\u00f3 ca ng\u1ee3i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00edu xa c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf R\u00f4ma. P\u01a1lut\u00e1c (50 - 125) g\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p, t\u00e1c gi\u0103 c\u1ee7a \\\"ti\u1ec3u s\u1eed so s\u00e1nh\\\" (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \\\"Truy\u1ec7n *c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n Hi L\u1ea1p R\u00f4ma\\\" ; v\u00f3i b\u00fat ph\u00e1p t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh, P\u01a1lut\u00e1c \u0111a ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda r\u1ee1 n\u00e9t, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c danh nh\u00e2n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Hi L\u1ea1p R\u00f4ma. P\u01a1lut\u00e1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i truy\u1ec7n k\u00ed l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111a \u0111\u01b0a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Xpactacux\u01a1 v\u00e0o t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1eed h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. 3. Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean V\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (thi\u00ean v\u0103n, v\u1eadt l\u00ed, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed, y h\u1ecdc...), ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p. v \u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa 240","h\u1ecdc l\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean R\u00f4m a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 (r\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p (c\u00f3 b\u1ed5 sung nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi). Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc P\u01a1liniux\u01a1 (23 - 79) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 uy\u00ean th\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \\\"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\\\" g\u1ed3m 37 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 b\u00e1ch khoa to\u00e0n th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khoa h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, n\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc, luy\u1ec7n kim, y h\u1ecdc, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecda, \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc...(1) P\u01a1lir\u00faux\u01a1 cQng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc R\u00f4ma \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng \u0111a b\u1ecf m\u00ecnh (n\u0103m 79) trong khi \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u00fai l\u1eeda V\u00eaduv\u01a1. Nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 Clau\u0111iux\u01a1 Pt\u00f4l\u00eam\u00ea (gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II) sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Al\u1ebfchxan\u0111\u01a1ri (Ai C\u1eadp). Pt\u00f5l\u00eam\u00ea \u0111a \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u thi\u00ean v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp, Babilon, Ba T\u01b0, Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \\\"H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng vo tr\u1ee5\\\"\u00ae . Pt\u00f4l\u00eam\u00ea th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i sai l\u1ea7m khi cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a va tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Pt\u00f4l\u00eam\u00ea \u0111a chi ph\u1ed1i khoa h\u1ecdc thi\u00ean v\u0103n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong su\u1ed1t 1400 n\u0103m, mai t\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 XVI m\u1edbi b\u1ecb h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a C\u00f4p\u00e9cn\u00edch \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5. Pt\u00f4l\u00eam \u1ebd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111a v\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ed3 th \u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c nh\u1ea5t. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Pt\u00f4l\u00eam\u00ea l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 3 ch\u00e2u - \u00c1, \u00c2u v\u00e0 Phi - V\u1edbi v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc l\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Xc\u0103ng\u0111inav\u01a1, v\u00f9ng C\u1ef1c Nam l\u00e0 l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u00f4ng Nin, ph\u00eda t\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai x\u1ee9 T\u00e2y Ban Nha, c\u00f2n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c y h\u1ecdc R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 Clau\u0111iux\u01a1 Gal\u00eanux\u01a1 (131 - \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III) g\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1. G al\u00eanux\u01a1 \u0111a t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u y h\u1ecdc, d\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa y h\u1ecdc, d\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ea3i ph\u1eabu h\u1ecdc. S\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc. Gal\u00eanux\u01a1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e2u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma. 4. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc R\u00f4ma kh\u1ed5ng phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p. Nh\u00ecn chung tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc R\u00f5ma ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3i bi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc R\u1ed7ma c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau : tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt, chi\u1ebft trung, kh\u1eafc k\u1ec9, ho\u00e0i nghi, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Plat\u00f4n m\u1edbi, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Pitago m\u1edbi... (1) \u0110\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tham kh\u1ea3o tr\u00ean 2000 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p. (2) C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi t\u00ean b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \\\"C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\\\". 16-LSTGC\u0110-A 241","Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Lucr\u00eatiux\u01a1 (98 - 55 TCN) ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi X\u00eada. Lucr\u00eatiux\u01a1 \u0111a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00capicuya (Hi L\u1ea1p). Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \\\"B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt), Lucr\u00eatiux\u01a1 \u0111a ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m m\u00ea t\u00edn, tin v\u00e0o th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. Trong thuy\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt trong va tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u do nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo quy lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n, v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau hu\u1ef7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tan ra c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Lucr\u00eatiux\u01a1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a xa h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo quan \u0111i\u00e9m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng. T\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I TCN tr\u1edf \u0111i, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc R\u00f4ma chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n sang ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 duy t\u00e2m, c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Xt\u00f4ix\u00edt c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p. Xix\u00ear\u00f4 (106 - 43 TCN) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc chi\u1ebft trung. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1eafc k\u1ec9. C\u00f4ng lao l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Xix\u00ear\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ecbch c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p sang ti\u1ebfng Latinh, gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma (sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p. X\u00eanec\u01a1, th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o ch\u00faa N\u00ear\u00f4, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i Xt\u00f4ix\u00edt, ph\u00e1i kh\u1eafc k\u1ec9. \u00f4 n g vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \\\"B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb\\\", \\\"B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9\\\", \\\"B\u00e0n v\u00ea s\u1ef1 y\u00ean t\u0129nh\\\", \\\"B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\\\"..., trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, X \u1ebdnec\u01b0 ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ed3u t\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng gian kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u1ede R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy t\u00e2m Pitago m\u1edbi v\u00e0 Plat\u00f4n m \u1edbi(X). C\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00ed, chi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. 5. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o - T\u00f5n gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma \u1edd nh\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma cang theo \u0111a th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh si\u00eau t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u1ea7n b\u00ed. T\u1eeb khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Hi L\u1ea1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma \u0111a ti\u1ebfp thu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Hi L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n Hi L\u1ea1p theo ki\u1ec3u R\u00f4ma. (1) \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Phil\u00f4. ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c Alecxan\u0111\u01a1ri, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 I. 16-LSTGC\u0110-B 242","Th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ed1i cao - th\u1ea7n D\u1ee9t (Zeus) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ed1i cao - th\u00e2n Giupite (Jupiter) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma. N\u1eef th\u1ea7n H\u00eara (v\u1ee3 D\u1edbt) v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 n\u1eef th\u1ea7n Giun\u1ed3n (Junon) - th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u1eef gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Th\u1ed5 th\u1ea7n \u0110 \u00eam \u00eat\u00ea c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hi L\u1ea1p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ea7n nga c\u1ed1c X\u1ebdr\u00e9t (X\u00e9r\u00e8s) b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng R\u00f4ma. Th\u1ea7n V\u00eanu\u00fdt - th\u1ea7n s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau - c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n Aph\u01a1r\u00f4\u0111it trong th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i Hi L\u1ea1p... Ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u00f4ma c\u00f2n t\u00f4n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh - th\u00e2n M \u00e1cx\u01a1 (Mars) v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec, \u0111i\u1ed3u h\u00f2a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u1ea7n Vexta (Vesta). - S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4(1) l\u00e0 Gi\u00easu Cr\u00edt (J\u00e9sus Christ) con c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u thai v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng trinh Maria, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u1edf B\u00e9t\u1ec9\u00eaem v\u00f9ng Palextin - m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma. N\u0103m 30 tu\u1ed5i, t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m \u00ecnh l\u00e0 thi\u00ean s\u1ee9, Gi\u00eaxu Cr\u00edt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u1edf G i\u00earudalem , \u00f4ng tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, b\u00e1c \u00e1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa, l\u00f2ng tin n\u01a1i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0cVng c\u1ee7a J\u00e9sus nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng khao kh\u00e1t, hi v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang lao kh\u1ed5 v\u1ed1n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 : S\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tru\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa, hi v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa d\u1eaft ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u1ea7y, hi v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn \\\"V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\\\". Th\u1eddi gian truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00eaxu r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, sau 3 n\u0103m truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o, giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 n\u00f4 R\u00f4ma \u0111a cho \u00f4ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb gieo r\u1eafc m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p qu\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i R\u00f4ma, \u0111a k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i \u00f4ng. Gi\u00eaxu Cr\u00edt b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \\\"\u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh c\u00e2u r\u00fat\\\" treo tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t g\u1ed7 h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef th\u1eadp^2). L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00eaxu C r\u00edt 33 tu\u1ed5i. Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft th\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u1ebdxu Cr\u00edt, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111a ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u00ed m\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00ed c\u1ee7a Gi\u00eaxu Cr\u00edt \u1edf v\u00f9ng Palcxtin, sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 ngay tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Italia. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n R\u00f4ma \u0111a \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p th\u1eb3ne tay v\u00e0 t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00eaxu Cr\u00edt v\u00e3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o xa h\u1ed9i thu h\u00fat \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o. Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n \u1edf R\u00f4ma. Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma, tr\u1ea3i qua n\u0103m th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf xa h\u1ed9i, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. (1) T\u1eeb Christos - \u0110\u1ea5ng c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf (2) M\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u h\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 hi\u1ebfn \u1edf R\u00f4ma c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i 243","Trong c\u00e1c th\u00ea' k\u1ec9 II, I TCN, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ecba Trung H\u1ea3i \u0111a n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf, cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma. Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m \\\"C\u1ea1o l\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eebng l\u1ed9t da\\\", giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c R\u00f4ma \u0111a t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1ch \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t l\u00e0n nh\u1eabn c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Italia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c. Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang lao kh\u1ed5 - n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o - \u0111a nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb d\u00ecm trong bi\u1ec3n m\u00e1u. Qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, lu\u00f4n m\u01a1 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tin theo nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 Gi\u00eaxu Cr\u00edt truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1. Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y h\u1ea1t, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Do v\u1eady, bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \\\"Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefna ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch hay b\u1ecb R\u00f4ma h\u00f3a\\\"(1). X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, khi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddne ph\u00e1i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy (\u00e2m kh\u1eafc k\u1ec9 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng \u1edf R\u00f4ma. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a X\u00eanec\u01a1, Phil\u00f4 cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00fac d\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, l\u1ea5y ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy t\u00e2m kh\u1eafc k\u1ec9 \u0111a t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ed lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00ed Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 khi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea1o D o Th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00eabr\u01a1 \u0111a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi chi ph\u1ed1i \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c Palextin, C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng. Ph. Enghen \u0111a nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t : \\\"S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Do Th\u00e1i, v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hi L\u1ea1p \u0111a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c dung t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u1eafc k\u1ec9 - \u0111a \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\\\". H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i ; \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 3 ng\u00f4i : \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u00faa Cha, Con v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n. Ngo\u00e0i kinh C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp Ihu t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o Do Th\u00e1i, Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kinh T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong kinh 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c ch\u00faa Tr\u1eddi. Th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 k\u00ednh C h\u00faa tr\u00ean h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1. Ch\u1edb k\u00eau t\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c th\u00faa Tr\u1eddi v\u00f4 c\u1edb. Gi\u1eef ng\u00e0y ch\u00faa nh\u1eadt. Th\u1ea3o k\u00ednh Cha m\u1eb9. Ch\u1edb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1edb t\u00e0 d\u00e2m. (1) K.M\u00e1c - Ph. Enghen. To\u00e0n t\u1eadp, t\u1eadp 16 - NXB S\u1ef1 Th\u1ea1t H \u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1960. tr. 409. 244","Ch\u1ee9 tr\u1ed9in c\u1eafp. Ch\u1edb n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i. Ch\u1ee9 mu\u1ed1n v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1edb tham c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Irong \u0111\u00e1m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 - n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7, d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb,... - Nh\u1eefne t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng xa nh\u1ecf, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ne\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhau. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, Kit\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng (d\u00f9 l\u00e0 Iru\u1edbc Ch\u00faa) v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u0111 \u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u1ed3ma \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, s\u1ed7 c\u00f3 na\u00e0y b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t vone, do v\u1eady ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, gi\u1edbi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb R\u00f4m a \u0111a coi Kit\u1ed3 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00e0 gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u1eb3ng tay \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p. N\u0103m 64 nh\u00e2n v\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh R\u00f4m a b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y, N \u00ear\u00f4 \u0111a vu cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m, \u0111a ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. \u0110 \u1ebfn thcM \u0110 i\u00f4cl\u00eatianux\u01a1 l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4. \u0110 i\u1ed3cl\u00eatianux\u01a1 \u0111a ra l\u1ec7nh thi\u00eau hu\u1ef7 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0:>ng, \u0111\u1ed1t kinh th\u00e1nh, d\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c h\u00ecnh \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ea1o. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n h\u1ebft th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 II sang th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 III. S\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111a t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, bi quan ngay trong c\u1ea3 trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u. M \u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Kit\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3, s\u1ed1 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u0103ng l\u00ean. S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c \u0111a ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0m \u0111i\u00eau ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4n h\u00f2a, tho\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7p h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c d\u00e2n d\u1ea7n chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3. Kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi chinh quy\u1ec1n R\u00f4ma \\\"Hay tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho X \u00eada c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ee7a X\u00eada v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho Ch\u00faa c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\\\" \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea7n thay b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean trong kinh ph\u00fac \u00e2m : \\\"Hay hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh cho X\u00eada v\u00e0 Ch\u00faa\\\". Do v\u1eady, giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb R\u00f4ma th\u00e1y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p thu ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb con d\u00e2n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c. N\u0103m 313, Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf C\u00f4nxtantinux\u01a1 ban b\u1ed1 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u1edf R\u00f4ma. N\u0103m 325, ch\u00ednh v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u0111 \u1ebf n\u00e0y \u0111a tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u1edf Nix\u00ea (thu\u1ed9c Ti\u1ec3u \u00c1) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1o l\u00ed, ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh, c\u1ee7ng c \u1ed1 ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4. N\u0103m 337, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac ch\u1ebft, C\u00f4nxtantinux\u01a1 \u0111a ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m ph\u00e9p r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i theo Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf R\u00f4ma sau n\u00e0y theo Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf T\u00eao\u0111\u00f4\u0111iux\u01a1 (379 - 395), Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c R\u00f4ma. Kinh C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc (vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef H\u00e9br\u01b0) v\u00e0 kinh T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc (vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ng\u1ed7n ne\u1eef Hi L\u1ea1p) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang ti\u1ebfng Latinh, th\u00e0nh kinh th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4. Tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, \u0111a tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chinh quy\u1ec1n R\u1ed1ma, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. 245","PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C LU \u1eac T H A M M U RA BI(*} Th\u00e2n Anu(1) v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, vua c\u1ee7a Anunn\u00e1c(2) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ea3n Enlin(3) ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ban cho M\u00e1c\u0111\u00fac(4), con tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Ea(5) quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u01b0 \u1ecb(6) c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ecf r\u00f5 quy\u1ebbn l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u00e1i t\u00ean \u01b0ang nghi\u00eam c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho Babilon, l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k \u1ebb l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong mu\u00f4n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea5t h\u1ee7 c\u00f9ng l\u00e2u b\u1ebbn v\u1edbi \u01b0\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00e2n Anu v\u00e0 tli\u00e2ii Enlin \u0111\u0103 ra l\u1ec7nh cho \u01b0\u1eabm, Hammurabi, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua quang minh v\u00e0 ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o, ph\u00e1t huy ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi, di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gian \u00e1c kh\u1ed3ng tu\u1ea5n theo ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, l\u00e0m cho k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0 hi\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu, l\u00e0m cho tr\u1eabm gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7ii Sam\u00e1t(7), soi \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2n \u0111en, t\u1ecf \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1eafp m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Tr\u1eabm, Hammurabi, k\u1ebb ch\u0103n d\u1eaft d\u00e2n do th\u1ea7n Enlin ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, k\u1ebb l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, l\u00e0m n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Nippua\u00ed8), l\u00e0m cho \u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ebbu h\u00f2a, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1n \u00cacua(9) quang vinh. Tr\u1eabm, v\u1ecb vua b\u00e1ch th\u1eafng, l\u00e0m cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Eri\u0111u\u00edl0) ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho l\u1ebd nghi \u1edf \u0111\u1ebbn Eapzu(11- c\u00f3 quy c\u1ee7. Tr\u1eabm, k\u1ebb b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0m r\u1ea1ng r\u1ee1 t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Babilon, l\u00e0m cho v\u1ecb ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a \u01b0\u1eabm l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n M\u00e1c\u0111\u00fac th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c vui l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 \u1edf \u0111\u1ebbn Exajin. (*) Nguy\u1ec5n Gia Phu d\u1ecbch theo b\u1ea3n Trung V\u0103n c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt Tr\u1ecb in trong \\\"Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1eed t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u t\u00f9ng san, s\u01a1 t\u1eadp\\\" (1) Anu : Th\u1ea7n tr\u1eddi (2) Anunn\u00e1c : C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t (3) Enlin : Th\u1ea7n\u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Xume, l\u00e0 cha v\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n. (4) Mac\u0111\u00fac : th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 Babilon - Sau khi Babilon th\u00e0nh kinh \u0111\u1ed3, th\u1ea7n Mac\u0111\u00fac th\u00e0nh vua c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n. (5) Ea : Th\u1ea7n n\u01b0\u1edbc, con c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n tr\u1eddi Anu. (6) Quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb : nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a : \\\"Quy\u1ebbn l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Enlin\\\" (7) Sam\u00e1t : th\u1ea7n M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e9t x\u1eed (8) Nippua : th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Xume, trung t\u00e2m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Enlin. (9) \u00cacua : \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd Enlin \u1edf Nippua. (10) Eri\u0111u : m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf ven b\u1edd v\u1ecbnh Ba T\u01b0 (11) Eapzu : \u0111\u1ec1n \u1edf Eri\u0111u (D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y sau m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u00e8n \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3). 246","Tr\u1eabm, c\u00e1i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3, (lo th\u00e2n Xin(1) l\u1eadp n\u00f4n, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho th\u00e0nh Ur\u00fac gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb c\u00e2u nguy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng th\u00e0nh, l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ed3n Ekitsigan \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i. Tr\u1ea7m, v\u1ecb vua h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n Sam\u00e1t, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ebbn m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Xippa, l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Aii(2) l\u1ea1i xanh \u0111\u1ecf, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ed3n Ebara l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ebbn n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 cung \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u00e0 \u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u1eabm, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 tha t\u1ed9i cho th\u00e0nh Lacxa(3) \u0111\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e8n Ebapba cho k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a I\u0129i\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Sam\u00e1t. Tr\u1eabm, v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u00e3 ban cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cho th\u00e0nh \u01afr\u00fac v\u00e0 ban ngu\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u0103 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ebbn Eganma v\u00e0 \u0111a t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i cho th\u1ea7i\u00ec Anu v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Ista. Tr\u1eabm, v\u00f2m \u01af\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n li t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Ixin, l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ec1n Eganma c\u00e0ng th\u00eam gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Tr\u1eabm, k\u1ebb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua, anh em v\u1edbi th\u00e2n Sabaha(4) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh K\u00edt, tu s\u1eeda v\u00e0 trang s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1n Em\u00eat\u00eauxa l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ebbn n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean huy ho\u00e0ng tr\u00e1ng l\u1ec7, c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9nh l\u00ed l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ebd l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Ista, quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3n Huaxacalam, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3n \u1ec9u\u1ef9 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch. Tr\u1eabm, k\u1ebb l\u00e0m nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Ira^5) ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho th\u00e0nh C\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ed3n Mexlam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3ng c\u01b0\u1eddng. Tr\u1eabm, con b\u00f2 m\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh x\u00f4ng v\u00e0o k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch, k\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea7n T\u0169tu(6) y\u1ebdu m\u1ebfn, \u0111\u0103 l\u00e0m cho Boxippa(7) vui m\u1eebng k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f2n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1n Edida. Tr\u1eabm, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua, th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt cho th\u00e0nh \u0110inb\u00e1t, c\u00f2n l\u00e0m cho v\u1ef1a l\u00faa c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n \u01afrat(8) \u0111\u1ea7y \u0103i\u0129\u00ec \u1eafp. Khi th\u00e2n M\u00e1c\u0111\u00fac ra l\u1ec7nh cho tr\u0103m [h\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb mu\u00f4n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, \u01b0\u1eb5m l\u00e0m cho c\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a to\u1ea3 kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n t\u1eeb nay v\u1ebb sau: \u0110i\u1ec1u 1 - N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do tuy\u00ean th\u1ec7 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u -3 - D\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ed9i tr\u1ea1ng \u01b0ong c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e8m theo b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n \u00e1n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebb t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng, th\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. (1) Xin : Th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng (2) Aii : V\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n Sam\u00e1t (3) Lacxa : Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi so\u1ea1n b\u1ed9 lu\u1ea1t n\u00e0y \u00edt l\u00e2u, th\u00e0nh Lacxa sau m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Hammurabi chi\u1ebfm, do \u0111\u00f3 Hammurabi n\u00f3i tha t\u1ed9i cho th\u00e0nh Lacxa. (4) Sabaha : Th\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn tranh, trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh K\u00edt. (5) Ira : th\u1ea7n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n ch\u1ebft. (6) Tutu : th\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Eoxipa. (7) Boxippa : v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh Babilon. (8) \u01afrat : th\u00e2n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, trung t\u00e2m th\u1edd c\u00fang th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0110inba. 247","\u0110i\u1ec1u 4 - N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0a ra thu\u1ed9c v\u00ea nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 ki\u1ec7n v\u1ed3 th\u00f3c ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1c th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu. \u0110i\u1ec1u 6 - N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u0103n \u01b0\u1ed9m t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a cung \u0111inh sC b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed, k\u1ebb nh\u1eadn tang v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n tr\u1ed9m c\u0169ng b\u1ecb t\u1eed h\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u 7 - N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do mua c\u1ee7a con ho\u1eb7c 11\u00d4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do ho\u1eb7cgi\u1eef gi\u00fap h\u1ecd cho h\u1ecd b\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ho\u1eb7c n\u1eef n\u1ed3 l\u1ec7, ho\u1eb7c h\u00f2, ho\u1eb7c c\u1eebu, ho\u1eb7c l\u1eeba, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn th\u00ec t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0103n tr\u1ed9m, se b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u 8 - N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u0103n \u01b0\u1ed9m b\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c c\u1eebu, ho\u1eb7c l\u1eeba, ho\u1eb7c l\u1ee3n, ho\u1eb7c thuy\u00ean, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u01afi\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea1t s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a tl\u00ec\u1ea3ii ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a cung \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n g\u1ea5p 30 l\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a muxk\u00eanu th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea1t ti\u1ec1n g\u1ea5p 10 l\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n tr\u1ed9m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec se b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u 11 - N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng bi\u1ebft v\u1eadt m\u00ecnh m\u1ea5t, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebb n\u00f3i l\u00e1o ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i vu c\u00e1o, s\u1ed7 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u 15 - N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u0111em nam n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c n\u1eef n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a cung \u0111\u00ecnhho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a muxk\u00eanu ra kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh, se b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u 16 - N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do che gi\u1ea5u n\u00f4 l\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a cung \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a muxkcnu ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng Iheo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh \u0111em tr\u00e1 l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u 21 - N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ch\u1ed7 \u1edf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0169\u00fa b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3n ngay \u1edf ch\u00f5 \u0111\u0129i x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m. \u0110i\u1ec1u 22 -N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do pl\u1ee5un t\u1ed9i \u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbp m\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft th\u00ec b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed. \u0110i\u1ec1u 25 -N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y d\u00f2mng\u00f3t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt g\u00ec, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y b\u1ecb n\u00e9m v\u00e0o l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecf. \u0110i\u1ec1u 26 -N\u1ebfu r\u00eadum ho\u1eb7c bairum^ c\u00f3 l\u1ec7nh vua \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nhgi\u1eb7c m\u00e0 kh\u1ed3ng \u0111i ho\u1eb7c thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thay tl\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u00eadum ho\u1eb7c bairum n\u00e0y b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i thay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u 27 - N\u1ebfu r\u00eadum ho\u1eb7c bairum \u0111i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a vua giao cho m\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh, sau \u0111\u00f3 ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y giao cho k\u1ebb l\u00e0m thay ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf v\u1ebb qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u01b0\u00e1 ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 Iigu\u1eedi n\u00e0y l\u1eadi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch. \u0110i\u1ec1u 29 - N\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf tu\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ngh\u0129av\u1ee5 thay cha, Ui\u00ec ph\u1ea3i giao 1\/3 ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 nu\u00f4i con. \u0110i\u1ec1u 30 - N\u1ebfu r\u1ebddum ho\u1eb7c bairum v\u00ec nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ecf, b\u1ecf ru\u1ed9ngv\u01b0\u1eddnnh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u1ecf, sau k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u1ea5y ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thay ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 (1) Hai lo\u1ea1i binh ch\u1ee7ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i trang b\u1ecb vQ kh\u00ed n\u0103ng v\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u1eb9 248","3 n\u0103m, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u01b0 \u1edd v\u1ebb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i l\u1ea1i ru\u1ed9ng vir\u00f2rn nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5y ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thay ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3in nhi\u1ec7m ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n d\u1ecbch. \u0110i\u1ec1u 36 - Ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a r\u00eaduin, bairum ho\u1eb7c cua ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng(I) kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u 38 - R\u00eadum, bairum ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u00f3 li\u00ean quai\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eb7ng l\u1ea1i cho v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e1ii n\u1ee3. \u0110i\u1ec1u 39 - N\u1ebfu ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda l\u00e0 do I\u00ech\u1eedng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y mua v\u1ec1 Lh\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em t\u1eb7ng cho v\u1ee3 v\u00e0 con g\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e1n n\u1ee3. \u0110i\u1ec1u 41 : - D\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do d\u00f9ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a r\u00eadum bairum ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ed5 tr\u1edf v\u1ed3 ru\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a I\u0129i\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 ti\u00ean ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u 42 - D\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do thu\u00ea ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu ru\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00f3c th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u0103m b\u00f3n, ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed9p th\u00f3c cho ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u 43 - N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ru\u1ed9ng b\u1ecf hoang, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ph\u00e1i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed9p th\u00f3c cho ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e0y b\u1eeba ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf hoang cho b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3iig r\u1ed3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u 44 - D\u00e2r\u1ea7 t\u1ef1 do thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con g\u00e1i ch\u01b0a l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng trong v\u00f2ng 3 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e9 khai kh\u1ea9n tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt nh\u01b0ng l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e0y \u00fap, \u0111\u1ebb \u1ea3i b\u1eeba ph\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i \u01b0\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed9p cho ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng m\u1ed7i bua(2) l\u00e0 10 guru(3) th\u00f3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u 45 - D\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do \u0111em ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t canh cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 \u0111a thu ti\u00ean thu\u00ea ru\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau th\u00e2n Ad\u00e1t l\u00e0m ng\u1eadp ru\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ee5t ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 m\u1ea5t hoa m\u00e0u, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n thu\u00ea ru\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u 46 - N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng thu ti\u00ean thu\u1ebf ru\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 se c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 thu t\u1ed3 1\/2 hay 1\/3 th\u00ec thu ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd do n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed5 chia nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u 47 - N\u1ebfu trong n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea3u n\u00f4ng (l\u00e2n ch\u01b0a thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoa l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 n\u00f3i : \\\"T\u1ed3i sC v\u00ec m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng\\\" th\u00ec ch\u1ee7 ru\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u00eau \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eeda ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2i\u00ec n\u00e0y c\u00e0y, c\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn khi thu ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo gi\u00e1y giao k\u00e8o \u0111\u1ecf thu t\u00f4. \u0110i\u1ec1u 48 - N\u1ebfu d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 th\u1ea7n Ad\u00e1t hun ng\u1eadp ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee5t ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i hoa m\u00e0u, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec h\u1ea1n h\u00e1n hoa m\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng m\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i ra th\u00f3c cho ch\u1ee7 n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf giao k\u00e8o, l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3. (1) Lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0129nh canh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vua v\u00e0 n\u1ed9p c\u1ed1ng cho nh\u00e0 vua. (2) 1 bua = 6 ha 35 (3) 1 guru = 121 l\u00edt 249"]