RS815_FINAL TB OF GRADE 9 SOCIAL STUDIES

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kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;~hLj M x/s] ;dfhdf sx] L ;femf ljzi] ftfx¿ xG' 5g\\ . cfh ;/n] sIffdf k9fpb“ f eGge' Psf ;dfhsf ljzi] ftfx¿ dn} ] sfkLdf ;f/s] f] 5,' x/] f“} x} t . ;dfhsf ljzi] ftfx¿ -s_ lglZrt pbb\\ Z] o;lxt lgwfl{ /t gLlt / lgodsf cfwf/df ;:+ yfut ljsf;df cfabw\\ ePsf] xG' 5 . -v_ ;b:ox¿lar kf/:kl/s ;DaGw /xs] f] xG' 5 . -u_ JolStsf] cfjZostf kl/jtg{ eO/xg] xg' fn] ;dfh klg kl/jtg{ zLn xG' 5 . -3_ JolStx¿sf] ;femf pbb\\ Z] o / cfjZostf xG' 5 . -ª_ kT| os] JolStn] cfkm\\ gf] clwsf/sf] ;/+ If0f u5g{ \\ . -r JolStx¿lar cfkm\\ gfk] g, kf/:kl/s cGt/ljm| of, hfu?stf / Pstf xG' 5 . -5_ Ps ;:+ sl[ toS' t ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf] ;~hfn lgdf0{ f xG' 5 . -h_ ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ kd| v' nIo lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf] xG' 5 . ;~ho M ;dfh ljsf;sf af/d] f sx] L atfOlbgx' f;] \\ g . ;~hLj M sg' } klg j:t' jf kl| jm| ofdf cfpg] ;sf/fTds / ku| ltdn\" s kl/jtg{ nfO{ ljsf; elgG5 . cyft{ \\ sg' } klg j:td' f cfpg] gofk“ g g} ljsf; xf] . ;fdflhs 36gf, kl| jm| of, ;/+ rgf cflbdf cfpg] ;sf/fTds kl/jtg{ n] ;dfh ljsf;sf] ;ªs\\ t] u5{ . ;~ho M ca, dn} ] ae' ms] f] s/' f eG5' n . ;dfh ljsf;n] ;dfhsf cfGtl/s jf afxo\\ :j¿k ;lxtsf] ;du| kl/jtg{ nfO{ ae' mfp5“ , xfO] g / < ;~hLj M Tolt dfq xfO] g . ;fdflhs ;/+ rgf, ;fdflhs ;DaGw, ;fdflhs ;ªu\\ 7g cflbdf ¿kfGt/0f jf kl/jtg{ xg' ] kl| jm| of g} ;dfh ljsf; xf] . kT| os] ;dfh ;/naf6 hl6nlt/, ;dfgtfaf6 c;dfgtflt/, Pstfaf6 ljljwtflt/, c;Eotfaf6 ;Eotflt/ / kf| rLgaf6 cfwl' gstflt/ cufl8 a9s] f] xG' 5 . ;~ho M cGTodf ;dfh ljsf;sf] ljzi] ftfx¿ atfOlbgx' f;] \\ g . ;~hLj M ;dfh ljsf; ;jJ{ ofkL kl| jm| of xf] . of] ;fdl\" xs kl/jtg{ klg xf] . ;dfhsf] ult ;dfg xb“' g} . o;sf] eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsb“ g} . ;dfh ¿kfGt/0fsf] kl| jm| of xf] . of] ofh] gf abw\\ / :jfefljs xG' 5 . ;~ho M ;~hLj, tkfOn+{ ] ;dfhsf af/d] f w/] } s/' f atfpge' of] . o; lsl;dsf 5nkmnaf6 w/] } ljifo j:t' l;lsb“ f] /x5] . dn} ] w/] } ae' m] “ . To;sf nflu tkfOn+{ fO{ w/] } wGojfb ¤ 2 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

ljm| ofsnfk != tkfO“{ a;fa] f; u/s] f] Ifq] sf JolStx¿ sg' sg' k;] fdf ;n+ Ug /xs] f] kfpge' Psf] 5 < pgLx¿larsf] kf/:kl/s ;xofu] sf] cj:yf vfh] L u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . @= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fosf ljzi] ftf emNsg] rf6{ tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . #= tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf ljzi] ftf cWoog u/L cfkm\\ gf] ;dfhdf tL ljzi] ftf 5g\\ jf 5g} g,\\ ljrf/ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ M jm| = ;=+ ljzi] ftf k|ltlaDa != ;dfh ljsf; ;fdl\" xs kl/jtg{ xf] . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b @= ;dfh ljsf;sf] ult ;dfg xb“' g} . #= ;dfh ljsf;sf] eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsb“ g} . $= ;dfh ljsf; ¿kfGt/0fsf] kl| jm| of xf] . %= ;dfh ljsf; ofh] gf abw\\ / :jfefljs xG' 5 . cEof; != ;dfhsf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . @= ;dfh / JolStlarsf] ;DaGw pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . #= ;dfhsf ljzi] ftfx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . $= ;dfh ljsf;sf ljzi] ftfx¿sf] JofVof ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ lbOPsf cnu cnu ljifodWo] sg' } Ps ljifo 5gf6] ugx{' f;] \\ . To;kl5 pSt ljifosf af/d] f tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf la; jifc{ l3 / clxns] f] ;dodf ePsf ;dfh ljsf; ;DaGwL ultljlw ;dfhsf Hoi] 7 gful/snfO{ ;fw] L tof/ kfl/Psf] ljj/0f sIffsf7] fdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ M -s_ cflys{ cj:yf -v_ efl} ts ;/+ rgfx¿ -u_ njfO vjfO -3_ ;fdflhs Jojxf/ -ª_ ;f]rfO ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 3

kf7 @ ;dfhsf ks| f/ ;dfhnfO{ ljleGg cfwf/ / tl/sfsf cfwf/df juLs{ /0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfhzf:qL 6n] /n] ;dfh ljsf;sf r/0fx¿ h:t} u/L ;dfhsf] juLs{ /0f u/s] f 5g\\ . o;y{ pgn] ;dfhnfO{ klg hªu\\ nL ;dfh, aa/{ ;dfh / ;Eo ;dfhsf ¿kdf af8“ s] f xg' \\ . sfnd{ fS;n{ ] ;dfhnfO{ l;sf/L, kz' kfng, ;fdGtL, kh“' LjfbL / ;dfhjfbL egL k:| tt' u/s] f 5g\\ . ;dfhsf ks| f/nfO{ ljsf;sf] :t/, c;dfgtf, ;x/Ls/0f, ;dfhsf] :t/ / /fhgLlts ;ªu\\ 7gsf cfwf/df juLs{ /0f ul/G5 . ;fy} kl| jlw, hLjg lgjfx{ sf] cfwf/ tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts tTTjx¿sf cfwf/df klg ;dfhsf] ks| f/ 56' o\\ fOG5 . ;dfhsf] juLs{ /0f / ltgsf cfwf/x¿ kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b cflys{ cfwf/ eflifs cfwf/ wflds{ cfwf/ – kh“' LjfbL ;dfh – Ps eflifs ;dfh – lxGb' ;dfh – ;dfhjfbL ;dfh – låefifL ;dfh – afb} w\\ ;dfh – ldl>t ;dfh – axe' fifL ;dfh – dl' :nd ;dfh – ljm| l:rog ;dfh cflb a;fa] f;sf] cfwf/ ;dosf] cfwf/ – uf| dL0f ;dfh – kf| rLg ;dfh – ;x/L ;dfh – dWosfnLg ;dfh – cfwl' gs ;dfh ;dfhzf:qL / dfgjzf:qLx¿sf cg;' f/ ;dfhsf] juLs{ /0f != l;sf/L / sGbdn\" ;ªs\\ ns ;dfh dfgj ;dfh ljsf;sf jm| ddf l;sf/L ;dfhnfO{ ky| d cj:yf dfGg ;lsG5 . of] ;ae} Gbf ;/n ks| f/sf] ;dfh xf] . o; ks| f/sf] ;dfhdf dfgjsf] el\" dsf l;sf/ tyf sGbdn\" ;ªs\\ ngdf sl] Gbt| lyof] . o; ;dodf dfgjsf] :yfoL / lglZrt a;fa] f; lyPg . kl/jf/, ljjfx, gftb] f/ h:tf ;fdflhs ;DaGw lyPgg\\ . hLljt /xgsf nflu dfgjn] o:tf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf ckgfPsf lyP . l;sf/ ug{] tyf kmnkm' n, sGbdn\" ;ªs\\ ng ug{] jm| ddf dfgjn] ljleGg vfnsf 9ª' u\\ fsf xltof/ / cfh} f/x¿sf] ko| fu] ug{ ;?' u/s] f] kfOG5 . xltof/sf] ko| fu] 4 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bhgfj/ tyf r/fx¿sf] l;sf/ ug{ ul/GYof] . o; ;dfhdf dfgj jf:tljs ¿kdf pTkfbs geO{ pkefS] tf lyof] . ;dfhdf :ki6 ¿kdf >d ljefhgsf] ;?' cft ePsf] lyPg . t/ o; sfnv08df k?' ifx¿ l;sf/ ug{] / dlxnfx¿ l;sf/ ;ªs\\ ng ug{] sfod{ f ;n+ Ug xG' y] . gk] fnsf /fp6x] ¿sf] ;dfhnfO{ o; ks| f/sf] ;dfhsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ef/t, c:6l]« nof / blIf0f clkm| sfdf ;dt] o; ks| f/sf] ;dfh cem} cl:tTjdf /xs] f] kfOG5 . @= kz' kfns ;dfh kzx' ¿ kfng u//] hLljsfk] fhg{ ug{] ;dfhnfO{ kz' kfns ;dfh elgG5 . l;sf/ / sGbdn\" ;ªs\\ ngn] dfq dfgjsf] cfjZostf k/' f xg' 5f8] k] l5 o; ks| f/sf] ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . kl5 la:tf/} kz' kfng a9L dfqfdf ug{] nx/ rNg yfNof] . o; ks| f/sf] ;dfhdf kz' a9L xg' ] / kz' gxg' ] jf sd xg' ] u/L dfgj ;dfh bO' { jud{ f ljeflht ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ks| f/sf] ;dfhdf hLjg lgjfx{ sf cfjZostfx¿ kz' kfngsf dfWodaf6 k/' f ul/G5 . clxn] klg dWokj\" ,{ clkm| sf, ltAat, dWo Pl;of / gk] fnsf] pTt/L eu] df kz' kfns ;dfh cl:tTjdf /xs] f] 5 . #= kmnkm' n vt] L ug{] ;dfh o; ks| f/sf] ;dfhdf ljljw ks| f/sf kmnkm' n pTkfbg u//] hLljsfk] fhg{ ug{] u5g{ \\ . o:tf] ;dfh sG] of / Gol' ugLdf /xs] f] kfOG5 . gk] fndf yf/] } dfqfdf kmnkm' n vt] L u/L hLljsfk] fhg{ ug{] ;dfh /xs] f 5g\\ . $= sl[ if ;dfh vt] LkftL u//] hLljsfk] fhg{ ug{] ;dfhnfO{ sl[ if ;dfh elgG5 . o; ;dfhdf hldgbf/ / si[ fs bO' { ju{ /xs] f] xG' 5 . sl[ if ;dfh OlhK6af6 ;?' ePsf] dflgG5 . gk] fnsf] uf| dL0f Ifq] df sl[ ifdf cfwfl/t ;dfhsf] afxN' o kfOG5 . gk] fndf sl/a bO' { ltxfO JolSt o; ks| f/sf] ;dfhdf cfwfl/t 5g\\ . %= cfb} o\\ fl] us ;dfh pbo\\ fu] wGbfsf dfWodaf6 hLljsfk] fhg{ ug{] tyf Jofkf/sf nflu j:t' w/] } dfqfdf pTkfbg ug{] sfod{ f ;n+ Ug ;dfhnfO{ cfb} o\\ fl] us ;dfh elgG5 . o; ks| f/sf] ;dfh c7f/f“} ztfAbLaf6 ;?' cft ePsf] dflgG5 . ;dfhdf pbo\\ fu] kltx¿nfO{ kh“' Lklt / pbo\\ fu] df sfd u/L hLljsf lgjfx{ ugx{] ¿nfO{ ;jx{ f/f jf sfdbf/ elgG5 . cfb} o\\ fl] us ;dfhdf wgL / ul/a larsf] cGt/ a9L xG' 5 . o:tf] ;dfh cdl] /sf, hfkfg, blIf0f sfl] /of cflb ljsl;t bz] x¿df kfOG5 . gk] fnsf] cfb} o\\ fl] us Ifq] / ;x/L Ifq] df klg o; ks| f/sf] ;dfhsf] ljsf; xg' yfns] f] 5 . o:tf] ;dfhdf ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtf xG' 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 5

ljm| ofsnfk != tkfOn+{ fO{ s:tf] ks| f/sf] ;dfh /fdf| ] nfU5 < sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . @= tkfO+{ sg' ks| f/sf] ;dfhdf a;fa] f; ugx{' G' 5 < ;dfhsf cuj' fx¿sf] dt ;ªs\\ ng u/L lgisif{ lgsfNgx' f;] \\ . cEof; != ;dfhsf ks| f/x¿sf] JofVof ugx{' f;] \\ . @= ;dfhsf] ks| f/ / ljzi] ftfx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . #= sl[ if / cfb} o\\ fl] us ;dfhlar tn' gf ugx{' f;] \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b $= tnsf] tflnsfdf pNnv] ePcg;' f/ ;dfhsf ljzi] ftfx¿ nV] gx' f;] \\ M jm| = ;=+ ;dfhsf] ks| f/ ;dfhsf ljzi] ftfx¿ != l;sf/L tyf sGbdn\" ;ªs\\ ns ;dfh @= kz' kfns ;dfh #= sl[ if ;dfh $= kmnkm' n vt] L ug{] ;dfh %= cfb} o\\ fl] us ;dfh 6 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 # c;n ;dfhsf tTTjx¿ ;dfhsf nflu cfjZos kIfx¿ g} ;dfhsf tTTjx¿ xg' \\ . tL tTTjx¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ k:| tt' ug{ ;lsG5 M lglZrt ee\" fu M kT| os] ;dfhsf] lglZrt eu\" fn] xG' 5 . ;dfhsf] Ifq] lglZrt xg' fn] g} ;b:ox¿ Pscsfl{ ar lgs6 /xG5g\\ . ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n] ljrf/x¿sf] cfbfg kb| fg ug{] cj;/ kf| Kt u5g{ \\ . ;fdfGo hLjg M ;dfhsf kT| os] ;b:ox¿sf] hLjg kf| oM ;fdfGo xG' 5 . ;dfhsf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] cfkm\\ g} ;dfhleqaf6 g} hLjgofkg, dgf/] ~hg, lzIff / ;/' Iff h:tf cfjZostf k/' f u5g{ \\ . ;dfhsf] :j¿kcg;' f/ JolStsf] hLjg kbw\\ lt lgwfl{ /t xG' 5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b lgodsf] ;fdfGo Joj:yf / kfngf M ;dfhsf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] Jojxf/ ;dfg lgodåf/f lgoGq0f ul/Psf] xG' 5 . o:tf] lgod kfngf ug{' clgjfo{ tTTjleq k5{ . ;fdl\" xs efjgf M ;dfhdf ;fdl\" xs efjgf xg' k' 5{ . ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n] Pscsfs{ f ;v' bM' vdf ?lr /fV5g\\ / Ps cfk;df ;dfg cge' l\" t u5g{ \\ . sg' } pT;j / rf8kjd{ f ;xefuL xG' 5g\\ . o;s} f cfwf/df JolStx¿ Pscsfd{ f glhs xb“' } hfG5g\\ . ljlzi6 gfd M kT| os] ;dfhsf] Ps lglZrt gfd xG' 5 . oxL ljzi] f gfdn] ubf{ g} ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿ Ps cfk;df lgs6 xG' 5g\\ . :jtM hGd jf ljsf; M ;dfhsf] hGd jf ljsf; :jtM xG' 5 . ha sx] L JolStx¿ sg' } :yfgdf cfP/ :yfoL ¿kdf a:g yfnk] l5 pgLx¿df xfdL eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; xG' 5, To;kl5 ;dfhsf] ljsf; jf hGd xg' yfN5 . :yfloTj M ;dfh :yfoL xG' 5 . ;dfhdf /xg] JolStx¿sf] cfkm\\ gf] el\" d;u“ 3lgi7 ;DaGw /xG5 . Pl] txfl;stfkl| t ujs{ f] efjgf M sg' } klg ;dfhdf Pl] txfl;s dxTTjsf 36gfx¿ 36s] f xG' 5g\\ . cl3Nnf k:' tfn] u/s] f /fdf| sfdsf] uj{ ug{] efjgf ;dfhdf /xG5 . ;dfhsf] cfsf/ jf hg;ªV\\ of M ;dfhsf] cfsf/ lglZrt xb“' g} . 7n' f] jf ;fgf] h:tf] klg xg' ;S5 . c;n ;dfhsf tTTjx¿ ckgTj M ;dfhkl| tsf] bfloTj afw] , ;dfh d/] f nflu / d ;dfhsf nflu eGg] efjgfn] ckgTjsf] efjgf a9fp5“ . ckgTj a9b\\ f :jtM:km\" t{ ¿kdf ;ljm| otf a95\\ . ;ljm| otfn] ultzLntf / ljsf;nfO{ dbt u5{ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 7

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;fdl\" xs efjgf M ;fdl\" xs efjgfn] ;dfhnfO{ ultzLn / lhDdj] f/ agfp5“ . ;/' Iff M x/s] ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿sf lardf ;fdl\" xs xslxt / ;/' Iffsf] efjgf ka| n xG' 5 . JolStut, kfl/jfl/s / ;fdflhs ;/' Ifftkm{ pgLx¿sf] rf;f] /xG5 . Pstf M ;dfhsf] enfOsf nflu Pstf abw\\ eO{ lg0fo{ ug,{] Pstfaf6} ;fdl\" xs sfo{ ug{] / ;fdYo{ kf| Kt ugt{] km{ ;dfh cl3 a95\\ . ;xofu] / ;xsfo{ M ;xofu] / ;xsfoa{ f6 ;femf nIo kf| Kt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;a} f6 ;fyL a95\\ g\\ / cfkm\\ gfk] gsf] efjgf l;hg{ f xG' 5 . dn] ldnfk M cfk;df ldn/] a:g,' ldn/] sfo{ ug{' Pjd\\ cK7/] fdf k/s] fnfO{ dbt ug{' g} dn] ldnfk xf] . of] ;dfhsf] dxTTjk0\" f{ tTTj xf] . ;be\\ fj / kd]| M ;ak} l| t ;defj ks| 6 ug,{] cfk;L kd]| / ljZjf; ug{] h:tf Jojxf/ c;n ;dfhsf dxTTjk0\" f{ tTTj xg' \\ . JolSt ;fgf] 5b“ f cfdfafa' / kl5 kl/jf/ tyf ;db' fosf] ;be\\ fj / kd]| rflxG5 . ;be\\ fj / kd]| n] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw a9fp5“ , cfk;L ;xofu] / dn] ldnfksf] cfbfgkb| fg u/fp5“ / ;/' Iff, ;dyg{ / ljZjf; kb} f u/fp5“ . lgodsf] kfngf M ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngf / pNnª3\\ g ugn{] fO{ Jojxf/ ;w' fg{ cfux| ubf{ ;dfh ;w' f/df ;xofu] u5{ . lhDdj] f/L M c;n ;dfhdf JolStut / ;fd\"lxs lhDd]jf/L afw] tyf lhDd]jf/L lgjf{xnfO{ dxTTjk0\" f{ tTTj dflgG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != tkfO+{ a;fa] f; ug{] ;dfhdf s] s:tf c;n ;dfhsf tTTjx¿ kfpge' Psf] 5 < ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . cEof; != ;dfhsf tTTjx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . @= ;fdl\" xs efjgfn] c;n ;dfh agfpg s;/L ;xofu] k¥' ofp5“ < cfkm\\ gf] ljrf/ k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ ;dx\" agfO{ tkfOs+{ f] ;dfhdf Pstf, ;xsfo,{ dn] ldnfksf] efjgf / lgodsf] kfngf s;/L ePsf] 5, vfh] L u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ . o; sfod{ f ;db' fosf cuj' f jf Hoi] 7 gful/sx¿sf] ;xofu] lngx' f;] \\ . 8 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 $ ;fdflhsLs/0f dfgj ;fdflhs kf| 0fL xf] . ;dfhlagf dfgj hLjg cyl{ xg xG' 5 . dfgjdf hGdbl] v g} ;fdflhskf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b u0' fx¿ ljsl;t ePsf xb“' g} g\\ . dfgjnfO{ ;fdflhs kf| 0fL agfpg] sfd lzIffn] g} u5{ . dfgj dfgjlarsf] kf/:kl/s ;xofu] lagf sg' } klg JolStsf] hLjgn] ;kmntf kf| Kt ug{ ;Sbg} . ;dfhn] rfxs] f Jojxf/, :jLsf/ u/s] f dN\" ox¿ / kr| lnt l;bw\\ fGtx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\\ ug{ g;s;] Dd sg' } klg ;dfhdf ldn/] afR“ g JolStnfO{ dl' :sn k5{ . ;dfhdf a;/] hLjgofkg ubfu{ b{} JolStn] ;fdflhs dN\" o, dfGotf, l;bw\\ fGt / ljrf/x¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\\ ug{ yfN5 . To;kl5 pm ;fdflhs kf| 0fLdf ljsl;t xG' 5 . ;dfhsf] ofU] o gful/s xg' sf nflu p;n] ;fdflhs dN\" ox¿ / cfbzx{ ¿;u“ kl/lrt xg' k' 5{ . JolStnfO{ hGdb] l] v g} p;sf] ;fdflhs ;:+ sf/ oS' t Jojxf/ ug{ l;sfOG5 . x/s] JolStn] clgjfo{ ¿kdf ug{] l;sfOsf] oxL kl| jm| ofnfO{ g} ;fdflhsLs/0f elgG5 . ;dfhn] :jLsf/ u/s] f dN\" o dfGotf, l;bw\\ fGt Pjd\\ cfbz{ ux| 0f ug{' / To;} cg;' f/sf] lhDdj] f/L k0\" f{ ¿kdf lgefpg' g} ;fdflhsLs/0f xf] . dfgjn] ;dfhdf cfkm\\ gf] s] :yfg 5 / cfkm\" n] c¿;u“ s;/L Jojxf/ ugk'{ 5{ eGg] s/' f ;fdflhsLs/0faf6 l;S5g\\ . ;fdflhsLs/0faf6 afn aflnsfx¿n] cfcfÇgf] ;dfhsf] dN\" o, dfGotf, ljZjf; / cfbz{ kf| Kt u5g{ \\ . o;af6 dfgjsf] JolStTj ljsf; ug{ ;xofu] kU' 5 . ;fdflhsLs/0fsf tTTjx¿ efiff M cGo JolStsf cleJolSt a‰' g / cfkm\\ gf s/' f c¿nfO{ ae' mfpgsf nflu pkoS' t bfx] f/] f] ;~rf/sf] cfwf/ efiff xf] . ;~rf/ ePg eg] ;fdflhsLs/0f xb“' g} / ;:+ sl[ tsf] x:tfGt/0f klg xb“' g} . kd]| , :gx] / ;xofu] M kd]| k0\" f{ jftfj/0fdf Pscsfn{ ] cfkmg\\ f] efjgf, ljrf/ / cfkm\\ gf ;d:ofx¿ lgwS{ s;fy csf;{ u“ k:| tt' ug{ ;S5g\\ . ;dfhdf Pscsfk{ l| t 30[ ff, Oi{ of{ ljbo\\ dfg /xd] f /fdf| ] cGt/ljm| of / ;fdflhsLs/0f klg ;Dej xb“' g} . Pscsfs{ f] kd]| , ljZjf; / ;xofu] sf] efjgfn] ;fdflhsLs/0f /fdf| ] xG' 5 . ;fdflhs cGt/ljm| of M Pp6f JolStn] csf{] JolSt jf ;dx\" ;u“ ;Dks{ sfod / Ps cfk;df ;xofu] cfbfg kb| fg ugk{' 5{ . o;n} fO{ ;fdflhs cGt/ljm| of elgG5 . bfx] f/] f] ;fdflhs cGt/ljm| ofaf6 dfq ;fdflhsLs/0f ;Dej xG' 5 . ;fdflhsLs/0fsf nflu ;dfhdf 3/, kl/jf/, bf}“t/L ;d\"x, ljb\\ofno, ;db' fo / ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿ ;ljm| o /xs] f xG' 5g\\ . logx¿nfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf lgsfo klg elgG5 . ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] dxTTj M ;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 JolStn] ;fdflhs dN\" o, dfGotf / cfbz{x¿ l;S5 . o;af6 JolStn] ;fdflhs l;ksf] ljsf; / af“Rgsf nflu cfjZos ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 9

kg{] cfwf/et\" 1fg kf| Kt u5{ . ;fdflhsLs/0fn] x/s] JolStnfO{ ;dfhsf] cgz' fl;t ;b:o aGgaf6 JolStdf ;fdflhs stJ{ osf] afw] eO{ p;sf] k0\" f{ JolStTjsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xofu] kU' 5 . ;fdflhsLs/0fn] dfgjnfO{ ;fdflhs efjgfn] el/k0\" f{ c;n JolStTj lgdf0{ f ug{ ;xofu] u5{ . ljm| ofsnfk != 3/ kl/jf/ / bft“} /L ;dx\" n] ;fdflhsLs/0fdf el\" dsf lgjfx{ s;/L u5g{ \\ < pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . @= tnsf] tflnsf k/' f ugx{' f;] \\ M jm| = ;=+ tTTj ljzi] ftfx¿ != efiff kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b @= kd]| , :gx] / ;xofu] #= ;fdflhs cGt/ljm| of cEof; != ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] cy{ nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= ‘JolSt hGdhft ¿kdf hl} js kf| 0fL xf’] , o; egfOnfO{ cfkm\\ gf] ts;{ lxt kd| fl0ft ugx{' f;] \\ . #= JolSt hl} js kf| 0fLaf6 s;/L ;fdflhs kf| 0fLdf ¿kfGt/0f xG' 5, nV] gx' f;] \\ . $= ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] dxTTj nV] gx' f;] \\ . %= ;fdflhsLs/0fsf tTTjx¿sf] JofVof ugx{' f;] \\ . ^= ;fdflhsLs/0fsf lgsfosf] ;r\" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . &= jtd{ fg ;dfhdf sg' sg' ;fdflhsLs/0fsf lgsfox¿n] a9L el\" dsf lgjfx{ u/s] f] kfpge' Psf] 5, cfkm\\ gf] ts{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ ljbo\\ fyL]{ ;ªV\\ ofsf] cfwf/df rf/ jf kfr“ ;dx\" agfO{ kT| os] ;dx\" :yfgLo ;db' fosf] Pp6f Pp6f :yfgdf uO{ Toxf“ a;fa] f; ug{] JolStx¿df ;fdflhsLs/0f s;/L eO/xs] f] 5, ;r\" gfx¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/L sIffsf7] fdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ . 10 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 % xfdf| ] klxrfg != /fli6o« klxrfgkf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gk] fn efu} fl] ns agfj6sf cfwf/df lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ kb| z] df ljeSt 5 . lxdfnL kb| z] nfO{ ;LdfjtL{ lxdfn, ef6] a;“] L / dV' o lxdfno u/L ltg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . kxf8L kb| z] nfO{ klg dWoel\" d, dxfef/t zª[ v\\ nf / r/' ] kjt{ u/L ltg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;u} /L t/fO{ kb| z] klg dV' o t/fO,{ efj/ / leqL dw;] u/L ltg efudf ljeSt 5 . olt ;fgf] dn' s' efu} fl] ns ¿kdf olt w/] } ljeSt xg' ' klg xfdf| ] /fli6o« klxrfg xf] . ljZjsf] ;jfR{] r lzv/ ;u/dfyf klg xfdf| ] klxrfg afs] /] /xs] f] 5 . gk] fn ax' hftLo, ax' eflifs, ax' ;f:+ sl[ ts, ax' wflds{ / efu} fl] ns ljljwtfoS' t dn' s' xf] . oxf“ !@# cf6] f efiffx¿sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . wflds{ lx;fan] oxf“ lxGb,' afb} w\\ , O:nfd, ls/ft, ljm| lZrog, hg} , lzv nufot b; cf6] f wd{ kr| ngdf 5g\\ . gbL k0| ffnLsf lx;fan] klg kd| v' ltg gbL -sfz] L, u08sL / s0ffn{ L_ / cGo :jtGq hnfwf/ Ifq] n] ;db[ w\\ 5 . gk] fndf 5 xhf/eGbf a9L gbLgfnf /xs] f 5g\\ . oL klg xfdf| /fli6o« klxrfg xg' \\ . /fli6o« klxrfgsf ;Gbed{ f sIffsf7] fdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ / ljbo\\ fyLn{ fO{ /fli6o« klxrfgsf] dxTTj ;d6] L Ps Ps cgR' 5t] tof/ kfg{ nufpgx' f;] \\ . @= hftLo klxrfg gk] fnsf] kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fndf klxrfg ul/Psf hfthfltsf] ;ªV\\ of !@% /xs] f] 5 . gk] fndf b; nfveGbf a9L hg;ªV\\ of ePsf 5 cf6] f hftLo ;dx\" x¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . ljljwtfdf Pstf xfdf| ] klxrfg xf] . cfcfkm\\ gf] hftLo klxrfg sfod /fVb} Pstf abw\\ / ;db[ w\\ /fi6« lgdf0{ fdf nfUg' xfdL ;as} f] bfloTj xf] . cfÇgf] lnlk, efiff / ;:+ sl[ tsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ ub{} ;an /fli6o« Pstf sfod /fVg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . kj\" d{ f /fO,{ lnDa,' dWodf 5g\\ gj] f/ sfx] L dfG5g\\ wfg gfr oxf,“ sfx] L 3j] f 5j] f/ klZrdsf] u?' ª /fb] L xfdf| ] klxrfg afxg' , Ifq] L bz] e} l/ 5l/Psf 5g\\ . sf/} f gfr du/ ;:+ sf/ x/] slt /fdf| ] wft] L, 6fk] L, aVv' cflb klxrfg xfdf| ] . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 11

#= eflifs klxrfg gk] fndf eflifs ljljwtf /xs] f] 5 . ;g\\ @)!! sf] hgu0fgfdf gk] fndf !@# cf6] f efiffx¿ dfte[ fiffsf ¿kdf klxrfg ul/Psf 5g\\ . ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdf kr| ngdf /xb“ } cfPsf] gk] fnL efiffnfO{ dfte[ fiffsf ¿kdf ko| fu] ugx{] ¿sf] ;ªV\\ of a9L 5 . ;g\\ @)!! sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ ef/fk] n] L ;dx\" sf dfte[ fiff afN] gx] ¿ sn' &(=! kl| tzt, ef6] adn{] L ;dx\" sf !*=$ kl| tzt, cfUgo] ;dx\" sf )=@ kl| tzt / bl| j8 ;dx\" sf dfte[ fiff afN] gx] ¿ )=! kl| tzt /xs] f] 5 . cGo dfte[ fiff afN] gx] ¿ @=@ kl| tzt /xs] f 5g\\ . dfte[ fiffsf ¿kdf kr| ngdf /xs] f cGo efiffx¿df dl} ynL, efh] k/' L, yf¿ -8u“ f/} f /fgf_, tfdfª, gj] f/, du/, cjlw, u?' ª, alHhsf, pb,{' /fhjz+ L, zk] f,{ lnDa' / lxGbL efiff pNnV] o /xs] f 5g\\ . eflifs ljsf;sf bl[ i6n] o;dWos] f sltko efiffx¿ lgs} ;db[ w\\ ;dt] 5g\\ . gk] fnL efiff / gk] fndf kr| lnt cGo ;a} dfte[ fiffnfO{ /fi6« efiffsf ¿kdf dfGg] ;j+ w} flgs Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b $= wflds{ klxrfg gk] fn ax' wflds{ / ax' ;f:+ sl[ ts klxrfg oS' t dn' s' xf] . gk] fndf lxGb,' afb} w\\ / cGo ks| l[ t wds{ f pkf;sx¿df Pscsf{] wdk{ l| t ;sf/fTds ;be\\ fj /fV5g\\ . ;a} ks| f/sf wflds{ ljm| ofsnfkdf ;n+ Ug xg' ] kj| l[ Tt;dt] /xs] f] 5 . cfkm\" nfO{ sg' } klg wdd{ f g/fVg] jf lg/kI] f /xgx] ¿sf] ;ªV\\ of klg lbg kl| tlbg a9b\\ } uPsf] 5 . gk] fndf wflds{ ;Dkb| fosf] ljj/0f jm| = ;=+ wd{ ;ª\\Vof kl| tzt != lxGb' @,!%,%!,$(@ *!=#$ @= af}b\\w @#(^)(( (=)$ #= O:nfd !!^@#&) $=#( $= ls/ft *)&!^( #=)% %= ljm| l:rog #&%^(( !=$@ ^= k|s[lt !@!(*@ )=% &= af]g !#))^ )=)$ ;f| t] M /fli6o« hgu0fgf, @)^* gk] fndf /xs] f] wflds{ ljljwtfleqsf] Pstfn] ljZj ;db' fonfO{ pTsi[ 6 bi[ 6fGt k:| tt' u/s] f] 5 . of] gk] fnsf] klxrfg xf] eGg] ljifodf sIffsf7] fdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . 12 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b%= nª} l\\ us klxrfg lnªu\\ eGgfn] hGdhft ¿kdf 5f/] f jf 5f/] L eGg] al' emG5 . lnªu\\ sf cfwf/df ul/g] ky[ s\\ Jojxf/ g} nª} l\\ us Jojxf/ xf] h;nfO{ klxrfgsf ¿kdf klg ux| 0f ug{ ;lsG5 . clxn] t;] f| ] lnªu\\ LnfO{ ;dt] nª} l\\ us klxrfgsf ¿kdf pNnv] ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . lxGb' ;dfhdf nª} l\\ us klxrfgsf] ljZni] f0f ubf{ wgsL bj] L nIdLnfO{ pRr ;Ddfgsf ;fy kh\" f ul/G5 . ljbo\\ fsL bj] L ;/:jtLnfO{ >Lk~rdLsf lbgdf kl' hG5 . To:t} gjbu' f{ ejfgLnfO{ TolTts} ;Ddfgsf ;fy kl' hG5 . cGo wdd{ f klg nª} l\\ us ;dfgtfnfO{ dxTTj lbPsf] kfOG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fnL ;dfhdf afb} w\\ , dl' :nd, ls/ft, ljm| l:rog nufotsf wflds{ klxrfg / nª} l\\ us klxrfg ;DaGwL pTsi[ 6 bi[ 6fGtx¿ ;ªs\\ ng u/L jf ug{ nufO{ sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . @= tkfOn“{ ] cfkm\\ gf] 3/ kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf s:tf] nª} l\\ us cj:yf kfpge' Psf] 5, sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . #= tkfO+{ a;fa] f; ug{] ;dfhdf /xs] f hfltx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kf/L tL hfltx¿sf] ;dfhdf /xs] f] klxrfg / ltgLx¿sf] klxrfgn] ;dfhnfO{ k¥' ofPsf] kmfObf jf ofu] bfgsf af/d] f pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != /fli6o« klxrfgdf s] s] s/' f k5g{ ,\\ ;r\" L tof/ u/L sIffsf7] fdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . @= ‘gk] fn Ps axh' ftLo axe' flifs dn' s' xf] .’ o; tsd{ f cfkm\\ gf ljrf/x¿ ks| 6 ugx{' f;] \\ . #= gk] fndf s] s:tf wdx{ ¿ kr| ngdf /xs] f 5g\\ < gfd pNnv] ub{} wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f s;/L sfod xg' ;kmn ePsf] 5, pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . $= nª} l\\ us klxrfg eGgfn] s] a‰' gx' G' 5 < xfdf| ] ;dfhdf s;/L nª} l\\ us klxrfg sfod /xs] f] 5, pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . %= gk] fndf nª} l\\ us klxrfgdf bl] vPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;r\" L agfO{ nª} l\\ us klxrfgsf lglDt ePsf ko| f;x¿ pNNfv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ^= gk] fnsf ljljw Ifq] df ePsf klxrfgnfO{ sIffsf7] fdf 5nkmn u/L Ps kl| tjb] g k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 13

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 ^ /fli6o« uf/} j != ;f:+ sl[ ts klxrfg gk] fn ax' ;f:+ sl[ ts klxrfg ePsf] dn' s' xf] . oxf“ ljleGg hfthfltsf cfÇg} vfn] ;f:+ sl[ ts klxrfg / k/Dk/f /xs] f 5g\\ . To; cltl/St ljleGg efu} fl] ns Ifq] df a;fa] f; ug{] ljleGg hftLo ;dx\" sf] cfk;L ;lDdngaf6 ;femf ;f:+ sl[ ts k/Dk/f / klxrfgsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . gk] fndf hftLotfsf cfwf/df dfq geO{ efu} fl] ns Ifq] df cfwfl/t ;f:+ sl[ ts k/Dk/f / klxrfgx¿ klg ljsf; ePsf 5g\\ . ;x/Ls/0fsf] ljsf; ;u“ ;u“ } Pp6} ;db' fosf JolStx¿ leGg leGg efu} fl] ns Ifq] df cGo ;db' fosf JolStx¿;u“ 3n' ldn eP/ a:g kU' 5g\\ . o; jm| ddf cGthft{ Lo kl/jf/x¿sf] lgdf0{ f xg' kU' 5 . kmn:j¿k cfÇgf] ;f:+ sl[ ts dN\" o / dfGotfdf Jofks ld>0f tyf kl/jtg{ u/s] f] kfOG5 . s0ffn{ Lsf] v;, sf7df8fs“} f] gj] f/, dWo t/fOs{ f] ldlynf, ;b' /\" klZrdsf] bp] 8f ;:+ sl[ tsf] ke| fj cGo ;db' fosf JolStx¿df ;dt] lj:tf/ xb“' } uPsf] kfOG5 . gk] fnsf] cgs] eI\" fq] df ljleGg hfltx¿sf] cfk;L ;lDdngsf cfwf/df leGg ;f:+ sl[ ts ljzi] ftf afs] s] f cgs] f“} ;f:+ sl[ ts ;dx\" / Ifq] x¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . 14 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

@= /fli6o« emG8f k|To]s /fi6«sf] klxrfg To; b]zsf]kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b /fli6«o emG8fn] k|s6 u/]sf] x'G5 . /fli6o« emG8f g} ljZjnfO{ lrgfpg] kt| Ls dflgG5 . ljleGg sfoj{ m| ddf hfb“ f xfdf| ljlzi6 cltlyx¿n] cfÇgf] /fli6«o emG8fnfO{ :jfledfgsf ;fy sg' } g sg' } ¿kdf ks| 6 u/s] f xG' 5g\\ . /fli6o« emG8f xfd|f] /fi6«sf] uf}/j xf] . cf}krfl/s sfo{j|mddf, ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿df, /fHosf ljlzi6 JolStx¿sf] ;jf/ uf8Ldf ;d]t /fli6«o emG8f /fVg] ul/G5 . ljb\\ofnosf] k|fª\\u0fdf /fli6«o emG8f kmx/fO/xs] f] xG' 5 . /fli6o« emG8fn] xfdL ;du| gk] fnLx¿sf] kl| tlglwTj ;fªs\\ l] ts ¿kdf ul//xs] f] xG' 5 . xfdf| ] /fli6o« emG8f bO' { cf6] f lqsf0] f hfl] 8P/ ags] f] 5 . eO' d“ f l;lds| /ª / lsgf/df uf9f lgnf] /ªoS' t emG8fsf] dflyNnf] efudf rGbd| f / tNnf] efudf ;o\" { 5 . emG8fdf ePsf] /ftf] /ªn] gk] fnLx¿ s;s} f ;fd' klg gem' Sg] / ;fx;L xg' \\ eGg] klxrfg lbPsf] 5 . emG8fdf /xs] f] lgnf] /ªn] gk] fnLx¿sf] zflGtkd]| L :jefj / clx;+ fsf] efjgf ljZjnfO{ lrgfPsf] 5 . rGb| / ;o\" n{ ] ax| d\\ f08df ha;Dd rGb| / ;o\" { c6n eP/ /xG5g\\ ta;Dd o; ;;+ f/df gk] fn klg s;s} f] ;fd' gem' sL cfÇgf] cl:tTjnfO{ ;bf arfP/ /fV5 eGg] s/' fsf] ;Gbz] lbPsf] 5 . #= /fli6o« ufg kT| os] /fi6n« ] cfÇgf] uf/} jsf ¿kdf /fli6o« ufgnfO{ lnPsf] xG' 5 . /fli6o« ufgn] bz] sf] uf/} j / ;Ddfg a9fp5“ . xfdf| ] bz] gk] fndf klg ;dosf] cGt/fn;u“ ;u“ } /fhgLlts kl/jtg{ n] /fli6o« ufgdf ;dt] ;do ;fkI] f kl/jtg{ ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6o« ufgn] /fi6k« l| tsf] ;Ddfg ks| 6 u5{ . To;n} ] /fli6o« ufg jf wg' aHbf ;an} ] cfcfÇgf] 7fpa“ f6 p7g\\ k' 5{ . /fli6o« ufgn] /fi6k« l| tsf] bfloTj / lhDdj] f/Lsf] afw] u/fp5“ . gk] fnsf] /fli6o« ufgsf /rlotf kb| Lksd' f/ /fO{ -Jofsn' dfOnf_ xg' \\ . bf;] f| ] hgcfGbfn] g @)^@÷^# n] p7fPsf] ;dfjz] Lsf db' b\\ fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL /fli6o« ufg /rgf ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fndf efu} fl] ns, wflds{ , cflys{ , ;f:+ sl[ ts, hfltut ¿kn] ljljwtf ePtf klg Pstfsf] dfnfdf uf:“ g /fli6o« ufgn] ljzi] f el\" dsf lgjfx{ u/s] f] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 15

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b;of“} yª' u\\ f km' nsf xfdL Pp6} dfnf gk] fnL ;fje{ fd} eO{ kml} nPsf dr] L dxfsfnL ks| l[ tsf sfl] 6 sfl] 6 ;Dkbfsf cfr“ n jL/x¿sf /utn] :jtGqtf / c6n 1fgel\" d zflGtel\" d t/fO{ kxf8 lxdfn cv08 of] Kof/f] xfdf| ] dfte[ l\" d gk] fn axn' hflt efiff wd{ ;:+ sl[ t 5g\\ ljzfn cuu| fdL /fi6« xfdf| ] ho ho gk] fn . $= hfgsL dlGb/ hfgsL dlGb/ gk] fns} ;ae} Gbf 7n' f] / du' n zn} Ldf lgldt{ dlGb/ xf] . of] dlGb/ /fh:yfgL jf:ts' nfsf] Ps pTtd gdg' f klg xf] . o;sf] dWoefudf hfgsLsf] dV' o dlGb/ 5 . hfgsL dlGb/sf] k5fl8k6l\\ 6sf] efudf hgs dlGb/ 5 . o; dlGb/df bO' { kj| z] åf/x¿ 5g\\ . pTt/ kj\" L{ 9fs] fdfly bO' { cf6] f l;x+ sf dl\" tx{ ¿ 5g\\ . 9ª' u\\ fn] agfOPsf oL dl\" tx{ ¿ dl\" ts{ nfsf pTsi[ 6 gdg' f xg' \\ . cfheGbf ;o jif{kj\" { l6sdu9sL dxf/fgL j[ifefg' bj] Ln] o; dlGb/sf] lgdf0{ f u/fPsL lyOg\\ . dlGb/ lgdf0{ fdf gf} nfv ?lkof“ vr{ ePsf] lyof] . To; sf/0f o;/nfO{ ‘gfn} fvf’ dlGb/ klg elgG5 . o; dlGb/sf] glhs} /fd dlGb/ klg /xs] f] 5 . hfgsL dlGb/ 16 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

dlGb/sf] pTt/ kj\" d{ f nId0f dlGb/ tyf blIf0f klZrddf Pp6f dl:hb 5 . of] dl:hb >L hfgsL dlGb/sf] xftfdf /xs] fn] oL bj' n} ] hgsk/' df wflds{ ;fd~h:otfsf] Pp6f cgf7} f] gdg' f k:| tt' u/s] f 5g\\ . dl' :nd sflnu9åf/f dlGb/ lgdf0{ f ul/b“ f pgLx¿nfO{ ‘gdfh’ -kf| yg{ f_ k9g\\ sf nflu dl:hbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] g} xfdf| ] /fli6o« klxrfg xf] . %= kzk' ltgfy dlGb/ lxGb' wdf{jnDaLsf cf/fWo b]j kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkzk' ltgfy dlGb/ kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/sf] P]ltxfl;stf clt kf| rLg 5 . o; dlGb/sf] lgdf0{ f /fhf wdb{ Ttn] u/fPsf lyP . ;fy} lzj l;x+ dNnsL /fgL / kt| fk dNnn] o;sf] hL0ffb{] w\\ f/ u/fPsf xg' \\ . o; dlGb/ kl/;/nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;r\" Ldf klg ;r\" Lst[ ul/Psf] 5 . lxGbx' ¿nfO{ dfq kj| z] ug{] cgd' lt /xs] f] o; dlGb/df ko6{ sx¿ pNnV] o ¿kdf cfpg] u5g{ \\ . of] dlGb/ Kofuf8] f zn} Ldf lgdf0{ f ul/ Psf] 5 . ;'gf}nf 5fgf / rf“bLsf 9fs] fx¿ /xs] f] o; dlGb/df lzj/fqL / afnf rtb' z{ Ldf 7n' f] dn] f nfU5 . cfsifs{ uh/' , Wjhf ktfsf, ljzfn ;u/dfyf a;fxf, snfTds 68“' fnx¿ / ;/] fk] m] /fd] f /xs] f cGo dlGb/x¿n] o; dlGb/sf] zfe] f a9fPsf 5g\\ . ^= ;u/dfyf gk] fn lxGbs' z' lxdfnosf uugrD' aL ljZj ljVoft lxd zª[ v\\ nf / kjt{ dfnfx¿n] ;;' lHht bz] xf] . ljZjdf xfn *))) ld6/eGbf cUnf lxd lzv/x¿ !$ cf6] f 5g\\ . tLdWo] cf7 cf6] f lxd lzv/x¿ gk] fndf g} k5g{ \\ . gk] fnsf] klxrfgsf ¿kdf ;u/dfyfnfO{ lnOG5 . ;u/dfyf @&) -l8uL| _ %(’ -ldg6] _ #!Æ -;s] G] 8_ kj\" L{ bz] fGt/df cjl:yt 5 . o;sf] prfO *,*$* ld6/ -@(,)@( lkm6_ /xs] f] 5 . ;eo{] / PG8o\\ ' afs“ f] l;kmfl/;df /fo] n lhof]uf| lkmsn ;f;] fO6Lsf lal| 6; ;eo{] / s0fn{] ;/ hh{ Pe/:] 6sf gfddf o;sf] gfd ;g\\ !*^% df dfpG6 Pe/:] 6 /flvPsf] xf] . Oltxf; lz/fd] l0f afa/' fd cfrfon{ ] ;g\\ !(%^ -lj= ;=+ @)!#_ df dfpG6 Pe/:] 6sf] gk] fnL gfds/0f u/L ;u/dfyf /fvs] f xg' \\ . pTt/L wj|' / blIf0fL wj|' kl| t JolStsf] ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 17

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bcfsif0{ f /xs] f] 5 . Toxfs“ f] s7f/] hLjg zn} L ;u/dfyfdf ;dt] /xs] fn] dfOsn shn{ ] ;u/dfyfnfO{ ljZjsf] t;] f| ] wj|' (Third Pole) egL gfds/0f u/sf xg' \\ . ;u/dfyf r9g\\ / xg] { ko6{ sx¿ gk] fn ed| 0fdf cfpg] u/s] fn] bz] sf] cflys{ ljsf;df ljzi] f ofu] bfg ku' sf] 5 . ;u/dfyf gk] fnLsf] uf/} j xf,] klxrfg xf] . ljm| ofsnfk != /fli6o« uf/} jdf s] s] s/' f k5g{ ,\\ ;r\" L tof/ u/L sIffsf7] fdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ . @= ;u/dfyfn] s;/L xfdf| ] klxrfgnfO{ hfu] fPsf] 5, sf/0f;lxt JofVof ugx{' f;] \\ . #= kzk' ltgfy / hfgsL dlGb/ /fli6o« uf/} jsf ¿kdf /xgs' f] sf/0fx¿ nV] gx' f;] \\ . cEof; != xfdf| ;f:+ sl[ ts klxrfgsf ;r\" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . @= /fli6o« emG8fnfO{ lsg /fli6o« uf/} j dflgG5, sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . #= ‘;u/dfyf gk] fnLsf] uf/} j xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ JofVof ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf uj{ ug{ nfos s] s:tf ;f:+ sl[ ts je} jx¿ 5g,\\ ;fs] f] vfh] L u/L Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ / sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . 18 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

PsfO M bO' { ljsf; / ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/ kf7 ! ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff ;sf/fTds kl/jtg{ / ku| ltdn\" s kl/jtg{ sf] kl| jm| of ljsf; xf] . sg' } klg s/' fdf xg' ] ;sf/fTdskf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b kl/jtg{ g} ljsf; xf] . JolSt, kl/jf/, ;db' fo, ;x/ / ufpx“ ¿ kl/jtg{ zLn xG' 5g\\ . ;dfhsf x/s] kIfx¿ kl/jtg{ / ultzLn xG' 5g\\ . ;u' d, ;xh / /fdf| ] agfpg] pbb\\ Z] on] kfO/xs] f] ;l' jwfdf kl/jtg{ ug{ vfl] hG5 . o;y{ ;l' jwf oS' t 7fpd“ f a:g] JolStsf] hLjgdf ;w' f/ cfp5“ . ;l' jwf jb[ l\\ w, hLjg zn} Lsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jtg{ , ;/' Iff, efl} ts kIfsf] pGgt cj:yf nufotsf kIfn] ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ kl| tlalDat u5{g\\ . ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\\ sf] a8fkqdf pNnv] ePcg;' f/ æljsf;n] JolStsf] efl} ts rfxgf;u“ dfq geO{ ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] ;w' f/ ;DaGwL s/' fx¿;u“ klg ;/fs] f/ /fV5 . t;y{ ljsf; egs] f] cflys{ ljsf; dfq xfO] g . of] t ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts tyf ;:+ yfut ku| lt klg xf] .Æ /fli6o« ¿kdf hLjg zn} Ldf ;w' f/fTds kl/jtg{ cfPkl5 bz] sf] ljsf; ePsf] dflgG5 . ljZjsf sx] L dn' s' x¿n] tLj| ¿kdf ljsf; ul//xs] f 5g\\ . To:tf dn' s' x¿nfO{ ljsl;t dn' s' elgG5 . ;fdfGotof cflys{ tyf kf| ljlws ljsf; b/ sd ePsf] / kl| tJolSt cfDbfgL sd ePsf] dn' s' nfO{ ljsf;fG] dv' bz] elgG5 . dflysf bO' { cgR' 5b] sf cfwf/df ljsf; eGgfn] s] a‰' ge' of,] lzIfs / ;fyL;u“ 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ / 5nkmnsf] ;f/ sIffsf7] fdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . sg' } dn' s' df Ps jifl{ eq pTkfbg ul/Psf ;a} j:t' / ;j] fsf] dN\" onfO{ sn' /fli6o« pTkfbg (Gross National Product - GNP) elgG5 . t/ /fli6o« cfo (Gross National Income - GNI) df To:tf ;a} j:t' / ;j] fsf] dN\" osf ;fy} jb} l] zs Jofkf/, ;xfotf / jb} l] zs /fh] uf/af6 kf| Kt /sd klg hfl] 8G5 . lhPgcfOnfO{ cflys{ ljsf; dfkg ug{] Ps dV' o cfwf/ dflgG5 . sg' } lglZrt Ifq] sf] sn' 3/n] ' cfDbfgL (Gross Domestic Income - GDI) nfO{ To; Ifq] sf] hg;ªV\\ ofn] efu ubf{ cfpg] /sd g} kl| tJolSt cfo (Per Capita Income) xf] . kl| tJolSt cfon] dfq ljsf;sf] oyfy{ cj:yf bv] fpg ;Sbg} . sx] L wgL JolStx¿sf] pRr cfon] kl| tJolSt cfo a9L bl] vPsf] klg xg' ;S5 hxf“ cTolws JolSt ul/aLsf] /v] fdl' g klg xg' ;S5g\\ . sn' /fli6o« pTkfbg (GNP), sn' /fli6o« cfo (GNI), sn' 3/n] ' cfDbfgL (GDP), kl| tJolSt cfo (PCI) lar s] s:tf] ;DaGw /xs] f] 5, sIffsf7] fdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 19

ljsf;sf] kj\" fw{ f/sf nflu cfjZos kg{] ;f| t] / ;fwgx¿ ;|f]t ;fwg sRrf kbfy{ vt] LkftL tyf hªu\\ naf6 kf| Kt xg' ] j:tx' ¿, kf| sl[ ts vlgh j:tx' ¿ >dzlSt bIf tyf cbIf hgzlSt k'“hL ljleGg lsl;dsf art, nufgL, Jofkf/ / pbo\\ fu] x¿ ahf/ :yfgLo, /fli6o« tyf cGt/fl{ i6o« kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;~rf/ 6l] nlehg, /l] 8of,] ep\" kux| , km\\ ofS;, xn' fs, Odn] , OG6/g6] , 6l] nkmfg] cflb ;fwgx¿ oftfoft ;8s, xjfOd{ fu,{ /n] dfu,{ /Hhd' fu,{ hndfu{ lzIff ljbo\\ fno, kf| ljlws lzIff, ljZj ljbo\\ fno, snh] , l;kdn\" s tflnd cflb :jf:Yo pk:jf:Yo rfs} L, :jf:Yo rfs} L, :jf:Yo sG] b,| c:ktfn, cfi} fwL, :jf:YosdL{ pmhf{ hn ljbo\\ t' ,\\ Uof; tyf tn] sf] cfkl\" t,{ cf0fljs zlSt, efu} les{ tfkzlSt (thermal power), ;fo} z{ lSt, afofU] of;, jfoz' lSt cflb . jfl0fHo aª} l\\ sª k0| ffnL, ljdf, ;xsf/L ;:+ yfx¿ cflb . l;r“ fO ;l' jwf gx/, sn' f,] kg} L, 6o\\ a' jn] , kDk;6] , cfsf;] kfgL ;ªs\\ ng cflb . ljm| ofsnfk != ‘d a:g] 7fpd“ f ePsf kl/jtg{ x¿’ eGg] zLifs{ df Ps cgR' 5b] nV] gx' f;] \\ . o;df tkfOn“{ ] klxn] bv] s] f / clxn] bv] s] f ejgx¿, JolStsf] hLjg zn} L / ljrf/x¿sf ;DaGwdf tn' gf ugx{' f;] \\ . @= tkfOs“{ f] cleefjs;u“ ;fw] L cfkm\\ gf] 3/sf] cfDbfgL kTtf nufpgx' f;] \\ / kl| tJolSt cfo lgsfNgx' f;] \\ . 20 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

#= sg' } dn' s' sf] ljsf;sf] cj:yf emNsg] lrq jf tl:a/x¿ :jod\\ jf bft“} /Lsf] ;xofu] df ;ªs\\ ng u/L Pp6f 7n' f] sfuhdf 6f;“ /] kf:] 6/ agfpgx' f;] \\ / pkoS' t zLifs{ lbgx' f;] \\ . cEof; != ljsf; egs] f] s] xf] < @= ‘kl| tJolSt cfon] dfq ljsf;sf] oyfy{ cj:yf bv] fpg ;Sbg} .’ o; egfOsf af/d] f wf/0ff k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . #= sn' /fli6o« pTkfbg (GNP) / sn' /fli6o« cfo (GNI) larsf] leGgtf pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ casf] @) jifk{ l5 xfdL a;s] f] 7fpd“ f w/] } kl/jtg{ x¿ xg' ] 5g\\ . oxf“ gof“ gof“ 3/, ;8s / ljbo\\ fnox¿ aGg] 5g\\ . To; an] f vfgf ksfpg,] cfo cfhg{ ug{] / km' ;b{ sf If0fx¿ latfpg] tl/sfx¿ aU] n} lsl;dsf xg' ] 5g\\ . tL kl/jtg{ x¿ s] s] xg' ;Snfg\\ < ;db' fodf /xs] f ofh] gf;u“ ;DalGwt JolStnfO{ ;fw] /] Pp6f nv] tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 21

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 @ ljsf;sf kj\" ;{ tx{ ¿ ljsf;sf] kj\" ;{ t{ eGgfn] ljsf;sf nflu clgjfo{ ¿kdf rflxg] ;sf/fTds / cgs' n\" cj:yfnfO{ a´' fp5“ . ljsf;sf kj\" ;{ tx{ ¿ w/] } xg' ;S5g\\ . o; kf7df ;fIf/tf, hg;xeflutf, pbo\\ dzLntf / zflGt h:tf ljsf;sf kj\" ;{ tx{ ¿af/] rrf{ ul/G5 . != ;fIf/tf ;fIf/ eGgfn] cIf/ lrgs] f] jf hfgs] f,] lnlk lrgs] f,] clnslt nv] k9 ug{ ;Sg] cNk lzlIft egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 . cfkm\\ gf] dfte[ fiff jf efiffdf nl] vPsf bl} gs hLjg;u“ ;DalGwt 5f6] f / ;fwf/0f jfSox¿ ae' m/] nv] k9 ug{ ;S5g\\ . pgLx¿n] ae' ms] f s/' f Ps cfk;df /fd/| L ;~rf/ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; u5g{ \\ . ;fy} ;fIf/nfO{ ;fwf/0f x/lx;fa ug{ ;Sg] agfOG5 . lxhf]cfh ;fIf/tfsf] k/Dk/fut wf/0ffdf Jofks kl/jt{g eO;s]sf] 5 . klxn] 3R's (Reading, Writing and Arithmetic) sf] kf| lKtnfO{ ;fIf/tf dflgGYof] . lxhfc] fh ;fIf/ xg' sf nflu x/s] JolStdf 7 R's kf| lKt xg' k' 5{ eGg] 7flgPsf] 5 . 7R's eGgfn] k9fO (Reading), nv] fO (writing), cªs\\ ul0ft (Arithmetic), clwsf/ (Rights), pTt/bfloTj (Responsibilities), cGt/;DaGw (Relationship), dgf/] ~hg (Recreation) k5g{ \\ . o;y{ ;fIf/tf ;fdfGo nV] g] / k9g\\ ] sfod{ f dfq ;Lldt geP/ JolStsf] cGt/lglxt Ifdtf ljsl;t xg' ] cj;/ kf| lKt;u“ ;DalGwt xG' 5 . ;fIf/tfnfO{ ;zStLs/0fsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf lngk' 5{ . gk] fndf ;fIf/tf sfoj{ m| dsf] ;?' cft u?' sn' lzIff k0| ffnLaf6 ePsf] cgd' fg ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6o« hgu0fgf @)^* cg;' f/ gk] fnsf] sn' ;fIf/tf kl| tzt ^%=( kl| tzt /xs] f] 5 . ;fIf/tf egs] f] k9fO nv] fOsf l;k dfq geP/ gful/ssf] bl} gs hLjg / Jojxf/sf] kbw\\ lt klg ePsfn] o;df ;fdflhs, cflys{ , ;f:+ sl[ ts tyf /fhgLlts kIfx¿ ;dt] hfl] 8P/ /xs] f] xG' 5 . ;fIf/tfn] rt] gf hfu/0f, ;fdflhs dN\" okl| t ;rt] gf, ljsf;df hg;xeflutf, ;fdflhs ;be\\ fj / ;xofu] a9fO{ ljsf;fTds sfo{ cl3 a9fpg dbt u5{ . ;fy} o;n] pbo\\ dzLntf, cfo cfhg{ df jb[ l\\ w, clwsf/kl| t ;rt] tyf stJ{ o / bfloTj afw] ug{ ;xofu] u5{ . @= hg;xeflutf kfv] /fsf] blIf0fL eu] sf si[ fsx¿n] oyi] 6 hUuf hldg eP klg l;r“ fOsf] cefjdf /fdf| ;] u“ cGgafnL pAhfpg ;ss] f lyPgg\\ . o;y{ Toxfs“ f :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿n] kmj] ftfnsf] kfgLaf6 22 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bl;r“ fO ug{ Pp6f pkefS] tf ;dx\" agfP . :yfgLo >d h6' fO{ l;r“ fOsf] ka| Gw ldnfP . pknAw ePsf] ;Dk0\" f{ kfgL ;dx\" sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ a/fa/ afl“ 8of] . ;b:ox¿n] kf| Kt ;l' jwfsf] ;bk' ofu] u/] clxn] ltgLx¿ af/} dlxgf vt] LafnL nufp5“ g\\ / To;af6 kz| :t cfDbfgL u5g{ \\ . To; cfDbfgLaf6 pgLx¿ C0f ltg,{ cfofh] gfsf] nfut vr{ ax] fg] { / cfofh] gfsf] ;w' f/sf nflu ofu] bfg lbg ;Sg] ePsf 5g\\ . uf/] vf lhNnfsf sx] L dlxnfx¿n] k;} f hDdf u/L k:' tsx¿ lsg] . pgLx¿n] pkefS] tf ;dx\" klg u7g u/] . ;dx\" sf] ;b:otf zN' s p7fP . To;af6 k:' tsfno :yfkgf u/] . k:' tsfnosf nflu yk k:' ts / kq klqsf ;ªs\\ ng tyf vl/b u/L k:' tsfnonfO{ Jojl:yt u/s] f 5g\\ . o; lsl;dsf] hgtf :jod\\ cfkm\\ gf] ufp“ 6fn] sf] ljsf; lgdf0{ fdf ;xefuL eO{ lg0fo{ ug,{] sfoj{ m| d agfpg] tyf sfoj{ m| d sfofG{ jog ug{] sfo{ g} hg;xeflutf xf] . ljsf; lgdf0{ fsf nflu plrt lg0fo{ lng, ;f| t] h6' fpg, lhDdj] f/L afw] ug{ / sfdkl| t ckgTj ux| 0f ug{ hg;xeflutfsf] dxTTjk0\" f{ el\" dsf xG' 5 . #= pbo\\ dzLntf ljsf;sf kj\" ;{ td{ Wo] pbo\\ dzLntf klg Ps xf] . pbo\\ dzLntflagf pbo\\ fu] , Jofkf/, sl[ if cflb Ifq] df ;n+ Ug eP/ klg ckl] Ift ljsf; ug{ ;lsb“ g} . pbo\\ dzLntf JolStn] hfl] vd p7fP/ pTkfbgsf kl| jm| ofdf ;n+ Ug /xg] Jofj;flos ultljlw xf] . o;af6 pknAw ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] clwstd ;bk' ofu] xG' 5 . pbo\\ dzLntfn] ;dfhdf :j/fh] uf/sf] cj;/ l;hg{ f xG' 5 . /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/ jb[ l\\ w xG' 5 . JolStut tyf /fli6o« cyt{ Gq ;an / ;b' 9[ xG' 5 . o;y{ bz] / ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf nflu gful/sdf pbo\\ dzLntfsf] efjgf jb[ l\\ w ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;n] /fli6o« cyt{ Gqsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;dt] dxTTjk0\" f{ el\" dsf lgjfx{ u5{ . /fi6s« f] cyt{ Gq pbo\\ fu] jfl0fHo Ifq] sf] ljsf; Pjd\\ lj:tf/df lge/{ /xs] f] xG' 5 . pbo\\ fu] jfl0fHosf] ljsf; Pjd\\ lj:tf/ pbo\\ dLx¿sf] pbo\\ dzLntfdf g} e/ k5{ . pbo\\ dLx¿sf] pbo\\ dzLntfn] ubf{ cfh ljZj cyt{ Gqsf] tLj| ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ljZjdf gof“ gof“ pbo\\ fu] Jofkf/sf Ifq] x¿ lj:tf/ ePsf 5g\\ . cfwl' gs oGq / ;/;fdfgn] cfh dfgj hLjg :t/Lo / ;l' jwf oS' t ePsf] 5 . o;/L dfgj hLjg zn} L / Jojxf/df kl/jtg{ cfpgd' f pbo\\ dzLntfsf] ljzi] f el\" dsf /xs] f] 5 . $= zflGt ljsf;sf kj\" ;{ tx{ ¿df zflGt klg dxTTjk0\" f{ ;t{ xf] . o; ;DaGwdf ;/:jtL dfWolds ljbo\\ fno, sNn/] L, wflbªdf cWoog/t sIff ( sf ljbo\\ fyL{ / lzIfs jf;b' j] lar ePsf] ;j+ fbnfO{ tn k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 M ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 23

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bgj/fh M ;/, zflGt egs] f] s] xf] < lzIfs M x/s] JolStx¿n] Pscsfl{ ardf åi] f, snx, dgd6' fj, Oi{ of,{ ad] n] h:tf efjgf g/fvL ;fdl\" xs ¿kdf ldn/] a:g' g} zflGt xf] . sdnf M ;/, ljsf; / lgdf0{ f ;DaGwL sfox{ ¿df s;/L zflGtn] ke| fj kf5{ < lzIfs M ljsf; Tolt an] f ;Dej xG' 5 hlt an] f ;dfhdf zflGt sfod xG' 5 . czflGtsf] cj:yfdf ;dfhsf kT| os] ;b:ox¿lar c;embf/L /xG5 . ljsf; c;dembf/Ldf xg' ;Sbg} lsgeg] pgLx¿lar Pscsfd{ f dgd6' fj xG' 5 . ljsf; PSn} ;Dej 5g} . To;sf nflu ;an} ] zflGt, ;dembf/L / ;xdltdf /x/] sfo{ ugk{' 5{ . ;dfhdf klg ;dfhsf kT| os] JolStx¿lar ;dembf/L, ;xdlt / Pstf ePdf dfq ljsf; ;Dej xG' 5 . kbd\\ M /l] 8of,] 6l] nlehg, kq klqsfdf ;fdflhs gt] T[ j stfx{ ¿n] lbuf] zflGt Nofpgk' 5{ eGg] s/' fnfO{ hf8] lbPsf 5g\\ . lbuf] zflGt egs] f] s] xf] lg ;/ < lzIfs M lbuf] zflGt egs] f] eljiodf ;dfhsf JolStx¿lar c;dembf/L gxg' ] cj:yf xf] . åGåsf sf/0fx¿nfO{ ;dod} klxrfg u/L Gog\" Ls/0f jf cGTo u/L zflGt sfod ug{' g} lbuf] zflGt xf] . lbuf] zflGtn] jtd{ fgsf] Ifl0fs zflGtnfO{ dfq} ghgfO{ bL3s{ fnLg zflGtnfO{ kl| tlalDat u5{ . bu' f{ M Pp6f klqsfdf åGå ljsf;sf] kj\" fw{ f/ xf] eGg] nl] vPsf] lyof] . t/ oxf“ t zflGtnfO{ kj\" fw{ f/sf ¿kdf k:| tt' ul/Psf] 5 . bj' n} fO{ s;/L ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/sf ¿kdf xg] { ;S5f,“} ;/ < lzIfs M o;n] efl} ts åGå / eme} mu8fnfO{ eGg vfh] s] f] xfO] g . cGt/ljm| of dGygn] gof“ ljrf/ pTkGg u5{ . o:tf] åGån] ljsf;sf] gof“ af6f] vfl] nlbG5 egs] f] xf] . To:t} zflGtk0\" f{ cj:yfdf dfq ljsf;sf ultljlwn] tLjt| f kfpg] / lagf cj/fw] sfo{ ;DkGg xg' ] cj:yf /xG5 . afa/' fd M zflGt :yfkgf ug{ s] ugk{' 5,{ ;/ < lzIfs M ;dfhdf /xs] f JolStx¿lar Ps cfk;df ke| fjsf/L tl/sfn] ;j+ fb xg' k' 5{ . ;j+ fbn] g} Pscsfn{ fO{ a‰' g ;xofu] u5{ . ;dfge' l\" t klg zflGt :yfkgf ug{] Ps dfWod xf] . egfO / u/fOdf Ps¿ktf, ug{ nfus] f] sfdn] ug{] c;/ jf ke| fjsf] kj\" fg{ d' fg, ;sf/fTds lrGtg / ;j] fefj h:tf kIfx¿ klg zflGt :yfkgfsf kd| v' tTTj xg' \\ . o; an] f cfÇgf] ;fr] / sfos{ f af/d] f :jdN\" ofªs\\ g ug{' g} w/] } /fdf| ] xf] . 24 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bljm| ofsnfk != ‘;fIf/tf g} bz] ljsf;sf] dV' o cfwf/ xf’] eGg] zLifs{ df jStT[ j snf kl| tofl] utf cfofh] gf ugx{' f;] \\ . @= cgfk} rfl/s lzIff sfoj{ m| daf6 tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf ;fIf/ ePsf JolStnfO{ e6] L ;fIf/tf sfoj{ m| dn] pgLx¿nfO{ k¥' ofPsf] kmfObfx¿ l6kf6] u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . #= s] dfly pNnv] ul/Psf] ;fIf/tfsf] kl/efiff km/s Ifdtf ePsf ljbo\\ fyLx{ ¿sf] ;Gbed{ f pkoS' t xfn] f < ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . $= pbo\\ dzLntfsf ljzi] ftfx¿sf af/d] f sIffdf 5nkmn u/L rf6{ agfpgx' f;] \\ . %= ‘pbo\\ dzLntf ljsf;sf] kj\" ;{ t{ xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ cfkm\\ gf] uxlsnf ts;{ lxt kd| fl0ft ugx{' f;] \\ . ^= ‘ljbo\\ fnonfO{ zflGt Ifq] agfpgk' 5’{ eGg] ljifodf sg' } bO' { JolStlarsf] ;j+ fb tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . &= tn lbOPsf] cgR' 5b] k9L kZ| gx¿sf] hjfkm lbgx' f;] \\ M ;g\\ !(%% df cdl] /sfsf] jfl;ª6\\ g (Washington) df hGds] f lan u6] ;\\ (Bill Gates) sDKo6' / ;Ç6jo] / Ps Joj;foL x'g\\ . dfOjm| f;] Ç6 sDkgL (Micrfosoft Company) sf dflns u6] ;\\ !# jifs{ f] slnnf] pd/] bl] v g} sDKo6' / kf| u] f| ddf cle?lr /fVy] . u6] ;\\ sf] l;hg{ f, Jofj;flos /0fgLlt / cfjm| fds kl| t:kwfT{ ds hl' Stn] ubf{ pgL Ps ;kmn pbo\\ dL aGg ;kmn eP . ;Ç6jo] / Joj;foaf6 wgL ePsf pbo\\ dL lan u6] ;\\ Ps kl| tefzfnL Joj;foL, cfljisf/s tyf dfOjm| f;] Ç6 sDkgLsf ;:+ yfks cWoIf xg' \\ . ;g\\ @)!@ df ljZjdf bf;] f| ] wgL pbo\\ dL aGg ;kmn lan u6] ;\\ sf] To; an] fsf] sn' ;DklTt ^&) va{ 8n/ /xs] f] lyof] . k|Zgx¿ -s_ lan u6] ;\\ sg' Ifq] sf pbo\\ dL xg' \\ < -v_ plNnlvt cgR' 5b] sf] cWoogaf6 s] l;Sge' of,] pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . -u_ lan u6] ;\\ nfO{ ;kmn pbo\\ dL agfpg] sf/s tTTjx¿ s] s] xg' ,\\ rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . -3_ lan u6] ;\\ h:t} sg' } Ps pbo\\ dLsf af/d] f tYo ;ªs\\ ng u/L sIffsf7] fdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 25

*= kj\" fw{ f/ lgdf0{ fdf :yfgLo ;xeflutf / jb} l] zs ;xfotfsf ;DaGwdf tnsf egfOx¿ l7s 5g\\ jf 5g} g,\\ sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ M xf,] xfdL ;fg} ¿kdf eP klg ;j] f pknAw xfO] g, xfdLnfO{ t 7n' f 7n' f sfos{ f nflu u/fp5“ f“} . ufpk“ l| t xfdf| ] lhDdj] f/L 5 . cGt/fl{ i6o« ;xofu] rflxG5 . xf,] t/ ltgLx¿n] gfkmf sdfpg] dfq geO{ ltgLx¿sf] ;xofu] dxTTjk0\" f{ 5 t/ xfdL ;j] f klg pknAw u/fpg'kb5{ . ;w“} ltgLx¿dfly e/ kgx{' b“' g} . xf,] t/ w/] } ul/a hgtf ltg{ ;Sbg} g\\ . xf], t/ ltgLx¿n] s/ j[b\\lw ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf /xG5 . cEof; kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b != ;fIf/tf eGgfn] s] a‰' gx' G' 5, nV] gx' f;] \\ . @= lj= ;=+ @)#*, @)$*, @)%* / @)^* larsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf / jb[ l\\ wb/ lar tn' gf ugx{' f;] \\ . #= hg;xeflutfsf] dxTTj pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . $= pbo\\ dzLntf eGgfn] s] a‰' gx' G' 5, pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . %= zflGt :yfkgf s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < %= zflGt / ljsf;larsf] ;DaGwaf/] rrf{ ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ cfkm\\ g} ljbo\\ fnosf] ;DaGwdf cleefjs / cGo cfuGts' sf nflu klg pkofu] L xg' ] Pp6f kl/ro kl' :tsf tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . 26 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf7 # ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/x¿ kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b d'n'ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf lglDt pknAw u/fOg] cfwf/e\"t ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/ elgG5 . bz] ljsf;sf nflu ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/ lgdf0{ f ug{ ;f| t] / ;fwgsf cltl/St pkoS' t hgzlSt rflxG5 . ;db' fodf a:g] JolStx¿sf] ;rt] gf a9fpg / :j:y /fVg lzIff / :jf:Yo ;l' jwfx¿ pknAw xg' k' 5{ . dn' s' sf] cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu o:tf cfwf/et\" ;j] f tyf ;l' jwfx¿sf] ljzi] f dxTTj xG' 5 . kf| sl[ ts ;fwg ;f| t] sf] ;bk' ofu] ug{ tflnd kf| Kt kf| ljlws hgzlStsf] vfr“ f] k5{ . o;sf nflu lzIff g} ;zSt dfWod xf] . gk] fnsf] kj\" fw{ f/ ljsf;df /xs] f ;d:ofx¿ -s_ kh'“ Lsf] cefj xg' ' . -v_ kf| ljlws bIf hgzlStsf] sdL ePsf sf/0f kj\" fw{ f/ lgdf0{ f sfon{ ] ult lng g;Sg' . -u_ pks/0fx¿sf] cefjsf sf/0f kJ\" fw{ f/ ljsf; / ;~rfngdf sl7gfO xg' ' . -3_ hgrt] gfsf] sdLsf sf/0fn] pknAw ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] ko| fu] ug{ g;Sg' . -ª_ sl7g / sdhf/] ew\" /ftn ePsf sf/0f lgdf0{ f ePsf kj\" fw{ f/x¿ laug| ] / gi6 xg' ] jm| d hf/L /xg' . -r_ af9L, klx/f,] es\" Dk h:tf bj} L ks| fk] sf] df/ lg/Gt/ kl//xg' . -5_ wflds{ / ;f:+ sl[ ts Jojwfgsf sf/0f ePsf ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] pkofu] ug{ g;Sg' . -h_ cfjZoStfeGbf a9L k/lge/{ tf a9g\\ ' / cfÇg} bz] leq kh“' L lgdf0{ f ug{ g;Sg' . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 27

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b!= lzIff JolStsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts / gl} ts ljsf;sf nflu lzIff cTofjZos xG' 5 . lzIff hLjg koG{ t rln/xg] kl| jm| of xf] . JolStn] lzIff ljleGg tl/sfaf6 kf| Kt u5{ . ;fdfGotM JolStn] cfk} rfl/s, cgfk} rfl/s jf clgoldt dfWodaf6 lzIff xfl;n ul//xs] f] xG' 5 . sg' } klg bz] sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ ;f| t] egs] f] To; bz] sf afl;Gbfx¿ g} xg' \\ . t/ ltgLx¿ ;xh, ;ljm| o / ;e' mae' mk0\" f{ 9ªu\\ n] sfd ug{ lzlIft ePsf] xg' k' 5{ . lzIffn] rt] gfsf] :t/ jb[ l\\ w u5{ . rt] gfn] JolStsf] rft} kmL{ ljsf;df 6j] f k¥' ofp5“ . lzIffn] l;k / Jojxf/ l;sfp5“ . lzIffn] u0' ffTds hLjgofkg ug{ ;Ifd agfp5“ . lzIffn] cGo Ifq] sf ljsf;sf 9fs] fx¿ vfN] g] xb“' f o;nfO{ ljsf;sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ kj\" fw{ f/sf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . lzIffn] ljleGg ljsf;sf Ifq] nfO{ 1fg, l;koS' t hgzlSt pTkfbg ug{ ;xofu] u5{ . o;n] clwsf/ / stJ{ okl| t ;rt] eO{ JolSt, kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6k« l| t bfloTj afw] ePsf] lhDdj] f/ gful/s tof/ u5{ . lzIffn] gful/snfO{ l;hg{ zLn agfpg ;xofu] ug{] xg' fn] o;sf] ljzi] f dxTTj 5 . cflys{ ljsf;df 6j] f k¥' ofpg, ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ / pbo\\ dzLn tyf :jfjnDaL aGg klg o;n] ;xofu] k¥' ofpg] xb“' f o;sf] dxTTj cem a9b\\ } uPsf] 5 . eflifs Jojxf/df ;Ifd xg' , 3/ Jojxf/ ;kmntfkj\" s{ ;~rfng ug,{ ;dfhdf kl/jtg{ sf] nflu el\" dsf vN] g, ;xL ;dodf plrt lg0fo{ lng, gl} tsjfg\\ Pjd\\ rl/qjfg\\ aGg klg lzIffsf] dxTTj /xG5 . rt] gf clejb[ l\\ w, lhDdj] f/L axg, ;xofu] L efjgf ljsf; ug{ lzIffsf] dxTTj /xG5 . @= :jf:Yo xfdf| ] bz] df JofKt ul/aL, clzIff / hgrt] gfsf] cefjdf JolStx¿sf] :jf:Yodf ckI] ffst[ ;w' f/ xg' ;ss] f] 5g} . ;a} 7fpd“ f c:ktfn vfN] g / 8fS6/ k7fpg ;/sf/ nfluk/s] f] 5 . t/ cem} klg sxL“ c:ktfn 5g\\ t 8fS6/ 5g} g,\\ sxL“ c:ktfn / 8fS6/ 5g\\ eg] cfjZos pks/0f / cfi} fwL 5g} g\\ . o; cj:yfnfO{ kl/jtg{ u/L hgtfsf] :jf:Yodf ;w' f/ Nofpg' h?/L 5 . kofK{ t kfi] f0f, /fu] sf] ;ªj\\ m| d0fsf] sdL, cfi} fwL pkrf/sf] ;l' jwf, Jofofd cflbsf sf/0f JolSt lg/fu] L xG' 5 . p;sf] cf;} t cfo' klg a9L xG' 5 . hg' bz] sf] cf;} t cfo' a9L xG' 5, To; bz] sf hgtfsf] :jf:Yosf] cj:yf /fdf| ] dflgG5 . xfdf| ] bz] sf hgtfx¿sf] cf;} t cfo' ljsl;t dn' s' sf JolStx¿sf] tn' gfdf lgs} sd /xs] f] 5 . xfdf| ] bz] df klg ;x/L hg;ªV\\ of lgs} a9/] uPsf] 5 . t/ lgoldt Jofofd, ;Gtl' nt efh] g / zf/Ll/s >dsf] cefjn] ubf{ pgLx¿df :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ bl] vPsf 5g\\ . gk] fndf xfn cfwf/et\" :jf:Yo ;l' jwf kb| fg ug{ ufp“ ;x/df pk:jf:Yo rfs} L, :jf:Yo sG] b| tyf c:ktfn ;~rflnt 5g\\ . x/s] 6fn] / j8fdf :jf:Yo :Jfod\\ ;l] jsfx¿ kl/rflnt 5g\\ . :jf:Yo ljsf;sf] csf{] dxTTjk0\" f{ kj\" fw{ f/ xf] . :jf:Yo hgzlStn] bz] ljsf;df ke| fjsf/L el\" dsf vN] g ;S5 . :j:y hgzlStn] a9L >d / ldlxgt] ug{ ;S5g\\ . 28 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

#= ljbo\\ t' \\ w/] } jifc{ l3 kd] f bu' d{ lhNnfaf6 sf7df8fd“} f k9g\\ cfPsL lyOg\\ . slxn] ;x/ gbv] s] L kd] fsf nflu ljbo\\ t' \\ / 6l] nkmfg] gfn} f j:t' lyP . l:Jfr lyRg] lalTts} sf7] f pHofnf] xg' ,] lx6/ afn] sf7] f Gofgf] xg' ,] kªv\\ f 3D' g] ePsfn] ljbo\\ t' \\ zlStsf af/d] f pgnfO{ hfGg dg nfus] f] lyof] . oL ;a} sfo{ ubf{ l:jr lyrs] f] bV] bf pgnfO{ crDd nfUYof] . 6f9f 6f9fsf JolStx¿;u“ s/' fsfgL ug{ kfpb“ f pgL 5Ss k/s] L lyOg\\ . zf/bf Onl] S6s« n OlGhlgo/ xg' \\ . ltgLaf6 k]dfn] ljb\\o't\\sf] ko| f]u ug{] ;DaGwdf w]/} s/' f l;ss] L lyOg\\ . To;} an] f cfk\"m eljiodf OlGhlgo/ xg' ] c7f6] u/s] L xg' \\ . kd] fn] w/] } ldlxgt] u//] kl9g\\ / ltgsf] ;kgf ;fsf/ eof] . xfn kd] f klg ljbo\\ t' \\ OlGhlgo/ eP/ sfd ul//xs] L 5g\\ . kd] fn] kxf8L Ifq] df sfo/{ t /xb“ f :yfgLo :t/df hg;xeflutf h6' fP/ :yfgLo vfN] ;f / vfn] fsf] kfgLåf/f ljbo\\ t' \\ lgsfnL w/] } cf6] f ufpn“ fO{ pHofnf] kfl/g\\ . lxdfnL Ifq] df xfjfåf/f kªv\\ f 3d' fP/ ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbg u/L c:ktfn, ;fgf sf/vfgfx¿ / hgtfsf 3/ 3/df lahn' Lsf] pHofnf] k¥' ofpg gt] T[ j lnOg\\ . pgn] hn ljbo\\ t' \\ gku' s] f] 7fpd“ f ;fo} { zlStsf] pkofu] åf/f ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbg ug{ ;xofu] ul/g\\ . ;fo} { zlStaf6 ljbo\\ t' \\ pTkfbg ug{] sfd dxu“ f] ePsfn] cem} klg ul/a hgtfn] ljbo\\ t' s\\ f] pkefu] ug{ kfPsf 5g} g\\ . kd] f ;fo} { zlStaf6 sd nfutdf ljbo\\ t' \\ zlSt s;/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 egL cg;' Gwfg ul//xs] L l5g\\ . ltgn] cfk\\mgf] bz] nfO{ ljbo\\ t' s\\ f] pHofnfn] ] hudu agfpg] ;kgf bv] s] L 5g\\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gk] fnsf sx] L hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gfx¿ hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf /xs] f] :yfg pTkfbg d:ofª{ b\\ L hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf tgx'“ ^( du] fjf6 sn' v] fgL hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf -ky| d_ dsjfgk'/ ^) du] fjf6 lqzn' L hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf g'jfsf]6 @! du] fjf6 ;g' sf;] L hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf l;Gwk' fNrf]s !))% du] fjf6 ef6] s] f;] L hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf l;Gwk' fNrf]s $@ du] fjf6 sfnL u08sL ‘P’ hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf :ofª\\hf !$$ du] fjf6 lrlnd] hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf /;'jf @) du] fjf6 dfb] Lvfn] f hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf kjt{ !$ du] fjf6 dflyNnf] tfdfsf;] L hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf bf]nvf $%^ du] fjf6 -lgdf0{ ffwLg_ lemd?s hn ljbo\\ t' \\ cfofh] gf Ko'7fg !@ du] fjf6 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 29

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b$= ;~rf/ ljbo\\ fyL{ hLjgdf kd] fn] 3/ k7fPsf] lr7L kU' g Ps dlxgf nfUYof] . t/ crn] 6l] nkmfg] af6 hg' ;s' } 7fpd“ f rfxs] f] an] fdf s/' f ug{ ;lsG5 . pgL :sfOk / efOa/sf dfWodn] kT| oIf ¿kdf xb] {} s/' fsfgL ug{ ;lS5g\\ . dfa] fOnd} km;] as' rnfpl“ 5g\\ / x/bd ;;+ f/el/ ;Dksd{ f /xlG5g\\ . pgsf bO' { 5f/] Lx¿ 5g\\ . pgLx¿ OG6/g6] ko| fu] u/L sDKo6' /af6 w/] } s/' f l;S5g\\ . kd] fsf aa' f klg :yfgLo ljbo\\ fnodf kw| fgfWofks 5g\\ . kd] f /l] 8of] / 6l] nlehgaf6 1fg lj1fg ;DaGwL ;dfrf/ ;G' g] ul5g{ \\ . pgL ljbz] df cfkm\\ gf cg;' Gwfgx¿ ÇofS; / Odn] sf dfWodaf6 k7fpg] / ljbz] af6 ;r\" gfx¿ kfpg] ul5g{ \\ . tf//lxt kmfg] / dfa] fOn kmfg] sf dfWodaf6 bz] df sg' fsfKrf;Dd ;~rf/ ;l' jwf ku' s] f] 5 . Pkm\\ Pd /l] 8ofx] ¿n] x/s] 306f ;dfrf/ k;| f/0f u5g{ \\ . lghL tyf ;/sf/L 6l] nlehg ;:+ yfx¿n] yk' }| sfoj{ m| dx¿ k;| f/0f u5g{ \\ . o;af6 ;j;{ fwf/0fn] kofK{ t ;r\" gf lngs' f ;fy} dgf/] ~hg kf| Kt u/s] f 5g\\ . ljbo\\ t' l\\ agf cfwl' gs ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿ grNg] xb“' f o;nfO{ cfwl' gs hLjgsf] cleGg cªu\\ dflgG5 . %= oftfoft gk] fndf cf= j= @)&!÷)&@ sf] cGTo;Dd 8fN] kf / xD' nf afxs] sf ;a} lhNnfdf ;8s oftfoft hfl] 8Psf 5g\\ . gk] fndf ;ae} Gbf k/' fgf] /fhdfu{ lqej' g /fhky xf] . of] lj= ;=+ @)!# ;fndf ef/tsf] ;xofu] df lgdf0{ f ePsf] xf] . 36gf g=+ ! M xD' nfsL dLgf nfdf cWoogsf nflu sf7df8fd“} f al:5g\\ . pgnfO{ an] f an] fdf 3/ hfgk' 5{ t/ ;8s oftfoftsf] ;l' jwf 5g} . xjfOh{ xfhdf uP klg w/] } lbg gk] fnu~hdf sg' k{' g{] / vlrn{ f] klg xg' ] xG' 5 . To;n} ] dLgf ;d:ofdf k/s] L l5g\\ . 36gf g=+ @ M d:' tfª lgjf;L k]Daf kfv] /f ahf/df :ofp lsGg k/dZ] j/ ;fxsf] k;ndf uP . kl| tlsnf] :ofpsf] dN\" o Ps ;o ?lkof“ ltbf{ pgnfO{ g/fdf| ] nfUof] . d:' tfªdf la; ?lkofd“ f kl| tlsnf] :ofp ar] s] f kD] afnfO{ Kng] df :ofp Nofpg' k/s] f sf/0f o:tf] ePsf] xf] h:tf] nfUof] . pgn] ;8snfO{ ;r' f? ug{ kxn ug{] lgwf] u/] . gk] fndf lxdfnL / kxf8L ee\" fu w/] } ePsfn] ;8s ;~hfn ljsf; ug{ sl7g / vlrn{ f] 5 . olb ;8s ;~hfn ljsf; u/] ;8s oftfoft g} gk] fnsf nflu tn' gfTds ¿kdf ;n' e, ;:tf] Pjd\\ e/kbf{] oftfoft xf] . o;y{ rfn' t/] f“} ofh] gfn] ;8s oftfoftsf] Ifq] df lgDg lnlvt /0fgLltx¿ lnPsf] 5 M -s_ lhNnf ;b/ds' fd tyf dxTTjk0\" f{ l;dfgfsf] gfsfnfO{ hf8] g\\ ] ;fdfl/s ;8s ;~hfn lgdf0{ f sfon{ fO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] nufot ;x/L ;8ssf] lgdf0{ f, :t/fG] glt Pjd\\ ljsf;nfO{ kf| yldstf lbg,] 30 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

-v_ sf7df8f“} pkTosfnfO{ t/fO;{ u“ hf8] g\\ ] js} lNks /fhdfus{ f] lgdf0{ f sfo{ yfngL ug,{] -u_ 3gf a:tL / l;dfgf Ifq] sf] ljsf;sf ;fy} sl[ if Pjd\\ cfb} o\\ fl] us kb} fjf/sf] Jofkfl/s sG] b| Pjd\\ ahf/;Ddsf] kxr“' ;xh agfpg] . o;sf nflu t/fO{ / kxf8L Ifq] df kg{] ;fdl/s dxTTjsf ;8sx¿sf] :t/fG] glt ug,{] -3_ bu' d{ Ifq] df ;j] fdf kxr'“ gePsf / cflys{ bl[ i6sf0] fn] ;Defjgf afs] s] f Ifq] x¿ hf8] g\\ ] kj\" { klZrd, pTt/ blIf0f, dWo kxf8L ;8s sfl] /8f/] sf] ljsf; ug,{] -ª_ kj\" { klZrd /fhdfun{ fO{ Pl;ofnL /fhdfu{ tyf Ifq] Lo Jofkf/ dfus{ f ¿kdf ljsf; ug,{] -r_ ljbo\\ dfg ;8sx¿sf] ddt{ ;Def/, kg' Mlgdf0{ f tyf ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ofh] gfabw\\ ;8s ;DklTt Joj:yfkg k0| ffnLsf] ljsf; ug,{] -5_ ljsG] bL| s/0fsf] gLltcg¿' k :yfgLo ;8sx¿sf] ;~rfng / ddt{ ;Def/sf] lhDdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfox¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug,{] -´_ ;8s ;/' Iff, jftfj/0f / cGo cWoog sfon{ fO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg,] -`_ hndfu,{ /n] dfu{ tyf /Hhd' fu{ h:tf oftfoftsf js} lNks kl| jlw oS' t ;fwgx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu sfoj{ m| d ;?' ug,{] -6_ ;8snufot j}slNks oftfoftsf] ljsf;df lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf cfslif{t ug{ sfgg' L Pjd\\ lgodgsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;do ;fkI] f kl/dfhg{ u/L Jofjxfl/s tyf ;/n agfpg] . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 31

gk] fnsf sx] L /fhdfu{ / sf8] g=+ jm| = ;=+ sf]8 hf8] g\\ ] :yfg /fhdfus{ f] gfd nDafO != @= H01 d]rL–dxfsfnL dxG] b| /fhdfu{ !@&=^& ls= ld= #= H02 $= H03 jL/u~h–sf7df8f}“ lqej' g /fhky !**=&(ls= ld= %= H0b\\w ^= H05 sf7df8f}“–sf]bf/L c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ !!@=*# ls= ld= H06 gfl} a;–] kfv] /f kY[ jL /fhdfu{ !&#=$# ls= ld= gf/fo0f3f6–d'lUnª dbg cfl>t /fhdfu{ #^=!^ ls= ld= kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |ble6\\6fdf8] –l;Gw'nLljkL /fhdfu{!(* ls= ld= w'lnv]n &= H07 s]rgf–tfKn]h'ª dr] L /fhdfu{ @^& ls= ld= *= H08 (= H09 /fgL–lxn] sf;] L /fhdfu{ !!! ls= ld= !)= H10 !!= H11 sbdfx–;Nn]/L ;u/dfyf /fhdfu{ @^% ls= ld= !@= H12 !#= H13 ;g' fn} L–kfv] /f l;bw\\ fy{ /fhdfu{ !*# ls= ld= !$= H114 !%= H15 cd]lnof–d'l;sf]6 /fKtL /fhdfu{ !(^ ls= ld= g]kfnu~h–;'v]{t /Tg /fhdfu{ !!# ls= ld= ;'v]t{ –h'Dnf s0ffn{ L /fhdfu{ @!) ls= ld= df]xgfk'n–bfr'{nf dxfsfnL /fhdfu{ #@) ls= ld= :ofpn] ahf/ ;t] L /fhdfu{ ^$ ls= ld= ^= vfg] kfgL lkpg] kfgL dfgj hLjgsf nflu geO{ gxg' ] j:t' xf] . o;sf] cefjdf JolSt afR“ g ;Sbg} . gk] fndf xfn;Dd klg Ps ltxfOeGbf a9L hgtfnfO{ lkpg] kfgLsf] ;l' jwf k¥' ofpg ;lsPsf] 5g} . a9b\\ f] ;x/Ls/0f, cfb} o\\ fu] Ls/0f / a9b\\ f] hg;ªV\\ ofsf] rfkn] ubf{ lkpg] kfgLsf] dfu a9g\\ uO{ lkpg] kfgLsf] ;f| t] vfH] g 6f9f hfgk' g{] afWotf 5 . lkpg] kfgLsf] ;f| t] x¿ a;fa] f; Ifq] eGbf efu} fl] ns ¿kdf 6f9f xg' fn] kl/ofh] gfsf] vr{ jb[ l\\ w xg' ] ;d:of /xs] f] 5 . lgdf0{ f ;fduL| x¿sf] :t/ jb[ l\\ w, bIf hgzlStsf] pTkfbg, kz| fw] g k0| ffnLsf] :yfkgf, ;r\" gf Joj:yfkg 32 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

k0| ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L o;df ;w' f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} /fli6o« tyf cGt/fl{ i6o« lgsfox¿sf] ;xofu] df cfwl' gs kl| jlwsf] pkofu] u/L lkpg] kfgLsf] zb' w\\ tf / ljt/0f k0| ffnLdf ;w' f/ ug{ ;lsG5 . lkpg] kfgLsf] rx' fj6, ;f| t] sf] ;/+ If0f tyf kfgLsf] ;dl' rt ko| fu] df pkefS] tfx¿nfO{ ;hu u/fpgk' 5{ . lkpg] kfgLsf] cfofh] gf lgdf0{ fbl] v ;~rfng sfo;{ Dddf ;xefuL agfpgk' 5{ . lkpg] kfgLn] jo} lSts :jf:Yosf dfWodaf6 pbo\\ fu] , xf6] n] , Joj;fo ;~rfngdf ljzi] f el\" dsf vN] 5 . To;n} ] /fHon] hgtfsf] :jf:YonfO{ klxnf] kf| yldstf lbb“ } lkpg] kfgLsf] Joj:yfnfO{ ljsf;sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ kj\" fw{ f/sf ¿kdf lnPsf] xf] . ljZje/ ;x/Ls/0f cleofg rln/xs] f] 5 . o;y{ ;x/L Ifq] df tLj| ultdf a9s] f] hg;ªV\\ ofsf sf/0f lkpg] kfgLsf] cefj lbglbg} a9b\\ } 5 . kmn:j¿k kfgLsf] zb' w\\ tf tkme{ Gbf cfkl\" tt{ km{ ;as} f] Wofg uPsf] kfOG5 . kxf8L Ifq] df klg kfgLsf] dn\" af6 plrt ljt/0f ug{] Jojl:yt k0| ffnL ;~rfngdf cfpg ;ss] f] 5g} . dn' af6 kz| fl] wt / zb' w\\ kfgL pknAw u/fpgt] km{ Wofg kU' g ;ss] f] 5g} . t/fO{ Ifq] df el\" dut hnsf] cTolws ko| fu] xG' 5 . el\" dut kfgLdf klg cf;l{] gs h:tf] ljiffSt kbfy{ kfOg] / To;af6 hg:jf:Yodf gsf/fTds ke| fj kl//xs] f] xb“' f zb' w\\ kfgLsf] ljt/0f cfjZos bl] vG5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gk] fndf jiffo{ fddf cfsfzaf6 kg{] kfgL lkpg ofU] o xG' 5 . 5fgf jf sf;} Ldf k/s] f] cfsf;] kfgLnfO{ hldgdl' g 6o\\ fªs\\ L /fv/] hDdf ug{ ;s] ;V' vfofdsf] kfgLsf] cefjnfO{ wfGg ;lsG5 . lj|mofsnfk != ‘lzIff ljsf;sf] dxTTjk0\" f{ kj\" fw{ f/ xf] .’ o; ljifodf sIffdf jStT[ j snf kl| tofl] utfsf lglDt jStT[ j tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . @= gk] fndf ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/x¿sf] ckl] Ift ljsf; xg' g;Sgs' f sg' } rf/ sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . #= cfkm\\ gf] uf= lj= ;= jf gu/kflnsfsf] zl} Ifs l:ylt uf= lj= ;= ;lrj jf j8f ;lrjnfO{ ;fw] L sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . $= cfkm\\ gf] ;db' fo jf ljbo\\ fnosf] zl} Ifs ;d:of pNnv] u/L To;sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ljbo\\ fno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt jf lhNnf lzIff sfofn{ osf] gfddf Ps ;e' mfj kq nV] gx' f;] \\ / xn' fsdfkmt{ k7fpgx' f;] \\ . %= ;?' sf] cj:yfdf wfdLemfj“ m| Laf6 pkrf/ u/fpg] / clGtd ;dodf c:ktfn cfpb“ f la/fdL d/d] f 8fS6/nfO{ bfi] f lbg] JolStnfO{ tkfO“{ s;/L ;Demfpgx' G' 5 < ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 33

^= :yfgLo c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo rfs} Lsf] cj:yfsf] ljj/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf egx{' f;] \\ M ljj/0f ;ª\\Vof -s_ 8fS6/ -v_ g;{ -u_ a8] ;ªV\\ of -3_ lgMzN' s ljt/0fsf cfi} fwL -lsl;d_ -ª_ ;/b/ la/fdLsf] ;ªV\\ of -bl} gs_ &= cfkm\\ gf] ;db' fodf :jf:Yo l:ylt ;w' f/ ug{ s] s:tf pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' nf,{ sg' } rf/ pkfox¿kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b nV] gx' f;] \\ . *= gk] fndf ;~rf/sf] ljsf; ;DaGwdf Pp6f nv] sf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . (= ‘ljbo\\ t' \\ ;xL ¿kdf ko| fu] ug{ ;sd] f c;n ldq / ug{ g;sd] f v/fa zq' xf’] eGg] ;DaGwdf cfkm\\ gf ljrf/x¿ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . !)= /l] 8of] jf PkmPdaf6 k;| fl/t sg' sfoj{ m| d tkfOn“{ fO{ /fdf| ] nfU5 < sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . !!= tkfO“{ a;s] f] 7fpd“ f dfa] fOnsf] g6] js{ ku' g] egL uf/] vf kqdf ks| fzg ug{ ;DkfbsnfO{ lr7L nV] gx' f;] \\ . !@= tkfO“{ a;s] f] 7fpd“ f ljbo\\ t' \\ h8fg ul/lbg cg/' fw] ub{} :yfgLo gfn] fO6 zfvf jf ljbo\\ t' \\ sfofn{ odf kd| v' nfO{ Pp6f lgjb] g nV] gx' f;] \\ . !#= gk] fndf ckf/ hn ljbo\\ t' s\\ f] ;Defjgf 5 . o;dWo] sx] L cz+ pTkfbg u//] l5ds] L dn' s' df aR] g ;s] gk] fnsf] cflys{ pGglt xg' ;S5 . tkfOs“{ f] ljrf/df o;sf lglDt s;n] s] sfd ugk{' nf,{ ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . !$= ;8ssf] cefjdf sg' sg' s/' fx¿df ;d:of l;h{gf xg' ;S5, hf8] L hf8] Ldf 5nkmn u/L hf8] Lsf] lgisif{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . !%= xfdf| ] bz] df oftfoftsf] ljsf; xg' g;Sgs' f sf/0fx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . !^= ljsl;t dn' s' x¿df ;8ssf] l:ylt s:tf] 5 < ljsl;t dn' s' df uPsf cfkm\" n] lrgs] f sg' } JolStsf] egfO, 6l] nlehg, OG6/g6] jf kq klqsfdf k9s] f] bv] s] f] jf ;g' s] f] cfwf/df nV] gx' f;] \\ . !&= ‘gk] fnsf] kl/jz] df ljsf;sf lgldTt ;8s oftfoft ;ae} Gbf pkoS' t ;fwg xf] .’ o; egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . 34 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b!*= kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿ bv] fpg] lrqx¿ lgdf0{ f ugx{' f;] \\ . !(= kfgL zb' w\\ ug{] pkfox¿ s] s] 5g,\\ ltgsf] ljj/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . @)= vfg] kfgL ;DaGwL hgrt] gf hufpg Ps cf6] f kDKn6] jf kf:] 6/ tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; != lzIffsf] dxTTj pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . @= :j:y hgzlSt bz] sf] ljsf;sf cfwf/lznf xf,] s;/L < cfkm\\ gf] ljrf/ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . #= xfdf| ] bz] df oftfoftsf] ljsf; gxg' s' f sf/0fx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . $= t/] f“} ofh] gfn] lnPsf ;8s;u“ ;DalGwt sg' } kfr“ cf6] f /0fgLlt pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . %= ;8s lgdf0{ f sl7g / vlrn{ f] sfd xf,] lsg < ^= zb' w\\ vfg] kfgLsf] dxTTjaf/] pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdb' flos sfo{ != tkfO“{ a;s] f] 7fpd“ f ljsf;sf kj\" fw{ f/x¿ s] s] xg' ;S5g,\\ Pp6f ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . ca tL ;a} lsl;dsf kj\" fw{ f/x¿ af9L / es\" Dkh:tf kf| sl[ ts ks| fk] n] ljgfz ePsf] sNkgf ugx{' f;] \\ . ca tL kj\" fw{ f/nfO{ klxns] } cj:yfdf Nofpg s] ugk{' nf,{ ;dfhsf hi] 7 gful/snfO{ ;fw] L ;fs] f cfwf/df / cfkm\\ gf ljrf/;dt] ;d6] b\\ } Pp6f nv] sf] gdg' f tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= dfa] fOnsf] ko| fu] ;DaGwdf tn lbOPsf h:tf kZ| gfjnL tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . tL kZ| gfjnL sg' } JolStnfO{ eg{ lbgx' f;] \\ / kf| Kt hjfkm ;d6] /] Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ M -s_ s] tkfOn+{ ] dfa] fOnsf] ko| fu] uge{' Psf] 5 < 5g} eg] tkfOn“{ ] ;ae} Gbf klxn] dfa] fOn sf;] u“ bV] ge' of] < -v_ === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === -u_ === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === === #= tkfO“{ t/fO,{ kxf8 jf lxdfnL Ifq] dWo] sxf“ a:gx' G' 5 < olb uf| dL0f ;db' fodf a:gx' G' 5 eg] ;x/L Ifq] df hfb“ f oftfoft ;DaGwL k/s] f afwfx¿ hfgsf/ JolStsf] ;r\" gfsf cfwf/df kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . olb tkfO+{ ;x/L Ifq] df a:gx' G' 5 eg] cGo sg' } Ifq] sf] ed| 0f ubf{ cfkm\" n] cge' t\" u/s] f oftfoft ;DaGwL afwf Jojwfg ;d6] L ;r\" gfdn\" s ljj/0f tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ / ;w' f/sf pkfo k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 35

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bkf7 $ k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / kl| jlw tyf ltgsf] l;hg{ zLn ko| fu] k/Dk/fbl] v g} dflg;n] cfÇgf] hLjgnfO{ ;/n agfpg ko| fu] ub{} cfPsf sg' } :yfg ljzi] fsf] :yfgLo 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwnfO{ g} k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / kl| jlw elgG5 . o:tf kl| jlwx¿ vf; :yfg / ;do ljzi] fdf Pp6f hLjg kbw\\ ltsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf kfOG5g\\ . uG' bs'| agfpg st} af;“ sf] 9ª' u\\ f| , st} hldgdf uf8g\\ ] t st} df6fsf ef8“ fdf /fVg] km/s km/s kl| jlwn] xfdf| k/Dk/fut dN\" o dfGotfdf ljljwtf ´lNsG5 . dw;] df ufa] /af6 uO' 7“ f agfpg' Pp6f k/Dk/fut 1fg l;k xf] eg] kxf8df kfgL 366\\ sf] pkofu] df csf{] :yfgLo kl| jlw hfl] 8G5 . xfdf| bl} gsL;u“ ;DaGw / ;/fs] f/ /fVg] xg' fn] o:tf kl| jlwx¿nfO{ cfwl' gs kl| jlw;u“ hf8] b\\ } ;w' f/ ub{} hfgk' 5{ . kmnfdsf] wf/ nufpg jf ef8“ fs8“' f agfpg ko| fu] xg' ] cf/gbl] v ;;fgf vfN] ;fvfN] ;L / 7n' f gbL;dt] tg{ ko| fu] xg' ] tO' g;Dd k/Dk/fut kl| jlw xg' \\ . 3/df ds} lkW“ g ko| fu] xg' ] hft“ f,] wfg s6' g\\ ko| fu] xg' ] l9sL, tf/] L kN] g] sfn] ;a} k/Dk/fut ¿kdf rNb} cfPsf xfdf| :yfgLo kl| jlwsf pbfx/0fx¿ xg' \\ . 36 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bk/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] sf] dxTTj != cfÇgf] k/Dk/fut klxrfg sfod xg' ] . @= :yfgLo ;fwg ;f| t] / l;kdf cfwfl/t xg' ] . #= jftfj/0fdq} L xg' s' f ;fy} l6sfp xg' ] . $= k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ wg{ sfod{ f 6j] f kU' g] . %= x/fpg nfus] f jf nfk] ePsf kl| jlwx¿sf] vfh] L ug{] . ^= cfÇgf kv' fs{ f lj/f;tdf uj{ ug{ kfOg] . &= ;do ;fkI] f ;w' f/ ub{} >d / zlStsf] jrt ug{ . k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwnfO{ s;/L ;w' f/ ug{ ;lsG5 < != hft“ f,] 366\\ sf] ;66\\ f ;w' fl/Psf] kfgL366\\ sf] ko| fu] @= uO' 7“ fsf] ko| fu] sf] ;66\\ f yf/] } bfp/f ko| fu] xg' ] wj' f/“ lxt rn' fs] f] ko| fu] ljm| ofsnfk tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf s:tf s:tf kl| jlwx¿ ko| fu] eO/xs] f 5g,\\ ltgLx¿sf] cjnfs] g u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ugx{' f;] \\ cEof; != :yfgLo kl| jlw egs] f] s] xf,] o;sf] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . @= :yfgLo kl| jlwsf] sg' } ltg cf6] f dxTTj pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . #= cf/g kl| jlwsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . $= k/Dk/fut kl| jlw egs] f] s] xf] < pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6 kfgx{' f;] \\ . %= k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwsf] ko| fu] sf] dxTTj pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ^= k/Dk/fut 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwdf s;/L ;w' f/ ug{ ;lsG5 < &= hft“ f] egs] f] s] xf] < o;sf] sfo{ l;bw\\ fGt nV] gx' f;] \\ . ko| fu] fTds ljm| ofsnfk != tkfOs“{ f] ufp3“ /sf :yfgLo :t/df s] s:tf kl| jlwx¿ ko| fu] ul/GYof] jf ul/G5, To;sf] agfj6 / sfo{ k0| ffnL ;fw] vfh] u/L ;r\" L tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . @= tkfOs“{ f] ;db' fodf klxn] klxn] ko| fu] ul/Psf :yfgLo kl| jlwx¿ s] s] lyP < clxn] s] s] ko| fu] df 5g,\\ sIffdf 5nkmn u/L kl| tjb] g tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9 37

PsfO M ltg xfdf| ] k/Dk/f ;fdflhs dN\" o / dfGotf kf7 ! xfdf| k/Dk/fut snf gk] fndf snf / ;:+ sl[ tsf] lgs} nfdf] / ;db[ w\\ k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf] 5 . gk] fnsf] kd| fl0fs Oltxf; O:jL ;j+ t\\ kfr“ f“} ztfAbL cyft{ \\ lnR5lj sfnbl] v ;?' ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ xfn;Dd pknAw kd| f0fx¿sf cfwf/df dgg ubf{ gk] fnL snfsf] kf| dfl0fs ;do O:jL ;j+ t\\ klxnf] ztfAbL jf ;fe] Gbf sx] L cufl8nfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 . gk] fnL snf k/Dk/fut wd{ / ;:+ sf/;u“ ;DalGwt /lxcfPsf] 5 . t;y{ xfdf| ] snfdf bj] L, bj] tf / oxfs“ f ;:+ sl[ t kl| tlalDat ePsf 5g\\ . gk] fnL sflnu9x¿n] jb] , k/' f0f, wdz{ f:q, afb} w\\ uG| y cflbdf jl0ft{ bj] L bj] tfx¿nfO{ cfÇgf sz' n l;kåf/f df6f,] sf7, 9ª' u\\ f, wft,' leTtf, sk8f, sfuhdf ptf//] ;fsf/ ¿k lbb“ } cfPsf 5g\\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b g]kfnL snfcGtu{t d\"lt{snf, jf:t'snf / lrqsnf k5{g\\ . o; kf7df lrqsnfsf af/d] f ;ªI\\ fk] df sx] L rrf{ ul/G5 M != gk] fnL lrqsnf lnR5lj sfndf ags] f cgs] f“} pTsi[ 6 dl\" tx{ ¿ kfOPtf klg tTsfnLg lrqsnfsf sg' } gdg' f xfn pknAw 5g} g\\ . lrqfªs\\ gsf] sfd ;fwf/0ftof sfuh, sk8f, tf8kq tyf 3/, ljxf/ jf dlGb/sf leTtfh:tf g/d ;txdfly ul/g] xg' fn] :jefjtM dl\" ts{ f tn' gfdf lrqsnfsf] cfo' sd xG' 5 . kmn:j¿k To; an] f ags] f so} g\\ lrqx¿ gi6 ePsf xg' ;S5g\\ . lnR5lj sfndf ags] f pTsi[ 6 dl\" tx{ ¿nfO{ bl[ i6ut ubf{ To; an] f dl\" ts{ nf ;/x g} lrqsnfsf] klg ljsf; ePsf] xg' k' 5{ eGg] cgd' fg ug{ ;lsG5 . gk] fnL lrqsnf dn\" tM wflds{ bl[ i6sf0] faf6 ;qf“} ztfAbLdf ags] f] ke| fljt eO{ lgdf0{ f ePsf] kfOG5 . xfdf| ] >L l;bl\\ wnIdL ejfgLsf] kfe} f k/Dk/f, /Llt l/jfh / ;:+ sl[ tsf] emns 38 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

lrqsnfdf kfpg ;lsG5 . oxfs“ f] lrqsnfdf tGqn] dxTTjk0\" f{ :yfg cfu] 6s] f] kfOG5 . lrqsnfsf] pbb\\ Z] o snfsf/sf] :jtGq cleJolStsf nflu geOs{ g wflds{ pbb\\ Z] o kf| lKtsf nflu lyof] eGg] a‰' g ;lsG5 . gk] fnL lrqsnfnfO{ dn\" tM ltg ks| f/df af8“ /] cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 — uG| ylrq, kfe} flrq / leTtl] rq . uG| ylrq gk] fnL lrqsnfsf] ;Gbed{ f ;ae} Gbf k/' fgf] lrqsf ¿kdf uG| ylrq /xs] f] 5 . Oltxf;df pNnv] ePcg;' f/ kf| rLg sfndf gk] fnsf afb} w\\ ljxf/x¿df wdu{ G| yx¿ nV] g] / ;fg{] sfd ul/GYof] . ;ae} Gbf a9L ;fl/Psf uG| yx¿df ci6;xfl;s| f ‘k1| fkf/ldtf’ / ‘k~r/Iff’ gfdsf uG| yx¿ /xs] f] bl] vG5 . xfdLsxf“ o:tf uG| ylrqsf gdg' fx¿ P3f/f“} ztfAbLeGbf k/' fgf kfOPsf 5g} g\\ . To; an] f ;;fgf tf8kqdfly uG| ylrq nl] vGYof] . oL uG| yx¿ !@ OGrbl] v !* OGr nfdf / # OGrbl] v $ OGr rf8} f xG' y] . kT| os] tf8kqsf] bj' k} 6l\\ 6 cIf/x¿ nl] vGYof] . kqsf] dWoefudf jf 5p] lt/ ljleGg lrq tyf a6' 6\\ fx¿ nl] vGYof] . xfn pknAw g]kfnL u|Gylrqsnfsf gd'gfdWo] b;f}“ ztfAbLdf n]lvPsf] ‘ci6;xfl;|sf k|1fkf/ldtf’ u|Gy ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] dflgPsf] 5 . . o; u|Gydf k~ra'b\\w, rt':tf/f, k1| fkf/ldtf, jh;| TTj cflb bj] L bj] tfx¿ lrlqt 5g\\ . kf| rLg gk] fnL uG| ylrqsf ;Gbed{ f P3f/f“} ztfAbLsf] ‘lg:jf;tGq’, af/f}“ ztfAbLsf] ‘lji0f' wdu{ G| y’, t/] f“} ztfAbLsf] ‘k~r/Iff uG| y’ nufot pNnv] gLo 5g\\ . k~r/Iff uG| y eStk/' lrq ;ªu\\ x| fnosf] ;ªs\\ ngdf /xs] f] 5 . of] uG| y klg tf8kqdf nl] vPsf] 5 . o; uG| ydf k~rab' w\\ / ltgsf zlSt¿ksf k~rtf/fsf lrlqx¿ cªl\\ st 5g\\ . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b ci6;xfl;s| f k1| fkf/ldtf uG| ylrq 39 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

kfe} flrq gk] fnL lrqsnfsf k/Dk/fdf sk8fdf nl] vg] lrqsf] ljlzi6 :yfg /xs] f] 5 . sf7df8f}“ pkTosfsf o:tf lrqnfO{ kfe} flrq jf k6lrq eG5g\\ eg] gk] fnsf] pTt/L eu] df nl] vg] o:tf lrqnfO{ yfªs\\ f eGg] ul/G5 . uG| ylrqeGbf kfe} flrqsf] cfsf/ lgs} kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |bO= ;=+ !*!@ df nl] vPsf] 7n' f] xG' 5 . lrqdf dn\" bj] tfnfO{ lrqsf] afb} w\\ bzg{ df cfwfl/t kfe} f lar efudf / jl/kl/ ;xfos b]jL bj] tfnfO{ /flvG5 . oL lrqdf snfTds a6' 6\\ fx¿ tyf km' n, nx/f cflbsf] klg e/df/ ko| fu] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oL lrqdf bj] L bj] tfsf cltl/St vfn] fgfnf, kxf8, kjt{ , afbn, jI[ f h:tf kf| sl[ ts bZ[ o tyf hLjhGt' cflbsf cfsl[ tx¿ klg /xs] f xG' 5g\\ . afb} w\\ wds{ f dxfofg ;Dkb| fodf sg' } klg wflds{ cgi' 7fg ubf{ kfe} flrq nV] g nufpg] rng kfOG5 . sf7df8f}“ pkTosfsf gj] f/ ;db' fodf JolStsf] pd/] && jif{ ku' k] l5 eLd /yf/fx] 0f ;:+ sf/ dgfpg] kr| ng /lxcfPsf] 5 . o; dxTTjk0\" f{ pT;jsf cj;/df kfe} flrq nV] g nufpg] k/Dk/f /lxcfPsf] 5 . o; ks| f/sf lrqdf bj] Lbj] tfx¿sf] cfsl[ tsf] tnk6l\\ 6 eLd /yf/fx] 0f pT;j dgfO/xs] f kl/jf/hgsf cfsl[ tx¿ klg bV] g ;lsG5 . lrqdf eLd /yf/fx] 0f ul/Psf jb[ w\\ bDktLsf cnu cnu v6nfO{ Ps kªl\\ Stdf kl/jf/sf k?' ifx¿sf] nx/n] / csf{] kªl\\ Stdf dlxnfx¿sf] nx/n] tflg/xs] f] bZ[ o /xs] f xG' 5g\\ . JolStsf] dT[ ok' l5 lbjªu\\ t cfTdfsf] zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{} Oi6 bj] L bj] tfsf eJo kfe} flrq nV] g nufP/ wflds{ ;df/fx] ul/G5 . tL lrq cfÇgf u?' k/' fl] xt tyf cfrfox{ ¿nfO{ ;dk0{ f ug{] klg rng 5 . o; ks| f/sf] ky| f ljzi] ftM afb} w\\ dfuLx{ ¿sf] ;dfhdf kfOG5 . tL lrqx¿df dt[ ssf] gfd, 7u] fgf tyf lghsf] hGd / d/0f ldlt klg pNnv] ul/G5 . sf7df8f“} pkTosfleq ljleGg axfnx¿df jifs{ f] Ps k6s efbs| i[ 0f kl| tkbf -ufOh{ fqfsf] lbg_ bl] v ci6dL -si[ 0ffi6dL_ ;Dd lrq tyf kmf6] f] kb| zg{ ug{] rng /lxcfPsf] 5 . kf| rLg g]kfnL kf}eflrqsf cg]sf}“ gd'gfx¿ g]kfnsf ;ª\\u|xfnox¿sf cltl/St ljb]zsf ;ªu\\ x| fnox¿sf] ;ªs\\ ngdf /xs] f 5g\\ . jtd{ fgdf klg kfe} flrq nv] gnfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf ckgfpb} cfPsf cgs] f“} l;bw\\ x:t lrqsf/x¿ gk] fndf 5g\\ . 40 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9

leTtl] rq gk] fnL lrqsnfsf k/Dk/fdf leTtl] rqsf] dxTTjk0\" f{ :yfg /xs] f] 5 . leTtl] rq lgdf0{ f ubf{ ;jk{ y| d sg' } 3/, /fhkf| ;fb jf dlGb/sf ;bL{ gnfUg] leTtfdf jh| jf dl;gf] lnpg nufOG5 . To;kl5 ;kmf rg' n] 3f6] g\\ ] sfd xG' 5 . To;dfly sd/] fn] ] kfT] g] sfd xG' 5 . To;kl5 /v] fªs\\ g / /ª ljGof;sf] sfd ;?' xG' 5 . ljxf/ jf afxfndf leTtl] rq nV] g] lgodcg;' f/ sxf“ s:tf] lrq agfpgk' 5{ eGg] s/' f tfl] sPsf] xG' 5 . dlGb/ Pjd\\ axfnsf aflx/sf] leTtfdf bfof“ afof“ sD' es0f{ / /fj0fsf] lrq nl] vG5 . ‰ofndfly oIf, ab' w\\ , afl] w;TTj cflbsf] lrq nl] vG5 . bj] ux[ sf] dV' o sIfdf afl] wjI[ fsf] lrq nl] vG5 . To;sf] bfof“ afof“ j?0fx¿sf] lrq nl] vG5 . 9fs] fsf] leqk6l\\ 6 xfTtL r9s] f /fhfsf] lrq nl] vG5 . gk] fndf xfn;Dd kfOPsf ;a}eGbf kf| rLg leTtl] rqsf ¿kdf kGw|f}“ ztfAbLlt/ ag]sf] eStk/' sf] tnh] ' ejfgLsf] dlGb/leq /xs] f lrqx¿ dflgG5g\\ . sf7df8fs“} f] j;Gtk/' b/af/, sd' f/L3/ / :joDe\" l:yt zflGtk/' leqsf leTtl] rqx¿ klg ljzi] f pNnv] gLo 5g\\ . gk] fnL leTtl] rqsf ;Gbed{ f sf7df8f“} sd' f/L 3/sf leTtl] rqx¿sf] 7n' f] dxTTj 5 . oL lrq c7f/f“} ztfAbLsf xg' \\ . oxf“ cªl\\ st sf7df8fs“} f clGtd dNn /fhf hoks| fz dNnsf] dx' f/ lrq lgs} 3tnfUbf] 5 . kf \\7o |jmd ljsf; s]G |b gk] fnsf] t/fO{ Ifq] df dl} ynL ;db' fodf kr| lnt leTtl] rqsf] gdg' f 41 ;fdflhs cWoog, sIff 9