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13 rGefawGvnf; 'Dxufru ESdyfpufcH&w,f/ 'kwd,tBudrf[m NAdwdoQwdkY &efukefu qkwfqGmoGm;wJhtcsdef 1826- ckESpfu jzpfw,f/ yxrtBurd f t*vF yd -f jrerf mppyf JG (1824-1826)jzpyf mG ;pOuf reG Ef iS uhf &iwf [Ykd m t*vF yd af wuG kd unl wD ,f vYkd ArmawuG qwkd ,/f u&i&f mG aw[G m r;D ½UdI zsuqf ;D jci;f c&H w,/f yNkdy;D ta&US buuf swhJ yt;kd awuG awmh 'vD xkd yNfy;D EyS pf ucf &H jci;f rS vwG af jrmuMfu&w,/f atmutf &yaf 'o erd whf thJ peG tf zsm;rmS cikd NfraJ tmixf ed ;f ord ;f cMhJuvYkd owl Ykd &UJ ni§ ;f ye;f EydS pf ucf &H rrI S ausmef i;f Eikd jfci;f jzpwf ,/f owl &Ykd UJ v,,f mpukd yf sK;d a&; jyevf nwf naf qmuEf ikd Mfuw,/f atmuAf rmu u&iaf wtG ay:rmS Armaw&G UJ EydS uf yG rf yI vkd mawmh yt;kd aw&G UJ c&H ruI en;f en;f avQmyh g;omG ;&w,/f b,fvdkbJjzpfap olwdkY&JU aeYpOfb0&yfwnfrI[m xdkif;rIdif;oGm;NyD; touf½SLracsmifygbl;/ 1881-cEk pS rf mS u&iaf wuG owl &Ykd UJ yxrq;kH Eikd if aH &;tpn;f t½;kH jzpwf hJ ]]u&itf rsK;d om;tpn;f t½;kH }}ukd wnaf xmivf ukd wf ,/f 'vD wkd naf xmiwf m[m c&p,f meaf wbG jJzpwf ,vf Ykd txuAf rmEikd if eH YJ atmuAf rmEikd if uH ArmawuG xijfriMfuw,/f NAwd od QawuG A'k b¨ momuzkd suqf ;D &ef BuKd;pm;vyk wf ,vf Ykd xijfrivf mMuw,/f 1884- cEk pS rf mS oaD ygb&k iuf Arm\"m;jyvql ;kd wppf uk kd Armw&Ykd UJ &upf uMfur;f MuKwrf aI tmuuf yxrq;kH vwG af jrmuuf mp u&iaf wuG kd aEmS i,hf uS zf aYkd pvwT vf ukd wf ,/f u&iaf wuG vpl ½k ;kH Ny;D NAwd od QquD &wvhJ uef uef YJ jyevf eS wf ukd cf ukd f NyD; ArmolykefawGudk tEdkif,lvdkufw,f/ ta&US burf mS jzpwf muawmh 'gerYJ wbl ;l / ArmawuG NAwd od Qaw[G m A'k b¨ momuzkd suqf ;D zYkd vmw,vf Ykd ytdk;awG&JU axmufcHrI&atmif aMunmw,f/ ytdk;awG[m Ak'¨bmomudk pGJNrJpGm ,HkMunfMuolawGjzpfvdkYygyJ/ 'g aMumihf r&r;f acsmi;f bek ;f Bu;D eYJ owYl ynAhf vkd cf e;f w[Ykd m NAwd od Qukd qeuYf siyf ek uf ek vf mMuw,/f NAwd od Q&UJ b;D vi;f pce;f ukd owl tYkd &iwf ukd Mfuw,/f t'J uD ae ycJ ;l ½;kd r? ppaf wmi;f jrptf aemubf uf a&uT si?f ausmuBfu;D EiS hf awmiif l buof Ykd jyeEYf oYHS mG ;w,/f NAwd od Qukd Armjynuf armi;f xwk zf Ykd u&iaf w&G UJ tutl nuD &kd zYkd rjzpEf ikd bf ;l / bmaMumivhf J qdkawmh NAdwdoQwyf[m tdE´d,u qDyGdKifwyfom;awG tm;vHk;vdkvdkyg0ifNyD; tiftm;BuD;rm;w,f/ ytdk;bufu r,SOfNydKifomygbl;/ &mZ0ifrSm NAdwdoQudk ykefuefolawG[m ]]&Srf;olykef}}vdkYqdkMuwm[m v;kH 0rreS yf gb;l / Avkd cf e;f [m t0ikd ;f c&H w,/f vuef ucf stnchH zH Ykd jii;f qewf ,/f aoontf xd owaå jymiaf jrmupf mG wukd cf ukd of mG ;wmukd NAwd od QwuYkd otYl wuG tf xrd ;f trwS wf pcf k xm;ay;vukd wf ,/f ,aebY vD i;f NrKdUte;D u uiG ;f &UJ tv,frSmjzpfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm olusqHk;vdkY ]]Adkvfcef;uGif;}}vdkY trnfwGifaeygw,f/ 1886-ckESpfrSm NAdwdoQu rEÅav;udk odrf;NyD; oDaygrif;ESifh rdzk&m;udk zrf;qD;um tdE´d,jynfudk ydkYvdkufw,f/ olwdkYudk zrf;qD;oGm;NyD;aemuf txuAf rmjynrf mS b&k iuf jkdyevf wT zf Ykd yek uf exf <urjIzpwf ,/f t'J rD mS vn;f NAwd od QAvkd Bfu;D *&i'f ,D m;O;D aqmiwf hJ u&itf aysmwf r;f wy(f 100)EiS hf ajc&mcvH ukd of rl sm; (6)zUJG u yek uf exf <uorl sm;ukd ErdS ef i;f zvYkd ukd Mfuw,/f ri;f b;l NrKdUrmS owl wYkd ypf NJGy;D b&k iaf ,miaf qmif O;D Owrå ukd &mS azNGy;D 'wD ukd yf rJG mS tao&rvd ukd wf ,/f oaYkd yr,hf yek uf exf <uruI &rS ;f uek ;f jyijfrirhf mS quvf ujfzpyf mG ;w,/f t'J rD mS ]]oikd ;f xek af y;}} (ox;kH uav;)u ceG tf tkd yk cf sKyrf aI tmuf rSm ytdk;awGu cGefukH&eJY ytdk;\"m;orm;awG tiftm;jznfhwif;rIjzifh tjyif;txefckcHMuw,f/ yxrawmh te;D tem;u &rS ;f ya'o&mZf (p0zf )awuG yt;kd cck oH al weG YJ y;l aygi;f w,/f 'gayr,hf aemuyf ikd ;f rmS anmiaf &&T UJ MoZmvrT ;f r;kd vmawmh xuG af jy;uek MfuNy;D yt;kd awuG kd wukd af ewhJ NAwD od Qac:,vl mwhJ ]]pyD KdGi}f }wyf awGeJY Nidrf;csrf;rI,lvdkufw,f/ ytdk;awGu wzufowfrcHr&yfEdkifatmif zdpD;cH&awmh &Srf;ya'o&mZfawG&JUtvdk twdkif; trsm;pk[m Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfvdkuf&w,f/ atmufArmjynfu ytdk;awGu Ak'¨bmomudk zsufqD;rSmpdk;vdkY yek uf ewf eG ;f veS Mfuwmjzpwf ,/f &rS ;f uek ;f jyijfrirhf mS awmh yt;kd aw[G m pprf eS wf hJ trsK;d om;a&;tay:rmS tajccNHy;D cck uH mu,G Mfuwmjzpwf ,/f NAwd od Qtyk cf sKyrf aI tmurf mS yt;kd awtG wuG f tciG thf vr;f Bu;D awG &vmw,/f NAwd od Q&UJ ajr,mopaf wrG mS w&m;0iaf exikd vf yk uf ikd cf iG &hf whJ Oya't& yt;kd aw[G m ajryikd ,f myikd af wjGzpvf mw,/f yt;kd aus;&mG awG vsijfref pmG Bu;D xmG ;vmNy;D p;D ymG ;a&;aumi;f atmif vyk af qmiEf ikd vf mMuw,/f &xm;vr;f ? um;vr;f awG ay:ayguvf mawmh ajrjyeyYf t;kd EiS hf awmiaf y:yt;kd awMGum;rmS u;l v;l quof ,G rf I &vmw,/f trsK;d om;a&;topd wd \"f mwtf opaf wG 0iaf &muvf mawmwh ,/f atmuAf rmjynf yt;kd aw[G m ppwf yef YJ &wJ yaf wrG mS trxI r;f zYkd pak qmi;f ord ;f oiG ;f c&H ay r,fh &Srf;ukef;jrifhawmifay:u ytdk;awGuawmh tm;ay;rI odyfr&ygbl;/ wzef atmufArmjynfu ytdk;awGu
14 omoemjyKawwG naf qmuwf hJ t*vF yd -f jrerf mpmoiaf usmi;f rmS oiMfum;ciG &hf ayr,hf awmiaf y:yt;kd awuG awmh bkef;BuD;ausmif;awGrSmyJ ynmoifMu&w,f/ omoemjyKrpf&SifawG&JU ydkrdkxda&mufwJh ynma&;udkawmh roif&&Smygbl;/ ypönf;OpömjynfhpHkwJh ytdk;rdb aw&G UJ om;or;D awuG 'vD wkd ;kd wuwf yhJ nma&;ukd oiMfum;&&vdS Mkduayr,hf owl &Ykd UJ rbd awuG owl uYkd kd &rS ;f rod m;pk awqG rD mS bJ twi;f tyEf MHSuw,/f 'gayr,hf yt;kd aw[G m v,,f mpukd yf sK;d ruI kd yNkdy;D aumi;f atmif avvh mvyk af qmif MuvdkY BuD;yGm;wJh ajr&Sifav;awG jzpfvmMuw,f/ 'DtaMumif;aMumifh ArmawGu remvdk0efwdkjzpfNyD; ytdk;awGudk 0ikd ;f y,xf m;Muw,/f ww,d we;f v,of rm;vwl e;f pm;tjzpf ]]awmiof }l }vaYkd c:wm[m ArmawuG yt;kd awuG kd txitf jriaf o; ac:a0:wmyjJzpwf ,/f ]]awmifol}}qdkwm v,form;vdkY qdkvdkMuw,f/ NAdwdoQawG&JU cGJjcm;tkyfcsKyfrI ay:vpDoabmxm;t& ArmawGvufxJa&mufaewJh ytdk;awGudk vlrsKd;a&; w&m;rQwrI&atmif w&m;0ifjyifqifay;jcif; rjyKcJhMubl;/ NAdwdoQawG[m Armjynf&JU ½kyfypönf;&&SdzdkYom a&mufvmMuw,f/ atmufusaemufusjzpfaewJh vlrsKd;pkawGudk ulnDzdkYr[kwfbl;/ 'DvlrsKd;pkawGudk trsm;BuD; pdwf0ifpm;MuolawGuawmh tar&duefomoemjyKawGyJjzpfw,f/ tar&ud eof moemjyK 0vD s[H uuf uwf paf ,muof m yt;kd vrl sK;d awuG kd taotcsmavvh mNy;D yt;kd aw&G UJ tajc taerSeftcsKdUudk em;vnfod&SdoGm;&w,f/ &mpEk pS af ygi;f rsm;pmG tzEd ydS cf &H r&I UJ tusK;d ouaf &murf [I m wcgwek ;f u 0i<hfum;pmG ,Oaf us;r&I cdS whJ hJ yt;kd awuG kd erd uhf swthJ qiahf &muof mG ;&atmif wPk bdS ma0-wwd qf wd pf mG trsm;q;kH 'uk a© wUG ccH &hJ Ny;D jzpwf ,/f 'vD akd Mumihf ytdk;awG&JU trsKd;om;a&;pdwf\"mwfuawmh aemufwGefYaMumuf&GHUoGm;rSm r[kwfygbl;/ Ak'¨bmomudk zsufqD;zdkY NAwd od Qwyaf wuG vyk wf ,vf Ykd yt;kd awuG ,MkHunwf maMumihf vuef uuf ikd qf euYf siwf ukd cf ukd wf mukd uReaf wmwf Ykd o&d NyjDzpwf ,/f owl [Ykd m ppyf rJG mS 'wk ,d Avkd rf xm;b;l qwkd m ouaf ojycNhJyjDzpwf ,/f 'gayr,hf ytdk;awGtm;vHk;udk jcHKMunfhvdkuf&if olwdkY[m Nidrf;csrf;rIudk jrwfEdk;olawGbJ/ jzpEf ikd &f if owl tYkd e;D tem;oal weG YJ &ebf ujfzprf uI kd a&mS i&f mS ;Muw,/f owl bYkd 0eYJ owl &Ykd UJ pwd yf g0ipf m;rtI &qdS ;kH uawmh v,,f mpukd yf sK;d a&;vyk uf ikd rf tI ay:rmS yJ v;kH v;kH pNJGrrJ &I ydS gw,/f tydkif; (2) tcef; (4) vlrsKd; &rS ;f awuG ]]awmiqf }l }vaYkd c:Muwmukd ,;kd ',m;EiS hf uarmÇ ';D ,m;Eikd if aH wtG m;v;kH rmS oMduw,/f raJ cgif jrpaf tmuzf uf uwqf uEf iS hf uRe;f aygi;f wpaf xmitf xd a&muof mG ;w,/f &rS ;f uek ;f jrirhf mS awmh owl [Ykd m pukd yf sK;d a&;om;awyG /J owl Ykd tEtYHS jym; c&;D omG ;Muawmh trsm;q;kH oMduwmu qiEf iS jhfri;f ta&mi;f t0,f vyk of al wyG /J awmiof vl Ykd tac:c&H oal wuG owl uYkd okd wl aYkd wmh ]]yt;kd }}vaYkd c:w,/f te;D pyqf ;kH u yKdG (ymG t)kd yjJzpwf ,/f ajrvwbf urf mS vOl ;D a&wp0f uaf usm&f wdS ,/f qxek f (qqD ikd )f [m awmiqf tl Bu;D tu&J &dS m awmiqf vl ;kH v;kH jzpf w,/f &rS ;f jynaf wmiyf ikd ;f &UJ ta&US buyf ikd ;f tm;v;kH vvkd rkd mS trsm;ptk jzpf owl uYkd kd awUG &r,/f 'gayr,hf ajrmubf uf ukd jyerYf omG ;b;l / ajrmuyf ikd ;f rmS u&ief uef YJ u&iuf sm;awG 15-&mcikd Ef eI ;f &wdS ,/f atmuAf rmjynrf mS awmh ppaf wmi;f jrpfESifh oHvGifjrpfawmifMum;awGrSm olwdkYudk awGUEdkifw,f/ atmujfynyf t;kd EiS hf txuyf t;kd EpS pf &k wdS ,/f 'ED pS pf &k UJ Mum;rmS vrl aI &;? p;D ymG ;a&;jzpaf y:w;kd wurf I rwl nwD maw&G wdS ,/f atmujfynyf t;kd aw[G m r;D &xm;vr;f EiS hf um;vr;f awG wn&f vdS mjci;f EiS thf wl owl &Ykd UJ vyI &f mS ; omG ;vmr[I m v,G uf vl sijfrewf ,/f 'tD ajctaeu owl &Ykd UJ aexikd rf tI qithf we;f ukd jri§ ahf pw,/f txujfynuf yt;kd awxG uf atmujfynuf yt;kd awG omveG Nfy;D vyk Ef ikd wf mawUG &w,/f ymG tekd YJ paumawxG rJ mS trsm;q;kH aexikd f MuwhJ atmujfynyf t;kd aw[G m jrpuf r;f yg;EiS hf vr;f rBu;D awrG mS Arm&mG aweG YJ e;D e;D uyuf y&f adS ewhJ aus;&mG awxG uf yNdkyD;pwd fcsaysmf&iT &f wJh aus;&mG awjGzpf&w,f/ ywf0ef;usif vlrIpGJaqmifrItm;aMumifh olwdkYudk,folwdkY ArmvdkvkyfMuwm tenf;i,f&Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh
15 trsm;puk awmh owl &Ykd UJ trsK;d om;a&;toiG ?f trbd mompum;awtG ay:rmS opmö &pdS mG apmixhf ed ;f Muw,/f vrl sK;d raysmuaf tmif umu,G Mfuw,/f ynma&;qikd &f m w;kd wurf tI wuG f tciG thf vr;f awG owl rYkd mS &MdSuayr,hf yt;kd trsm;p[k m owl &Ykd UJ cav;ukd tqijhfriyhf nma&;ukd quvf ukd zf Ykd tm;ray;Mub;l / ppbf uef YJ t&ybf uf t&mxr;f trxI r;f awrG mS yg0izf vYkd n;f pwd 0f ipf m;rI en;f yg;Muw,/f trxI r;f t&mxr;f xuJ kd 0iaf &muwf hJ ten;f i,[f m vnf; tusifhpm&dwåaumif;NyD; olwdkY&JU ,HkMunftm;xm;&jcif;twGuf av;pm;MunfndKrIudk cH,l&&SdMuw,f/ tm;vHk;jcHKvdkuf&if atmufjynfu ytdk;awG[mvnf; v,f,mawmifolawG v,f&SifawGygyJ/ olwdkY[m a<u;rwiaf tmif acRwmreI YJ apmiphf n;f Muw,/f 1930-cEk pS af usmEf pS rf sm;twiG ;f urmÇ th a&mi;f t0,f p;D ymG ;ysuf uyfjzpfpOfu ytdk;awGydkifwJh v,fajrtenf;i,f[m tdE´d,u aiGacs;pm;wJh cspfwD;ukvm;awGvufxJa&mufNyD; q;kH ½;HI c&hJ w,/f t\"du toufarG;rI[m t&if;cH qefpyg;pdkufysKd;jcif;yJjzpfw,f/ pyg;&dwfodrf;NyD;aemufrSm aqmif;oD;ESH pukd yf sK;d Muw,/f aijGzpwf hJ to;D tEpHS ukd yf sK;d &mrmS q;D EiS ;f u ta&;ygwhJ tq;kH tjzwjfzpwf ,/f rod m;p0k r;f pmpyg;ukd usxD rJ mS oakd vmS ixf m;Ny;D aemuf ywkd phJ yg;uakd wmh ypJG m;awuG kd a&mi;f Muw,/f owl uYkd wqihf NrKdUay:uek of naf wqG D a&muwf ,/f at;w&hJ mopD ukd yf sK;d a&;rmS t\"ud tm;jzihf ajryEJ pS cf gpukd jfci;f ? aq;pukd jfci;f ukd ai&G ztYkd wuG f pukd yf sK;d Ny;D [i;f o;D [i;f &uG uf kd trd pf m;o;kH zYkd pukd Mfuw,/f owl tYkd e;D tyg; aeoal wtG ay: trtDS crkd jyK&whJ vuaf wUG usus vyk if e;f ygy/J owl pYkd ukd yf sK;d xwk vf yk rf uI &vmwahJ iuG kd rod m;pk pm;0waf ea&;tay:rmS acRwmo;kH pwJG ,/f oaYkd omvf n;f yGJawmfrsm;&JU aysmf&TifrIrSmvnf; rQwoHk;pGJMuw,f/ jrifhjrwfwJh aumif;rItvSLawGrSm azmazmoDoDoHk;Muw,f/ wdkif;jynfacwfrSDvmav acwfESifhavsmfnDatmif jyKvkyfoHk;pGJMuw,f/ trsm;jynof &l UJ vjkHcKHruI kd w&m;Oya'EiS hf tred tYf mPmjzihf apmiahf &mS u&f wthJ cg u,kd uhf ,kd uf kd umu,G zf Ykd twikd ;f twmwpcf jkzpwf hJ u,kd cf yH nm (oikd ;f ynm)[m yNkdy;D to;kH 0iwf hJ avuh sichf e;f awmh r[wk bf ;l / atmujfynuf yt;kd awrG mS ypnö ;f Opjöynphf wkH hJ v,of rm;awG trsm;b&J MdSuw,/f jrerf mqh &kd ,S vf pf p;D ymG ;a&;wnaf qmurf [I m jynof wl ikd ;f tay: t<ui;f rJ tmPm&iS tf jzpf usa&muvf mawmh owl wYkd awvG n;f trsm;en;f wl 'uk a© &mu&f awmh w,/f 'aD eY uek ;f jyijfriuhf yt;kd awuG awmh owl &Ykd UJ trsK;d om;tpOtf vm ,Oaf us;raI wtG ay: pNJGrpJ mG &adS eMu w,/f a&;S ½;kd tpOtf vmawG raysmurf ysuyf &J MdSuw,/f 'gayr,hf owl &Ykd UJ vOl ;D a&w;kd ymG ;ruI Mkdun&hf if te;D tem; u&rS ;f aweG YJ EidI ;f ,OS &f if yNkdy;D vOl ;D a&w;kd vmw,/f wu,thf reS jfzp&f yuf uek ;f jriyhf t;kd awuG atmujfynyf t;kd awG xuf tqrsm;pmG vOl ;D a&yykd gw,/f yt;kd aus;&mG Bu;D awrG mS trd af jcig;&mxuaf usmwf hJ aus;&mG Bu;D awtG rsm;&wdS ,/f aus;&mG aw[G m t&,G tf pm;nwD ,/f wpaf e&meYJ wpaf e&m tumG ta0;vn;f nwD ,/f yt;kd vOl ;D a&[m awmiBfu;D EiS hf vGKdifvicf &kid Ef pS cf kvk;H rSm trsm;tm;jzifh p½k ;kH vsuf&wdS ,f/ 'aD e&m[m pw&k ef;ridk f (8000)xufrydbk l;/ jrirhf m; aom awmiwf e;f ten;f i,uf Mum;jzwcf aH ewthJ Mum;rmS uek ;f yeaYf jr,mrsm;&wdS ,/f ajrmubf uuf ek ;f qikd uf ae awmibf uuf &ief D e,pf ytf xd ajrMoZmaumi;f wahJ jraw[G m tMur;f zsi;f tm;jzihf taemubf uaf ygi;f avmi;f jrpf ESifh ,dk;',m;e,fpyftxda&mufwJh oHvGifjrpfae&mwdkYyJjzpfw,f/ a&ay:aus;&mG voYkd MduwhJ ti;f av;ue[f m uek ;f jriahf jrtv,af vmurf mS &wdS ,/f ti;f av;rmS aewhJ ti;f om;aw[G m Armpum;wrsK;d yaJ jymayr,hf ArmEiS rhf wbl ;l / owl [Ykd m vvYkH 0&D ,d &MdSuw,/f owl aYkd ewahJ us;&mG wpcf k pDrSm txl;oD;oefYvkyfief; wpfrsKd;pD&SdMuw,f/ a&Tyef;xdrf? aiGyef;xdrf? yef;yJ? ,ufuef;,ufjcif;ESifh vufrIynm vkyfief;rsm;yJjzpfw,f/ 'ghtjyif tdrfwGif;pufrIvkyfief;/ a&ay:uRef;arsmajrESifh jyKvkyfxm;wJh ajruGufawGrSm txGufaumif;wJhoDESHawGudkvnf; pD;yGm;jzpf pdkufysKd;Muw,f/ tJ'DrSm ig;awGvnf; azmazmoDoD&Sdw,f/ awmiuf ek ;f awzG urf mS awmh ti;f om;vkd Armpum; trsK;d tpm;jcm;em;whJ pum;ajymwhJ awmi½f ;kd awaG eMu w,/f owl [Ykd m w;kd wurf eI n;f ygw,/f t\"ud tm;jzihf tajcmupf ukd yf sK;d reI YJ touaf r;G aexikd Mfuw,/f jcKHMunvhf ukd f &if 'vD rl sK;d pak w[G mvn;f ajr,mw;kd wuaf tmif vyk af qmiaf y;aeMuwmjzpwf ,/f yt;kd aw[G m vrl sm;pjkzpvf mNy;D trsK;d om;a&;? pyD mG ;a&;[mvn;f owl vYkd uxf rJ mS yJ tusK;d ouaf &murf &I wdS ,/f yt;kd aw[G m ajr,mukd pNJGrpJ mG vyk f udkifMuvdkY trdajrudk aumif;pGmjyKjyif xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufwwfMuw,f/ olwdkY&JU ajr,mawGudk jzpfxGef;atmif
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17 v,of rm;b0[m puvf pkd O;f pm;ÓPrf o;kH &bJ vyk &f wmr[wk ?f yt;kd awrG mS tntD rQ vyk af qmiwf wf Muw,/f igS ;&r;f vyk wf mr&bdS ;l / b,af e&m b,tf csed rf mS rqkd tpOtf vmt& vupf m;vukd Nfy;D aysm&f iT pf mG vyk Mfu w,f/ vdktyfwJhvkyftm;udk tcsdefrSD&atmif tjyeftvSef ulnDvkyfaqmifMujcif;jzifh vkyfief;jyóemudk tcsdefrSD ajz&iS ;f Muw,/f vyk tf m;unl oD al wuG kd vyk tf m;jzihf jyevf nuf nl aD y;qyMfuw,/f vr;f azmujfci;f ? wwH m;aqmuf jci;f uohJ Ykd aus;&mG trsm;tusK;d twuG f vyk if e;f awrG mS ajym&erf vbkd J wm0eof pd mG eYJ BuKd;pm;yg0if aqmi&f uG Mfuw,/f tvtkd avsmuf wm0eof rd eI YJ aus;&mG oe&Yf iS ;f atmif jyKvyk xf m;Muygw,/f aus;&mG wikd ;f rmS trsm;o;kH pzJG Ykd a&EiS hf oe&Yf iS ;f rtI rd of mrsm; xm;&adS &; prD cH ecYf jJGyKvyk Mfuw,/f aus;&mG bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f rsm;[m A'k b¨ mom xeG ;f um; rI trwS vf uP© mtjzpf em;vnxf m;Muw,/f bmoma&;yaJG wmaf w?G bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f awuG ae pwipf pD ONfy;D jyK vkyfMuw,f/ rdbawG[m tdrfaxmifrdom;pk&JU tBuD;trSL;jzpfovdk aus;&Gmom;rsm;&JU pm&dwåaumif;rGefa&;udk bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f awuG Bu;D rm;wthJ wikd ;f twmeYJ O;D aqmiBfu;D rLS ;jyKMuw,/f aus;&mG rmS t&urf LS ;jci;f rsm;? ½ikd ;f yswhJ tjyKtrrl sm; r&adS p&b;l / awmw&d pmä eef YJ trd af r;G w&d pmä erf sm; owjfzwjfci;f ukd A'k &¨ UJ oiMfum;rwI pcf tk jzpf aus; &GmeD;em;ywf0ef;usifrSm rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfxm;Muw,f/ raumif;wJhtrltusifh&Sdoluawmh wpfaxmifrSmwpf a,mufavmuf b,folrS qdkqHk;rvdkYr&awmhbl;qdk&if bkef;BuD;ESifh &GmvlBuD;awGu 0dkif;y,fNyD; &GmrSwpfoufvHk; EiS xf wk vf ukd wf ,/f ½dk;½dk;aexdkifwwfaom ytdk;wdkY&JU BudKufESpfaomt0wfrSm teufa&mifjzpfw,f/ trsKd;tpm;aumif;udk BudKufw,f/ a,mufsm;u abmif;bDudk0wfNyD; cg;rSm cg;ywfywfw,f/ &SyftuÐsay:u tay:tuÐsudk0wfw,f/ red ;f ruawmh twiG ;f ctH usÐytG ay:u tay:tusÐu0kd wwf ,/f 'gaw[G m o;kd ar;G evYJ yk wf m? uwyDå gEiS vhf yk wf m? urG ;f ½;kd ci;f ouvú ywf EYkd iS vhf yk wf hJ t0wtf xnaf wbG jJzpwf ,/f ta&miuf vn;f teuaf &mi?f eujfyma&miuf bkd J tBuKdurf sm;wmjzpwf ,/f y;kd rmT ;awuG ukd jfci;f rS umu,G &f ef ';l atmuaf jcov;kH ukd t0wEf iS yhf wxf m;av&h wdS ,/f a,mufsm;a&mrdef;ryg acgif;aygif;aygif;Muw,f/ acgif;aygif;awGu ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;ay:rSm xif&Sm;ay:vGifwJh ta&miaf wuG okd ;kH w,/f &rS ;f awoG ;kH whJ zu&f iS ef rYJ wwl hJ wo;D wjcm;ypkH bH jJzpwf ,/f red ;f rO;D acgi;f rmS qi,f irf rG ;f rH xm;wmuawmh e*g;&UJ yokH Pm² ef (tred *g;r&UJ trwS vf uP© m)qxH ;kH ukd O;D acgi;f aemurf mS x;kH Ny;D qxH ;kd Bu;D awuG kd qif,ifxm;wm[m qif,ifol&JU Opömypönf;&SdrItvdkufjzpfw,f/ yt;kd awtG m;v;kH [m pukd yf sK;d a&;vyk of al wbG jJzpwf ,/f owl tYkd xrJ mS vwl e;f pm;cjJGcm;whJ tjyKtral wrG &dS b;l / p;D ymG ;a&;vyk af qmicf surf mS wpOf ;D csi;f vwG vf yrf EI iS hf t\"ud uek xf wk uf &d ,d mypnö ;f yp,ö awuG kd yikd qf ikd Mfuoal wG csn;f yjJzpwf ,/f vrl aI &;cjJGcm;rEI iS hf wm;q;D xm;jci;f r&bdS ;l / owl xYkd rJ mS vwl e;f pm;cjJGcm;rrI &wdS mu ta&;omaeNy;D A'k b¨ momawtG jzpf qi;f &oJ njfzpaf p? csr;f omonjfzpaf p? owl &Ykd bJ 0rmS owl vYkd yk of avmuf xukd wf ewf thJ usK;d &&SdrItay:rSm rSDwnfaeygw,f/ xukd wf eaf umi;f reG af tmivf yk jfci;f [m yt;kd p;D ymG ;a&;b0&UJ tajccyH \"mejzpwf ,/f owl [Ykd m pm;o;kH rtI & omcrH rI mS tveG tf uRrH jyKb;l / bmoma&;yaJG wrG mS om aysm&f iT rf &I MdSuw,/f owl [Ykd m b&k m;jzL;omG ;Muw,/f yal Zmf 0wfjyKMuw,f/ tvSL'geay;Muw,f/ 'g[m aumif;rIukodkvfjyKjcif;bJ jzpfw,f/ bk&m;zl;ujyefvm&if olwdkY&JU aepY Oyf iyf e;f whJ vyk if e;f ciG uf bkd J jye0f iNfy;D aemuxf ytf vLS 'geuok vkd af wG vyk Ef ikd af tmif BuKd;pm;tvyk vf yk Mfuw,/f ytdk;,Ofaus;rIESifh tpOftvm \"avhxHk;pHawG&JU rlvpD;qif;&m[m ta&;tygqHk;jzpfwJh bkef;awmfBuD; ausmi;f awbG jJzpwf ,/f trsK;d om;a&;pwd rf &bdS EJ iS hf vrl sK;d pwk ppf rk jzpEf ikd wf thJ wuG f trsK;d om;a&;pNJGrwJ yhJ pkH uH kd azmf aqmi&f mrmS bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f awuG tBu;D rm;q;kH tce;f u@u yg0iyf gw,/f bmoma&; tcr;f tem;awuG okd m wnaf xmiaf y;jci;f r[wk bf ;l / vrl aI &;vjkHcKHrEI iS hf vtl rsm;&UJ u,kd uf siwhf &m;aumi;f reG rf uI kd yrkd wdk ;kd wuaf patmif vr;f ñeT af y;Muw,/f aq;bu0f itf jrp?f tacgu?f tyiwf uYkd kd em;vnof &d adS tmif oak woejyK p;l pr;f avvh mcahJ om bek ;f awmf Bu;D rsm;rS tpOtf quuf kd vukd ef mvyk af qmiMfuaom bek ;f Bu;D rsm;[m wikd ;f &i;f Aad Em¨ q&mrsm;ukd aq;ynmoiaf y; Muw,/f aq;0g;rsm;ukd opyf i?f tacgu?f tjrp?f t&uG rf sm;uxwk Nfy;D treI jYfzijhfyKjyivf yk xf m;Muw,/f tcsKUd upd ö rmS awmaq;bu0f itf yiuf kd jyKwNfy;D tyal iUG caH y;jci;f jzihf u,kd vf uaf q;aMumay;Muw,/f usuaf tmijfyKxm; wJh aq;&nfudkawmh emwm&SnftwGuf toHk;jyKMuw,f/ aq;0g;azmfpyfjcif;[m jynfhpHkaumif;rGefvSonfr[kwf
18 aomvn;f acwrf aDS q;awG ra&mu&f EdS ikd wf hJ a0;vwH hJ ae&mawuG val wtG wuG af wmh tusK;d ouaf &murf &I ydS gw,/f acwrf uDS se;f rma&; tptD pOaf wG a&mu&f vdS mwahJ e&mawrG mS vtl rsm;&UJ taxaG xuG se;f rma&;[m x;l x;l jcm;jcm;aumi;f reG vf mygw,/f 'gayr,hf owl &Ykd UJ aq;0g;uok r[I m aq;jrpaf q;acguaf weG YJ aq;0g;o;kH prJG EI eI ;f [m jriahf ew,/f ouwf r;f vwJ wkd ,/f tb,tf vwyf ikd ;f t&,G rf mS aoq;kH wm tveG bf rJ sm;w,/f 'g[m yiyf e;f pmG vkyfwJh&wJh tvkyfaMumifhbJ jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ toyd nmEiS hf u,kd cf uH mu,G rf tI wwaf w[G m bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f uvmw,/f bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f [m yaJG wmf wikd ;f &UJ A[Xkd mejzpwf ,/f t;kd pnAf akH rmi;f Bu;D i,tf p[kH m bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f rmS &wdS ,/f ytJG cga&muwf ikd ;f w&l ,d mtpukH kd o;kH Muw,/f &mG om;rsm;u t;kd pnAf akH rmi;f awuG wkd ;D Ny;D pak 0;uMuw,/f vpl vk al 0;EiS hf uMu&mrmS vuaf wUG avh usichf e;f vjkdzpwf ,/f wpaf ,muEf pS af ,muuf vpl xk uJ xuG vf mNy;D owl aYkd bmi;f buD kd vyd wf iuf m owl oYkd iMfum; xm;whJ oikd ;f ynmtwwef YJ ujyMuw,/f tajccuH ,kd cf yH nm umu,G rf eI YJ oikd ;f ynmuokd i&f ef i,&f ,G of al wuG kd bkef;BuD;awGu qGJaqmifay;cJhw,f/ yt;kd aw[G m \"m;orm;tausmtf armtf jzpf &mZ0irf mS yg0icf bhJ ;l w,/f yt;kd \"m;orm;awG ppwf ukd yf aJG wrG mS yg0ifcJhwJhOyrmawG trsm;bJ&Sdw,f/ bk&ifhaemif[m tif;0udk wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf&mrSm ytdk;\"m;orm;awG pk½Hk;ac: aqmifoGm;cJhw,f/ tavmif;bk&m; ,dk;',m;udk 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkuf&mrSmvnf; ytdk;jrif;pD;orm; awG yg0ifcJhw,f/ i,&f ,G wf yhJ t;kd awuG kd bek ;f Bu;D ausmi;f upNy;D a,musfm;wwYkd wtf ywf hJ u,kd cf yH nmawuG kd &,al pcwhJ ,/f q,af usmof utf &,G uf pNy;D Bu;D jyi;f vmwthJ xd q&maumi;f awxG rJ mS tptD pOef YJ avuh siohf iMfum;&w,/f avh usifhoifMum;rIudk awmxJrSmjyKvkyfw,f/ yxrvufeufrJh ckcHrItwwfudkoifw,f/ tJ'Daemuf wkwf? 0g;wdkYESifh oiwf ,/f 'gawG wwaf jrmuNfy;D &if \"m;cwk of ikd ;f awuG kd aemuqf ;kH rmS oi&f w,/f wpwpeYJ oiwf e;f om;wpOf ;D pD [m tayguf0wpfckpDuxGuf&NyD; ¤if;wdkYudk \"m;ckwform;awGu apmifhNyD;ckwfwmudk vGwfatmifckcHumuG,fNyD; xGuf&w,f/ 'Dynm[m u&maw;ESifh *sL'dkynmwdkY aygif;pyfxm;wmbJjzpfw,f/ t&yfa'otac:uawmh vdkif a'gG i-f vikd qf mG (Aewf -kd Ae&f nS )f bjJzpwf ,/f yt;kd aw&G UJ x;l jcm;wthJ usiphf ½ukd of abmu awmowl &Ykd UJ Nird ;f csr;f aomb0ukd jrwEf ;kd jci;f ? ½;kd om;jci;f EiS hf ow&då jdSci;f wbYkd jJzpwf ,/f owl &Ykd UJ pm;aomurf [I m ½;kd ½;kd b/J owl {Ykd n0hf wjfyKruI awmh (u&irf sK;d E,G pf tk m;v;kH vvkd bkd )J ajymprwS jfyKavmuwf ,/f pukd yf sK;d vyk uf ikd of al wtG jzpf owl [Ykd m vvYHk 0&D ,d &MdSuw,/f owl uYkd ,kd wf ikd f vakH vmurf I &odS nwhf ikd af tmif owl aYkd jr,mawuG kd yiyf e;f pmG vyk uf ikd Nfy;D xed ;f ord ;f apmiahf &mS uMfuw,/f owl &Ykd UJ cucf yJ iyf e;f ruI olwyg;udk rrSDcdk&wJhwefzdk;udk em;vnfxm;Muw,f/ ½dk;om;rIb0u olwdkYudk ESdrfhcsrI? ,Ofaus;azmfa&GrI&Sdatmif qHk;roGefoifxm;rI&Sdapw,f/ b,fvdkyifcufcJrIawGUygap qdwfqdwfae? onf;cHEdkif&nfvJ &SdMuw,f/ 'gayr,hf vol m;aw&G UJ u,kd uf ,kd uf dk csKywf ;D Eikd rf [I m zpd ;D r?I wi;f rmraI tmuf usa&mucf vH m&&if pwd uf kd rxed ;f csKyEf ikd af wmbh J a'gotrsuf xuG vf mwwwf mygb/J yt;kd awuG kd cRi;f csexf m;vYkd &rmS r[wk yf gb;l / &mZ0i&f UJ tvSnfhtajymif;[m eH&Hay:rSm a&;om;xm;ovdkygbJ/ vrl sK;d wprf sK;d &UJ aemijfzpvf mrnthf aMumi;f [m ovYl rl sK;d xuJ bJ t\"ud tBu;D trLS ;jzpof al wuG ovYl rl sK;d ukd cucf jhJyi;f xewf uhJ mv tcsed tf cgawrG mS reS uf e&f moYkd O;D aqmiof mG ;ay;ztYkd wuG f rm;rm;rwrf w&f yNfy;D owrf wS f jyXme;f ay;omG ;rmS jzpwf ,/f
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25 apmbf mG ;awvG n;f cRi;f csurf &ydS gb;l / owl tYkd yk cf sKyxf m;whJ jynof al w&G UJ vrl aI &;b0 ysupf ;D q;kH ½;HI ae&whJ raumi;f q;kd 0g;awuG kd v;kH 0aysmuuf i;f atmif Eikd ef i;f pmG vyk &f r,thf pm; jynof al wtG ay:rmS owl uYkd ,kd uf sK;d p;D ymG ;twuG f aoG;pkwftjrwfxkwfMuw,f/ vlaumif;? olawmfaumif;awG[m tqdk;0g;qHk;'ku©cH&w,f/ jynfolawGtwGuf vjkHcKHruI i;f a0;Ny;D ya'o&mZpf epaf tmurf mS q;kd 0g;wthJ ajctae[m qxuxf r;f y;kd wvYkd oYkd m jzpvf mawmwh ,/f a&m*gwikd ;f twuG f uek n;f &ydS gw,/f jzpwf thJ aMumi;f &i;f ukd zsuqf ;D wukd zf suyf pjfci;f [m upk m;en;f ygb/J 'vD tkd armS ixf Bku;D usa&muaf ewuhJ mvrmS trsK;d om;a&;0g'eD YJ rsK;d csppf wd &f wdS hJ bek ;f Bu;D &[e;f aw[G m tBu;D trLS ; OD;pD;em,utjzpf &Sdaeygao;w,f/ ta&twGufenf;ayr,fh omoemh0efxrf;awGjzpfwJhtwGuf i&JcHae&wJh jynof al wuG kd u,wf i&f ef owl oYkd \"H |d mecf s q;kH jzwNfy;D jzpwf ,/f ya'o&mZpf epuf kd ajAmizf iG whf ukd &f ef pum;tm;jzihf vn;f aumi;f ? tjcm;en;f tm;jziahf omvf n;f aumi;f jyKvyk &f ef tMurH ay;oiahf o;b;l / 'vD vkd yk zf Ykd tcsed rf usao;b;l / yxrq;kH q;kd 0g;ysujfym;aewhJ tajctaeu vwG of mG ;atmif tvsitf jref vyk &f O;D r,/f vyI &f mS ;zYkd pn;f ½;kH r,qf kd &if awmi;f wvhJ xl uk tqiof i&hf wdS ,/f owl [Ykd m aemuvf ukd zf Ykd acgi;f aqmiaf wvG akd ew,/f jyKjyiaf jymi;f vaJ &;ukd owl vYkd vkd m;Muw,/f jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tpt&if;cH jyKolawGuawmh- (1) q&mawmf OD;ol&d, (jrefrmbkef;awmfBuD;xJrS MoZmtmPmt&SdqHk; *dkPf;tkyfbkef;awmfBuD;)? (2) q&mawmf OD;okeE´ (ytdk;pmay; ta&;tom; pmrlopfudk jyefvnfjyKjyifol xif&Sm;aomynm&Sif)? (3) q&mawmf OD;*E¨rm (trsKd;om; pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL;BuD;ESifh ya'o&mZfpepfatmufu vGwfajrmufatmif rD;tvif;a&mifjyol) wdkYjzpfw,f/ q&mawmEf iS thf wl tjcm;jyKjyiaf jymi;f vaJ &;ukd pwd tf m;xuof eMfuwhJ &[e;f awmrf sm;EiS hf v'l g,umwuYkd y;l aygi;f y0iMfuNy;D jyKjyivf yk af qmiMfuw,/f yxr tusiphf m&wd å jyevf naf umi;f reG af &;twuG f tpueO;D tpD tpOftjzpf a&SUaqmifvrf;ñTeftzGJUudk zGJUw,f/ ya'o&mZftkyfcsKyfol vlwef;pm;udk &efvdkqefYusifwJh tjyKtrl yokH @mef r[wk bf ;l / &[e;f oCH mtzUJG av;awG rsm;pmG zUJG pn;f Ny;D vtl rsm;twuG f omoemqikd &f m tx;l wm0ef 0w&å m;awuG kd aqmi½f uG MfuzYkd ñeT Mfum;Muw,/f p½k ;kH a&mu&f vdS mwhJ y&od wuf kd w&m;a[mMuw,/f rorm tusihf azmufjyefwmawGudk odjrifatmif ñTefjyMuw,f/ 'vD akd [majym ñeT jfywmawuG kd quwf ukd wf ;kd csUJ jyKvyk vf mwmaMumihf vtl rsm;[m tusiphf m&wd å jyevf nf aumi;f reG af tmif jyKjyizf Ykd Mum;emo&d vdS m&w,/f vtl rsm;ukd 'vD akd [majym ñeT jfywmawG yrkd adk tmijfrivf mawmh oCH mtrsm; yg0iwf thJ zUJG ukd zpJG n;f w,/f 'oD CH mtzUJG tpn;f u raumi;f r'I pk ½ukd af wuG kd wukd zf suNfy;D 'rD aumi;f rI 'kp½dkufawG[m b,fut&if;cHjzpfvmw,fqdkwmvnf; ñTefjyMuw,f/ tusifhpm&dwå jyefvnfaumif;rGefzdkY a&SU aqmivf r;f ñeT fvyk fie;f [m vtl rsm;udk csucf sif;vufiif; E;kd Mum;x<urI tod&dvS mapNy;D vlawG&JU ud,k fuh ,dk fukd ,MkHuntf m;xm;pwd af wG jzpvf mapw,/f owl &Ykd UJ b0 aumi;f reG af tmif *½jkyKvmMuzYkd owl &Ykd UJ aus;&mG ? owl &Ykd UJ vpl k vla0;? bmom? omoema&;ESifh wdkif;jynfa&;udkyg aumif;rGefatmif jyKjyifvmcJhw,f/ 1946-ckESpfrSm wdkuf½dkuf ped af c:wukd cf ukd rf aI wG jzpvf mw,/f tm;v;kH aom raumi;f q;kd 0g;raI wuG kd tjrpuf p Ewk yf ,yf p&f ef vyI &f mS ;rtI jzpf atmuyf gwuYkd kd tjrpuf rusef Ewk yf ,&f ef tvsitf jref aqmi&f uG zf Ykd vxl vk yI &f mS ;rBIu;D jyKvyk zf Ykd vyI &f mS ;vmw,/f (1) bdef;ESifhtm;vHk;aom rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;? (2) avmif;upm;0dkif;? (3) tkyfcsKyfolrsm; r,m;i,f,ljcif;ESifh (4) bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;ESifh aus;&Gmrsm;\\ teD;tem;ywf0ef;usifwGif aus;iSufwd&pämefom;aumifrsm; zr;f q;D ypcf wof wjfzwjfci;f / tyk cf sKyof vl wl e;f pm;&UJ jyKusiahf eusupd &ö yjfzpwf hJ azmujfyeqf ;kd orG ;f raI wtG ay: xad &mupf mG wukd cf ukd vf m Muw,/f EwI pf um;eYJ ajymqakd eMuwmjzpaf yr,hf jyi;f xewf ½hJ wI cf sraI wG vxl rk mS jzpvf mw,/f twtd vi;f xwk f azm½f wI cf swmaw[G m tyk cf sKyof al w&G UJ t½yk qf ;kd q;kH ½yk yf akH wuG kd azmjfywmbjJzpwf ,/f vtl awmrf sm;rsm;[m owd oaH 0*&MuNy;D jyevf njfyKjyivf mMuw,/f 1947-cEk pS uf ek cf ge;D rmS ytdk¶avGmif;Al¶]]cdkifrmaomytdk;pkpnf;rItzGJU}}udk wnaf xmivf ukd Mfuw,/f ytdk¶avGmif;Al¶u yt;kd te;D tem;rS tjcm;aomvrl sK;d pak wuG ykd g Eikd if aH &;t& E;kd Mum;vm
26 apw,/f 'tD csed uf mvtwiG ;f rmS tpn;f t½;kH tzUJG (3)c&k wdS ,/f tm&vS il ,tf pn;f t½;kH ? &rS ;f jynvf wG af jrmuaf &; tzGJUESifh ytdk¶avGmif;Al¶wdkYjzpfw,f/ vlxkaxmufcHrIESifh 'DoHk;zGJUyl;aygif;NyD; ya'o&mZfpepftay: wdkufyGJESifh 'Drdku a&pDtwGuf tjyif;txef wdkufyGJ0ifvmMuw,f/ oyd rf Mumcibf J vuwf jYkHyerf jIzpvf mw,/f yvk yd Ef iS hf vNA;D wyaf wG taxmutf uEl iS hf aemuvf ukd vf uyf g; apawuG vxl tk ay: jyi;f xeaf omEydS uf yG rf aI wG jyKvmawmwh ,/f vxl ek YJ ya'o&mZaf pmbf mG ;w&Ykd UJ tMum; y#yd u© jzprf [I m tx;l ta&;Bu;D aom tajctaejzpvf mw,/f 1948-cEk pS uf ek cf ge;D rmS aus;&mG vjkHcKHrtI wuG f q&mawmf OD;*E¨rmu ausmufwvHk;aus;&GmrSm ppfwyfzGJUwpfck pnf;½Hk;zGJUpnf;vdkufw,f/ 'DwyfzGJUudk ya'o&mZfapmfbGm; vNA;D awqG uD ord ;f qn;f &&wdS hJ vuef uyf pnö ;f aweG YJ wyqf iaf y;w,/f 'vD vkd yk vf ukd wf m[m tjcm;aus;&gma'ou acgi;f aqmiaf wuG kd vukd vf yk zf Ykd tm;ay;&ma&muof gm;w,/f rMumcirf mS bJ aemicf g;aus;&mG om;awuG vn;f ol wuYkd ,wf ikd pf pof m;awG pn;f ½;kH zUJG pn;f Ny;D ya'o&mZf tyk cf sKyof al wuG qkd euYf sizf Ykd vyI &f mS vmMuawmwh ,/f 'vD ekd YJ ytdk;awGtxJrSm ajymprSwfjyKvmMuwmu awmfvSefa&;udk yxrtp ausmufwvHk;u? 'kwd, aemifcg;uvdkYbJ jzpwf ,/f tcef; (7) ya'o&mZfpepfawmfvSefa&; XmecsKytf optf jzpf wnaf xmixf m;whJ qqD ikd rf mS jzm;AmG vaS zukd jzm;weef e;f MoEiS hf Avkd cf seZf wkH uYkd yg0if unl wD ,/f ]]yt;kd trsK;d om; vwG af jrmuaf &;tpn;f t½;kH }} (Pa-O National Organization)ukd wnaf xmif Ny;D ya'o&mZpf epf xr;f y;kd atmurf S owl vYkd rl sm;ukd vwG af jrmuaf tmif wukd cf ukd &f etf wuG jfzpwf ,/f auti'f tD kd quD vuef ucf ,J r;f r;D ausmuf tawmtf wef 0,,f wl ,/f 'vD ekd YJ 1949-cEk pS ?f 'ZD ibf mv (11)&urf mS (y.t.v. z)u e,f&Sifya'o&mZfjzpfMuaom anmifa&T? bef;,Of? [dkyHk;? aemifrGef? yifavmif;? pHum;? rdkif;yGef? vGdKifvif? rdk;eJESifh armufr,fwdkYudk ppfaMunmw,f/ tapmyikd ;f tpjyK&mwiG f (y.t.v.z)wyof m;awuG kd apmbf mG ;vNJA;D awuG t&iS zf r;f rwd thJ cg acgi;f jzwf ypfNyD; trsm;jynfolrsm;jrifEdkifatmif aps;aeYawGrSm acgif;jywfudk csdwfqGJjyoxm;Muw,f/ 'Dvdk ½dkif;pdkif;&ufpuf Mur;f MuKwwf hJ tjyKtrul kd yt;kd vxl k xwd vf eaYf Mumu&f UHG omG ;&r,thf pm; owl tYkd ay: tcrJ ausbJ yrkd tkd rsuaf 'go xuG vf mMuw,/f yt;kd vxl [k m (y.t.v.z)ukd tjynthf 0axmucf NHy;D wyzf UJG xuJ kd p½k ;kH 0iaf &muvf mMuw,/f 'aD wmh ya'o&mZuf kd qeuYf siwf mawG tveG jfyi;f xewf thJ ajctae usa&muvf mNy;D v,of rm;O;D a&tjzpf &rS ;f ? \"EkESifh tif;om;wdkYyg yl;aygif;yg0ifvmMuawmhw,f/ 1950-cEk pS rf mS awmvf eS af &;ukd axmucf wH thJ aeeYJ ]]jynaf xmipf k yt;kd trsK;d om;tzUJG csKy}f }ukd awmiBfu;D NrKdUrmS zUJG pn;f vukd wf ,/f yt;kd tzUJG csKyuf Armjyntf p;kd &eYJ &rS ;f jynef ,af umipf xD uH kd awmi;f qvkd mT o;kH ck wijfyw,/f ya'o&mZpf epuf kd zsuof rd ;f ay;7e?f 'rD ukd a&pD tciG thf a&;ay;&eEf iS hf tusiphf m&wd yå sujfym;apaom upm;0ikd ;f EiS hf bed ;f paom r;l ,paf q;0g;rsm; ywd yf iaf y;&ewf jYkdzpwf ,/f aemuqf ;kH awmi;f qckd su[f m tusiphf m&wd å aumi;f reG af &; twGufjzpfaomfvnf; ododomom aqmif&Gufay;jcif; r&Sdbl;/ yt;kd wyzf UJG (ytvz)\\ ,MkHuncf sujfzihf wukd cf ukd rf [I m yrkd wdk ;kd wuaf umi;f reG vf mNy;D ppyf aJG wrG mS atmif jrirf tI xyxf yf &&vdS mw,/f ya'o&mZvf NA;D aw&G UJ wukd cf ukd rf tI itf m; vsijfrepf mG usqi;f ,wk af vsmph jyKvmw,/f aepY Of wyrf xS uG af jy;oal wG w;kd ymG ;rsm;jym;vmw,/f ya'o&mZaf wuG ajrmuyf ikd ;f u ppuf tl opaf wG arQmvf ihf xm;Muao;w,/f ppuf al waG &mu&f if pwd \"f mwjfyewf uvf mr,vf Ykd xiMfuw,/f &rS ;f ajrmuyf ikd ;f u vNA;D wyof m; awuG kd x&yuf m; (33)p;D jzihf wiaf qmiNfy;D p0Ef uHG ac:csvmw,/f owl vYkd mwchJ &;D vr;f yeuf mywk rf mS (y.t.v.z) wyfawGu jcHKcdkwdkufcdkufwmaMumifh vNAD;awG tNyD;owfoGm;w,f/ ppyf aJG wrG mS ya'o&mZaf wqG ;kH ½;kH Ny;D ta&;erd zhf tYkd csed tf cgjzpvf mw,/f a&epaf ewohJ vl bkd J aemuqf ;kH qrJG d qGJ&m pGJudkifaew,f/ olwdkY&JU ab;MuyfeHMuyf jzpfaejcif;u vGwfajrmufzdkY tultnDay;&ef Armppfwyfudk olwdkY zwd af c:&w,/f wpwkH &m ta&;wBu;D aqmi&f uG zf Ykd tutl naD c:vmvQif ord ;f yukd zf Ykd tcikd tf rm&wdS ,/f 'pD pwf yf
27 ajymif;a&TUydkYaqmifzdkY aoe*FAsL[mudk BudKwifpDpOfcsrSwfNyD;om;jzpfw,f/ ya'o&mZaf pmbf mG ;awuG owl &Ykd UJ e,af wuG kd Mum&nS rf xed ;f Eikd af wmwh thJ cgrmS jynwf iG ;f vjkHcKHruI kd Bu;D Muyf xdef;odrf;&ef ppfwyfu tqifoifh&SdNyD;om;? &Srf;e,frsm;udk xdef;csKyf&ef tvG,fav; 0ifa&mufvm½HkbJjzpfw,f/ 1954-cEk pS rf mS ppwf y[f m wy&f i;f av;cEk iS hf yt;kd awtG ay: usL;ausmwf ukd cf ukd zf Ykd 0iaf &mupf uG zf uvf m Muw,/f ya'o&mZaf wuG kd O;D E&k UJ tutl n[D m ya'o&mZpf epuf akd xmucf wH ohJ abmawmh r[wk bf ;l / ouYl ,kd yf ikd f tppftrSeftMuHtpnfuawmh jzm;AGmvSaz autif,lrSm 'kOuú|jzpfwJh 1949-ckESpfxJu &Sdxm;wmjzpfw,f/ 'g[m yt;kd awmvf eS ;f a&;wyf (y.t.v.z)ukd yxracsreI ;f ypvf ukd jfci;f jzihf yt;kd aw&G UJ trsK;d om;a&;pwd \"f mwuf kd ysupf ;D NyKduaJG pzbYkd jJzpwf ,/f ya'o&mZaf wuG 'gurkd aqmi&f uG Ef ikd af wmh O;D Euk yt;kd awG ArmtmPmyikd uf kd b,f awmhrS qefYusifrjyK0Hhatmif woufpm oifcef;pmay;zdkY ESdrfeif;ypf&rSmbJjzpfw,f/ Armppwf yuf wukd yf xJG 0J ivf mNy;D pwukd jfci;f ? owuYkd tvsitf jreaf tmijfrirf ,vf Ykd pwd cf sxm;Muw,/f (y.t.v.z)wyaf w[G m 1950-u 1954-cEk pS xf d ppwf ukd Ef pS Mfumvmawmh ppof m;awG armyr;f aermS jzpwf ,/f Armppwf yuf awmh opvf iG vf e;f qe;f Ny;D oy,f yaf ew,/f Armppwf y&f UJ aemuyf ikd ;f eYJ eaH b;zurf mS vn;f vNA;D wyf awuG wukd cf ukd af evYkd (y.t.v.z)wyaf wuG kd v,G vf ,G ef oYJ wk of iyf pEf ikd rf ,vf Ykd wuG xf m;wm[m rmS ;,iG ;f whJ ppfa&;tuJjzwfcsufbJjzpfw,f/ qefYusifzDvmjzpfwmu (y.t.v.z)wyfawG[m ydkrkdtiftm;aumif;vmum vuef uaf wG trsm;tjym;&&vdS mMuw,/f 'gth jyif owl aYkd rQmvf ixhf m;whJ vNA;D aw[G mvn;f t&mra&mujfzpvf m w,f/ aumuf½dk;rD;vdk [kef;ueJxawmufNyD; vif;&murSdefvmNyD; usqHk;ukefMuw,f/ 1958-cEk pS rf mS ueG jfrLepEf iS hf tp;kd &qeuYf siof l t&i;f caH wuG wpjfynvf ;kH tEUHS Nird ;f csr;f a&;vyk zf Ykd 0g'jzeMYfu? Nird ;f csr;f a&;twuG f aqmiyf 'k of ;kH cuk kd azmxf wk af <u;aMumvf mMuw,/f yxr vtl rsm;twuG f Nird ;f csr;f z?Ykd 'wk ,d tp;kd &twuG f Nird ;f csr;f zEYkd iS hf ww,d wikd ;f jyntf wuG Nfird ;f csr;f zjYkdzpwf ,/f yivf pkH mcsKyf oabmwnl cD sutf & q,f EpS MfumNy;D aemuf &rS ;f jynef ,[f m jynaf xmipf xk uJ cxJG uG Ef ikd wf ,/f 'tD csuaf waG y:rmS ya'o&mZaf wuG z,f '&,jfynaf xmipf vk yk zf Ykd zUJG pn;f tyk cf sKyyf kH tajccOH ya'jyiqf izf Ykd tqwkd iof iG ;f csuaf wuG kd prD jHyKvyk xf m;Ny;D jzpwf ,/f Armtp;kd &twuG f (y.t.v.z)EiS hf Nird ;f csr;f a&;vyk wf m[m ya'o&mZpf epuf kd owzf bYkd jJzpwf ,/f 'tD aMumif;aMumifh ya'o&mZfawG&JU wpHkw&m BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIudk tusKd;rjzpf tcsnf;ESD;jzpfoGm;aprSmjzpfw,f/ wikd ;f jynrf mS Nird ;f csr;f a&;awmi;f qrkd aI wG tywl jyi;f jzpaf y:vmaepOrf mS Armtp;kd &[m (y.t.v.z)EiS hf Nird ;f csr;f a&; oabmwnl cD su&f zYkd tm;&wdS thJ ciG thf vr;f jzpvf mw,/f wcsed xf rJ mS bJ tp;kd &[m Nird ;f csr;f a&; awmi;f qvkd m wmawuG kd oabmrwl jii;f qEkd ikd wf mr[wk bf ;l vYkd t\"yd gÜ ,af umu,f El ikd wf ,/f 0eBfu;D csKytf jzpaf qmi&f uG wf hJ OAD aq&G UJ Armtp;kd &u Nird ;f csr;f a&; ur;f vrS ;f csutf jzpf (ytvz)ukd csn;f uyvf ukd wf m[m wcsuxf eJ YJ iuS Ef pS af umif uokd wzf bYkd jJzpwf ,/f jynwf iG ;f ppjfzpaf ewhJ b,wf ikd ;f jynrf mS rqkd pprf uzf uNfyKdiwf ukd af e&whJ tajctaeu Nird ;f csr;f jyevf nf &&SdzdkYeJY Nidrfoufat;csrf;jcif;&SdzdkYqdkwm vltrsm;twGuf aysmf&Tifp&m &,lcsifMuwmcsnf;jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh (y.t.v.z)[m (z.q.y.v)tp;kd &EiS hf Nird ;f csr;f a&; apph yaf jymq&kd ef wm0e,f vl ukd &f wmjzpwf ,/f Nird ;f csr;f a&; oabmwnl cD suuf kd ppD Ojfyiqf iNfy;D atmuyf gpn;f ur;f csurf sm;twikd ;f (ytvz)u Nird ;f csr;f a&; ur;f vrS ;f csuuf kd ajymqdk&ef wifjyvdkufwmjzpfw,f/ pn;f ur;f csuuf awm-h (1) ya'o&mZfe,f&Sifrsm;u olwdkY&JU tmPmpGefYvGwfrIudk wpfESpftwGif; jyKvkyf&ef? (2) yt;kd trsm;pk aexikd &f ma'oukd yt;kd a&;&maumipf uD a'oE&Å tyk cf sKyaf &;tjzpf vxl uk wiaf jrmuf onfhtwdkif; tkyfcsKyf&ef/ vEl iS vhf uef uf q;kH ½;HI rBIu;D rm;vmjci;f EiS hf (y.t.v.z)u wijfywhJ pn;f ur;f csuaf w[G m 'rD ukd a&puD sNy;D r,kwfrvGef rydkrvdk vufawGUuswJhtwGuf ppfyGJtqHk;owf&ef oabmwlnDcsuf &&SdoGm;jcif;jzpfw,f/ 1958-ckESpf arvrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;udkjrwfEdk;ol jynfolvlxktwGuf vufeufESifh 'Drdkua&pD vJvS,fa&; tcr;f tem;ukd awmiBfu;D NrKdUrmS yvJG r;f obiaf weG YJ qi,f ijfyKvyk Mfuw,/f Nird ;f csr;f a&;\\ tNy;D owf jzpxf eG ;f whJ tusK;d uawmh pp'f Pcf cH &hJ whJ a'oawrG mS yt;kd aw&G UJ vrl aI &;? p;D ymG ;a&;b0ukd jyevf njfyKjyi&f eEf iS hf jyevf nwf nf
28 aqmufEdkif&ef wdk;wufBuD;rm;vmapw,f/ 1959-cEk pS ?f {NyvD rmS uwjdyKxm;wthJ wikd ;f ya'o&mZaf pmbf mG ;rsm;[m owl &Ykd UJ tciG thf mPmukd peG vYf wT f vmMu&w,f/ vGefcJhwJh ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifupNyD; ya'o&mZf&JU tmPm[m b,fawmhrS aer0ifjzpfcJh&mu aemufqHk;rSm b,fawmhrS aemufwzef aerxGufEdkifawmhygbl;/ ppfwdkif;[m wdkufMuw,f/ wdkufNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tqHk;owfMuw,f/ tysuftpD;awG BuD;rm;w,f/ u,kd vf utf *gF q;kH ½;HI raI wG jriaf wUG Mu&w,/f 'g[m &mZ0irf mS use&f pcf whJ mawbG /J cerYf eS ;f ajct& aoq;kH raI w[G m- ta&twuG f (1) ya'o&mZfvNAD; 500 (2) Armppfwyf 1000 (3) ytdk;vlxk 600 (4) (y.t.v.z)wyf 700 (5) tdrfajc tysuftpD; 5000 tcef; (8) Nidrfcsrf;a&;ESifh wdk;wufrI ya'o&mZfawmfvSef;a&;rS atmifEdkif&&Sdaom tusKd;jzpfxGef;rIrsm;rSm- (1) ya'o&mZfpepfudk tqHk;owfoGm;jcif;? (2) upm;0dkif;rsm;udk zsufodrf;ypfEdkifjcif;? (3) bdef;pdkufysKd;rIudk wm;jrpfydwfyifEdkifjcif;? (4) tcGefawmftrsKd;rsKd; ay;aqmifae&jcif;rS avsmhyg;oufomvmjcif;? (5) a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;rsm;udk wnfaxmifvmEdkifjcif;wdkYjzpfw,f/ jyevf n&f &vdS maom Nird ;f csr;f a&;ukd cikd NfraJ tmiaf pmiahf &mS u&f e?f 'rD ;kd ua&pD tciG thf a&;ukd vuaf wUG usihf o;kH rI pwd cf sap&e?f yikd qf ikd of tl jzpf tciG thf a&;? tvyk vf yk uf ikd rf I tciG thf a&;? xwk af zmaf jymqEkd ikd rf I tciG thf a&;EiS hf tcGifhtvrf; wlnDrQw &&Sdap&ef? tapmifhta&Smuf tumtuG,fay;rnfh acgif;aqmifem,uBuD;wdkYrSm- (1) OD;ynm0Ho (rif;ausmif;? oxHk) (2) jzm;wef aumifcJ (3) jzm;wef eef;Mo (4) jzm;wef ausmif;0g&ESifh (5) jzm;wef ausmif;AkwfwdkYjzpfw,f/ trsK;d trsK;d om;tm;v;kH &UJ taxaG xnG vD mcBHu;D ukd 1959-cEk pS ?f rwvf (12)&uaf erY mS usi;f yjyKvyk wf ,/f Nidrf;csrf;a&;jyefvnf&&SdrI wnfNrJcdkifcHhap&ef tmrcsuf tcrf;tem;tjzpf usif;ywmjzpfw,f/ (y.t.v.z)rS u,dk pf m;v,S rf sm;? (y.t.r.z)rS u,kd pf m;v,S rf sm;EiS hf yt;kd ausmi;f o^l ausmi;f om;rsm; toi;f rS u,kd pf m;v,S f rsm; wuaf &muNfy;D tzuzf urf S nEd§ idI ;f wikd yf iMfuum wpcf wk n;f aom Eikd if aH &;tzUJG tpn;f Bu;D &UJ atmurf mS wpn;f wvHk;wnf;&Sdaom ytdk;vlxkudk pnf;½Hk;xm;Edkif&efjzpfw,f/ jynaf xmipf k yt;kd trsK;d om;tzUJG csKyuf kd acgi;f aqmi&f ef atmuyf gacgi;f aqmirf sm;ukd yt;kd a&;&maumipf uD trnwf iof iG ;f Ny;D wnwD ñwG cf srwS af y;vukd wf ,-f (1) Ouú| w&m;olBuD; OD;jzL (2) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; O;D ausmpf ed f (3) pD;yGm;a&;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; jzm;AmG vaS z (4) pnf;½Hk;a&;rSL; Avkd cf seZf kH
29 (5) trIaqmif jzm;pHa&T (oxHk) (6) trIaqmif jzm;oef;xGef; (oxHk) (7) trIaqmif pma&;uH (awmifBuD;) (8) trIaqmif zxD;0d'g (9) trIaqmif jzm;q&may¶ (10) traI qmif Avkd af &0T i;f O;D wn&f nrf eS ;f csutf jzpf xm;&&dS erf mS - (1) a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&; wnfaqmuf&ef? (2) ytdk;jynfe,f xlaxmif&ef/ a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&; yt;kd vrT ;f r;kd aom{&,d mukd a'oav;cck xJG m;w,/f (y.t.r.z) A[Xkd mecsKyrf S csrwS af y;aom vyk if e;f pOtf & a'oqikd &f m tyk cf sKyrf rI S tqiaf jyv,G uf pl mG vyk af qmiEf ikd &f ef jyKvyk Mfujci;f jzpwf ,/f a'oav;cuk awmh ta&SUydkif;? tv,fydkif;? taemufydkif;ESifh ajrmufydkif;a'owdkYbJjzpfw,f/ yt;kd rsm;[m v,,f mpukd yf sK;d a&;orm;awjGzpwf ,/f xwk vf yk of rl sm;? ay;oiG ;f a&mi;f csorl sm;vn;f jzpwf ,/f owl &Ykd UJ p;D ymG ;a&;b0ukd jyevf nwf naf qmuaf &;[m yxrjzpwf ,/f xwk vf yk of rl sm;EiS hf ay;oiG ;f a&mi;f csorl sm;t ay: tajccHNyD; wrsKd;om;vvHk;&JU pD;yGm;a&;udk or0g,rpepfjzifh a&&SnfcdkifNrJpdwfcs&atmif jyKvkyfMuw,f/ yxrO;D aqmivf r;f jy or0g,rrsm;ukd awmiBfu;D ? [ykd ;kH ? yivf wkH rYkd mS wnaf xmiwf ,/f t'J aD emuf jyevf nxf al xmif rI tptD pOwf pcf uk kd csrwS Nfy;D aps;uuG rf sm;twuG Ef iS hf vtl rsm;twuG f vyk af qmirf I or0g,rrsm;ukd aus;&mG tyk f pwk ikd ;f rmS xal xmiaf y;w,/f (y.t.r.z)&UJ prD tH yk cf sKyrf aI tmuuf wukd ½f ukd cf say;whJ tptD pOrf mS uawmh or0g- ,rA[Xdk mersm;rmS - (1) oeyfzuf or0g,r? (2) v,f,mukefxkwfolrsm; or0g,r? (3) v,f,mukefypönf; ay;oGif;a&mif;csrI or0g,r? (4) vlxkynma&;qdkif&m A[dkXmersm;? (5) vlxkusef;rma&;qdkif&m A[dkXmersm;ESifh (7) o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;jyKjyifa&; A[dkXmersm;/ (y.t.r.z)&JU vrf;ñTefrIay;EdkifwJhae&mawGrSm pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;tpDtpOfawGudk txajrmufatmif aqmif&GufNyD;pD;Muw,f/ awmifBuD;? [dkyHk;? yifvHkwdkYu OD;aqmifvrf;jy or0g,rawG[m titf m;w;kd ymG ;vmNy;D p;D ymG ;a&;atmijfrivf mw,/f aus;vuaf 'oaweG YJ quof ,G rf aI umi;f vmNy;D zUHG NzKd;w;kd wuf vmw,/f 'g[m Nird ;f csr;f wthJ csed uf mvrmS w;kd wurf EI iS hf omwnl rD Q aumi;f pm;a&;twuG f vr;f ziG ahf y;wmjzpwf ,/f rvl we;f ynma&;ukd roirf ae& twnjfyKay;Ny;D aus;&mG pmoiaf usmi;f awuG kd wnaf xmiMfuw,/f aus;&mG ynm a&; tpDtpOfudk us,fjyefYpGm wnfaxmifovdk vlxkusef;rma&;udkvnf; pDpOfcsrSwfay;w,f/ y*k Kd¾vwf pOf ;D use;f rmoepf rG ;f oe&Yf iS ;f a&;? a&m*gui;f a&;twuG f ynmay;tptD pOaf w?G aus;&mG oe&Yf iS ;f rpI epf trd of mrsm; xm;&zdS uYkd vkd n;f prD aH qmi&f uG af y;Muw,/f trsm;jynof l use;f rma&; A[Xkd mewiG vf n;f wnf axmiaf y;w,/f oaYkd omvf n;f 'geyYJ wof uvf Ykd vuaf xmuuf se;f rma&;rLS ;rsm; (orYkd [wk )f q&m0erf sm;? avuh sihf Ny;D t&ntf csi;f jynhf oemjyKrsm; ta&twuG [f m vakH vmurf rI &bdS J ueoYf ecf suEf iS ohf m jzpyf gao;w,/f use;f rm ryI nma&;EiS hf oel mjyKoiwf e;f ay;raI wG Ny;D q;kH omG ;Ny;D awmh use;f rma&;A[Xkd meawuG kd yaYkd qmiaf y;Ny;D vxl tk wuG f taxGaxG usef;rma&;udk Munfh½Iapmifha&Smufay;&ygw,f/ aus;&mG rsm; wpcf Ek pS wf pcf Mkum;u trsm;to;kH jyKwhJ vr;f awuG kd jyevf nwf naf qmuMfuw,/f 'gaw[G m
30 vlxku tvdktavsmuf vkyftm;ay; yg0ifaqmif&GufMujcif;jzifh vG,fulpGm jyKvkyfNyD;pD;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; aus;vuaf 'oaw[G m vsijfrepf mG zUHG NzKd;vmEikd Mfuwmjzpwf ,/f vr;f ye;f quof ,G rf aI umi;f awmh aus;&mG xwk uf ek f aw[G m aps;uuG xf aJ &mu&f wmygb/J uek xf wk vf yk rf [I mvn;f w;kd jri§ ohf nxf uf w;kd jri§ vhf m&w,/f aus;&mG umu,G f a&;tzGJUu aus;&Gmvlxk&JU touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfrsm;udk apmifha&SmufumuG,fay;vdkYvnf; vlxk&JU pD;yGm;a&; wnfNidrfrI? vHkjcHKpdwfcs&rI jzpfvmygw,f/ bdef;ESifhupm;0dkif;udk wif;MuyfpGm ydwfyifvdkufNyD; t&ufa&mif;csrIudkawmh uefYowfcsufeJY xm;ygw,f/ bed ;f EiS uhf pm;0ikd ;f ukd vukd pf m;jci;f u raumi;f wthJ usK;d quaf wG &&vdS mjci;f EiS hf q;kd 0g;pmG ab;tE&Å m,jfzpaf pjci;f ukd vxl tk m; toyd nm&&&dS ef us,uf s,jfyejYfyeYf xad &muaf tmif aqmi&f uG af y;Muw,/f rvukd ef m ysuuf uG of rl sm;ukd vn;f pn;f ur;f wus csrwS af qmi&f uG wf ,/f bed ;f paJG eorl sm;ukd wikd ;f &i;f aq;EiS hf upk m;ay;w,/f bed ;f poJG rl [wk f wJh vlwpfa,muf[m bdef;oHk;vmwmawGU&if (ytrz)u rSefuefatmif jyKjyifay;w,f/ wcgw&H ajymr&&if ao'Pfay;wJhtxd aemufxyfrjzpfatmif vkyf&w,f/ 'rD ukd a&ptD wuG f vuef uef YJ vvJ ,S vf ukd &f ayr,hf yt;kd awuG xajrmuaf tmijfriaf tmif aqmi&f uG cf MhJu w,/f yxrawmh Eikd if aH &;qe;f ppof al wuG Eikd if aH &;trmS ;tjzpf Eikd if aH &;tjrirf mS ;Ny;D trsK;d om;a&;ukd a&mi;f csw,f vYkd a0zeMfuw,/f wu,af wmh 'g[m vuaf wUG pr;f oyvf yk af qmi&f mrmS trmS ;treS uf kd wm0e,f vl yk af qmijfci;f bJ jzpfw,f/ atmifjrifrI[m jzm;AGmvSaz&JU tawG;tjrif ('óe)ESifh olY&JU vlxktwGuf 'Drdkua&pDudk rSefuefpGm t\"yd gÜ ,af zmaf y;jci;f tm;jzihf weG ;f tm;ukd yikd Ef ikd pf mG ay;vukd wf m[m rvl taMumi;f &i;f cjHzpwf ,/f uajAmi;f ujAef r[wk bf ;l / trsK;d om;a&;0g'tay: o&Yl UJ taw;G tjrif (zvD qkd zkd )D 'óe[m wikd ;f wyg;u acs;igS ;,wl m? wiof iG ;f vm wmr[wk bf ;l / wikd ;f &i;f jzpf ½;kd ½;kd om;om;bjJzpwf ,/f pprf eS wf hJ trsK;d om;0g'wD pOf ;D tjzpf ovYl al wuG kd oyl ikd yf gw,/f vlawGu olYudkydkifwmr[kwfygbl;/ olYvlawG bmvdkcsifw,f/ bmvdktyfw,fqdkwm olodygw,f/ olYvlawGudk ½dk;om;rI? opöm&SdrIeJY vHkYv0D&d,&SdrIjzifh olwdkYvlcsifwJh vrf;aMumif;udk olu jyKjyifzefwD;ay;NyD;om;jzpfw,f/ ½dk;½dk; omref em;vnfxm;jcif;jzifh olwdkYtepfemcHNyD; wefzdk;BuD;BuD; ay;cJhwJh 'Drdkua&pDudk olwdkYtav;tjrwf xm;Mu w,/f t'J g[m owl &Ykd UJ 'rD ukd a&pD vrl bI 0vr;f aMumi;f ? vrl aI &;EiS hf p;D ymG ;a&;wnaf qmurf aI wuG kd tusK;d jzpxf eG ;f apcwhJ ,/f 1962-cEk pS rf mS ppwf yuf tmPmord ;f Ny;D 1963-cEk pS rf mS jrerf mqh &kd ,S vf pf p;D ymG ;a&;wnaf qmurf vI r;f pOf ukd vrl aI &;EiS hf p;D ymG ;a&; tptD pOtf optf jzpf wiof iG ;f vmw,/f 'tD ptD pOtf & trsK;d tpm;ujJGym;whJ vel n;f pk awtG m;v;kH ukd wpcf wk n;f aom vtYl zUJG tpn;f wpcf tk wiG ;f oYkd a&mpyof rd ;f oiG ;f Ny;D vrl pI ;D ymG ;a&;pepf wpcf xk uJ kd om wn&f adS pw,/f 'pD epuf vvl cl si;f acgi;f jzwrf I r&adS p&vYkd twtd vi;f aMunmaomvf n;f jrerf mqh &kd ,S vf pf vrf;pOf (rqv)vdkYtrnfwyfNyD; BuD;us,fatmifvkyfw,f/ pifppfawmh ArmawGtwGuf ArmawGuvkyfwJh Armh vr;f pObf jJzpwf ,/f ae0if; ppftkyfcsKyfrIatmuf ya'o&mZpf epuf kd qeuYf si½f ek ;f uevf mwhJ q,Ef pS uf mv[m owl &Ykd UJ cck wH eG ;f veS wf wwf hJ pwd qf Eu´ akd zmf jy&m oabmxm;&½dS rHk Qomr[wk ?f vol m;rsK;d E,G &f UJ cikd rf maom ppk n;f rtI wiG ;f oYkd yokH iG ;f ay;xm;wmvn;f jzpwf ,/f jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf0g'[m olwdkYtwGuf EdkifiH&yfjcm;jzpf½Hkomr[kwf w&m;vGefrsKd;cspfpdwfu vGefuJvTrf;rdk;vmwm jzpwf ,/f 'gukd yt;kd awuG on;f cEH ikd rf mS r[wk bf ;l / yxrawmh owl rYkd cck bH J 'vD r;f pOuf kd jzpEf ikd of avmuf vukd f avsmnaD xjGyKNy;D a&vukd if g;vukd f aeMuw,/f 'gayr,hf atmuAf rmjynuf trsm;q;kH tv&kd wdS hJ pm;o;kH uek yf pnö ;f awuG kd owl uYkd t\"ud ay;oiG ;f ae&mu tp;kd &xed ;f csKywf hJ or0g,rrsm;u pn;f rsO;f Oya'opuf kd jyXme;f vukd wf m aMumifh olwdkYtrsm;BuD; qHk;½IH;oGm;&w,f/ v,,f muek xf wk f uek Mfur;f ypnö ;f awuG kd aps;uuG cf sjci;f EiS hf jzeaYf 0jci;f ukd xed ;f csKyvf ukd wf m[m yt;kd trsK;d om;aw&G UJ p;D ymG ;a&; zUHG NzKd;w;kd wurf uI kd [ewYf m;ywd yf if wm;q;D vukd &f m a&muyf gw,/f 'g[mvn;f rcEH ikd ?f rcrH &yf
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35 ay;vukd wf ,/f (20-3-2014) 9;47 zDtJrf (21-3-2014) 'tD rnaf jymi;f jci;f ukd nvD mcH (orYkd [wk )f nEd§ idI ;f aq;G aE;G yrJG mS trsm;oabmwql jkHzw&f ,wl m r[wk bf ;l / aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;yGJudk nDvmcHwdkY&JU rSwfwrf;oufaovnf; r&Sdbl;/ 'DtzGJUtpnf;topfudk twnfjyKw,fqdkwJh taxmutf xm; bmrrS &bdS ;l / b,af e&m b,af 'oawrG mS b,of ul acgi;f aqmiNfy;D b,vf qkd ;kH jzwof vqJ wkd m ar;p&mykpämjzpfaeygw,f/ 'gudk b,folurS rajzEdkifygbl;/ 'gayr,fh aocsmwmuawmh bk&m;r,HkMunfolawG vyk vf ukd wf mbjJzpwf ,/f wuG Mfunvhf &Ykd whJ tusK;d quuf awmh cjJGcm;xed ;f csKyzf Ykd BuKd;yr;f aeMuwhJ vu0f oJ rm; tpak wEG iS hf trsK;d om; cspof al wtG Mum;rmS tyikd ;f yikd ;f uNJGy;D qeuYf sibf ujfzpwf hJ acsmuxf uJ kd usqi;f &wmbjJzpwf ,/f q;kd 0g;wthJ jzpuf awmh &rS ;f jynef ,rf sK;d cspf titf m;tpak weG YJ em;vnrf vI rJG mS ;jci;f EiS hf &evf rkd jIyKvmMujci;f bjJzpwf ,/f owl tYkd wuG f &rS ;f jynef ,vf rl sK;d aygi;f pvkH wG af jrmuaf &;tzUJG (&.v.v.z)[m twi;f vyk ,f Nly;D w&m;r0iwf hJ tzUJG tpn;f jzpf w,/f aojGznof mG ;w,vf Ykd rwS ,f Mluw,/f owl eYkd YJ wikd yf iaf q;G aE;G jci;f vn;f r&bdS ;l / owl uYkd kd ta&;rygwthJ aeeYJ jyKrMluvbYkd jJzpwf ,/f 'jDzpaf y:rtI usK;d quuf awmh &rS ;f EpHG p[f etf zUJG EiS hf &vvztzUJG Mum;rmS vuef uef &YJ iqf ikd yf #yd uj©zp&f jci;f ygb/J urH aumi;f taMumi;f rvpS mG 'wD ukd yf rJG mS Avkd pf oH ed ;f [m towcf &H jci;f bjJzpwf ,/f obl ,vf kd towcf &H ov/J ouYl kd usnof iwhf 'hJ P&f muawmh aemubf uuf jzpaf ew,/f aemuuf ae vyk MfuoH wwf ,vf Ykd ooH ,jzppf &m&adS e ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'gudk taxmuftxm; cdkifvHkatmifrjyEdkifcJhbl;/ 1968-cEk pS f 'ZD ibf mvrmS vaS rmi[f m &vvz&UJ Ou|ú jzpvf mw,/f tck oEl iS whf muv,?f ped af &wT [Ykd m tmPmyikd af wjGzpMfuw,/f A[akd umrf wrD mS awmh rsK;d cspaf wuG trsm;pjkzpNfy;D owl uYkd awmh ten;f pok m jzpaf eMu ao;w,f/ 'gudk uGefjrLepfawGu rESpfNrdKUMubl;/ olwdkYu tMuHay;NyD; tpnf;ta0;ac:wm trsm;pk rJqE´jyef& atmif pnf;½Hk;zdkY vkyfw,f/ olwdkY ratmifjrifbl;/ wzef 'kwd,tBudrf tpnf;ta0;vkyfzdkY pDpOfjyefw,f/ rJqE´ ay;rIu olwdkYudkqefYusifNyD; vSarmifudk xkwfypfvdkufw,f/ jzm;arm[f ikd ;f ukd 'wk ,d Ou|ú tjzpf a&;G cs,vf ukd wf ,/f rsK;d cspaf wuG Ekd ikd af tmivf Ykd 'rD ukd a&pED iS hf owl ,Ykd OS f NydKifwm ESpfBudrfwdwd olwdkY½IH;edrfhw,f/ tckawmh olwdkYtiftm;oHk;zdkY uGefjrLepfawGu ajymvdkufw,f/ 1972-ck ESpfrSm wmuv,fESifh pdefa&TwdkY[m cRif;csufr&Sd tmPmodrf;,lNyD; jzm;armf[dkif;? jzm;atmifom? cGef0dZÆmESifh jzm; q&mciwf uYkd kd zr;f q;D csKyaf EmS ivf ukd wf ,/f wmuv,Ef iS hf ped af &wT [Ykd m owl uYkd ,kd wf ikd f twiG ;f a&;rLS ;EiS hf Ou|ú tjzpf vkyfNyD; &vvzudk tjynfht0xdef;csKyfvdkufw,f/ 1973-cEk pS f apmapmyikd ;f rmS jzm;AmG vaS zEiS hf O;D ausmpf ed wf &Ykd UJ awmxuJ rwd af qaG wEG iS hf quof ,G yf ;l aygi;f Edkif&ef wnfhwnfhrwfrwf xGufcGgvmcJhMuw,f/ olwdkY tHhtm;oifhoGm;&w,f/ olwdkY tdrftjyefrSm BudKqdkrI[m at;pupf ujfzpaf ew,/f rMumrrD mS bJ 'gbmaMumivhf qJ wkd m owl eYkd m;vn&f w,/f owl Ykd r&pdS Otf cgrmS yt;kd vxl k tay:rmS ueG jfrLepaf wuG tmPmyikd pf ;dk rI jzpaf wmrh nhf tajctaersK;d a&muaf evYkd owl Ykd v;kH v;kH pwd af csmucf sm;omG ; &w,/f 'gukd jzm;AmG vaS zu ciG jhfyKrmS r[wk bf ;l / o[l m trsK;d om;a&;0g'tay:rmS o&l UJ taetxm;ukd cikd rf mpmG xm;&SdNyD; olYvlawGudk olajymwmuawmh- ]]trsK;d om; ½ek ;f uevf yI &f mS ;r[I m vwl e;f pm;wukd yf xJG uf yrkd tdk a&;Bu;D w,/f owl &Ykd UJ u,kd yf ikd tf rsK;d om;a&; BuKd;yr;f ruI kd owl uYkd ,kd wf ikd uf jyKral qmi&f uG &f ef owl wYkd pOf ;D csi;f ptD ay:rmS wm0e&f wdS ,/f jyiyf u vu0f 0J g'tD ajc cHolawG&JU MoZmvTrf;rdk;cHtjzpf rjzpf&bl;}}vdkY oluajymw,f/ vxl uk owl qYkd uD kd jyevf naf &mu&f vdS mwhJ acgi;f aqmiaf wuG kd totd rwS jfyKNy;D jzpof nEf iS thf nD pwd tf m; xuof epf mG owl BYkduKdwicf ,H xl m;csutf wikd ;f pprf eS wf hJ tciG thf mPmyikd tf jzpf ay;tyMfuw,/f ueG jfrLepaf wuG awmh owl aYkd jccsNy;D jzpíf cikd NfraJ tmif wi;f wi;f uikd xf m;Ny;D qeuYf sibf ubf ,of rl qkd zsuqf ;D yp&f ejfzpwf ,/f ueG f jrLepf (BCP) twGuf jzm;AGmvSaz[m ol&efoleHywf (1)jzpfvdkY olYudkzsufqD;&r,f/ udkifwG,fEdkifNyD;oljzpfw,f/ jzm;AGmvSazeJY olY&JU rsKd;cspftaygif;tazmfawGudk qefYusifzdkY olwdkYudk wGef;xdk;vIHYaqmf rD;xdk;ay;&r,f/ owl uYkd Eikd if aH &;oiwf e;f wpcf k ppD OjfyKvyk wf ,/f 'oD iwf e;f rmS Avkd rf sK;d jriuhf oiwf e;f ay; ycYkd swrhJ ed cYf eG ;f
36 rmS jzm;AmG aMumihf tE&Å m,&f adS eNyvD Ykd xwk af jymw,/f jzm;AmG ukd vxl ak cgi;f aqmitf jzpf totd rwS jfyKxm;Ny;D om; jzpwf ,/f ovYl al wtG ay:rmS vn;f MoZmt&qdS ;kH jzpwf ,/f ovl xl qk uD kd jyevf mawmh ouYl okd m tav;tjrwtf jyK qHk;? tm;xm;,HkMunfrI tcH&qHk;jzpfw,f/ jzm;AmG ukd av;pm;*Pk jfyKtywf hJ acgi;f aqmitf jzp?f tveG tf &ntf csi;f jyn0hf whJ oiahf wmof l y*k Kd¾vtf jzp?f ydkif;jcm;a0zefwwfonfh tarQmftjrifÓPft&SdqHk;yk*¾dKvftjzpf? cHEdkif&nfpGrf;tm; t&SdqHk; trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif tjzpf totd rwS jfyKay;&rnthf pm; Avkd rf sK;d jriEhf iS hf o&Yl UJ vuaf tmucf H i,of m;awuG jzm;AmG vaS zEiS hf O;D ausmpf ed f wtYkd ay:rmS ae0i;f &UJ ovl QKad wtG jzpEf iS hf vwT vf mcohJ al wjGzpwf ,vf Ykd rnm§ rwm tjyp&f mS Ny;D toa&zsuf ½wI cf s pGyfpGJMuygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;atmifcrf;xDESifh AdkvfrSL;*Da'gifwdkY[mvnf; usOf;ajrmif;onfh trsKd;om;a&;pdwf\"mwf&Sdol rsm;jzpNfy;D ueG jfrLep0f g'ukd qeuYf siwf mcsi;f twwl bl jJzpwf ,/f 'gaMumihf owl tYkd m;v;kH [m Auyukd qeuYf siof al wG bjJzpwf ,/f waeY owl [Ykd m ae0i;f EiS hf jyevf nyf ;l aygi;f Muvrd rhf ,/f owl uYkd kd 'vD kd oa&maf jymiaf vmS ipf yG pf ½JG okH mr u olwdkY&JU toufudkyg Ncdrf;ajcmuftEÅ&m,fjyKvmMuw,f/ ½;kd ½;kd tzUJG tpn;f wpcf tk wiG ;f rmS tmPm&zdS Ykd BuKd;yr;f MuzYkd *Pdk ;f EpS cf &k MdSuw,/f npyf wrf jIzpvf m&if azmuf jym;r&I pdS NrjJzpwf ,/f &vvztwiG ;f rmS &wdS hJ rsK;d cspaf cgi;f aqmitf m;v;kH ukd z,&f mS ;ypzf Ykd vyk Mfu&H e&f adS Mumi;f ? opmö &dS aomrwd af qrG sm;EiS hf aemuvf ukd rf sm;u Mum;oMduw,/f jzKwcf sjci;f c&H whJ vaS rmi[f m wm0ecf wH paf ,murf [wk f ayr,hf vil ,af v;awyG g0iwf whJ yzf UJG ukd tyk cf sKy&f wvhJ Blu;D tjzpf cetYf ycf &H w,/f 'vD il ,wf yzf UJG av;[m raumi;f owi;f eYJ emvnBfu;D aewhJ vil ,af wxG uJ a&;G cs,xf wk ,f xl m;whJ vuaf &;G piaf wG yg0iwf ,/f 'vD il ,af w[G m ay;tywf whJ m0euf kd Ny;D ajrmuaf tmif aqmi&f uG zf Ykd avuh siahf y;xm;jci;f c&H oal wjGzpwf ,/f tao;pwd pf rD cH suuf kd a&;qGJay;xm;w,f/ vkyfMuHowfjzwfzdkY tcsdefem&Dudkvnf; ay;xm;w,f/ awmvf eS af &;ae[Y m e;D vmNyjDzpwf ,/f rsK;d cspaf wtG wuG f owl pYkd ½k ;kH aewthJ ce;f u xuG cf gG zYkd tciG thf cgaumi;f &&wdS ,/f ausmuwf v;kH rmS tcr;f tem;jyKvyk zf Ykd y&,d m,qf iNfy;D (27)O;D aom rsK;d cspaf w[G m jzm;AmG uakd c:aqmiNfy;D pce;f uae bmrS ooH ,r&adS tmif vyI &f mS ;acsmucf sm;rrI jybJ ntarmS itf csed rf mS Nird of upf mG xuG cf gG vmcMhJuw,/f owl xYkd uG cf gG vmNy;D aemuf tweMfumwthJ cgrmS aemurf mS use&f pcf whJ hJ opmö &adS emuvf ukd af wG towcf &H aMumi;f owi;f &&wdS ,/f 'td xrJ mS jzm;AmG vaS z&UJ om;vn;f towcf &H wthJ xrJ mS ygw,/f 0r;f en;f z,G of wi;f [m owl eYkd musn;f pmG tthH m;oiahf paomvf n;f owl &Ykd UJ acgi;f aqmirf uI kd ,ciuf xuyf Nkdy;D vtkd yrf ,qf wkd m owl wYkd u,bf J ovd ukd &f w,/f ovYl rl sK;d twuG f trsK;d om;a&;0g'ukd tcikd tf rm tXk jfrpcf swnaf qmuNfy;D ueG jfrLepaf wuG kd qeuYf sizf Ykd ovYl al wuG kd O;D aqmiof mG ;&ef o\"H |d mecf srwS vf ukd wf ,/f q;kH ce;f wikd af tmif O;D aqmiof mG ;zvYkd n;f pwd yf ikd ;f jzwvf ukd wf ,/f 1973-cEk pS rf mS &vvz[m EpS yf ikd ;f uoJG mG ;w,/f jzm;AmG acgi;f aqmiwf hJ rsK;d csptf itf m;pak wEG iS hf wmuv,f OD;aqmifwJh vuf0Jtiftm;pkawGbJjzpfw,f/ yxrawmh tiftm; (1500)ausmf&SdwJh wyfzGJU0ifawGtm;vHk;[m Ncdrf;ajcmufcHae&rIatmufrSm &SdaeMuw,f/ olwdkY[m ao'PfESifh Ncdrf;ajcmufxm;vdkY olwdkYawGa0aeMuw,f/ b,fol wpHkwa,mufurS rsKd;cspfawGbuf 0ifr,fvdkY olYudk,fol ajAmifzGifhNyd; raMunm&JMubl;/ rqwk rf epf pNJGrpJ mG MuMhHuchH NHy;D wnNfraJ tmif xed ;f ord ;f ay;jci;f EiS hf reG jfrwwf hJ pwd af pwemujkdywhJ jzm;AmG vaS z [m aemuqf ;kH rmS o&Yl UJ acgi;f aqmirf uI kd ,MkHuntf m;xm;vmMuw,/f yxrawmh ta&twuG f ten;f i,af om wyfzGJUawGuom rsKd;cspfawGeJY yl;aygif;vmMuayr,fh wpwpeJY ta&twGuf wdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vm&w,f/ 1974- cEk pS vf ,rf mS Espzf uaf om*Pkd ;f rS wyzf UJG titf m;[m we;f wnl rD jIzpvf m&w,/f rsK;d cspaf wuG owl &Ykd UJ Eikd if aH &;trwS f tom;udk wyfOD;tjzpfaMunmNyD; ]]&Srf;jynfe,ftrsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;}}vdkY trnfay;vdkufw,f/ jzm;AmG vaS zu Ou|ú jzpNfy;D Avkd rf LS ;atmicf r;f xuD taxaG xtG wiG ;f a&;rLS ;jzpwf ,/f Mum;umv pyuf ;l ryuf ;l tcsed wf iG ;f rmS bJ wukd cf ukd af &;wyuf kd jyevf npf n;f ½;kH zUJG pn;f &w,/f ueG jfrLepaf wuG vkd n;f quvf uwf ukd cf ukd f omG ;&w,/f 1974-cEk pS f uek cf ge;D rmS rsK;d csptf itf m;pak wG Bu;D rm;aomatmijfrirf aI w&G &NdSy;D wmuv,xf rH S xuG f ajy;vmwhJ wyof m;tajrmutf rsm;ukd vucf &H &wdS ,/f 1975-cEk pS vf ,rf mS wmuv,uf vaygi;f rsm;pmG xuG af jy; ae&NyD; aemufqHk;rSm (Auy)awG&JU XmecsKyfjzpfwJh yefqef;udk xGufajy;cHkvIHoGm;&awmhw,f/
37 tcef; (10) ytdk;trsKd;om;tzGJU jzm;AGmvSaz uG,fvGefjcif; ueG jfrLepaf wuG kd qeuYf siwf ukd cf ukd zf Ykd yt;kd wukd cf ukd af &;wyzf UJG titf m;ukd cikd cf NhHrjJraH tmif oal emuqf ;kH BuKd; yr;f aepOf umvtwiG ;f rmS yif 1975-cEk pS f puwf ibf mvrmS &u&f nS zf sm;emvmNy;D aemuf oul ,G vf eG of mG ;&w,/f ArmtusO;f axmixf rJ mS aec&hJ pOuf puJG yvf mwahJ &m*g&UJ csKyuf ikd rf aI Mumibhf jJzpwf ,/f o&Yl UJ vrl sK;d tay:rmS a&m? wjcm;vrl sK;d pak wtG ay:rmS yg o&l UJ cspcf ijfrwEf ;kd wwrf ?I ouYl ,kd uf sK;d ukd rMunbhf J trsm;twuG f aqmi&f uG rf ?I vYl tciG thf a&;twuG f wukd yf 0JG icf ohJ vkd ueG jfrLepaf wuG vkd n;f MuMhHuchH H qeuYf siof mG ;wm[m ovYl rl sK;d EiS hf ouYl akd umi;f aumif;odMuolawGu tpOfbJ aumif;csD;axmremjyK&wJh rSwfwdkifawGbJ jzpfygw,f/ ol[m atmufygtcsufawGtwGuf xl;jcm;zG,f*½kjyKxdkufaom yk*¾dKvfjzpfygw,f- - olY&JU&nfrSef;csuf[m olYvlrsKd;ESifh tjcm;vlenf;pkawGtwGuf vGwfvyfa&;&zdkYygbJ/ - olY&JU aoe*FAsL[muawmh Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh wdk;wufrIjzpfNyD; olY&JUvufeufuawmh vlYtcGifha&;bJ jzpfw,f/ olY&JU EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ESifh trsKd;om;a&; &nfrSef;csufuawmh- (1) tm;vHk;aom vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGuf EdkifiHa&;wef;wlnDrQrI? (2) vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm;vHk;[m udk,fydkifjyXmef;EdkifcGifh&Sd&r,f? (3) jynef ,rf sm;\\ jynaf xmipf zk UJG pn;f yukH awmh jynaf xmipf tk wiG ;f rmS tqithf we;f wnl rD QrEI iS hf vwG f vyfwJh qE´wlnDrQrIESifh zGJUpnf;&r,f/ yl;aygif;yg0ifcGifhESifh cGJxGufcGifh &Sd&r,f/ (4) ppfa&;wyfzGJUawG yl;aygif;jcif;ESifh atmifjrifrIudk &&Sdr,f/ wdkYbJjzpfw,f/ trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwdkif;[m olYb0woufwmrSm olY&JUarQmfvifcsuf tyfruftrSefjzpfvmap csifMu w,f/ jzm;AGm&JU vdktifqE´BuD;uawmh olYvlawGtm;vHk; wpfckwnf;aom trsKd;om;tzGJUtpnf; atmuf a&muf&Sdapa&;bJjzpfw,f/ ywf0ef;usifw0dkufrSm trsKd;tpm;uGJjym; jcm;em;wJhtzGJUawG &Sdaejcif;u o&l UJ ratmijfrirf I jzpcf &hJ w,/f oul ,G vf eG Nfy;D wpEf pS tf MumrmS awmh o&Yl UJ tyd rf u[f m wpef n;f wztkH m;jzihf trES f jzpfvmw,f/ ytdk;trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; tzGJUtpnf;ESpfck wnf&Sdvmjcif;bJjzpfw,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f vGwfajrmufa&;trsKd;om;wyfOD;ESifh ytdk;trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf &Srf;jynfe,f trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD;rSm tjcm;olawGrygbJ ytdk;awGom yg0ifovdk ytdk;trsKd; om;vwG af jrmuaf &;wyzf UJG rmS vn;f atmujfynuf yt;kd awoG m yg0iwf ,/f 'tD zUJG EpS zf UJG &UJ acgi;f aqmi[f m awUG qkH nEd§ idI ;f MuNy;D wpcf wk n;f aom tzUJG tpn;f xal xmi&f ef oabmwMluw,/f tzUJG tpn;f op&f UJ trnuf awmh ]]yt;kd trsKd;om;tzGJU}} (P.N.O)jzpfNyD; atmufygacgif;aqmifrsm;udk a&G;cs,fMuw,f- (1) Ou|ú O;D ausmpf ed f (2) 'Ok u|ú Avkd rf LS ;atmicf r;f xD (3) 'Ok u|ú Avkd rf LS ;ceG &f aJ emif (4) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; Avkd rf LS ;atmicf r;f xD (5) wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; AdkvfrSL;BuD;cifausmfndK? AdkvfrSL;BuD;cGefqef; a,bk,sESifh vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm- 1/ Eikd if aH &;oabmw&m; - 'Drdkua&pDESifh trsKd;om;a&;0g'/ 2/ &n&f ,G cf suEf iS BhfuKd;yr;f csuf - jynfe,ftm;vHk;ESifh tqifhtwef;wl EdkifiHa&;nDrQrI&Sdaom jynfaxmifpktwGif;rS vGwfvyfaom ytdk;jynfe,f/
38 3/ &eof l - jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh olwdkY\\ 4/ tyk cf sKyaf &; rlvtajccHrsm;/ - a'oqikd &f mtyk cf sKyaf &;ukd jyevf npf n;f ½;kH zUJG pn;f í atmuyf ga'o rsm;trnfjzifh ydkif;jcm;owfrSwfonf- (1) ol&d,crf; (wdkif;) (2) cGefjzm;AGmcrf; (wdkif;) (3) jrifhrdk&fcrf; (wdkif;) (4) pE´mcrf; (wdkif;) (5) ok0PÖcrf; (oxHk) trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;? usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&;? vHkjcHKa&;wdkYwGif csrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; wkd;wufatmif aqmi&f uG Ef ikd af omvf n;f urH aumi;f taMumi;f rvpS gm wpcf ak omppaf &; aemujfyeqf wk rf jIzpof mG ;&w,/f Avkd rf LS ; Bu;D &aJ emiEf iS hf o&Yl UJ wyaf w[G m &eof xl H vuef ucf somG ;jci;f jzpwf ,/f oxl ed ;f csKyxf m;whJ {&,d m[m tumtu,G f rjhJzpof mG ;Ny;D ueG jfrLepaf woG rd ;f omG ;v:kd Y epef mc&hJ w,/f 'tD aMumi;f aMumihf ta&;ay:tpn;f ta0;ukd ac:,ul si;f y pDpOf&w,f/ ppfa&;BudK;yrf;rIrSm trsKd;om;a&;qdkif&m wdk;wufrIudk epfemapaom rvdkvm;tyfonfh oHo,jzpf zG,f&m trltusifhawGudk okwfoifz,f&Sm;ypf&efyifjzpfw,f/ 1978-cEk pS ?f 'ZD ibf mvrmS tpn;f ta0;Bu;D ukd zwd af c:usi;f yNy;D atmuyf gacgi;f aqmiof prf sm;ukd a&;G cs,vf ukd wf ,-f (1) Ou|ú Avkd rf LS ;Bu;D atmicf r;f xD (2) 'Ok u|ú jzm;wepf izhf gcsed f (3) taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; Avkd rf LS ;ciaf usmnf Kd (4) wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; Avkd rf LS ;Bu;D ceG 0f Zd mÆ (5) traI qmirf sm; Avkd rf LS ;Bu;D xeG ;f &D (6) / Avkd rf LS ;Bu;D ausmNfrKdif (7) / Avkd rf LS ;Bu;D ceG Of umú (8) wGJbuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; q&mpikd ;f xeG ;f [ef (9) trIaqmifrsm; Avkd rf LS ;apmvcS r;f (10) / jzm;wewf [d ef ytdk;trsKd;om;aeY (1978) o&l ,d pEm´ ri;f [m c&paf wmrf ay:rD (7)&mpEk pS uf o0k PbÖ rl wd ikd ;f jynuf kd wnaf xmicf whJ hJ ausmMfum;whJ yt;kd b&k i;f jzpwf ,/f 'rD i;f [m yt;kd tac: ('OJ of ¶D vmaA)G jrerf mvkd waygi;f vjynahf erY mS ar;G zmG ;w,/f yt;kd aw[G m b&k irf i;f jrwf ar;G wahJ r;G aeuY kd txrd ;f trwS jfyKaomtm;jzihf yt;kd trsK;d om;ae&Y ,vf Ykd owrf wS cf MhJuw,/f jrerf mh q&kd ,S vf pvf r;f pOyf gwuD q&kd ,S vf ppf ;D ymG ;a&; wnaf qmuzf tYkd wuG f aemuxf yf q,Ef pS rf QuseOf ;D rnhf a&&nS pf rD H ued ;f csrwS &f mrmS wikd ;f &i;f om;vrl sK;d pak w[G m ArmEiS hf bmompum;? ,Oaf us;r?I taw;G tac:? trtl usiahf wrG mS a,b,k stm;jzihf wrsK;d wpm;wn;f jzpNfy;D wcwk n;f aom vrl pI ;D ymG ;a&; tptD pOaf tmurf mS vrl bI 0&adS e&r,/f trsKd;om;nDñGwfa&;? trsKd;om;ynma&;? ,Ofaus;rIESifh pD;yGm;a&;pDrHcsufrsm; wdk;wufzGHUNzdK;rIrsm;udk wpfckwnf; aom vlrIa&;wnfaqmufrItjzpfxm;&SdvdkY pDrHcsrSwfxm;NyD;om;jzpfw,f/ vil ,af usmi;f om;tay:rmS tusK;d ouaf &murf nhf Armaw&G UJ raumi;f wMhJu&H ,G cf suuf kd pO;f pm;qijfcif
39 Ny;D *½ok w&d &dS rmS jzpwf ,/f vu&f ydS nma&;pepaf tmurf mS ynmoiMfum;ae&whJ yt;kd ausmi;f om;aw[G m ArmvYl tzUJG tpn;f xrJ mS aemuqf ;kH awmh yokH iG ;f coH mG ;&rmS b/J Armaw&G UJ raumi;f wMhJu&H ,G cf suuf kd b,vf jkdyeNfy;D wm;q;D umuG,f&rvJqdkwm jyóemygbJ/ tajzuawmh ]]Armenf;twdkif; vkyf}}/ 1978-cEk pS f rwvf twiG ;f rmS yt;kd trsK;d om;aeuY kd Bu;D us,cf r;f em;pmG t&ma&muaf tmif tx;l bJ cr;f em; odkufNrdKufpGm qif,ifusif;yjyKvkyfwm[m atmifjrifpGm pkpnf;pnf;½Hk;Edkifjcif;bJ jzpfygw,f/ wdkif;jynfESifh t0Srf; us,jfyeaYf omvxl yk g0iwf hJ yaJG wmtf cr;f tem;Bu;D ukd twwd ef rd wd af umi;f aom O;D p;D wm0ecf tH jzpf yt;kd &[e;f awmf rsm;tzUJG EiS hf yt;kd trsK;d om;tzUJG wuYkd y;l aygi;f Ny;D prD aH qmi&f uG Mfuwmjzpwf ,/f t'J aD e[Y m jrerf mou&ú mZf 1339- ckESpf (ytdk;vtrnf-'JOfoD¶vm) jrefrmvdk ]]waygif;vjynfhaeY}}uswJh trsKd;om;aeYyGJawmfbJjzpfw,f/ yaJG wmtf cr;f tem;ukd trsK;d om;nñD wG rf ?I ao;G pn;f cikd rf mr?I Mum&nS wf nwf jhHzpaf p&ef titf m;opwf p&f yf ay:ayguaf pa&;twuG f BuKdwiyf ikd ;f jzwf prD cH ecYf xJG m;wmbjJzpyf gw,/f wcsed xf rJ mS bJ vtkd yaf omtitf m; w;kd ymG ; ap&ef? trsKd;om; pD;yGm;a&;wnfNidrfrI? vlxkusef;rma&;ESifh ynma&; wdk;wufap&ef? trsKd;om;,Ofaus;rIESifh ytdk;pmay wdk;wufcdkifcHhvmap&eftwGufbJ jzpfygw,f/ yGJawmftcrf;tem;udk (7)&ufwdkifwdkif usif;yygw,f/ &[e;f oCH m (850)yg; yg0iyf gw,/f yt;kd aw;*wD tzUJG EiS hf ,Oaf us;rtI zUJG aygi;f (150)yg0iyf gw,/f aenY rjywf wiqf uMfuygw,/f yaJG wmtf ptD pOaf w[G m aumi;f reG af csmarUG pmG tqiaf jyomG ;ygw,/f ausmuwf v;kH rmS usi;f y jyKvyk wf hJ ]]yt;kd trsK;d om;ae}Y }yaJG wmtf cr;f tem;Bu;D [m ab;tE&Å m,f taEmS ithf ,uS f wpwkH &mr&bdS J atmijfrif pmG Ny;D q;kH cyhJ gw,/f Armhw&m;vGefrsKd;cspf0g' (odkYr[kwf) r[mArmvlrsKd;BuD;0g' ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh ArmppfwyfrawmfwdkYu vlrsKd;pkawGtay:rSm jynfwGif;ppfjzpfatmif rawmf rw&m; vGefusL;vmMuwm[m olwdkY&JU &nf&G,fcsufwpfck&Sdw,f/ 'guawmh &efvdkwJh0efwdk rpä&d,pdwf &Sdjcif;bJ jzpfw,f/ 'gayr,fh enf;vrf;uawmh xyfwlxyfrQ r[kwfygbl;/ Armppfwyf[m tMurf;zuf &ufpufolrsm;jzpf w,/f ArmtmPmyikd af wuG kd cck rH nhf pwd \"f mwuf kd zsuqf ;D yp&f eEf iS hf aemuaf emitf cgrmS tred eYf mcH usK;d E0HG ecf vH m jci;f &adS tmif vyk Mfuw,/f Armppwf y[f m zsuqf ;D &ewf ukd jfci;f bjJzpwf ,/f atmiEf ikd vf rT ;f r;kd tyk cf sKyzf rYkd [wk bf ;l / wzufuMunfh&if ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&JU aoe*FAsL[muawmh ]]wdkuf (odkYr[kwf)yl;aygif;}}olwdkY[m wdkuf&if; pn;f ½;kH Muw,/f owl uYkd kd qeuYf siof al wG tay:rmS awmh owl [Ykd m tMuief mrphJ mG &upf uMfur;f MuKwMfuw,/f tjyKH;ye;f awG a0a0qmqmeJY oifhtay:tEdkif,lvdkufr,f (odkYr[kwf) oifhudk owfr,f/ olY&JU ppfa&;enf;y&d,m,fuawmh oiuhf kd tveG qf i;f &EJ rG ;f yg;jci;f jzpof mG ;atmivf yk rf ,/f Ny;D awmrh S taw;G tac: t,0l g'EiS hf ord ;f oiG ;f ruI kd t&i;f tjrpuf pNy;D usK;d E0HG ecf vH matmivf yk Nfy;D oithf ay: owl uYkd vrT ;f r;kd xm;vrd rhf ,/f Armppwf yEf iS hf Armjynuf eG jfrL epyf gwuD kd ArmawuG om Bu;D rLS ;O;D p;D xm;wmjzpwf ,/f 'gaMumihf yekd m;vnxf m;&rmS u owl [Ykd m owl tYkd csi;f csi;f Mum;rSmxuf vlrsKd;pkawGtay:rSmomydkrkdNyD; qefYusifwdkufcdkufMurSmjzpfw,f/ yt;kd vrl sK;d aw[G m Armppwf y&f UJ tay:buuf zpd ;D EydS pf uaf omausmuwf ;kH EiS hf Armjynuf eG jfrLepyf gw&D UJ atmubf uuf zpd ;D EyS pf uaf omausmuwf ;kH Mum;rmS &adS ew,/f trsK;d om;a&; &iS of erf tI wuG f ½ek ;f ueaf ewyhJ t;kd aw[G m 'yD rm ygwBDu;D EpS cf ukd kd qeuYf siwf ukd cf ukd af e&w,/f ArmusL;ausmof al wuG kd cck qH euYf sivf m&wm tcqk kd &if tESpfESpfq,fausmf &SdvmNyDjzpfw,f/ tqHk;owfrnfh vu©PmrawGU&ao;bl;/ 'DzdESdyfaewJh ausmufwHk;ESpfck b,af wmvh wG of mG ;r,qf wkd mvn;f BuKdwirf ajymEikd af o;b;l / aocsmwmwpcf uk awmh yt;kd aw[G m quvf uwf ukd f y0JG iof mG ;rmS bjJzpwf ,/f Armppwf yEf iS hf ArmueG jfrLepyf gwD EpS cf pk v;kH ukd qeuYf siwf ukd af ewm[m ]]Armwh &m;veG rf sK;d cspf 0g'}}vTrf;rdk;rIudk zsufqD;zdkYbJjzpfw,f/
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49 vNA;D wyzf UJG rsm;EiS hf wukd cf ukd af e&jci;f u en;f yg;Ny;D jynaf xmipf wk yrf awmEf iS ohf m wukd cf ukd af e&onuf yíkd rsm;jym; vmonf/ tjypfrJhjynfolESpfzufrS tv[óqHk;½IH;rIrsm; &SdvmMu&onf/ wzufwGifvnf; urÇmhEdkifiHa&; tajc taersm;aMumivhf n;f aumi;f ? ygvrD e'f rD ukd a&pxD eG ;f um;a&;? jynwf iG ;f ppcf sKyNfird ;f a&;? urmÇ ppwf m;q;D a&;ponhf &n&f ,G cf surf sm;aMumivhf n;f aumi;f awmwiG ;f &dS yt;kd vuef uuf ikd f wyzf UJG rsm;ukd yt;kd tzUJG csKyrf S wm0e&f odS rl sm;EiS hf wyrf [m (4)wyrf [mrLS ; Avkd rf LS ;Bu;D ped 0f i;f (,cEk ikd if aH wmaf umipf 0D i-f tNird ;f pm;Avkd cf sKy)f wYkd oabmwnl D nEd§ idI ;f rI? tem*wfjynfaxmifpkta&;ESifh &Srf;jynfe,fta&;rsm;udk tarQmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh tvif;0ifNidrf;csrf;rI&&Sd&ef aqmi&f uG cf MhJuon/f awmwiG ;f vuef uuf ikd f acgi;f aqmirf sm;\\ atmuyf gvvkd m;awmi;f qckd surf sm;ukd xpkd Ouf jynaf xmipf k tpdk;&ESifh &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&wdkYu vdkufavsmfoabmwlnDcJhMuonf- apmbf mG ;rsm; tmPmpeG vYf wG af &; taumitf xnaf zm&f eEf iS hf &rS ;f jynef ,tf em*wtf yk f csKyrf I aumi;f reG ?f pn;f pepuf sa&;ukd &rS ;f jynef ,tf p;kd &EiS hf jynaf xmipf tk p;kd &wuYkd xad &mupf mG tjrefqHk; jyKvkyfay;&efjzpfavonf/ wcsdewf n;f rSmyif 1958-ckESp?f {NyDv (11)&ufaewY Gif ytd;k OD;p;D acgif;aqmifrsm;onf pnf;a0;ywGJ pf&yf jyKvkyfNyD; atmufygqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk wnDwñGwfwnf; qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf- (1) yt;kd trsK;d om; vuef uuf ikd af cgi;f aqmirf sm;EiS hf taygi;f ygtm;v;kH woYkd nf vuef uuf ikd f vr;f pOuf kd pGefYvGwfí Nidrf;csrf;aom 'Drdkua&pDenf;jzifh ajymif;vJcH,lrnf/ (2) vlxk\\ Nidrf;csrf;a&; qE´jynfh0ap&ef tpGrf;&Sdoa&GU BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufoGm;rnf/ yt;kd rsm;onf ajr&iS yf a'o&mZpf epuf kd rMumrjDyKvyk af wmrh njfzpaf om apmbf mG ;tmPmpeG vYf wT yf BJGu;D ukd 0r;f omBuKdq*kd Pk jfyKaomtm;jzihf 1958-cEk pS ?f arv (5)&uaf ewY iG f &rS ;f jynef ,NfrKdUawmf awmiBfu;D NrKdUü Bu;D us,f cr;f em;pmG jzihf tvi;f 0icf MhJuon/f ppaf &;jytcr;f tem;rsm;EiS hf yvJG r;f obif tcr;f tem;rsm;jzihf rMuKHpz;l x;l uJ pmG Nird ;f csr;f a&; &,yl BJGu;D wp&f yyf if jzpaf wmoh n/f ,i;f tcr;f tem;wiG f jynaf xmipf tk p;kd & umu,G af &;0eBfu;D O;D AaqEG iS hf &rS ;f jynef ,Of u|ú apmceG cf sKwd uYkd tvi;f 0if yt;kd &aJ bmrf sm;tm; vudI vf pJS mG BuKdqíkd red cYf eG ;f rsm;ajymMu onf/ ytdk;rsm;onf e,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm; trSefwu,f tmPmpGefYvGwfMuawmhrnfjzpfí 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;'om jzpMfuonehf n;f wl &rS ;f jynef ,vf xl ok nvf n;f e,af jrat;csr;f vmawmrh njfzpíf vudI vf pJS mG *Pk jfyKaxmyh emjyK Muonfom jzpfayownf;/ yt;kd rsm;onf tvi;f 0iaf cgi;f aqmirf sm;yg0iaf om yt;kd trsK;d om;tzUJG Bu;D tm; tjreqf ;kH jyevf nzf UJG pn;f Ny;D tm;opaf vmi;f Muon/f wm0erf sm;caJG 0Ny;D awmvf eS af &;umv z½zkd &J tuuJG tJG jym;jym;jzpaf eaom tyk cf sKyf a&;tzUJG tpn;f rsm;ukd pepwf us jyevf nrf rG ;f rjHyiqf ijfci;f ? tzUJG tpn;f rsm;\\ pn;f rsO;f pn;f ur;f rsm;ukd jynvf nf oHk;oyfa&;qGJjcif;rsm;ESifh tem*wf pnf;½Hk;vkyfaqmifrI tpDtpOfrsm;udk n§dEIdif;qHk;jzwfjcif;-ponfrsm;udk tylw jyif; OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufMuonf/ tppt&m&m edrfhusaeaom EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI vkyf ief;rsm;udk yuwdwnf&Sdaeaom jynfaxmifpktpdk;& tajctaeESifh &Srf;jynfe,ftpdk;&*rS aqmif&GufyHhydk;ay;Edkif aom taetxm;t& a&;qGJowfrSwfqHk;jzwfMu&onf/ vuaf wUG taumitf xnf azmaf qmiof iohf nvhf yk if e;f rsm;uvkd n;f O;D pm;ay;aqmi&f uG cf MhJuon/f xpkd Ouf (zqyv)twGif;wGifvnf; yk*¾dKvfudkifwG,frI? oif;pktkyfpkrsm;aMumifh oefY&Sif;rI? wnfNrJtkyfpk[k uGJNyJNyD; EdkifiHa&; rwnrf Nird f yrkd ½kd wI af x;G rrI sm; jzpaf y:cahJ yon/f yt;kd acgi;f aqmirf sm;onf ,i;f tyk pf Ek pS zf uwf iG f rnof nzhf urf S buvf ukd jfci;f rjyKbJ rvl uwn;f u *Pkd ;f *Pp?JG ygwpD ?JG y*k Kd¾vpf JG ui;f &iS ;f Muojzihf yt;kd rsm;\\ trsK;d om;Eikd if aH &; udkomvQif opöm&Sd&Sd £ajE´&& wnfEdkifcJhayonf/ 1958-cEk pS wf iG f wikd ;f jyn\\f tmPmukd Avkd cf sKyaf e0i;f vuxf oJ tYkd yNfy;D trd af pmithf p;kd &wm0euf kd Avkd cf sKyf ae0i;f O;d p;D aom tp;kd &tzUJG uyif aqmi&f uG &f avon/f Eikd if aH wm\\f vtkd ycf surf sm;uvkd n;f trd af pmithf p;kd &yif wm0e,f cl ahJ yon/f Avkd cf sKyBfu;D tp;kd &onf Nird ;f csr;f a&; tjynthf 0&&adS p&eEf iS hf w&m;rQwaom a&;G aumuyf BJGu;D usif;yEdkif&ef OD;pm;ay;vkyfaqmif&ef ta&;ay;oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; uwdjyKcJhayonf/ Avkd cf sKytf p;kd &onf jynaf xmipf Bku;D wnwf chH ikd NfraJ &;ukd &npf ;l í Eikd if aH &;tzUJG tpn;f to;D o;D rS wm0ef
50 &odS rl sm;EiS hf aq;G aE;G nEd§ idI ;f jci;f ? jynef ,tf p;kd &rS wm0e&f adS cgi;f aqmirf sm;tm; awUG qjkHci;f ? tMuÓH Prf sm; awmi;f ay;jcif;paom yifvHkpdwf\"mwf jyefvnf&Sifoefaponfh vufawGUvkyf&yfrsm;udk OD;pm;ay;aqmif&GufcJhayonf/ e,&f iS af pmbf mG ;rsm;onf tmPmpeG vf wG &f ef uwjdyKonthf wikd ;f 1959-cEk pS ?f {NyvD (27)&uaf ewY iG f awmiBfu;D NrKdU jynof tYl m;upm;uiG ;f ü Bu;D us,cf r;f em;pmG jzihf jynof yYl Eué ½f ukd yf (JG ac:) e,&f iS af pmbf mG ;rsm;\\ tmPmpeG vYf wT f yGJBuD;udk usif;yjyKvkyfcJhayonf/ ¤i;f tcr;f tem;oYkd tmPmpeG vYf wT rf nahf pmbf mG ;rsm;tm;v;kH ? Avkd cf sKyaf e0i;f EiS hf tp;dk &tzUJG 0irf sm;? yxp oe&Yf iS ;f rS OAD aq?G O;D ausmNfird ;f EiS hf vwG af wmOf u|ú ociwf if paomtx;l {nohf nrf sm; wuaf &mucf MhJuayon/f tmPmpeG vYf wT yf tJG cr;f tem;wiG f Avkd cf sKyBfu;D ae0i;f EiS hf &rS ;f jynef ,tf p;kd &tzUJG Ou|ú oEd aDé pmbf mG ;Bu;D r[moa& pnfol p0f[HkzwdkYu rdefYcGef;toD;oD; >rufMum;cJhMuonf/ txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; rdefYcGef;>rufMum;&mwGif ajr&iS yf a'o&mZpf epof nf ,ctk cg urmÇ ay:wiG f wjzn;f jzn;f csKyNfird ;f pjyKaeNyjDzpaf Mumi;f / vtl rsm;\\ w;kd wuf zUHG NzKd;ruI kd ywd yf i[f ewYf m;aeonphf eptf jzpf vol m;rsm;u ojdrivf mMuNyjDzpaf Mumi;f / wen;f tm;jzihf yrkd íkd vol m; rsm;twuG f vrl tI ciG thf a&; tqithf we;f jrirhf mvmapEikd rf nahf cwrf sm;? peprf sm;ukd vvkd m;awmiwhf vmMuNyjDzpf aMumi;f / vwl ppf ?k vwl e;f pm;w&y?f aq;G rsK;d E,G qf uwf ppf \\k tciG xhf ;l cpH eprf sK;d onf þjynaf xmipf jkrerf mEikd if H wiG f csKyNfird ;f u,G af ysmuof iNhfyjDzpaf Mumi;f ? e,&f iS af pmbf mG ;rsm;\\peptf & &rS ;f jynef ,tf wiG ;f &dS wikd ;f &i;f om;vrl sK;d i,f rsK;d E,G pf rk sm;onf csKycf s,rf ?I zEd ydS rf I caH eMu&ojzihf Eikd if aH &;? p;d ymG ;a&;? vrl aI &;erd uhf sc&hJ aMumi;f / p;D ymG ;a&;? ynma&;? use;f rma&;buwf iG f tx;l aEmS iahf E;S csKUd wchJ ahJ Mumi;f / tx;l ojzihf yt;kd wikd ;f &i;f om;rsm;onf vuef uf uikd af wmvf eS af &;vr;f pOjfzihf ya'o&mZef puf kd um,uaH jrmuf awmvf eS cf MhJuaMumi;f / ,i;f oYdk vuef uuf ikd af wmvf eS f a&;vr;f pOaf Mumihf tjyprf ohJ l &rS ;f jynef ,of l e,of m;rsm;\\ toutf ;kd trd f ajrmurf sm;pmG xcd ukd qf ;kH ½;HI c&hJ aMumi;f / xdkYaMumifh e,f&SifapmfbGm;rsm;onf ordkif;vrf;aMumif; ajymif;vJwdk;wufrIudk tod&SdrI? oabmxm;BuD;rIaMumifh tmPmpGefYvTwfjcif;udk 0rf;ajrmuf*kPf,l BudKqdkaMumif; tus,fw0ifh rdefYcGef;>rufMum;cJhayonf/ yt;kd rsm;onf e,&f iS af pmbf mG ;rsm; tmPmpeG vYf wG yf tJG cr;f tem;oYkd &rS ;f jynef ,f vxl pk n;f a0;yoJG rikd ;f wiG f rMuHKpzl; pkpkaygif; (3)odefYcefY wufa&mufatmifyGJcHcJhayonf/ ytdk;rsm;\\ aexdkif&m aus;&Gma'otoD;oD;wGif vnf; ya'o&mZfpepf awmfvSefa&;atmifyGJ NcdrfhNcdrfhoJoJ usif;ycJhMuonf/ ytdk;rsm;\\ ya'o&mZfpepfawmfvSefa&; oufwrf;onf 1949-ckESpf 'DZifbm (11)&ufaeYrS 1958- cEk pS f arv(5)&uaf etY xd ppk ak ygi;f (8-EpS f 4-v 26-&u)f wwd d Mum&nS cf ahJ yon/f vuef uuf ikd f awmvf eS af &;\\ ted|m½HkaMumifh tjypfrJhjynfolaygif; (3241)a,mufcefY aoaMutemw&jzpfcJh&aMumif;? te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS &&xdS m;aom pm&i;f Z,m;rsm;t& o&d &dS ayon/f xjYkdyif jynof yl ikd vf r;f rsm;? wwH m;rsm;EiS hf bmoma&;taqmuf tODrsm;? tdk;tdrf aus;&Gmrsm;vnf; rD;avmifqHk;½IH;rIrsm;&SdaMumif; rSwfwrf;rsm;t& od&Sd&ayonf/ ytdk;rsm;onf ya'o&mZpf epf af wmvf eS af &;aMumihf q;kH ½;HI c&hJ onhf p;D ymG ;a&;? vrl aI &; te|d m½rkH sm;ukd y\"merxm;bJ e,&f iS af pmbf mG ; rsm; tmPmpGefYvGwfay;&jcif;udkom t\"duatmifjrifrIwpfcktjzpf todtrSwfjyKNyD; auseyf0rf;ajrmufrItjynfh jzpaf eMuayon/f ya'o&mZpf epof nf jyevf r;f r&adS omae&moYkd tNy;D tyikd yf NYkdy;D ajrjrKyof N*KØ[vf ukd Nfy;D jzpaf yon/f yt;kd rsm; onf rrd wd Ykd epef mq;kH ½;HI c&hJ aom p;D ymG ;a&;? ynma&;? use;f rma&;wuYkd kd qi;f &yJ iyf r;f r'I Pf MuMhHuchH NHy;D vuef uuf ikd f awmvf eS af &; rprtD csed uf xuf EpS qf o;kH q E;kd Mum;wu<fupmG vyk uf ikd vf mMuojzihf yt;kd rsm;\\ p;D ymG ;a&; w;kd wuf rItaetxm;onf ,aeY awmifydkif;&Srf;jynfwGif xdyfqHk;rS a&muf&SdaeNyDjzpfayonf/ ,aeyY t;kd rsm;onf ya'o&mZpf epaf tmurf S vwG af jrmucf NhJyjDzpof jzihf veG cf ahJ om EpS af ygi;f o;kH q,af v; q,fcefYuytdk;rsm; r[kwfawmhNyD/ tzdESdyfcH? tcsKyfcs,fcH? t½dkuftESufcH ytdk;rsm;r[kwfawmhNyD/ vGwfvyfpGm p;D ymG ;&mS azcG iG ?hf vwG vf ypf mG ynmoi,f cl iG ?hf vwG vf ypf mG vrl tI ciG thf a&; awmi;f qckd iG Ehf iS hf vwG vf ypf mG rrd wd cYkd spf cijfrwEf ;kd aom pmay,Oaf us;rI zUHG NzKd;w;kd wurf I taumitf xnf azmaf &;rsm;ukd Eikd if aH wm\\f zUJG pn;f ytkH ajccOH ya' EiS thf nD cpH m;ppH m;Eikd af om tciG thf a&;rsm; &&vdS mMuNyjDzpaf yon/f wen;f tm;jzihf ,aeyY t;kd rsm;onf p;D ymG ;a&;? vrl aI &; w;kd wuzf UHG NzKd;rI ten;f tusO;f &&vdS mMujci;f rmS e,&f iS af pmbf mG ;rsm; tmPmpeG vYf wG Nfy;D aemuyf ikd ;f rS w[ek f
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