PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Revised & Updated think CLASS A Textbook of XI HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION Based on Latest CBSE Syllabus Mandeep Dabas Panel of Experts Vipin Rampal M.Phil, M.P.Ed. BSc. (Phy. Edu.) Dr. Indu Dabas B.P.Ed, M.P.Ed, M.Phil Lecturer, Directorate of Education Senior Coordinator (Physical Education) PhD., M.phil, M.P.E, B.P.E. Delhi Public School, Rohini, New Delhi GNCT Delhi, from LNIPE Gwalior UGC NET QUALIFIED Lecturer, Directorate of Education GNCT Delhi UGC NET QUALIFIED ✤✤✤ Harpeet Kaur Malkeet Singh B.P.Ed, M.P.Ed, B.P.Ed, M.A. (Phy. Educ.) Satyug Darshan Vidyalaya, Satyugdarshan Vidyalaya, Faridabad (Haryanan) Faridabad

“JAI MATA DI” “Published by : THINK BIG PUBLISHING HOUSE Shri Krishna Enclave, B-3/23, Sector-17 Rohini, Delhi-110089 Mobile : 9911215150, 7011827467 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.bigthink.co.in © All Rights Reserved All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, store and in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. ISBN No. : 978-81-941473-4-3 FIRST EDITION : 2019 SECOND EDITION : 2020 Hindi Edition Also Available PRICE : ` 306.00 Printed at : Srinathjee Printers, Bawana, Delhi

PREFACE Physical activity apart from the normal routine work, involve additional efforts of all physiological system and organ of human body, it is the key growth and development, it’s also supports to general health, shape mind and proper functioning our central Nerves System. The Physical Education Subject Contents Support to not only normal students it is also including CWSN of various age segments persons of our society. The study of subjects is not only required for class XI and XII but also for thoughout of life. It is a integral part of our formal and informal education systems. Essentials of Physical Education for CBSE Class XI and XII has been brought out with the aim to provide students a book which not only meet the requirement of the latest CBSE syllabus but also helps develope learners’ interest in the subject and motivates for its practical need for the life. As we all we understand that all students are not having the same capacity and mental ability for understanding level of education. We have students of various streams such as science, commerce and humanities and also have students with special need in our schools. Most of the student opted physical education subject as a main or additional for class XI and XII. This book is design in such a way that it should meet the requirement of all students in easy way of understand the subject matter, the contents of the book is presented in very convenient methods of teaching and learning in term of language, comprised study material, pictures, diagrams and tables to make the subject easy to understand, the book has a unique features: A separate section incorporating question for the last few years’ CBSE Board Examination. This feature of the book will enable students to get an idea about the Board papers and how to frame their answers. Another key feature of the book is inclusion of Objective Type/Multiple Choice Questions, which have now been made compulsory in the Board examination. Constructive feedback for the improvement of the book will be highly appreciated and grateful, and looking forward for your acknowledgment. Last but not the least, we take this opportunity to thank our esteemed publishers, Think Big Publishing House, for their encouragement, assistance and patience in bringing out this book. —Authors

Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the contribution of the following experts: SARLA SOLANKI Lecturer, Directorate of Education GNCT Delhi ✤✤✤ S. SANKAR DPS Bhatinda Punjab ✤✤✤ SANDEEP KUMAR ✤✤✤ DR. RENU CHAUDARY “Physical fitness is not only one of the most important keys to a healthy body, it is the basis of dynamic and creative intellectual activity.” — John T. Kennedy “Don’t stop when you are tired. Stop when you are done.” — Marilyn Monroe “You don’t play for revenge, you play for respect and pride.” — Rahul Dravid Winning doesn’t come cheaply, you have to pay a big price. — Jeev Milkha Singh

SYLLABUS PHYSICAL EDUCATION (048) Class XI THEORY Max. Marks 70 Unit I: Changing Trends & Career in Physical Education z Meaning & definition of Physical Education z Aims & Objectives of Physical Education z Career Options in Physical Education z Competitions in various sports at national and international level z Khelo-India Program Unit II: Olympic Value Education z Olympics, Paralympics and Special Olympics z Olympic Symbols, Ideals, Objectives & Values of Olympism z International Olympic Committee z Indian Olympic Association Unit III: Physical Fitness, Wellness & Lifestyle z Meaning & Importance of Physical Fitness, Wellness & Lifestyle z Components of physical fitness and Wellness z Components of Health related fitness Unit IV: Physical Education & Sports for CWSN (Children With Special Needs – Divyang) z Aims & objectives of Adaptive Physical Education z Organization promoting Adaptive Sports (Special Olympics Bharat; Paralympics; Deaflympics) z Concept of Inclusion, its need and Implementation z Role of various professionals for children with special needs (Counsellor, Occupational Therapist, Physiotherapist, Physical Education Teacher, Speech Therapist & special Educator) Unit V: Yoga z Meaning & Importance of Yoga z Elements of Yoga z Introduction – Asanas, Pranayam, Meditation & Yogic Kriyas z Yoga for concentration & related Asanas (Sukhasana; Tadasana; Padmasana & Shashankasana, Naukasana, Vrikshasana (Tree pose), Garudasana (Eagle pose) z Relaxation Techniques for improving concentration ¡V Yog-nidra Unit VI: Physical Activity & Leadership Training z Leadership Qualities & Role of a Leader z Creating leaders through Physical Education z Meaning, objectives & types of Adventure Sports (Rock Climbing, Tracking, River Rafting, Mountaineering, Surfing and Para Gliding) z Safety measures to prevent sports injuries Unit VII: Test, Measurement & Evaluation z Define Test, Measurement & Evaluation z Importance of Test, Measurement & Evaluation In Sports z Calculation of BMI & Waist – Hip Ratio

z Somato Types (Endomorphy, Mesomorphy & Ectomorphy) Max. Marks 30 z Measurement of health related fitness 6 Marks Unit VIII: Fundamentals of Anatomy, Physiology & Kinesiology in Sports 7 Marks z Definition and Importance of Anatomy, Physiology & Kinesiology 7 Marks z Function of Skeleton System, Classification of Bones & Types of Joints 5 Marks z Properties and Functions of Muscles 5 Marks z Function & Structure of Respiratory System and Circulatory System z Equilibrium ¡V Dynamic & Static And Centre of Gravity and its application in sports Unit IX: Psychology & Sports z Definition & Importance of Psychology in Physical Education & Sports z Define & Differentiate Between Growth & Development z Developmental Characteristics At Different Stages of Development z Adolescent Problems & Their Management Unit X: Training and Doping in Sports z Meaning & Concept of Sports Training z Principles of Sports Training z Warming up & limbering down z Skill, Technique & Style z Concept & classification of doping z Prohibited Substances & their side effects z Dealing with alcohol and substance abuse PRACTICAL 01. Physical Fitness Test 02. Proficiency in Games and Sports (Skill of any one Game of choice from the given list*) 03. Yogic Practices 04. Record File ** 05. Viva Voce (Health/ Games & Sports/ Yoga) * Athletics, Archery, Badminton, Boxing, Chess, Judo, Shooting, Skating, Swimming, Taekwondo, Tennis, Aerobics, Gymastics, Rope-Skipping, Yoga, Bocce & Unified Basketball [CWSN (Children With Special Needs - Divyang)] ** Record File shall include: Practical-1: Labelled diagram of 400 M Track & Field with computations. Practical-2: Computation of BMI from family or neighbourhood & graphical representation of the data. Practical-3: Labelled diagram of field & equipment of any one game of your choice out of the above list. Practical-4: List of current National Awardees (Dronacharya Award, Arjuna Award & Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award). Practical-5: Pictorial presentation of any five Asanas for improving concentration.

CONTENTS Unit 1 Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education ...................................................1–19 Unit 2 Unit 3 1.1 Meaning and Definition of Physical Education 2 Unit 4 1.2 Aims and Objectives of Physical Education 3 Unit 5 1.3 Career Options in Physical Education 5 Unit 6 1.4 Competitions in Various Sports at National and International Level 9 1.5 Khelo-India Program 14 16 Multiple Choice Type Questions Olympic Value Education .............................................................................................20–35 2.1 Olympics, Paralympics and Special Olympics 21 2.2 Olympic Symbols, Ideals, Objectives and Values of Olympism 26 2.3 International Olympic Committee 30 2.4 Indian Olympic Association 31 Multiple Choice Type Questions 32 Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle ....................................................................36–51 3.1 Meaning and Importance of Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle 36 3.2 Components of Physical Fitness and Wellness 42 3.3 Components of Health Related Fitness 46 48 Multiple Choice Type Questions Physical Education and Sports for CWSN (Children with Special Needs—Divyang).....................................................................52–71 4.1 Aims and Objectives of Adaptive Physical Education 52 4.2 Organization Promoting Adaptive Sports (Special Olympics Bharat, Paralympics, Deaflympics) 55 4.3 Concept of Inclusion Education, Its Need and Implementation 62 4.4 Role of Various Professionals for Children with Special Needs 65 Multiple Choice Type Questions 69 Yoga ................................................................................................................................72–95 5.1 Meaning and Importance of Yoga 73 5.2 Elements of Yoga 75 5.3 Introduction: Asanas, Pranayama, Meditation and Yogic Kriyas 78 5.4 Yoga for Concentration and Related Asanas: (Sukhasana, Tadasana, Padmasana, Shashankasana, Naukasana, Vrikshasana and Garudasana) 78 5.5 Relaxation Technique for Improving Concentration—Yoga–Nidra 89 Multiple Choice Type Questions 92 Physical Activity and Leadership Training ...............................................................96–115 6.1 Leadership Qualities and Role of Leader 96 6.2 Creating Leaders through Physical Education 100 6.3 Meaning, Objectives and Types of Adventure Sports (Rock-Climbing, Trekking, River Rafting, Mountaineering, Surfing and Para gliding) 101 6.4 Safety Measures to Prevent Sports Injuries 113 Multiple Choice Type Questions 113

Unit 7 Test, Measurement and Evaluation .........................................................................116–128 Unit 8 Unit 9 7.1 Define Test, Measurement and Evaluation 117 Unit 10 7.2 Importance of Test, Measurement and Evaluation in Sports 118 7.3 Calculation of BMI and Waist-Hip Ratio 120 7.4 Somato Types (Endomorphy, Mesomorphy and Ectomorphy) 122 7.5 Measurement of Health-related Fitness 124 Multiple Choice Type Questions 125 Fundamentals of Anatomy, Physiology and Kinesiology in Sports .....................129–155 8.1 Definition and Importance of Anatomy, Physiology and Kinesiology 130 8.2 Function of Skeleton System, Classification of Bones and Types of Joints 134 8.3 Properties and Functions of Muscles 140 8.4 Function and Structure of Respiratory System and Circulatory System 144 8.5 Equilibrium—Dynamic and Static and Centre of Gravity and its Application in Sports 150 Multiple Choice Type Questions 152 Psychology and Sports .............................................................................................156–174 9.1 Definition and Importance of Psychology in Physical Education and Sports 157 9.2 Definition and Difference between Growth and Development 159 9.3 Development Characteristics at Different Stages of Development 161 9.4 Adolescent Problems and their Management 168 Multiple Choice Type Questions 172 Training and Doping in Sports .................................................................................175–199 10.1 Meaning and Concept of Sports Training 176 10.2 Principles of Sports Training 178 10.3 Warming Up and Limbering Down 180 10.4 Skill, Technique and Style 186 10.5 Concept and Classification of Doping 188 10.6 Prohibited Substances and their Side Effects 191 10.7 Dealing with Alcohol and Substance Abuse 194 Multiple Choice Type Questions 196 Answer Key of Multiple Choice Questions (Unit 1–10) ..................................................200

1Unit Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education KDniodwYou?Contents 1.1 Meaning and Definition of Physical Education 1.2 Aims and Objectives of Physical Education 1.3 Career Options in Physical Education 1.4 Competitions in Various Sports at National and International Level 1.5 Khelo-India Program Introduction Changes is the law of nature. Changes are always welcomed whether in a game or education. As the time passes new techniques and trends take place. Consequently, the standard of players improved. It is our duty to stay up dated with the games and also it is necessary for teachers to be sure of adoping the latest techniques if there is any and seems to be beneficial for the students. In ancient times man needed physical education to stay alive. He was known as hunter. He used to hunt the wild animals. Many a time he stayed in the caves of lions as he had no home or shelter. As he civilization kep on changing different people have different opinions about the concept of physical education. Some called it body culture and some named it health and education recreation. But in present context, the effort of imparting education through physical activities is called physical education. It can be said that today physical education in a integral part of education. Physical education aims on overall development of human being, which included body and mind. ➡ Physical Education is an Integral part of total educational process. ➡ It is having a proper space in elementary to higher education system by NCERT and UGC. ➡ Sports Journalism is a prime career option in future. ➡ More the 70 recognized National sports federations are working in India. ➡ Recognition to NSF are granted by Indian Olympic Committee an autonomous body of Ministry of Youth and Sports headed by cabinet minister Government of India. ➡ Board of Cricket Control of India is only administrative body NOT a National Sports Federation. ➡ All International Competitions are distinguish into four main categories ➡ Khelo-India is a national level drive to develop sports culture from grass-root level. ➡ Khelo-India are having 12 main functioning areas and covers 16 Indian traditional and modern games.

2 Health and Physical Education—XI 1.1 Meaning and Definition of Physical Education Meaning of Physical Education Physical Education is a never ending learning process “phenomenon”. It has its roots in ancient times, i.e., primordial, where it was used in different forms and purposes like searching for food, hunting or protection from wild animals, etc. In ancient times, man needed physical education to stay alive. Among ancient Greek philosophers, Aristotle, Plato and Socrates emphasized on physical training for youngsters. As civilization kept on changing, different people have different opinions about the concept of Physical Education. Some of these are—physical training, a sport, body culture, health education and recreation. But, in fact, physical education is much more than that. In present context, the effort of imparting education through physical activities is called physical education. In reality, physical education is an integral part of education. The word ‘physical’ means body, whereas education means modification of behaviour. Physical Education, thus means “Education through the medium of physical activities”. Physical Education is concerned about learning motor skills such as catching, running, throwing, climbing as well as mastery in skills of games and sports like Kabaddi, Kho-kho, Cricket, Hockey, Football, Athletics. Physical Education aims on overall development of human being, which includes both body and mind. Through participating in games and sports, students learn the values of leadership, cooperation, courage, to accept failure and respecting others. Modern physical education was started in 18th century in Germany, where physical education was an integral part of school curriculum. Since then, many changes have taken place and various aspects have emerged with time such as healthy diet, healthy life-style, physical activities and adventurous sports like Mountaineering, River Rafting, Camping, Surfing, etc. Definitions of Physical Education Physical education is defined in many ways by different experts and organisations, which are as follows: According to Clark W. Hetherington, “Physical Education is that phase of education which is concerned with the organisation and leadership of children in big muscle activities, to gain the development and adjustments inherent in the activities as per the social standards so that the educational process may go on without any handicap”. According to C.C. Covel, “Physical education is the social process of change in the behaviour of humans which originates primarily from the stimulus of the big muscle play and related activities.” According to Roselind Cassidy, “Physical education is the sum of changes in an individual caused by experience centring motor activity”. According to Delbert Oberteuffer’s, “Physical education is the sum of those experiences which come to the individual through movements”. According to J.F. William and C.L. Brownell, “Physical education is the sum of man’s physical activities selected as to kind and conducted as to outcomes”. According to J.B. Nash, “Physical education is that phase of the whole field of education that deals with big muscle activities and their related responses”. According to Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation (CABPER), “Physical education is the education through physical activities for the development of the whole personality of the child to its fullness and perfection in mind, body and soul”. According to Charles A. Butcher, “Physical Education is an integral part of total educational process, and has its aim for the development of physically, mentally, socially and emotionally fit citizens through the medium of physical activities which have been selected with view to realising these outcomes”.

Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education3 On the basis of these definitions, we can say that physical education is an integral part of education and it is necessary for all. It is not only K E Y POINTSan exercise but the knowledge of body through body itself. Now, it has been proved that the people who take part in physical activities regularly, scale greater heights in their life and succeed in achieving their aims. ★ Ancient Physical Education So, we may conclude that physical education is helpful in development ★ Modern Physical Education and progress that one may lead or live one’s life happily and with good ★ Clark W. Hetherington health. ★ C.C. Covel ★ Roselind Cassidy Practice Questions 1.1 ★ Delbert Oberteuffer ★ J.F. William I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words) ★ J.B. Nash 1. Give any two definitions of physical education. ★ CABPER ★ Charies A Butcher II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words) ★ Ministry of Education ★ All Round Development 1. Describe the meaning and definitions of physical ★ Spiritual Development education. ★ Career option ★ In teaching sector ★ In training sector 1.2 Aims and Objectives of ★ In performance sector ★ Industrial sector Physical Education ★ Health related sector ★ Sports Psychologist The aim of physical education is the overall development of human being. ★ Sports Journalism In other words, its aim is to make all-round development so that man ★ Sports Marketing may benefit himself and the society as well. The aim of physical education ★ Sports Industry is the wholesome development of individual which means making an ★ National Sports Federation individual physically fit, mentally alert, emotionally balanced, socially ★ Khelo-India well adjusted, morally true and spiritually uplifted. Definitions According to the Ministry of Education—“The aim of physical education should be to make a child mentally, physically and emotionally healthy and strong so that he/she may develop personal and social traits, live in company of others happily and become a good citizen”. According to J.F. Williams—“Physical education should aim to provide skilled leadership, adequate facilities and ample time for the individual and the groups to participate in activities that are physically wholesome, mentally stimulating and socially sound.” According to him, only those activities should be selected for the personality which are beneficial for health. Aims and Objectives of Physical Education Aim is the ultimate one, i.e., all-round development of an individual. The means and ways we adopt to achieve our aim are called objectives and these are: Physical development Mental development Social development Emotional development Spiritual development

4 Health and Physical Education—XI 1. Physical Development: The main objective of physical education is physical development. Physical education is related to several physical activities. When we do any physical activity, it affects our different body systems—blood circulation, respiratory system, muscular system, digestive system, etc. It results in the development of the size and shape of organs. It is helpful to make body healthy and strong. If our body systems are fine and healthy, only then we shall be able to do our work efficiently and be safe from several disease like high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity and arthritis. For e.g., Running increases the heart rate which helps the blood to flow efficiently through the whole body. 2. Mental Development: This objective is related to mental development. There should be some activities in physical education to keep our brain alert and concentrated. Now-a-days, physical education is not related to physical exercises only but it also includes rules of game, principles, structures of body, balanced diet, healthy and disease free body, personal cleanliness, etc. These physical activities sharpen the brain. By taking part in physical activities a person learn to tackle various situations. During sports, many situations occur in which a player takes his/her self-decision. So, this results in their mental development and decreases the stress level. 3. Social Development: This objective of physical education is related to social skills which are helpful in coordination. During a competition, players of different regions come together on single platform. So, they learn cooperation, support, respect, good sportsmanship, etc. through these skills, players can make their nation healthy and strong. 4. Emotional Development: The objective of physical education is to make an individual emotionally developed through physical activity. A man is endowed with different emotions like happiness, jealousy, hope, despair, joy, fear, loneliness, weal and woe, etc. If they do not control these emotions, then there will be no place for them in the society, which can be harmful for them. Physical education programmes develop these emotions and teach us to control them. 5. Spiritual Development: The objective of physical education for an individual is to reflect time and again to evaluate their experiences to allow them to build a positive mindset and promote progression. Practice Questions 1.2 I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words) 1. Give any two definitions of the aim of physical education. 2. Write down any two objectives of physical education. II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words) 1. Describe the main objectives of physical education.

Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 5 1.3 Career Options in Physical Education The opportunities in the field of physical education were teaching and training only till 1990. There are ample employment opportunities for people in the field of physical education due to increase in interest towards training and increase in number of activities. There are two types of career options in physical education. The first kind is related to teaching and training of physical education. These are called traditional careers also. The second kind is related to the careers when emerge out of it related to health, management, sports performance and media. Their descriptions are as follow: 1. In Teaching 2. In Training 3. In Health/Fitness 4. In Performance 5. In Media Sector Sector (Coaching) related Sector related Sector Sector • At Primary level • In Schools, Colleges, • Sports Fitness Trainer • Professional Players • Sports University Medicine Journalism • Sports Planning • At Middle level • In Various Sports • Sports Dietician Officer • Book Author • At Secondary level Institution • Sports • Sports • Sports • Industrial Recreation Psychology Management Photography • At College and • Sports Facility • Sports • Recreational • Sports Broad- University level Management Nutritionist Sports Management casting • Teaching at other • Administration • In Gyms as • Performance Analyist • Sports advertising Athletic Trainer (Sports equipments marketing) • Health/Fitness Industry • Sports Industry Professional Institution 1. Teaching Career Sector (i) Primary Schools: There should be physical education in primary schools because children can be taught basic skills and attitudes in an efficient manner. Physical education makes all-round development of children so that they become creative, their self-confidence boosts and they progress meaningfully. So, children should learn different activities like running, jumping, throwing, catching, kicking, etc. (ii) Middle Schools: In middle schools, there are lots of opportunities for the teachers of physical education. But these are only in big cities where they are related to CBSE. In these schools, there are different syllabi for the students of classes 6, 7 and 8. But in government schools, this subject is mandatory. Sports activities like basics of all major games as Football, Basketball, Cricket, Kho- kho, Kabaddi, etc. should be taught. (iii) High Schools: There are lots of opportunities in the field of physical education in government as well as private schools. In these schools, the teachers have to make children do theory as well as practical work. Apart from this, teams are prepared for inter-school competitions. For 9th class onwards, Health and Physical Education (HPE) has become compulsory. (iv) Senior Secondary Schools: In these schools, job opportunities in the field of physical education are galore. The teachers make student to do theory and practical work. The teachers have to maintain discipline as well. They have to prepare teams for inter-school competitions. (v) Colleges and Universities: In some colleges various professional courses are run in the field of physical education like B.P.E., B.Sc. Physical Education, B.P.Ed., M.P.Ed., M.Phil., etc. Physical education is also being taught as a main elective subject in different undergraduate courses along with the preparations of teams of different sports.

6 Health and Physical Education—XI Owing to increased sports participation and sports related business, there is a need for individuals to train in sports management. Now administration related career opportunities are available in various fields, such as sports administration, management of sports clubs and facilities, sports marketing and promotion. In western countries, colleges and universities offer Undergraduate and Post-graduate degrees in sports management but in India, it is still in its infancy. In India, management and administration are taught as a subject at both Undergraduate and Post-graduate levels. In fact, administrators are required not only in teaching areas but also they are required in areas connected with teaching, such as sports programmes. The explanation of the departments of physical education is as follows: (i) Physical Education Department There are many universities and colleges in India wherein the programmes of physical education are run. There are many job opportunities available related to management in sports departments. The post of Director of sports is available in each university. The Director is held responsible for management of sports for men and women and for the organization of sports. He also supervises the work of trainers and assistant trainers. He should have a sound knowledge of all the rules and regulations. The Director is held responsible for fixing dates for sports competitions, management of officials, lodging and boarding of players preparing sports, transport and budget, etc. In sports department of each state, there are various administrative posts-district sports official, Sports Director, Aassistant Director, etc. Apart from this, the coaches of various games and sports and other officials work under his administration. In western countries, there are also intramurals or campus recreation programmes. In these programmes, the faculty members besides schools take part in it. Their main aim is to promote participation. Their responsibilities are the same as in some other sports departments. (ii) Industrial Recreation Now-a-days, many multinational and national companies are providing opportunities to their staff members to take part in recreational activities. These companies are paying attention to the fitness, health and wellness of their employees. It enhances the working capacity of their employees. In return, it leads to increase in productivity, which increases the profit of the company. So, these companies demand the people who have professional capabilities and abilities. These capable people can give instructions related to physical activities to their employees. These people can also pay attention to the employees wellness and fitness. This profession also has some responsibilities, such as making teams, establishing a programme, making a time-table of programme, etc. (iii) Sports Facility Management There are organizations which they provide facilities to people to recreate themselves and to keep themselves hale and hearty. In today’s world eveyone wants to be physically fit. So, they go to gymnastic clubs, health clubs, sports house, stadiums, swimming pools, etc. These areas need facility managers. The manager of sports facilities can carry out all the responsibilities by himself or he can keep some staff under his instructions. His main responsibility is to make sure of the safety the people who are availing of these facilities. He is to be sure that the equipments are as per standard norms. He should also take care of the safety of the people and spectators visiting there. There are many opportunities increasing in this field. 2. Coaching Career Sector There are job opportunities available in the field of physical education as coaches/trainers because training develops the confidence, dedication and team spirit in players. Coaches help the players to get success. They are ideal for players on field and outside the field. These opportunities are available both in schools and sports clubs. A coach is required in a school to train students in the field of physical education. A coach can be appointed only for coaching a team.

Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 7 In colleges and universities, coaches are required to train different teams for various competitions. Apart from this, there are coaching jobs available in sports clubs, hotels, professional team, social parks and government sector. There are advantages and disadvantages of this profession. 3. Health Related Career Sector In the modern world, people are more aware of their health related issues. Each and every person is aware to his health. He wants to remain to be hale and hearty. He wants to keep away from blood pressure, heart attack, heart problem, obesity, diabetes, etc. He wants to adopt a healthy lifestyle. So, there is an increase in job opportunities in health-related careers in the field of physical education. The number of health and weight control clubs have increased tremendously. That is why teachers of physical education are in great demand. These health clubs are based on the people’s desires of looking good, physically fit and sound. These health clubs are in demand and their main aim is to gain a lot of money. In fact, it has become a big business. These clubs provide different activities but fitness activities are one and the same. There are different games, such as squash, tennis, swimming, sauna bath, steam rooms, massage, etc. Apart from these, the facilities of saunas, steam rooms and massage are also available. Here, customers are instructed with regards to their activities, diet and nutrition as well, so that they may achieve their goals. As there is an increase in awareness related to fitness and wellness, there are more and more job opportunities in this field. Physiotherapist: They treat the player’s prolonged diseases, pain and injuries. They are also experts in treatment and rehabilitation. Sports Dietician: They suggest the diet elements to increase the health and performance of players. They can work as the professional dietician of national and international teams, gyms and clubs. Sports Psychologist: They set up a relationship between the healthy mind and body of players. They treat the problems, such as anxiety, stress and low confidence level by observing the performance of players and their behaviour off the field. Athletic Trainer: They make a list of exercises after training which helps the players to overcome pain and improve playing capability. But they work under guidance of Physiotherapist. So, it can be said that there are a lot of job opportunities in this field of physical education, but the scope is limited in India. 4. Performance Related Career Sector The performance related careers are as follows: (i) As Players Players take part at different levels like inter-college, inter-school, district level, state level, national, international level and in olympics. The players’ who become successful in sports competitions, are able to make their careers as players. In India, scholarships are given to good players. For good players, various government and non- government companies like defence services, banks, airlines, railways, etc. offer the job opportunities. In western countries, various players in ten years of their profession/career in baseball, basketball, football, hockey, cricket, tennis, etc. earn a lot. They earn much more money than the players who work life long-in their jobs. The ‘New York Yankees’ releated professional players get the most handsome salaries in the world. Martina Navratilova (tennis player) earned 2 million dollars per year through commercial advertisements. In 1971, Bill Jean King was the first woman tennis player who won 1,00,000 dollars per year. There are many such examples in cricket as well in India like Virat Kohli, M.S. Dhoni etc. (ii) As Officials Good management of any sports of games depends upon efficient and talented officials. A player plays and performs for 10 or less years. Afterwards, these players make their career as officials because they have come

8 Health and Physical Education—XI to learn about the game thoroughly. So, the job opportunities are part-time or full-time as officials—referee, umpire, time-keeper, recorder, scorer, etc. Their requirement depends on the competitions to be held every year. It is also a good job opportunity related to sports. The former players can also make their careers by becoming officials. If players after their retirement become officials; they should have sound knowledge of their respective games and sports. A good sports official should do his work efficiently and in a good manner. 5. Careers in Sector The various means of communication—T.V., radio, newspaper, magazine, etc. have contributed a lot in covering sports events and promoting them far and worldwide. TV channels—Star Sports, Star Cricket, Ten Sports, etc. give sports coverage round the clock. (i) Sports Journalism The person who has the ability to write can choose their careers in sports journalism. Sports correspondents have the opportunity to work in unison with different newspapers and magazines because these journals print sports news boldly and in efficient manner. Sports correspondents can write articles, etc. related to any sports. Covering of a sports event is the important part of this career. Apart from this, interviewing coaches/players is also the duty of sports correspondents. Stories based on research compiling statistics are the main part of sports correspondents. A sound background of physical education can be beneficial to a sports journalist, For example, sports journalist with the ample knowledge of sports may be better able to explain to the public while some sportsperson fail to perform under pressure, whereas other sports persons give better performance. A sports journalist with the knowledge of exercise psychology may explain better what happens psychologically to athletes when they make efforts to finish marathon race. No doubt, career opportunities in sports journalism are ample but this field requires keen interest and talent in writing, self-confidence, knowledge of the terminology of sports, the capacity of being neutral while having friendly behaviour with players, knowledge of language, knowledge of sports rules, the dare of telling truth to the players and officials in meetings, etc. (ii) Book Writing Books on physical education are quite less in India. So, there are more opportunities of writing. If a person has good knowledge of sports biomechanics, sports sociology, sports medicine, exercise physiology, research methods, sports psychology, sports philosophy, sports pedagogy, sports management, etc., he can write books and make his career. But he should have a flair for writing, concentration, focus, deep knowledge, etc. (iii) Sports Photography This career is suitable for those people who are keen to click the photographs of sports events. But they must be highly skilled in sports photography. They can get excellent opportunities in working with sports magazines and journals. But the sports photography require patience. They should know the best angle for taking photographs. They should have sound knowledge of projections, trajectory and other important terms in the field of photography. (iv) Book Publishing Book publishing is also good option in the field of physical education. But the book publisher should have sound knowledge of physical education and its sub-disciplines, i.e., health education, recreation and other related subjects. For such work, one needs the knowledge of physical education, writing and other related skills. Some people are required in sales area. Their duty is to sell books across the country. For this, they should have the knowledge of physical education and the price for the books available in market. They should have the understanding of market and sales. So, one can make a career in book publishing as well.

Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 9 (v) Sports Broadcasting Sport’s broadcasting has also become a popular career. It includes TV, radio, cable TV for local, regional and national levels, etc. A career can be made in this field. One should not only have a sound knowledge of sports but also have an excellent appealing voice. The players/people anticipated that this career should have the knowledge of skills, rules and other related discipline. A reporter should study physical education in such manner how players prepare themselves for sports competitions. A reporter should have the knowledge of sports because people treat him as an expert in the field. He should not feel shy while speaking in front of a camera or microphone. He should have excellent speaking skills. He should have knowledge of all sports— football, volleyball, basketball, hockey, cricket etc. and also have a sound knowledge of the background of each player. (vi) Marketing of Sports Equipment With the increase in interest for sports, health and physical activities, there is also an increase in the sale of sports equipment. Now, companies hire people who have knowledge of physical activities and can endorse sports equipment keeping in mind the needs and demand of sports equipment in today’s changing world. A consumer expects a salesman to be an expert in all sports equipment. Salesmen should have the knowledge of the needs of customers and knowledge of sports equipment. Here, the career opportunities are galore because there is more interest for physical activities, sports and fitness. (vi) Sports Industry There are lots of opportunities for making a career in sports industry. Sports equipment and clothes are always in demand so that players can perform better during complications and practice. A player can establish sports industry at low level. It can be related to T-shirts, track suits and shoes. But one should have the knowledge of designs as well. As few years ago athletes use loose shorts but now they use skin fit because it decreases the air resistance. So, we can say that in the field skin fit shorts keep the athletes more fit and agile in compare to the earlier time. Practice Questions 1.3 I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words) 1. Enlist various careers in the field of physical education. 2. Enlist careers in communication media and elaborate any one. 3. Elaborate the professional courses in physical education available in India. 4. Explain the professional courses available in the field of sports administration. II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words) 1. Explain various performance-related careers. 2. Elaborate various careers available in physical education. 3. What are various levels where physical education teachers can teach? 1.4 Competitions in Various Sports at National and International Level Introduction India is home to a diverse population playing many different sports. Field Hockey is the most successful sports for India at Olympics in which India has won eight Olympic gold medals. Cricket is most popular sport in India.

10 Health and Physical Education—XI Kabaddi is most popular indigeneous sport in the country. Other popular sports in India are Athletics, Badminton, Judo, Football, Basketball, Chess, Shooting, Wrestling, Boxing, Tennis, Squash, Weightlifting, Gymnastics and Table-Tennis. Some indigeneous sports like Kho-Kho and Kabaddi are very popular. Some other sports were originated in India such as Chess, Leg Cricket, Snooker, etc. are also very popular. The National Games of India is a national domestic sports event organisation which has been held in the country since 1924 and for developing multi-sports culture in India. Khelo-India School Games, an event for Under-17 School Kids, had been started from 2018 as its first edition. Political responsibility for sport in India is with the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, which is headed by a cabinet minister and managed by National Sports Federations. The only major exception is the BCCI which is the administrative body of Cricket but not a NSF. Presently, there are more than 70 recognised National Sports Federations (NSF). Sports Authority of India, the field arm of the ministry, supports and nurtures talent in youth and provides them with requisite infrastructure, equipment, coaching, facilities and competition exposure. Sir Dorabji Tata with the support of Dr. A.G. Noehren established the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) in 1927. IOA is responsible for the Indian continents participation in the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games and South Asian Federation Games. Each Olympic and Non-Olympic Sport has a federation at the national level. Some of them are as follows: Various National Sports Federations in India S.No. Name of Governing Body Prominant Players Major Competitions Game Archery Association of India (AAI) • Sanjeeva Kumar Singh Olympics, World 1. Archery Established In : 1973 • Limba Ram Championship, Common Current President : B.V.P. Rao • Deepika Kumari Wealth Games, Asian Games, Headquarter : New Delhi • Atanu Das SAF Games, National • Dola Banerjee Games, Khelo India, All • Rahul Banerjee India Inter University 2. Athletics Athletics Federation of India (AFI) • Milka Singh Olympics, World Established In : 1946 • Shiny Abraham Championship, CWG, Asian Current President : Mr. Rdille Sumariwalla • P.T. Usha Games, SAF Games, Headquarter : New Delhi • Jinson Johnson National Games, K.I.G., • Anju Bobby George All India Inter University • Tintu Lukka • Dutee Chand • Neeraj Chopra 3. Basketball Basketball Federation India (BFI) • Satnam Singh World Championships, NBA Established In : 1950 • Amritpal Singh (American League), European Current President : K. Govindraj • Yadhwinder Singh League, Olympics, CWG, Headquarter : New Delhi • Geethu Anna Jose SAF, Asian Games, National • Akhanksha Singh Games, Khelo India, AIIU • Prashanti Singh 4. Badminton Badminton Association of India (BAI) • Saina Nehwal Olympics, World Ranking Established In : 1934 • Syed Modi Tournaments, Asian CWG, Current President : Himanta Biswa Sarma • P.V. SIndhu SAF, Premier Badminton Headquarter : New Delhi • Chetan Anand League All India, Thomas • Pullela Gopichand Cup, Uber Cup (Women), • Aparna Popat Sudiraman Cup (Men) • Prakash Padukone (Mix Teams) • Srikant Kidambi • Jwala Gutta • Ashwini Ponappa • Parupalli Kashyap

Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 11 S.No. Name of Governing Body Prominant Players Major Competitions 5. Game Boxing Boxing Federation India (BFO) • Vijender Singh Olympics, W.C., Asian Established In : 1925 • Mary Kom Games, Amature Boxing 6. Football Current President : Ajay Singh • Akhil Kumar Championship, SAF, CWG, 7. Gymnastics Headquarter : New Delhi • Hawa Singh National Golden Gloves 8. Hockey • Vikas Krishan Yadav Championship All India Football Federation (AIFF) • Pinki Rani 9. Judo Established In : 1937 • Manish Kaushik FIFA World Cup, FIFA 10. Kabaddi Current President : Praful Patel Confederation Cup, UEFA 11. Kho-Kho Headquarter : New Delhi • Sunil Cheetri Championship, Asian Cup, 12. Shooting • Bhaichung Bhutia Santosh Trophy Gymnastics Federation of India (GFI) • I.M. Vijayan Established In : 1952 • Aditi Chauhan Olympics, W.C., Asian Games, Current President : Narender Batra • Oinam Bembem Devi CWG, SAFG, Pacific Rim Headquarter : New Delhi Championship, PAN American Indian Hockey Federation (IHF) • Dipa Karmakar Championship, KIG, Nationals Established In : 1928 • Ashish Kumar Current President : Mohd. Mushtaque Ahmad Olympics, W.C., Asian Cup, Headquarter : New Delhi • Dhyan Chand SAFG, CWG, BEIGHTON • Savita Punia Cup, AGA KHAN Cup, Judo Federation of India (JFI) • Dhanraj Pillay Marugappa Gold Hockey Established In : 1965 • Rani Rampal Cup, Nehru Cup, Hockey Current President : Pratap Singh Bajwa • Sandeep Singh India League, Khelo India Headquarter : New Delhi • Sardar Singh Games • Dilip Tirkey Amature Kabaddi Federation of India (AKFI) • Mandeep Singh Olympics, World Games, Established In : 1973 SAFG, CWG, Asian Games, Current President : S.P. Garg • Cawas Billrmoria European Judo Headquarter : New Delhi • Akram Shah Championship, Judo Grand • Garima Chaudhary Prix, PAN AMERICAN Kho-Kho Federation of India (KKFI) • Sandeep Byala JUDO CHAMPIONSHIP Established In : 1959–60 • Tombi Devi Current President : Rajeev Mehta • Navjot Chana Asian Games, Kabaddi Headquarter : New Delhi • Sushila Likmabam World Cups, Pro-Kabaddi League, Federation Cups, • Anup Kumar National Kabaddi • Abhilasha Matre Championships, • Manjit Chillan Khelo India Games • Ajay Thakur • Rahul Chaudhary National Championship, • Pradeep Narwal Nehru Gold Cup, Federation Cup • Satish Rai • Sarika Kale • Pankaj Malhotra • Mandakini Majhi • Praveen Kumar • Shabeer Bapu National Rifle Association of India (NRAI) • Rajyavardhan Singh Rathod Olympic, Established In : 1951 • Abhinav Bindra World Championship, Current President : Sh. Ravinder Singh • Jitu Rai Asian Games, CWG, Headquarter : New Delhi • Apurvi Chandela SAF Games, • Jaspal Rana National Games, • Gagan Narang Khelo India Games • Manu Bhakar • Heena Sindhu

12 Health and Physical Education—XI S.No. Name of Governing Body Prominant Players Major Competitions Game Wrestling Federation of India (WFI) Olympics, Established In : • Yogeshwar Dutt World Championship, 13. Wrestling Current President : Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh • Babita Phogat Asian Games, CWG, Headquarter : New Delhi • Sushil Kumar SAF Games, • Bajrang Poonia Federation Cup, 14. Volleyball Volleyball Federation of India (VFI) • Pooja Dhanda National Games, Established In : 1951 • Sakshi Malik Khelo India Games Current President : S. Vasudevan • Vinesh Phogat Headquarter : Banglore • Geeta Phota Olympics, • Dara Singh World Championships, 15. Weightlifting Indian Weightlifting Federation (IWLF) • Jimmi George Asian Games, CWG, Established In : 1935 • Gurinder Singh SAF Games, Current President : Birendra Prasad Baishya • G.E. Sridharan Federation Cup, Headquarter : New Delhi • A. Ramana Rao National Games, • Tom Joseph Khelo India Games • Shyam Sundar Rao Olympics, • Nirmal Saini World Championships, • S. Mirabai Chanu Asian Games, CWG, • Sanjita Chanu SAF Games, • Swati Singh Federation Cups, • Kavita Devi National Games, • Karnam Maheshwari Khelo India Games • Kunjurani Devi • Poonam Yadav • Satish Shivalingam • Vikas Thakur • Gurdeep Singh • Ravi Kumar Major Responsibilities of National Federations 1. To select the National Teams. 2. To recommend the Indian Olympic Association (IOA) for official sponsorship. 3. To participate in games conducted under the auspicious of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) and South Asian Games (SAG) Federation 4. To supervise the conduct of State Associations under them. 5. To promote the sport and maintain the decorum of the game. 6. To ensure coordination among state sports. 7. To prepare budget for respective sports. 8. To recommand the names for awards like Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award, Arjuna Award and Dronacharya Award for excellence in sports. 9. To elect the governing body at regular period. 10. To follow the latest rules of international federations. List of International Competitions In the sport of athletics, international competitions between national teams can be distinguished into four main types: Multi-sports events, commonly referred to as Games, where athletics events form part of a wider sporting programme. World championships, the primary competitions where all nations may compete. Continental or regional championships, between nations of a specific geographical area.

Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 13 Competitions where the invited nations or athletes have a shared language, religion, ethnicity, occupation or political allegiance. Competitions Event Ist Held Level of Competition Participants World games Olympic Games 1896 World championships Worldwide Worldwide Championships 1983 World indoor championships Worldwide World Indoor Championships 1985 University games Worldwide Universiade 1959 Military games Worldwide (college athletes) Military World Games 1995 Military championships Worldwide (military athletes) World Military Track & Field 1941 Worldwide (military athletes) Championship Continental games Asian Games 1951 Continental indoor games Asia Asian Indoor Games 2005 Continental games Asia Pan American Games 1951 Continental games Americas African Games 1965 Continental games Africa European Games 2015 Continental championships Europe European Championships 1934 Continental indoor Europe European Indoor 1966 championships Europe Championships Continental championships South American Championships 1919 Continental championships South America Asian Championships 1973 Continental championships Asia African Championships 1979 Continental championships Africa Oceanian Championships 1990 Regional games Oceania Mediterranean Games 1951 All nations bordering Regional games the Mediterranean Sea Pan Arab Games 1953 Regional games Arab World nations Commonwealth Games 1930 Regional games Commonwealth of Nations Central American and 1926 Central American and Caribbean Games Regional games Caribbean nations East Asian Games 1983 Regional games East Asian nations South Asian Games 1953 Regional games South Asian nations Southeast Asian Games 1959 Regional games Southeast Asian nations Island Games 1985 European islands and other Regional games small territories Games of the Small States of Europe 1985 Ethnoreligious games Small states of Europe Maccabiah Games 1932 Jewish athletes and Israeli Language games athletes (including Lusophony Games 2006 Language games Arab Israelis) Jeux de la Francophonie 1989 Regional championships Portuguese speaking nations Central American and 1967 French-speaking nations Caribbean Championships Regional championships Central American and North American, Central 2007 Caribbean nations American and Caribbean Regional championships North American, Central Championships 1983 American and Ibero-American Invitational championships Caribbean nations Championships 1969 Ibero-American countries Pacific Conference Games Regional championships 1992 World championships Five Pacific-coast countries FAJR Indoor Championships 2008 (later invitational) World Deaf Athletics Asia Worldwide

14 Health and Physical Education—XI Practice Questions 1.4 I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words) 1. What are the aims and objective of A.F.I.? II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words) 1. Write a short note on the achievement of boxer at national level. 1.5 Khelo-India Program Introduction The importance of sports and fitness in one’s life is invaluable. Playing sports inculcates team spirit, develops strategic and analytical thinking, leadership skills, goal setting and risk taking. A fit and healthy individual leads to an equally healthy society and strong nation. Sports is an extremely important component for the overall development of our nation. India, in the last five years has made steady progress in the field of sports. This tremendous potential needs to be showcased at a global platform. It’s time, we inspire young talent, give them top notch, infrastructure and training of the highest level. We need to inculcate a strong spirit of participation in sports that enables players to demonstrate their true potential. Only then can India realise its dream of becoming a sports super power. The Khelo-India Program has been introduced to revive the sports culture in India at the grass-root level by building a strong framework for all sports played in our country and establish India as a great sporting nation. To accomplish the above objectives, Khelo-India Program has been divided into 12 verticals, namely– Khelo-India Program (i) Play field development (ii) Community coaching development (iii) State level Khelo-India centres (iv) Annual Sports Competitions (v) Talent search and development program (vi) Utilization and Creation/Upgradation of Sports Infrastructure (vii) Support to National/Regional/State Sports Academics (viii) Physical fitness of school children (ix) Sports for Women (x) Promotion of Sports amongst people with disabilities (xi) Sports for peace and development (xii) Promotion of rural and indigenous/tribal games Talented players identlised in priority sports disciplines at various levels by the high powered committee will be provided annual financial assistance of “INR 5 Lakh per annum for 8 years”.

Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 15 Khelo-India school games, which are a part of the Khelo-India Program, are First being held from 31st January to 8th February, 2018 in New Delhi. Under-17 athletics have been invited to participate across 16 disciplines, which are as follows: (i) Archery (ii) Athletics (iii) Badminton (iv) Basketball (v) Boxing (vi) Football (vii) Gymnastics (viii) Hockey (ix) Judo (x) Kabaddi (xi) Kho-Kho (xii) Shooting (xiii) Swimming (xiv) Volleyball (xv) Weightlifting (xvi) Wrestling Khelo-India Program meaning play India youth games, held annually in January or February, are the national level multidisciplinary grassroot games in India’s held for under-17years school students. Every year best 1000 students will be given an annual scholarship of INR 5,00,000 for 8 years to prepare them for the international sporting events. First event – 2018 Occur every – Annually Last event – 2019 Headquarters – New Delhi Purpose – Grassroot level talent hunt In First Khelo-India games small state of Haryana (102 medals including 38 gold, 26 silver and 38 bronze) which is considered a sports powerhouse was the top team in 2018, followed by Maharashtra (111 medals including 36 gold) and Delhi (94 medals including 25 gold). History On 31st January, 2018 the Prime Minister Narendra Modi, inaugurated Khelo-India school games at the opening ceremony based on Guru-Shishya tradition held at Indira Gandhi Stadium, New Delhi. Selection Criteria Only selected school kids below the age of 17 years are eligible to compete in the individual sports. Top 8 sports person from the school games federation of India’s National School Games. 4 nominations from federation, one from Central Board of Secondary Education, one from the host state and one from the organising committee will be selected. For Archery, Badminton and Shooting, the top 16 from the National School Games, 8 nominations by the federation, one from CBSE, one from host state, one from organising committee, and 6 from wild cards will be selected. Aim of the Khelo-India Program “To make popular the rural, indigenous and the Tribal sport/Games to disseminate information and pique the curionsity of the present generation about these games and also to encourage children and youth to take up these games in a major way, paving way for their mainstreaming. Objectiveness of Schemes To encourage, promote and popularize the indigenous sports and games and those played in the rural and tribal areas of the country.

16 Health and Physical Education—XI Practice Questions 1.5 I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words) 1. In how many circles Khelo-India Program has been divided? 2. Who inaugurated this event? II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words) 1. When was Khelo-India Program started, write in detail. 2. Explain the selection criteria of Khelo-India Program. 3. What are the aims of Khelo-India Program? Multiple Choice Type Questions 1. “Physical education is the sum of changes in an individual caused by experience centering motor activity”. Who said this? (a) Roselind Cassidy (b) Prince Martin (c) Delbret Oberteuffers (d) J.B. Nash 2. “Physical education is sum of man’s physical activities selected as to kind and conducted as to outcomes.” Who said this? (a) J.F. Williams and C.L. Brownell (b) C.C. Covel (c) J.B. Nash (d) Charles A. Butcher 3. How many objectives of physical education are there? (a) Four (b) Two (c) Three (d) Five 4. What is the aim of physical education? (a) Physical Development (b) Mental Development (c) Social Development (d) All-Round Development 5. Good management of any sports of games depends upon ............. . (a) Efficient and talented officials (b) Smart and clever officials (c) Weak and greedy officials (d) None of these 6. Which type of speaking skills should a reporter have? (a) Sweet speaking skills (b) Hard speaking skills (c) Soft speaking skills (d) Excellent speaking skills 7. Where are coaching jobs available? (a) Social parks (b) Sports club (c) Hotels (d) All of the above 8. What is the duration of Summer Olympic Games? (a) 12 days (b) 13 days (c) 16 days (d) 15 days 9. Where was the first Modern Olympic Games held? (a) Atlanta (b) Athens (c) Los Angeles (d) St. Luis

Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 17 10. Vijendra Singh and Akhil Kumar belongs to which games? (a) Athletics (b) Badminton (c) Boxing (d) Judo 11. First Event of Khelo-India took place in the year ........... . (a) 2012 (b) 2014 (c) 2016 (d) 2018 12. Which state of India in First Khelo-India Games stood at highest rank .......... . (a) Delhi (b) Maharasthra (c) Punjab (d) Haryana 13. How many discipline of sports were there in Ist Kehlo India? (a) 15 (b) 14 (c) 12 (d) 16 14. How many sports training and rules are available is Khelo-India app: (a) 19 (b) 18 (c) 20 (d) 21 15. What is BMI? (a) Body mass index (b) Bio mass index (c) Biological Maths index (d) Body muscle index 16. Name the different competition for specially abled people: (a) Deaf Olympics (b) Para Olympics (c) Special Olympics (d) All of the above 17. What kind of professions are available in field of physical education sports and coaching: (a) Player (b) Coaches (c) Technical officials (d) All of the above 18. Physical education teachers can teach in ....................... (a) School (b) University/collage (c) School and University/college (d) None of the above 19. What are objectives of physical education mentioned by Leslie: (a) Organic aspect of development (b) Neuro-muscular aspect of development (c) Emotional aspect of development (d) All of the above 20. Objectives of Bookwatles: (a) Physical fitness (b) Worthy use of desire time (c) Ethical character (d) All of the above 21. If an individual does not have appropriate control over .............., he/she becomes abnormal and uncontrollable: (a) Emotions (b) Social service (c) Neuro-muscular coordination (d) Health 22. Which of these authorities came into existence in 1948? (a) Central Adversory Board of Physical Education and Recreation (b) All India Council of Sports (c) Adhar Inquiry Committee (d) NSNIS

18 Health and Physical Education—XI 23. Which of these is not a master’s degree? (a) MA (yoga) (b) M.Phil (Physical Education) (c) Ph.D (d) BSc. Physical Education and Sports 24. Who assests the director of sports at university level? (a) ADEO (sports) (b) AEO (sports) (c) Assistant Director of Sports (d) District sports officer 25. Which of these is not a professional course in physical education at college level? (a) CPEd (b) DPEd (c) BPEd (d) Diploma in physical education 26. Identify the person who defines physical education as the sum of those experiences which come to the individual through movements: (a) J.B. Nash (b) J.F. Willims (c) Oberteuffer (d) C.C.Cowell 27. Which of the following is not the aim or objective of physical education? (a) Strength development (b) Neuro muscular development (c) Improvement in life style (d) Social development 28. Which of the following is/are carrer option(s) in physical education? (a) Sports coaching (b) Fitness trainer (c) Sports as a profession (d) All of these 29. In which year was the NSNIS established? (a) 1960 (b) 1957 (c) 1961 (d) 1975 30. In which year were the Asian Games first conducted in India? (a) 1975 (b) 1998 (c) 1970 (d) 1982 31. In physical education which year the sports authority of India came into existence: (a) 1948 (b) 1954 (c) 1961 (d) 1984 32. How many certified courses are there in physical education? (a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 4 33. According to H. Clarke, which of these is not an objective of physical education? (a) Physical fitness (b) Health (c) Social efficiency (d) Culture 34. Which of the following is not a diploma course physical education? (a) Diploma in yoga teacher (b) Diploma in yoga (c) Post graduate diploma in yoga (d) B.Sc. Physical Education and Sports 35. Which of the following comes under performance related carrers? (a) As players (b) Industrial recreation (c) Book writing (d) Sports broadcasting 36. Which object of physical education did H. Clark mention? (a) Health (b) Ethical character (c) Social efficiency (d) worthy use of ensure time

Changing Trends and Career in Physical Education 19 37. Which objectives of physical education did Leslie mention? (a) Immediate objective (b) Social aspect of development (c) Culture (d) Physical fintess 38. Which of the following is not a Bachelor’s Degree? (a) B.A (b) B.Ed (c) B.Phil (d) B.P. Ed. 39. Which of the following comes under carrers in India? (a) Players (b) Official (c) Marketing (d) All the above 40. Which one is not a job related to administration in sports? (a) The post of director (b) The post of teacher (c) The post of administrator (d) OSD (Sports) 41. Which authority came into existence is 1984? (a) NSNIS (b) Sports Authority of India (SAI) (c) Central Advisory Board of Physical Education and Recreation (d) Ministry of Education and National Planning of Physical Education and Recreation 42. Identify any one channel that provide sports coverage for 24 hours? (a) ESPN (b) Star sports (c) Sport channel (d) DD sports

2Unit Olympic Value Education KDniodwYou?Contents 2.1 Olympics, Paralympics and Special Olympics 2.2 Olympic Symbols, Ideals, Objectives and Values of Olympism 2.3 International Olympic Committee 2.4 Indian Olympic Association Introduction Olympic Movement is a wide term. It gives the understanding of Olympic participation in its activities in past and present along with the development of games and sports for competitions or more appropriately we can say that it is the link between Ancient Olympic Games and Modern Olympic Games and development of competitive sports activities at various levels. For better understanding it is important to know the journey of Ancient Olympics to Modern Olympics first. Ancient Olympic Games (776 BC – 393 AD) History reveals that Hercules came to Olympia to offer a sacrifice to god Zues. He celebrated his victory by organising an athletic contest and gradually these games were forgotten until when Iphitos became the king of Elis. During that century the Greeks faced civil wars and three kings Elis, Sparta & Pisa in Greece concluded a treaty known as ‘Sacred Truce’. Around 776 BC these game were organised at the city named Olympia as their religious festivals and from then Olympic games achieved some importance and representatives of whole Greek used to gathered at Olympia and exhibited their unity. These games were held in the honour of god Zues, who once appeared on the grounds of Olympia. The people of Olympia constructed a magnificent temple of god Zues and started the tradition to offer sacrifice. Later, son of Zues, Hercules started various games and sports in the honour of his father. ➡ Modern Olympic Games was restored after 1503 years of closure of ancient Olympics. ➡ Three times Modern Olympic Games were not conducted due to World War 1 and 2. ➡ Paralympics was organized in 1948 with London Olympic Games. ➡ ‘Spirit in Motion’ is motto of Paralympics was introduced in 2004. ➡ “International Paralympics committee” and “Special Olympic Organization” are the recognized by International Olympic Committee. ➡ The tenure of President of International Olympic Committee for eight years and extended for four years only once. ➡ Olympic Flag is made in 1913, Inaugurated in 1914 and waved first time in 1920. 20

Modern Olympic Games POINTSOlympic Value Education 21 The revival work of the games was undertaken by Barron Pierre De KEY Coubertin, nearly 1503 years after the last ancient games. A French Research delegation which was led by Pierre Barron De Coubertin went to ★ Ancient Olympics Greece and there they got archeological runs of city of Olympia. During a ★ Modern Olympic conference at Surbonne, he first-said, “The Restoration of the Olympic ★ Athens Games”. He further added that the games would strengthen amateur sports, ★ Barron Pierre De Coubertin to give them strength and lasting quality for an essential role in the world ★ International Committee of modern education. ★ Paralympics ★ Paralympics Motto A team of delegation was formed which was led by Pierre Barron De ★ Paralympics Symbol Coubertin and associates and created International Olympic Committee to ★ Paralympics oath oversee them and due to their hard efforts the first Modern Olympic Games ★ Special Olympic held in 1896 at Athens Greece and since then these games are held every ★ Special Olympic Logo four years. ★ Olympic Motto ★ Olympic Symbol 2.1 Olympics, Paralympics ★ Indian Olympic Association ★ Sir Dorabji Tata and Special Olympics ★ Dr Noehren Olympics The word ‘Olympic Movement’ means the efforts which were taken during the period between Ancient Olympic Games to the organisation of Modern Olympic Games. In comparison to other games, Olympic games is unique because athletes from all over the world participate in it. Million of spectators come to see these games and these games represents the international unity and brotherhood. These games are considered to be the highest level games means nothing big competition then Olympic Games. These games are organised after every four years. Lots of people gather just to see a glimpse of the opening ceremony of these games which is followed by the competition of various games and at last closing ceremony takes place. The objective of Olympic Games is to promote games and sports in the world. To understand the history of Olympic Games we should be aware of the Ancient Olympic Games as well as the Modern Olympic Games. Olympic games are organised after every 4 years, by a governing body named by the International Olympic Committee. International Olympic Committee includes National Olympic Associations, International Sports Organisations, Players, Referees, Coaches, Olympic Games Organising Committee, Manifesto of Olympics, etc. Year and Venue of Modern Olympic Games Held S. Year City Country No. of No. of Main features No. countries activities participated 1. 1896 Athens Greece 13 9 Only for men Athletics, Swimming, Gymnastics, Wrestling and Horse Riding. 2. 1900 Paris France 22 17 Motto announced, women participation 3. 1904 St. Louis US allowed. 4. 1908 London England 5. 1912 Stockholm Sweden 12 4 Proper sports kit compulsory for players. 22 21 Racial differences were seen. 28 4 Women took part in swimming.

22 Health and Physical Education—XI 6. 1916 Berlin Germany — — Not held due to World War I. 7. 1920 Antwerp Belgium 29 8. 1924 Paris France 44 22 Olympic flag was raised. 9. 1928 Amsterdam Holland 46 18 March past and opening show. 10. 1932 Los Angeles USA 37 15 Olympic torch was lit. India won first gold in 11. 1936 Berlin Germany 49 hockey. 12. 1940 Tokyo Japan — 13. 1944 London England — 15 Olympic village was set-up, India won second 14. 1948 London England 59 gold in hockey. 15. 1952 Helsinki Finland 69 20 India won hockey gold again. 16. 1956 Melbourne Australia 71 17. 1960 Rome Italy 83 — Not held due to World War II. 18. 1964 Tokyo Japan 93 — Not held due to World War II. 19. 1968 Mexico City Mexico 112 20. 1972 Munich W. Germany 122 18 Racial differences were seen. 21. 1976 Montreal Canada 92 22. 1980 Moscow Russia 81 17 Indian flag, K.D. Jadav got 3rd position in 23. 1984 Los Angeles US 140 wrestling (First individual medal). 24. 1988 Seoul S. Korea 160 17 First time in Southern Hemisphere. 25. 1992 Barcelona Spain 173 26. 1996 Atlanta USA 197 17 Telecast on TV. India lost to Pakistan in Hockey final. 27. 2000 Sydney Australia 213 19 Olympic mascot shown. Milkha Singh misses. 28. 2004 Athens Greece 211 29. 2008 Beijing China 204 18 Attitude variation was observed in athletes. 30. 2012 London England 204 18 Lavish affair. 31. 2016 Rio De Janeiro Brazil 206 21 Africa boycotted. Drug use was seen by athletes. 32. 2020 Tokyo Japan — 21 USA boycotted. Drugs were banned for athletes. 33. 2024 Prais France — 34. 2028 Los Angeles USA — 23 Russia boycotted. Medical test for players. 23 Ben Johnson discarded (drugs). Many records broken. 25 Indian performance very poor. 27 High tech observation by video camera. Leander Paes got Bronze in tennis for India. 29 Greatest ever show on earth. Maleshwari got Bronze in weightlifting. Many records in swimming. Many new games introduced. 31 China came with huge medal tally. India’s Rajyavardhan got silver in shooting. 28 Mega structures were built like Bird Nest, Bubble Cube. India won first individual gold by Abhinav Bindra. Sushil Kumar and Vijender Kumar won Bronze medals. American supremacy was lost as China got lead in medal tally. 26 American regained supremacy. Six medals from India, Vijay Kumar (Shooting), Sushil Kumar (Wrestling), Saina Nehwal (Badminton), Mary Kom (Boxing), Yogeshwar Datt (Wrestling), Gagan Narang (Shooting). 208 Rugby 7 and Golf included and refugee had their own team. 28 Scheduled to be held. — Scheduled to be held. — Scheduled to be held.

Olympic Value Education 23 Paralympic Games The Paralympic games is a multi-sport event for athletes with physical, mental and sensorial disabilities. These games are held every four years following the Olympic games and are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). The IPC organises summer and winter Paralympic games. The word ‘Paralympic’ is derived from the Greek preposition ‘para’ (beside or along side) and the word ‘Olympic’. It means that the Paralympics are the parallel games to the Olympics and illustrate how the two movements exist side by side. The Paralympic games originated at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Great Britain. In 1944, Dr. Ludwig Guttmann, a German spinal injuries doctor, opened a spinal injuries centre at the hospital to treat war veterans through rehabilitation sports. These gradually evolved to recreational sports and then to competitive sports. The Stoke Mandeville games were first organised in 1948 with London Olympic games. They were later called the Paralympic games. In 1960, they took place in Rome, Italy. Since then, they have taken place every four years. The categories for the Paralympic games include (i) Amputee, (ii) Cerebral Palsy, (iii) Intellectual disabilities, (iv) Wheel-chaired, (v) Visually impaired. Paralympics Values 1. Courage: Through their performances, para-athletes showcase to the world what can be achieved by testing one’s body to its absolute limits. 2. Determination: Para-athletes have a unique strength of character that combines mental toughness, physical abilities and outstanding agility to produce sports performances that regularly redefine the boundaries of possibilities. 3. Inspiration: As role models, para-athletes maximise their abilities, thus, empowering and exciting others to participate in sports. 4. Equality: Through sports, para-athletes challenge stereotypes and transform attitudes. They help increase inclusions by breaking down social barriers and discrimination towards people with special needs. Paralympics Motto The Paralympic motto is ‘Spirit in Motion’. The motto was introduced in 2004 at the Paralympic games in Athens. The previous motto was ‘Mind, Body, Spirit’ which was introduced in 1994. Paralympics Symbol The symbol of the Paralympic games is composed of three ‘agitos’ coloured red, blue and green (colours that are most commonly represented in national flags around the world) and encircling a single point on a white field. The word ‘agito’ (meaning ‘I move’ in Latin) is a symbol of movement in the shape of an asymmetrical crescent. This Paralympic symbol was approved in April, 2003 and was first used in the 2006 Paralympic Winter Games in Turin, Italy.

24 Health and Physical Education—XI Paralympics Flag The Paralympic flag has a white background with the Paralympic symbol in the centre. Flame and Torch Relay In the Paralympic flame and torch relays, the flame travels through the regions of the host country. In 2013, the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) declared that UK will be involved in all flame and torch relays of the Paralympic games in order to commamorate the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Buckinghampshire, as the birthplace of the Paralympic movement. On the day of the opening ceremony, the flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the games. It is then kept burning throughout the games till the closing ceremony, when it is extinguished to signify the end of the Paralympic games. Medals The Paralympic medals are awarded to the top three sports persons in different events. A gold medal is awarded to the winner, followed by a silver medal to the first runner-up and a bronze medal to the second runner-up. For every Paralympic games, the medals are designed differently and reflect the host of the games. Paralympics Oath The Paralympic oath is a solemn promise made by all athlete participating in—as a representative of each of the participating Paralympic competitors; and by one judge—as a representative of each officiating Paralympic referee or other official, at the opening ceremony of every Paralympic games. The athlete from the team of the organising country holds a corner of the Paralympic flag while reciting the oath. “In the name of all the competitors, We promise that we shall take part in these Paralympic games, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without doping and without drugs, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honour of our teams.” The judge, also from the host nation, holds a corner of the flag but takes a slightly different oath. Paralympics Order The Paralympic order is the highest tribute a person connected with the Paralympic movement can achieve. It honours people who have exemplified the Paralympic ideals through their actions, made remarkable strides in Paralympic sports or rendered outstanding services to the Paralympic cause. The recipients get a medal with the IPC logo on it. Paralympians at the Olympics Paralympic athletes have sought equal opportunities to compete at the Olympic games. The precedent was set by Neroli Fairhall, a Paralympic archer from New Zealand, who competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. In 2008, Oscar Pistorius, a South African sprinter, attempted to qualify for the 2008 Summer Olympics. Pistorius had both his legs amputated below the knee and races with two carbon fibre blades manufactured by Oscar. He holds Paralympic world record in the 400 meter event. Pistorius missed qualifying for the 2008 Summer Olympics in the 400 meter race, by 0.70 seconds. He qualified for the 2008 Summer Paralympics where he won gold medals in the 100, 200, and 400 meter sprints. In 2011, Pistorius qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics and competed in two events: he made the semi-final in the 400 metres race; and his team

Olympic Value Education 25 came 8th in the final of the 4 × 400 metres relay race. Even though all athletes are given equal opportunities to participate in these events, such as the 400 meter race, there has been growing criticism that the games may not be fair to all athletes. For example, athletes running a race with a left prosthetic leg may have the disadvantage than those with a right side prosthesis because the races are run in an anticlockwise direction, giving some athletes an advantage. Some athletes without a disability also compete at the Paralympics. The sighted guides for athletes with a visual impairment are such a close and essential part of the competition that the athlete with visual impairment and the guide are considered a team, and both athletes are medal winners. Special Olympics Special Olympics is the world’s largest sports organization for children and adults with intellectual disabilities and physical disabilities, providing year-round training and competitions to 5 million athletes and Unified Sports partners in 172 countries. Special Olympics competitions are held every day, all around the world— including local, national and regional competitions, adding up to more than 100,000 events a year. Like the International Paralympic Committee, the Special Olympics Organization is recognized by the International Olympic Committee; however, unlike the Paralympic games, Special Olympics World games are not held in the same year or in conjunction with the Olympic games. The Special Olympics World Games is a major event put on by the Special Olympics. The World games alternate between summer and winter games, in two-year cycles, recurring every fourth year. The first games were held on July 20, 1968 in Chicago, Illinois, with about 1000 athletes from the U.S. and Canada. International participation expanded in subsequent games. In 2003, the first summer games held outside the United States were in Dublin, Ireland with 7000 athletes from 150 countries. The most recent World Summer games were held in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (The largest event in Special Olympics World games history), from March 14 to 21, 2019. This was the first Special Olympics World games to be held in the Middle East. The next World Summer games will be held in Berlin, Germany in 2023. This will be the first time that Germany has ever hosted the Special Olympics World games. The first World Winter games were held in 1977 in Steamboat Springs, Colorado. Austria hosted the first Winter games outside the United States in 1993. The most recent Special Olympics World Winter games were held in Graz, Schladming and Ramsau, Austria from March 14, 2017 to March 25, 2017. During the World Winter games of 2013 in Pyeongchang, South Korea the first Special Olympics Global Development Summit was held on “Ending the Cycle of Poverty and Exclusion for People with Intellectual Disabilities,” gathering government officials, activists and business leaders from around the world. The next World Winter Games will be held in Åre and Östersund, Sweden between February 2 to 13, 2021. This will be the first time that Sweden has ever hosted the Special Olympics. Symbols The Special Olympics logo is based on the sculpture “Joy and Happiness to All the Children of the World” by ZurabTsereteli which was a gift to SUNY Brockport when the university hosted the Special Olympics in 1979. The logo has gone through several changes in its lifetime. The “stick figure” is an abstract but humanistic form designed to convey the impression of movement and activity. The logo is a symbol of growth, confidence and joy among children and adults with disabilities who are learning coordination, mastering skills, participating in competitions and preparing themselves for richer, more productive lives.

26 Health and Physical Education—XI In 2018, the Chicago Park District erected the 9.1 m “Eternal Flame of Hope” in honor of the Special Olympics. The sculpture by Richard Hunt stands in a plaza next to Soldier Field, where the first games were held 50 years earlier in 1968. The Flame of Hope is the name given to the torch that is carried to and lit at Special Olympics games. As part of the Special Olympics 50th Anniversary celebration that year, a new mission called the “Inclusion Revolution” was launched. Practice Questions 2.1 I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words) 1. What are the objectives of Paralympic games? 2. What do you mean by Special Olympics? 3. Give detail on Special Olympics. II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words) 1. Describe in detail about the opening ceremony of Paralympics. 2. What are the objectives of Special Olympics? 2.2 Olympic Symbols, Ideals, Objectives and Values of Olympism Olympic Symbol This is made up of five rings which are interconnected. These rings represent universality of athletes of various nations of the world. These five rings stand for five continents—America, Africa, Australia, Asia and Europe. Each ring represents a particular continents which was suggested by P.B. De Coubertin. (i) The blue ring represents the continent of America. (ii) The black ring represents the continent of Africa. (iii) The red ring represents the continent of Australia. (iv) The yellow ring represents the continent of Asia. (v) The green ring represents the continent of Europe.

Olympic Value Education 27 Olympic Motto Olympic motto consist three Latin words: Citius Altius Fortius Faster Higher Stronger These words mean that a person should always strive for faster, higher and stronger level. Olympic Flame The Olympic flame symbolizes knowledge, life and happiness. It is a sort of symbol of peace. This flame is ignited in the Olympic village of Greece and various players while running pass it on to one another and carry it to the place where Olympic games are being held. This flame is not allowed to extinguish. The flame keeps on burning till the Olympic games last. Olympic Flag On Baron de Coubertin’s suggestion Olympic flag was made in 1913. It was inaugurated in Paris on 19 June, 1914 and it was first waved in Antwerp Olympic games during 1920. It is made of white silk wherein 5 rings are interconnected. These rings represent the world’s five continents—America, Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa. Each ring has a different colour—yellow, green, red, blue and black. Their interconnection symbolizes cooperation and friendship. The white colour represents peace. The Olympic flag suggests that the games should be played peacefully. Olympic Award The first winner in Olympic games is given a gold medal; the second one a silver medal and the third one a Bronze medal. Apart from this each of the three players is given a diploma. The next five winners are given one diploma each. There are some games in which joint 3rd place get bronze medal such as Wrestling, Boxing etc.

28 Health and Physical Education—XI Olympic Ideal Before the start of the Olympics everybody remembers the famous quote of Bishop Pennsylvania—“The important thing in Olympics is not to win, but to take part. The important thing in life is not the triumph; but struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well”. Olympic Oath This oath was initially written by Pierre De Coubertin which became a part from 1920 Antwerp Olympics. In order to participate in Olympic games all athletes get together in the stadium and take oath in the opening ceremony of Olympic games. The country which hosts Olympic games, one of its representatives holds the flag and comes forward. All participants including the athletes who hold their respective national flags come to their respective places. The athlete (representative) takes oath on behalf of all athletes and all the athletes lifting their right hands repeat the words of oath taken by the representative athlete. In the name of all competitors, “We swear that we shall take part in these Olympic games, respecting and abiding by the rules that govern them, committing ourselves to a sport without dopping and without drugs, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our country.” First time the oath regarding Doping and Drugs was taken in 2000 Sydney Olympic games. Oath for Officials: In the name of all the judges and officials, “We swear that we shall officiate in these Olympic games with complete impartiality, respecting and abiding by the rules which govern them in the true spirit of sportsmanship.” Objectives of Olympic Games The following objectives can be achieved through Olympic games: (i) Developing the spirit of patriotism and brotherhood in players. (ii) Diverting the attention of all countries towards physical education and sports competitions. (iii) Developing personality, character, social qualities and health among youth. (iv) Formation of good habit among young so that they may lead a happy and prosperous life. (v) No discrimination on the basis of caste, colour and creed. (vi) To develop the unity, brotherhood and coordination amongst the different nations. (vii) To make a peaceful and good universe. Olympic Values If we look at the objectives of Olympic games, we come to learn that Baron De Coubertin wanted to develop values through Olympic games. The following values can be developed through Olympic movement: 1. Brotherhood: Olympic movement is instrumental in developing brotherhood when players of different countries play together, come together, sit together, dine together—they develop unity among themselves. Thus brotherhood develops. 2. Impartial game: The Olympic games provide opportunities for impartial games. These games are based on justice. So, each player and each team should be judged fairly. Rules and regulations should be applied to each and every team. There should be no partiality towards a specific team or player. The sports officials should be true to their words and actions. “Live by code or get out”—such slogans should be raised.

Olympic Value Education 29 3. No discrimination: According to the suggestion of Mr. Coubertin, there should not be any discrimination on the basis of caste, colour and creed. Olympic games promote the spirit of brotherhood and try to abolish discrimination. The players of different countries, cultures, tradition, and caste— take part. They should not treated unfairly. The players forget their background or roots and they help promote Olympic values. But exceptions are always there. In 1972, Olympic games in Munich, Israelli players were killed ruthlessly. In 1936, Berlin Olympic Jesse Owens bagged four gold medals but on the grounds of racial discrimination. Adolf Hitler refused to honor Jese Owens, some countries have vested interest in these games. They want to prove that they are a better than the other countries. But it can’t be stated that Olympic movement has failed to promote values, we should have positive outlook so that values may be promoted through Olympic movement. 4. Friendship: Olympic movement presents such opportunities as instrumental in developing friendship not only among players but also among countries. Players of different countries come to take part in Olympic games. When they get together, they become friends. Even when there is tension going on between two countries, they come close to one another through Olympic games. 5. Respect: This value motivates the players to show sportsman spirit. Every player should retrospect and also respect the opponents, rules of game and environment. 6. Values—friendship, brotherhood, unbiased sports and partiality free: It can be said that Olympic plays an important role in development of these values but a dark side of Olympics is also seen. Many countries participate in Olympics just to show their superiority on other countries. This is also a downfall of these values that many countries of the world boycotted 1980 Moscow Olympics and 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. The Olympic movement fails to develop the above said values. There should a positive thinking towards these values so that these values can be developed. 7. Excellency: This value motivates a person to give the best performance on field and outside the field. Practice Questions 2.2 I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words) 1. Explain the Olympic symbols. 2. Write down about the Olympic Ideals. II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words) 1. Explain the objectives of Olympics. 2. Explain the values of Olympic games. 3. Write a note about “Are Olympic games free from partiality.” 4. What is the importance of five rings in the Olympic flag?

30 Health and Physical Education—XI 2.3 International Olympic Committee The headquarters of Olympic Committee is situated at Lausanne, Switzerland. It was formed on 23 June, 1894 by Pierre Baron De Coubertin. This committee is comprised of 105 active members and 32 honorary members. Its first president was a Greek named Demetrius Vikelas. This committee once every four years holds summer and winter modern Olympic games. This committee organized the first summer Olympic games in 1896 in the Greek city Athens. And the first winter Olympic games were organized in 1924 in Chamonix, France. Till 1992, summer games, to help space the planning of the two events two years apart from each other. The first summer youth Olympic Games were organized in 2010 in Singapore, whereas the first youth winter Olympic games were organized in 2012 in Innsbruck, city in Austria. Governing Council In International Olympic Committee, there are members of different countries. In present there are 15 members which constitute 1 President, 4 Vice-Presidents, and 10 Executive Board Members. They are as follows: 1. President: The President of International Olympic Committee is chosen by the members of this committee. The President tenure is for 8 years. After the expiry of his tenure his period can be extended once only for four years. 2. Vice-President: International Olympic Committee has four Vice-President. They too are chosen by the member of International Olympic Committee. Their tenure is for 4 years. After the expiry of their tenure they can be chosen again if the members desire so. 3. Executive Board: The Executive Board is chosen by the members of different countries in a secret ballot. The Executive Board of International Olympic Committee is held responsible for the administration of International Olympic Committee and the management of its affairs. Functions of International Olympic Committee IOC does different functions which are as follows: (i) The venue where the Olympic games will be organized is decided by this committee. (ii) To elect the new members, proper functioning of sports programmes, and selection of host city. (iii) The promotion of sports/games. (iv) Fight against doping. (v) Making rules and regulation for the smooth functioning of games. (vi) To encourage the different organizations for the support by social and economical way to the players. (vii) It encourages and supports the promotion of ethics in sports as well as in education of youth through sports. (viii) To motivate the culture and education combined along with sports. (ix) Fight against political or commercial abuse of sports and athletes. (x) Encouraging and supporting the promotion of women in sports at all levels. (xi) Acting against any form of discrimination affecting the Olympic movement. (xii) To motivate the development of sports. (xiii) Taking action in order to strengthen the unity and to protect the independence of the Olympic movement.

Olympic Value Education 31 Practice Questions 2.3 I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words) 1. Explain main features the International Olympic Committee. II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words) 1. Explain the main functions of International Olympic Committee. 2.4 Indian Olympic Association Indian Olympic Association was founded in 1927. Sir Dorabji Tata and Dr. Noehren became the founder President and Secretary General respectively. Sir Dorabji Tata was also the first member of IOC. Its members are chosen once every four years. This committee is comprised of a president, 9 Vice Presidents, 6 Secretaries, one Honorary Treasurer. Apart from this, 12 representatives of national sports committee and the representative of State Olympic Committee are also included. After some time, Sir Dorabji Tata resigned from his post. After that Shri Bhupinder Singh, Maharaja of Patiala became the President. India participated for the first time in 1928 Amsterdam Olympic games and won Gold in Hockey. From that time onwards IOA is working continuously for Olympic movement. IOA is responsible for the participation in Olympic games and some other games such as—Asian games, Commonwealth games etc. All sports federations work to help IOA. Objectives of Indian Olympic Association The objectives of Indian Olympic Association are mentioned below: (i) Development and promotion of the Olympic movement. (ii) Enforcement of all rules and regulation of the International Olympic Committee and Indian Olympic Association. (iii) To be the official organizations in complete form and whole charge of all the matters related to Olympic event. (iv) Promotion and encouragement of the physical, moral and cultural education of the young people of the nation so that their character can be developed. (v) Admitting the membership of the state Olympic Association and national sports federation for which submission of their annual reports and audited statement of accounts are necessary. These documents should be deposited to the IOA for information. (vi) To be a government organization and control the related matters. (vii) To undertake with assistance of national sports federations the financial management, transportation, maintenance and welfare of teams from India taking part in the Olympic games and other games which are organized under the patronage of IOC. (viii) To suggest the names of selected participants to participate in Olympic games. (ix) To take disciplinary action against any federation for misbehavior or any other undesirable activity bringing discredit to the country. (x) In cooperation with the National Sports Federation/Associations IOA organizes and control selection, training, coaching of the teams that will represent India. (xi) To enforce and defend the exclusive rights of the association to use the Olympic flag and Olympic insignia. (xii) To organize national and international competitions.

32 Health and Physical Education—XI (xiii) To remove the discrimination of caste, religion, color and area etc. (xiv) To apply the code of conduct of World Anti-Doping Agency. Functions of Indian Olympic Association (i) To promote Olympic movement. (ii) To organise the games at national and international level. (iii) To give names and to support the players to participate at interactional level. (iv) To synchronize between different federations and Indian government. (v) To make a healthy relationship amongst the different state federations, State Olympic Associations and National Federations and Associations. Practice Questions 2.4 I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words) 1. Explain the functions of Indian Olympic Association. II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words) 1. Explain in details about the establishment and objectives of Indian Olympic Association. Multiple Choice Type Questions 1. The Paralympic games are organized with the .......... . (a) Olympic games (b) Football (c) Cricket (d) Asian games 2. The first Winter Paralympic games were held in ............ . (a) 1976 (b) 1978 (c) 1974 (d) 2002 3. IOC was formed in ............ . (a) 1886 (b) 1894 (c) 1892 (d) 1890 4. Olympic games were organized in the honour of god ............ . (a) Hercules (b) Theondosis (c) Zues (d) Posedon 5. How many rings Olympics symbol has: (a) Three (b) Four (c) Five (d) Six 6. “The important thing in Olympics are not to win but to ........... .” (a) Loose (b) To take part (c) Struggle (d) Over look 7. When was the oath regarding doping and drugs was taken? (a) 1990 (b) 1920 (c) 2010 (d) 2000 8. By whom Olympic oath was initially written? (a) Alexander (b) Pierre De Coubertin (c) Richard Hixson (d) None of these

Olympic Value Education 33 9. What is the main objective of Olympic games? (a) To make a peaceful and good universe (b) No discrimination on the basis of caste and colour (c) Drawing the attention of all countries towards Physical Education and Sports Competition (d) All the above 10. Gold medal is given to .............. . (a) The last winner (b) Runner up (c) Second last winner (d) The first winner 11. I.O.C. which year Los Angeles Olympic was boycotted? (a) 1980 (b) 1996 (c) 1984 (d) 1988 12. The white colour of flag represents the ............ . (a) Peace (b) Hate (c) Shining (d) Brightness 13. The headquarters of IOC is situated at ......... . (a) New York (b) Paris (c) Switzerland (d) France 14. IOC was formed on .......... . (a) 23 June 1894 (b) 26 January, 1950 (c) 12 October, 1894 (d) 25 December, 1948 15. Tenure for the President of International Olympic Committee is ........... . (a) 10 years (b) 5 years (c) 8 years (d) 20 years 16. Indian Olympic Association was founded in ........... . (a) 1927 (b) 1937 (c) 1827 (d) 1935 17. Name the first member of Indian Olympic Committee. (a) Jawaharlal Nehru (b) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel (c) Sir Dorabji Tata (d) M.K. Gandhi 18. The first Olympic games were started in (a) Olympia valley (b) Africa (c) America (d) India 19. The colour of each ring was proposed by: (a) Pierre de Coubertin (b) Bishop Pennsylvania’s (c) Dr. Noehren (d) Sir Dorabji Tata 20. The Sermon “The important thing in olympic is not to win, but to take part” is given by: (a) Pierre de Coubertin (b) Bishop Pennsylvania’s (c) Dr. Noehren (d) Sir Dorabji Tata 21. Citius, Altius, Fortius means respectively: (a) Faster, higher, stronger (b) Higher, stronger, faster (c) Higher, faster, stronger (d) Faster, stronger, higher 22. When and where 11 players of Isreal were murdered ruthlessely: (a) Munich Olympic games at 1972 (b) Mosco Olympic 4 at 1980 (c) Los Angeles at 1984 Olympics (d) none of these

34 Health and Physical Education—XI 23. Who was the first President of IOC: (a) Jamshedji (b) Sir Dorabji Tata (c) Coubertin (d) Demitrios vikelas 24. IOC organises the Modern Olympic Games in every ............. years: (a) Two (b) Three (c) Four (d) Five 25. IOA was established in .............. (a) 1920 (b) 1925 (c) 1927 (d) 1930 26. ............. and ............. became the founder President and Secretary General respectively: (a) Sir Dorabji Jamshedji Tata and Dr. Noehren (b) Dr. Noehren and Bhupinder Singh (c) Bhupinder Sing and Coubertin (d) None of these 27. The first summer Olympic games by IOC were held in which year? (a) 1986 (b) 1896 (c) 1894 (d) 1956 28. Olympic games started in ............... in ................? (a) Olympia valley, 776 BCE (b) California, 786 BCE (c) California, 886 BCE (d) Olympia, 896 BCE 29. Match the following: (a) 400 yard walking (i)720 BCE (b) 3 miles race (ii)724 BCE (c) pentathlon (iii)688 BCE (d) Boxing (iv)708 BCE (a) a:1; b:2; c:3; d:4 (b) a:2; b:1; c:4; d:3 (c) a:1; b:3; c:2; d:4 (d) a:2; b:3; c:1; d:4 30. Coubertin was born in .............. on .............. . (a) Paris; 1 Jan 1862 (b) Germany; 2 Jan 1954 (c) Egypt; 1 Jan 1963 (d) Kazakistan; 28 Jan 2003 31. Olympic ratio was coined by .............. in .............. . (a) Mahatma Gandhi, 2005 (b) Father Didon, 1895 (c) Coubertin, 1999 (d) Barak Obama, 2001 32. Olympic flag was created in .............. by .............. (a) 1915, Donald Trump (b) 1913, Baron de Coubertin (c) 2011, Obama (d) 1913, Mahatma Gandhi 33. The vice president of IOC are elected for .............. years : (a) 4 years (b) 5 years (c) 6 years (d) 8 years 34. Total no. of members of IOC: (a) 15 (b) 16 (c) 17 (d) 18 35. In which language in does Citius Altius Fortius is (a) Latin (b) German (c) Spanish (d) Italian 36. What is the meaning of atius? (a) faster (b) sharper (c) higher (d) stranger

Olympic Value Education 35 37. In IOA when and from which part sir Dorabji Jamshedji resigned: (a) 1928, Chief Minister (b) 1929, President (c) 1928, President (d) 1930, President 38. Olympic motto was coined by .............. (a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Father Didon (c) Jawaharlal Nehru (d) Coubertin 39. Who gave the objectives of olympics: (a) Coubertin (b) Jamshedji Tata (c) Hitler (d) Thomas Bach 40. Olympics Flag was hosted for the first time at: (a) Paris (b) Antnerp Olympic Game (c) Olympic Stadium (d) Africa 41. Which of the following is not a colour in olympic flag: (a) Blue (b) Green (c) Black (d) Pink 42. The interlocking of rings in flag symbolises: (a) Love (b) Friendship (c) Sportsmanship (d) Contol 43. Five rings represent, (a) Continents (b) Nation (c) Value (d) Persons 44. Olympic flag was created in: (a) 1913 (b) 1914 (c) 1920 (d) 1947 45. The current President of IOC: (a) Thomas bach (b) Narendra Modi (c) Penusylvania (d) Coubertin 46. Headquaters of IOC are in: (a) India (b) Switzerland (c) Paris (d) Pakistan 47. ............. was the first elected member of IOA: (a) Sachin Tendulkar (b) Dorabji Tata (c) Virat Kohli (d) PV Sindhu 48. The IOC Executive Board has .............. no. of Presidents, .............. Vice President, .............. other members: (a) 1, 4, 10 (b) 1, 5, 15 (c) 1, 5, 10 (d) 5, 3, 15

3Unit Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle KDniodwYou?Contents 3.1 Meaning and Importance of Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle 3.2 Components of Physical Fitness and Wellness 3.3 Components of Health Related Fitness Introduction Physical Fitness and Wellness are any individual’s richest possession. They cannot be purchased but it has to be earned through a daily routine of physical exercises. Physical Fitness and Wellness Programmes are used as the modes through which the aim of Physical Education can be achieved, i.e., ‘complete development of an individual’. Today, man’s life is full of physical and mental stresses which can be relieved only if he is physically fit, psychologically balanced and socially well adjusted. Thus, physical fitness and wellness are a matter of concern for the optimum development of an individual. “Live most and serve best”. By means of Physical Fitness and Wellness Programmes, a healthy lifestyle can be achieved. Apart from this, a healthy life also makes a person a valuable citizen. 3.1 Meaning and Importance of Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle Meaning of Physical Fitness Everybody has a different viewpoint as regards to physical fitness. For an ordinary man, good health is physical fitness. It means to have the capacity of doing daily tasks, without getting fatigue. Apart from this, he should have the capacity to regain strength to do some extra work after he has completed his daily chores. For a ➡ As a layman point of view physical fitness and wellness are the similar but technically in all respect these are different. ➡ Any Weak foundation is unable to hold the structure of majestic building. ➡ Flexibility is not only the range of movement of joints but also capacity of related muscle properties. ➡ The Term “Body Composition” involve % of fat, body tissue, shape and size of muscle, shape and length of bones, size of organs and joints at various location in the body. 36

Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle 37 doctor, physical fitness means that all the systems of the body (muscles, respiratory, bones, blood circulation system) work efficiently and appropriately. Physical fitness refers to a person’s happiness through which he works joyfully. In fact, physical fitness is a link which binds the work and the capacity of a person to work. ‘Physical Fitness’ is the ability of any human to do his routine work, without feeling undue fatigue. Along with this after completion of work he should have sufficient energy to work extra and to regain the energy again. Physical fitness not only means strength and endurance but also the sound health of a person and that capacity which helps him to do daily routine work. He takes part in recreational activities and ready to face the unseen situations. In fact, physical fitness is an important link of capacity of a person to work. It means a person not only should do the daily routine works to remain fit but also to work efficiently under the hard activities for long time. Fitness related to health means to remain fit and less chance of getting disease. It is a symbol of strength and endurance. Skills related to physical fitness has the capability of a specific sports performance. For e.g. a weightlifter lifts a weight of 180kg falls under the skill related physical fitness. The capacity of a person to get success does not depend on his health but also on skills related performance, For e.g.. An American Citizen Lance Armstrong, won the tour-de-France cycle race while having cancer in 1999 tells about this. Definitions of Physical Fitness To understand physical fitness better, it may be quite beneficial to understand the following definition of physical fitness: According to Kroles–“Physical fitness is the right evaluation of the stress of a person’s lifestyle”. According to David R. Lamb–“Physical fitness deals with the challenges of life in present and in future successfully”. According to Websters Dictionary–“Physical fitness is the ability of a man to do his daily chores without feeling fatigue. It gives energy to take part in recreational activities and face sudden challenges of life”. According to Curation–“Physical fitness is the man’s capacity of using his body suitably and doing hard work for a long time”. According to Don Hoskins–“Physical fitness is the man’s desired speed, balance, alertness and strength which he obtains from proper exercise and nutrition to do his work ably”. On the basis of the above definitions, we can say that physical fitness is the ability to be free from diseases, work efficiently, to enjoy during a holiday and face the harsh realities of life with courage and success. Importance of Physical Fitness Physical fitness is essential if one wants to achieve anything in any walk of life. As a weak foundation is unable to cope with the weight of a majestic building, similarly a person lack physical fitness can’t be expected to succeed in his life. Everyone agree that physical fitness is the precious thing in life. Unhealthy person neither can eat and drink properly nor can concentrate on any work. Life becomes hell for such person, that’s why it is important to remain healthy. The first sign of a good health is physical fitness or healthy body. We can understand the importance of physical fitness by analyzing the following points: 1. To live a long and healthy life: A physically fit person not only lives a healthy life but also a longer life. 2. To increase the energy, power and capacity of the body: A physically fit person can do his routine work without undue fatigue. The strength and capacity is increased because of internal

38 Health and Physical Education—XI KEYPOINTS energy due to which he can perform extra curricular task after ★ Physical Fitness finishing the routine work. For e.g., entertainment, aerobics, ★ Wellness dance, gardening, etc. ★ World Health Organization ★ National wellness Institute 3. To reduce the probability of getting a disease: Due to the ★ David R. Lamb physical fitness, important parts of the body, such as heart, lungs ★ Curation and brain remain strong and there is a less probability of getting ★ Don Hoskins disease because of the continuous activity of these parts. ★ Encyclopedia of Public 4. For strong and active muscular and skeletal system: Due Health to the physical fitness, a person can do any physical activity ★ American Heritage Dictionary with ease posture is maintained, muscles and bones stay strong, ★ Life style joints and muscles have flexibility and body posture looks toned ★ Cosmetic Related Fitness and attractive. ★ Speed ★ Dynamic Strength 5. To increase the memory and recall capacity of mind: ★ Static Strength Physical fitness also affects the mind of a person. A physically ★ Passive Flexibility fit person has higher recall capacity and memory. ★ Active Flexibility ★ Cardio-respiratory Endurance 6. To improve mental health: Physical fitness improves mental ★ Muscular Endurance health as well. It leads to increase in self confidence and positive ★ Body Composition body image. 7. To get rid of excess fat: Due to the physical fitness, a person is always active. Due to this activeness, the fat in the body continuously get converted into energy which does not allow the fat to accumulate in the body. 8. To live a happy life: Physical fitness is also necessary for enjoyment and happiness of mind. A fit person remains happy and joyful which increases his self-confidence and positive body image. Meaning of Wellness The meaning of wellness refers to man’s capacity of spending a good balanced life. Its scientific meaning is to be free from all diseases. It is made up of various steps, such as physical wellness, mental wellness, spiritual wellness, emotional wellness, environmental wellness and professional wellness. However, there is no definite definition of wellness. Nevertheless, it can be understood well on the basis of the following definitions. Definitions of Wellness 1. According to World Health Organisation, “Wellness is a complete state of health of a person or community. There are two main subjects–one is the sound knowledge of physical, psychological, spiritual, social and economical capacities of a person and second is the fulfilment of family, society, workplace, worship place and any other situation.” 2. According to National Wellness Institute, “Wellness is an active process through which people become aware and make choices towards a more successful existence.” 3. According to Mckinley Health Centre, Illinois University, “Wellness is a good state of happiness which leads towards the maximum capacity of a person.”

Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle 39 4. According to Miami University, “Wellness is a dynamic process of awareness in which taking responsibility and to make a relationship to the happiness of a person.” Importance of Wellness The importance of wellness in life is as follows: 1. To live a high quality life: Wellness increases the quality of life of a person. A capable and healthy person can experience more enjoyment by participating in games and sports and working with other people. 2. To achieve the maximum growth and development: Wellness is helpful in growth and development of a person. The growth and development of a healthy person can happen easily without any diseases. 3. To improve the health: Physical, mental and social wellness is called as health. Due to the wellness a person can remain physically, mentally and socially healthy. Wellness is important for a person to improve the complete health. 4. To be a good citizen: A capable person knows how to balance his rights and duties because of which he can become a good citizen of the country. 5. To live a stress-free life: If a person is physically and mentally fit, then the negative thoughts like stress, tension and anxiety cannot affect him. If the negative thoughts come, then he can manage these emotions very well. These people are capable of living a balanced life. 6. To enjoy the life: A capable person has the full knowledge of his physical, mental, spiritual and social capabilities. That’s why a capable person lives his life joyfully. Wellness is important for enjoying the life and happiness of mind. 7. To be an active member of the society: Wellness provides the opportunities to a person to attach with the society and the environment. A capable person actively participates in the social activities. Wellness motivates the moral behaviour of a person which is very important to live in the society. Meaning of Lifestyle Lifestyle means the way of living or the things we do in our daily life, which reflects the individuals’s physical, mental, social and emotional and spiritual status of an individual. Lifestyle is a method, through which a person lives his life. It also represents the moral values and viewpoints. All the activities a man undertake throughout the day—consumption, entertainment, social contacts and clothing, all are a part of lifestyle. The meaning of lifestyle can be understood well on the basis of the following definitions:

40 Health and Physical Education—XI Definitions According to the Cambridge English Dictionary– “The way of life, values and attitudes of a person or a group which is supported by the person or the group is called as Lifestyle. According to Encyclopedia of Public Health– “Lifestyle generally means a pattern of not individual practices and personal behaviour choices that are related to elevate or reduce health risks.” According to American Heritage Dictionary– “It is the way of life or style of living that reflects the attitudes and values of a person or group.” Importance of Healthy/Positive Lifestyle Positive lifestyle is important in today’s fast life to avoid stress in life. It also develops the quality of life. Healthy lifestyle enables one to get rid of several health related problems. Modern lifestyle is governed by machines-which oppose manual activities. Thus, a number of diseases crop up. Lifestyle evaluates how much we are healthy. In fact, not geting physical hard work, smoking or intake steroids-activities affect our health. Now-a-days we depend on doctors for our healthy lifestyle. We ourselves don’t do physical work and it is very harmful. If we want to improve healthy lifestyle, the following points are very useful to us: 1. Increases the Level of Physical Fitness: Physical fitness helps in better co-ordination with muscles so that there may be an increase in flexibility, tolerance, etc. of the body. This makes a person’s life simple and easy and a lot of improvement takes place in the quality of life. 2. Increases Longevity: Healthy lifestyle leads to have a healthy body. It helps delay the old age, quite late. The risk of diseases can be minimized and a man’s age lengthens. 3. Prevents Cardio-Vascular Disease: Healthy lifestyle protects our body from cardio-vascular diseases. It leads to a reduction of extra fat from our body. Thus the heart becomes strong. It leads to improve the blood circulation in the body. 4. Helps in Reducing Depression: Due to healthy lifestyle the level of hormones leading to the regularity of the state of body increases. As a result the person is at a minimum risk of plunging into depression. 5. Increases Energy Level: Due to healthy lifestyle a person feels more energized and rejuvenated. As a result, he can do most of the work devotionally and successfully. 6. Increases Self-Confidence: Due to healthy lifestyle a person develops more awareness and self- confidence and it also helps in building mental toughness. 7. Helps in Coping with Stress: Due to healthy lifestyle one’s psychological strength gets a boost. It leads to a reduction in stress, pressure and worry. So, it helps in developing mental health as well. 8. Improves Posture: Healthy lifestyle improves an individual’s posture and as results into the minimum risk of getting hurt. Improved posture helps in making body beautiful. We can say that healthy lifestyle keeps our body away from cancer, diabetes, blood pressure, etc. It also leads to an increase in a person’s self-confidence and also contributes various diseases like positively to an all-round development of an individual. Factors Affecting Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle The factors affecting the physical fitness and wellness of a person are as follows: 1. Regular Exercise: Regular exercise is the most essential factor which affects one’s physical fitness and wellness. If exercise is done regularly, there may be a lot of improvement in physical fitness and wellness. If exercise is not done regularly, if may affect vice-versa.

Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle 41 2. Heredity: Every man’s development is based on his heredity. Our body muscles are made up of two kinds of muscular fibers–red fibers and white fibers. White fibers are more powerful, whereas red fibers have more power of tolerance. Person having more white fibers is included in a game (100m, 200m) that lasts for a short time, a person having more red fibers is included in a game (cross country) that lasts for a long time. 3. Age: Age also affects physical fitness and wellness. Lack of physical maturity in early age leads to a low level of physical fitness. During adulthood, the level of physical fitness reaches the zenith (peak). As one increase/decrease ages and physical fitness is seen less because in this state the muscles and ligaments of the body are unable to use more power/strength. 4. Environment: Environment is composed of water, air, society and culture. If a person lives in a cold climate, his physical fitness and wellness will be more as compared to that of a person living in a hot climate. Similarly, society and culture also affect his physical wellness and fitness. 5. Lifestyle: Lifestyle strengthens one’s physical fitness. When a person needs a comfortable life, there is seen a decline in his physical fitness because he falls prey to various, diseases such as T.B., diabetes, obesity, etc. 6. Diet: Diet enables a person to maintain his physical fitness and also to increase his physical wellness. If diet is not taken to one’s body requirement, it will lead to a fall in the level of man’s physical fitness and wellness. 7. Stress and Tension: Too much stress and tension has an adverse impact on physical fitness and wellness. It has been observed a decline in the man’s psychological power, it in return leads to a decline in the man’s physical fitness. 8. Amount of Training: Amount of training also affects man’s physical fitness and wellness, if the amount of training is not up to thrushold value, it won’t lead to an increase in man’s physical fitness and wellness. It will remain as it was earlier. That is why the amount of training should be more so that the level of physical fitness and wellness may be increased. But it should be increased slowly but gradually. Keeping in mind individual capacity and adaptation there should not be an excess of training. 9. Standard of Living: Even man’s standard of living affects his physical fitness and wellness. If the standard of living is not appropriate, quarrels often take place–there will be a fall in the level of physical fitness and wellness.

42 Health and Physical Education—XI 10. Rest and Relaxation: Rest and relaxation has a positive effect on physical fitness and wellness. On the contrary, lack of rest has an adverse impact on man’s physical fitness. 11. Illness: Illnesses, deformities related to posture, depression psychological disorders, etc. also have an adverse impact on man’s physical fitness and wellness. 12. Gender: There are anatomical, physiological and psychological differences in man and women. Due to these differences women have less speed, cardio-vascular endurance and strength as compared to men. Gender also effects man’s physical fitness and wellness. 13. Drugs: Though steroids increase speed, power of concentration, tolerance and explosive power yet they adversely affect man’s physical fitness which on later stage affects adversely our body. That is why there is a ban on these drugs in national and international competitions. 14. Intoxication: Any type of intoxication adversely affects man’s co-ordination and cooperation. It leads to a loss of mental peace and balance and also may lead to various diseases. Thus, he can’t do his daily chores in proper manner. Practice Questions 3.1 I. Short–I Question Answers (3 Marks, 100 Words) 1. Enlist the importance of physical fitness. Explain any one of them. 2. Write down three importance of wellness. 3. Differentiate between physical fitness and wellness. II. Short–II Question Answers (5 Marks, 200 Words) 1. Explain the factors affecting physical fitness, wellness and lifestyle. 2. “The importance of physical fitness and wellness has been increased now-a-days.” Explain. 3. Explain the importance of lifestyle. 3.2 Components of Physical Fitness and Wellness Components of Physical Fitness For the overall development of fitness. It is necessary to know the different kinds of fitness required for specific programmes. Physical fitness can be divided into three main areas: Skill Related Fitness Health Related Fitness Cosmetic Related Fitness