202110211-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G09-PART1

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA A. SESSION 2. TYPES OF CROPS 99

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 2.3 Key Concepts i. India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world. ii. Sugarcane is a tropical as well as a sub–tropical crop. iii. India produces about 4% of the world’s coffee production. iv. Arabica is a variety of good quality of coffee in India which was brought from “Yemen’. v. India produces about 13% of the world’s vegetables. vi. Rubber grows very well in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. vii. Cotton, jute and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India. viii. Rearing of silk–worms for the production of silk fibre is known as Sericulture. ix. India is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant. x. India is the third largest producer of cotton in the world. SESSION 2. TYPES OF CROPS 100

SESSION 3 AGRICULTURE - ITS IMPORTANCE 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Dryland agriculture: Rainfed fields or areas are called as dryland agriculture OR The lands that are depending on rainfall for agriculture is called dryland agriculture. 2. Modern farming practices: Hybrid farming is called modernization of agriculture OR The practice of new methods in agriculture is called modern farming practices. SESSION 3. AGRICULTURE - ITS IMPORTANCE 101

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. In earlier classes we have studied about land distribution. How does the following image reflect this idea. Write a paragraph about this idea. Write a paragraph about this in the context of Indian agriculture. [Refer to TB page 73 Q12] A. The land distribution movement had a great influence in the field of agriculture. Most of the cultivable land area, which was in the hands of the rich landlords were confiscated and distributed to the landless peasants. Thus, the farmers were brought back into the business of agriculture. This gave a great boost to the Indian farmers, after Independence. They were willing to work hard on the land they had.The results of their hard work were enjoyed by the landlords earlier, so lack of interest was visible. But through the land distribution movement, this scenario completely changed and same peasants started cultivation with great enthusiasm and a sense of ownership was very apparent. 3.4 Key Concepts i. Food security of a nation depends on agriculture ii. Agricultural labourers and cultivators are the main people who are engaged in farming iii. Agriculture crop depend on season, soil, water and sunshine for cultivation. SESSION 3. AGRICULTURE - ITS IMPORTANCE 102

SESSION 4 INCREASING IRRIGATION AND BUILDING DAMS 4.1 Mind Map SESSION 4. INCREASING IRRIGATION AND BUILDING DAMS 103

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 4.2 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the para under the title ‘Fertilizers Problems’ of page 70 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 73 Q13] A. Students activity Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences? [Refer to TB page 73 Q2] A. Agricultural development is dependent on irrigation. Because of the imbalance of water resources, the farmers are facing water crisis, due to which the crop production has decreased. This has led to a steep rise in demand for production, inflation and food crisis. It has also contributed to growing unemployment and poverty. 4.3 Key Concepts i. The Indian Government began to change the policy towards agriculture and this was called Green Revolution. ii. In the Second phase of Green Revolution the government introduced High Yeilding Variety seeds. SESSION 4. INCREASING IRRIGATION AND BUILDING DAMS 104

SESSION 5 GREEN REVOLUTION AND ITS SPREAD 5.1 Mind Map SESSION 5. GREEN REVOLUTION AND ITS SPREAD 105

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 5.2 Terminology 1. Green revolution: In India it was a period when agriculture in India increased its yields due to improved agronomic technology. 5.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. How is dryland agriculture different from agriculture in other areas? [Refer to TB page 73 Q7] A. 45% of the cultivable land which cannot easily be irrigated and depends solely on rainfall is known as dryland in our country.Unlike the cultivation of irrigated lands, dryland farming poses different challenges. i. Conserving the rainfall that the area receives is the first step. ii. This is done through watershed development programmes which include afforestation, bund- ing, building check – dams and tanks. iii. Fertility of soil needs to be raised by adding organic manure. iv. Farmers may also need the knowledge of growing a mix of crops on the same land. Hence, farming in dryland is different from other areas. SESSION 5. GREEN REVOLUTION AND ITS SPREAD 106

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA Q2. Why are chemical fertilizer used in new farming methods? How could use of fertilizers make soil less fertile? What are the alternative ways of enriching soil? [Refer to TB page 73 Q9] A. • Modern agriculture uses a large amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides for better pro- duction. • The chemical fertilizers are basically made from petro–chemicals and therefore, derive from petroleum, which eventually remains in the soil and also mix with water used for irrigation and reaches the rivers, seas and ground water. This results in contamination of water and soil. • As a result many micro–organisms and small animals like earth–worms are destroyed and this in turn affects the long–term fertility of the soil. Alternative ways: Instead of artificial fertilizers the natural manures like cattles–dung and humus are very useful to increase the natural qualities of the soil that consist of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. We can also use vermi–compost. Q3. Explain all the ways the Indian Government Supported the Green Revolution. [Refer to TB page 73 Q5] A. • The government introduced new kinds of seeds to Indian soil . • There were inventions in various agricultural research institutions in India and from other countries. • This marked the second phase of agriculture development. • These new seeds were known as High Yielding Varieties. • It was also accompanied by use of chemical fertilizers, machinery such as tractors and others besides irrigation facilities. • A variety of cooperative banks were set up in rural areas to provide credit to farmers so that they could buy raw materials such as seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, machinery ides required for modern farming. Q4. How has the Green Revolution in some areas resulted in short term gains but long term losses to farmers? [Refer to TB page 73 Q10] A. Short Term gains: Due to Green Revolution packages 1. Agriculture became well developed and resulted in good production. SESSION 5. GREEN REVOLUTION AND ITS SPREAD 107

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA Long term Losses : i. But in some areas the productivity of the land has started showing a decline. ii. Fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides, which once showed dramatic results, are now de- grading the soils. iii. Periodic scarcity of water has led to reduction in area under irrigation. iv. Insufficient water management has led to water logging and salinity. v. Due to free power to a section of farmers, they have pumped ground water to grow wa- ter–intensive crops in low rainfall areas, for eq., Rice in Punjab. vi. Thus, unsustainable pumping has reduced water levels in aquifers. vii. Consequently, many wells and tube–wells have dried up. viii. Thus, it has resulted in the marginal and small farmers, not being able to cultivate crops. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Can you recall the incident such as pesticides being found in soft drinks ? How is this related to the use of pesticides? Discuss. [Refer to TB page 73 Q8] A. Yes, recently we have seen an incident where pesticides were found in soft drinks. Pesticides are used in agriculture on a large scale nowadays. One of the benefits of pesticides is enhanced economic potential in terms of increased production of food. However its use has also resulted in serious health implications to man and his environment. Since various pesticides are used in agricultural production, they are transferred to the products which are prepared by these raw materials. In some cases people have used pesticides instead of some safe preservatives which was harmful to our health. Thus pesticides were found in soft drinks. 5.4 Key Concepts i. Drylands areas depend solely on rainfall. ii. The green revolution helped farmers produce a higher level of food grains and non–food grains on the same plot of land they had. iii. Environmental resources like soil fertility and ground water levels take many–many years to build up. SESSION 5. GREEN REVOLUTION AND ITS SPREAD 108

SESSION 6 POST REFORM AGRICULTURE 6.1 Mind Map 6.2 Terminology 1. Organic material: Substances in the soil that were once alive. Dead plants, animals, bacteria and fungi are all examples of organic material. 2. Foreign trade policy: Commodities to be exported and commodities to be imported has a premise set by the government of the country, which entails quantity, price, its overall contribution to the GDP, and above all need of the countries involved. SESSION 6. POST REFORM AGRICULTURE 109

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 6.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is a Minimum Support Price (MSP)? Why is a MSP needed? [Refer to TB page 73 Q4] A. • A lot of grains come into the market at harvest time. • main problem which the farmers face is the low price of grain during this time. • This means farmers are not able to sell their produce at high enough prices to be able to repay their loans and continue using new farming methods. • They need to be protected from traders who might try to buy the grains at low prices. • A Minimum Support Price is a price fixed by Govt. at which the farmers can sell their grains. • Minimum Support Price (MSP) must be such that farmers able to cover the cost of cultivation and also a little bit of profit for themselves. • Because of MSP farmers are not forced to sell their grain at a cheaper price to the traders who will be earning a lot of profit for themselves. Q2. What could be the effects of Foreign Trade on farmer’s income? [Refer to TB page 73 Q11] A. i. Foreign trade can cause a farmers income to fluctuate a lot. ii. In certain years and for certain crops the farmers might gain money from exports. iii. In other years, farmers could lose money because of cheap imports and fall in prices of farm products. iv. Small farmers without much savings will not be able to bear this loss. v. They will get caught in a debt trap and become poorer. vi. The government has to be very careful in allowing trade in farm products. SESSION 6. POST REFORM AGRICULTURE 110

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Why did the government in the 1990’s allowed private industries to set up factories in many areas which were earlier restricted only to government? [Refer to TB page 91 Q5] A. 1) The Indian industry wasn’t modernizing fast and was producing goods at very high costs with nil profit and no technological improvements. 2) To encourage industrial activities in India, especially new entrepreneurs and to improve the efficiency of government-owned industrial companies, private industries were allowed to take up production. 4) India is encouraging private or government companies from other countries too, to set up factories in India, so that new technology would become common, and more goods could be exported to markets outside the country. 5) Private sector units instill a spirit of competition which helps to improve efficiency and are guided by profit-making, which helps to increase production. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Do you think it is important for India to be self–sufficient in food grains production? Discuss. [Refer to TB page 73 Q6] A. Yes, India should be self–sufficient in food grains. Food corporation of India (FCI) was formed by the Government to purchase food grains from the farmers and store them. It stocks food grains and supplies to ration shops and other government schemes like midday meals in schools. i. A large portion of our population especially children and poor communities are unable to get adequate nutrition. ii. Whenever there were little rains, drought situations prevailed. This led to decrease in food production and forced government to import food grains which put strain on the foreign re- serves of the country. iii. To avoid these kind of situations we should be self–sufficient in food grain production to ensure that all are assured of regular supply of food grains. 6.4 Key Concepts i. Foreign trade of farm products was not allowed. ii. The developed countries are however constantly putting pressure on India to allow greater im- ports of crops produced in their countries. iii. These developed countries want to sell their surplus farm products in the developing countries as they have a large number of buyers. SESSION 6. POST REFORM AGRICULTURE 111

CHAPTER 6-AGRICULTURE IN INDIA —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Slash and burn a. Winter ii. Labour intensive b. Summer iii. Kharif c. Intensive subsistence farming iv. Rabi d. Onset of monsoon v. Zaid e. Shifting agriculture 2. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Land reforms a. Midday meals ii. Fertility of soil b. Food and fodder crop iii. Maize c. Plantation agriculture iv. Tea d. Land Ceiling Act v. Government schemes e. Compost and manure 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What are the requirements of agriculture? (ii) What is sericulture? (iii) How many cropping seasons are there in India? What are they? (iv) Where does cotton grow well in India? CHAPTER 6. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 112

CHAPTER 6-AGRICULTURE IN INDIA (v) On what factors does the success of Rabi crops depend upon? (vi) Give reasons for the jute crop losing its market. (vii) What are the major crops grown in India? (viii) What is the importance of agriculture in India? (ix) Which crop is known as beverage crop? (x) Why do farmers add more and more chemical fertilizers in farming? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) is a commercial crop in Haryana. (xii) is known as the golden fiber. (xiii) is a tropical as well as sub–tropical crop. (xiv) One distinct feature of Indian agriculture is the . (xv) India is believed to be the original home of the . (xvi) are most suitable for pulses. (xvii) is a labour intensive industry. (xviii) India’s prime need is to become in food grains production. (xix) India produces about of the world’s vegetables. (xx) The main source of irrigation is using ground water. CHAPTER 6. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 113

CHAPTER 6-AGRICULTURE IN INDIA Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Describe the role played by Food Corporation of India. (ii) How can you identity that the soil is fertile? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How can farmers improve farming in dry land areas? (ii) What are the effects of the Green Revolution? (iii) What was the difference in production of food grains between 1960–61 and 1970–71? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How do dams influence the life of man? 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why should government ban exports/ import? How does this policy help Indian farmers? CHAPTER 6. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 114

CHAPTER 6-AGRICULTURE IN INDIA AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on India map. A) Nilgiri Hills B) Cherrapunjee C) Garo Hills D) Cuttack E) Andaman and Nicobar Islands CHAPTER 6. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 115

CHAPTER 6-AGRICULTURE IN INDIA (ii) Locate the following on India map: A) Punjab B) Haryana C) Uttar Pradesh D) Rajasthan E) Telangana F) Madhya Pradesh CHAPTER 6. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 116

CHAPTER 6-AGRICULTURE IN INDIA (iii) Observe the given map and answer the following questions: i. Which states are mentioned in this map? 117 ii. Name the coastal states where paddy is grown? iii. Which country is the largest producer of paddy in world? iv. How is it possible to given rice even in the areas with less rainfall? v. In which coastal state paddy is not produced? CHAPTER 6. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

CHAPTER 6-AGRICULTURE IN INDIA Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) is an age–old economic activity in our country. (A) Horticulture (B) Agriculture (C) Sericulture (D)Commercial farming (ii) are known as coarse grains which have high nutritional value. (A) Millets (B) Paddy (C) Maize (D) Wheat (iii) HYV stands for (B) Huge Yielding Variations (A) Huge Yielding Variety (C)High yielding variety (D)High Yielding Velocity (iv) The largest producer of pulses in the world is (A) Sri Lanka (B) China (C) USA (D) India (v) The percentage of oil seeds in the total cropped area of India is (A) 12% (B) 10% (C) 14% (D) 18% (vi) The Arabica variety of coffee was initially brought from __________ (A) Mecca (B) Oman (C) Yemen (D) Muscat CHAPTER 6. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 118

(vii) CHAPTER 6-AGRICULTURE IN INDIA (A) Cotton crop is called equatorial crop. (B) Tea (C) Paddy (D) Rubber (viii) Nearly _________ of working women are engaged in agriculture. (A) 60% (B) 70% (C)65 % (D) 80% (ix) The __________ Revolution has brought in several environmental imbalances. (A) Green (B) Blue (C) White (D) Yellow (x) Organic farming is being practised for the last decade by Natwarbhai of ____________ (A) Maharashtra (B) West Bengal (C) Odisha (D) Telangana CHAPTER 6. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 119

12. CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) SESSION 1 THE MEDIEVAL WORLD IN EUROPE 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 120 1. Feudalism: Control of landlords over the peasants. 2. Serfs: Workers of landlords like slaves. SESSION 1. THE MEDIEVAL WORLD IN EUROPE

CHAPTER 12- CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Discussion on Renaissance in this chapter was mostly in the context of (England / Italy! France I Germany) [Refer to TB page 157 Q1] A. Italy 1.4 Key Concepts i. During the Ancient Period Europe was dominated by the Roman Empire, which controlled much of Europe, Turkey and Egypt for a long time. ii. There was a great revolt of the peasants in England in 1381 which ended serfdom in England. iii. The culture that had been developed in Greece and Rome –the sculpture, painting,buildings as well as literature, philosophy and science was of a very high order. iv. When the Roman Empire declined after 400 AD, there were no large empires in Western Eu- rope. The cities too had declined and most people lived in villages. v. Europe came to be dominated by Feudalism. vi. The peasants became serfs and worked in the fields of the landlords. vii. Culture of people came to be dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. viii. The situation began to change after 1300 AD. People enjoyed more freedom. ix. Trade with other European and Asian countries flourished. SESSION 1. THE MEDIEVAL WORLD IN EUROPE 121

SESSION 2 RENAISSANCE AND THE REVIVAL OF ITALIAN CITIES 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Renaissance: Protest against the feudalism. 2. Humanism: Interest on nature and interest on man. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Write a sentence or phrase about the changes in ideas listed below during Renaissance. [Refer to TB page 157 Q2] SESSION 2. RENAISSANCE AND THE REVIVAL OF ITALIAN CITIES 122

CHAPTER 12- CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) a) Humanists : from———– to ————-. b) Books: from to . c) Paintings : from to . d) Human beings : from to . e) Women : from to . A. a) Humanists: From 1300 AD to 1800 AD. Students of the ancient Greek literature, which dealt with the nature and interest of man, were called Humanists. The humanist ideas extended to art and architecture too. b) Books: From 1400 AD to 1800 AD. Religious interest to individual interest. Earlier, texts existed in a few hand written copies. In 1455, Johannes Gutenberg made the first printing press. The work of printing books became easy and cheap. As they were cheap to buy even common people were attracted to buy and read the concepts in them. This developed the reading habit among the people. This helped the humanism to spread. c) Paintings: From 1400 AD to 1800 AD. Hand made to printed books. Religious to realistic. The Humanist ideas extended to art and architecture. Artists observed nature; the people and places around them and sought to represent them as they were. The religious art emphasized religious themes and depicting people and things according to some ideal forms. In 1416, Donatello broke new ground with his life like statues. Many artists like Leonardo da Vinci studied human anatomy so as to make their painting and sculpture realistic. The churches too were attracted towards the new art and paintings. Michelangelo and Raphael were engaged in paintings in churches. Leonardo da Vinci painted the ’Monalisa’ and the ’Last Supper’. d) Human beings : From 1400 AD to 1500 AD from religious thoughts to rational thoughts. The main feature of humanist culture was to weaken the control of religion over human life. Italians considered the power, wealth and worldly pleasure are the main need of a man. There was a concern at this time with good manners. The great scholars felt that human beings were motivated by self-interest, they studied self-interest of people and how it could be used. SESSION 2. RENAISSANCE AND THE REVIVAL OF ITALIAN CITIES 123

CHAPTER 12- CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) e) Women: From 1400 AD to 1500 AD from limited public life to start aspiring freedom, equality and status. The new ideal of individuality and citizenship excluded women. Men from aristocratic families dominated public life and were the decision makers in their families. The public role of women was limited and they were looked upon as keepers of the households. In business, the wives were used to assist their husbands. A few women were intellectually very creative and sensitive about the importance of a humanist education. Women’s writings revealed their conviction that they should have economic power, properly and education to achieve an identity in a world dominated by men. 2.4 Key Concepts i. People began to resist the priests. This revolt is called renaissance or rebirth. ii. Painting, art, sculpture and literature developed. iii. With the expansion of trade between the, Byzantine Empire and the Islamic countries, the ports on the Italian coast revived. iv. Italian towns played a central role in the trade. Students of the ancient Greek literature, which dealt with the nature and interests of man, were called Humanists. v. The books of Greece became famous. SESSION 2. RENAISSANCE AND THE REVIVAL OF ITALIAN CITIES 124

SESSION 3 INFLUENCE OF RENAISSANCE ON DIFFERENT FIELDS 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 125 1. Realism: Nature art like realistic art or naturality. SESSION 3. INFLUENCE OF RENAISSANCE ON DIFFERENT FIELDS

CHAPTER 12- CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. How did printing of the Bible influence the ideas about God and Church? [Refer to TB page 158 Q3] A. Influence of the printing of the Bible: 1. Earlier texts existed in a few hand written copies. 2. In 1455, the Bible was printed in the press of Johannes Gutenberg in his printing press. 3. This was easy and cheap for even common people to buy. 4. So, it attracted people and encouraged the reading. 5. A printed book promoting new ideas could quickly reach hundreds of readers. 6. This made it possible for individuals to read books, since it was possible to buy copies for oneself. 7. Ideas, opinions and information moved more widely and more rapidly than ever before. 8. The reading of printed Bible brought the reality of the messages given in it. 9. The people understood that a person did not need priests to establish contact with God. 10. The awareness in people was the gift of the printing books. Q2. Compare the modern Italian towns with that of the medieval towns. Do you notice any changes in their present names [Refer to TB page 158 Q4] A. Medieval Towns: 1) The medieval towns and art was influenced by the spirit of the religious art promoted by the church in the feudal times. 2) The religious art emphasized religious themes and depicting people and things according to some ideal forms. 3) Art was supposed to represent those ideals and not the reality around them. 4) The sculptures were not realistic of the medieval period. 5) The paintings had no naturality. 6) The women had no freedom. Modern Italian Towns: 1) Modern Italian towns are quite opposite to that of the medieval towns. 2) The sculptures are realistic. 3) The paintings have naturality. 4) Women have freedom to think and decide. SESSION 3. INFLUENCE OF RENAISSANCE ON DIFFERENT FIELDS 126

CHAPTER 12- CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) Medieval towns Present names i. Roma Rome ii. Spoleto San Marino iii. Brixia Breslia iv. Comum Como v. Felsina Bologna vi. Olbia Olbia vii. Piase Pisa viii. Milano Milan SESSION 3. INFLUENCE OF RENAISSANCE ON DIFFERENT FIELDS 127

CHAPTER 12- CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) Information Skills Q1. The following graph indicates the increase in book production. What can you tell about it? [Refer to TB page 158 Q8] A. 1) The books printed increased rapidly. 2) During 15th century only a few books were printed. 3) People developed the habit of reading. 4) Thus ideas, opinions and information moved more rapidly than ever before. 5) They acted as good mass media. Mapping Skills Q1. Mention two outstanding features of the renaissance architecture. [Refer to TB page 158 Q11] A. 1) The city of Rome revived in a spectacular way in the 15th century. 2) The Popes actively encouraged the study of Rome’s history. 3) They studied the ruins of old Roman buildings to revive the old Roman style. 4) This was actually a revival of the imperial Roman Style-now called classical. 5) Artists and sculptors were to decorate buildings with paintings, sculptures and reliefs. 6) Artists were known individually. Michelangelo is known for ‘The Pieta’. ‘Fiippo Brunelleschi is famous for his Duomo of Florence. SESSION 3. INFLUENCE OF RENAISSANCE ON DIFFERENT FIELDS 128

CHAPTER 12- CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 3.4 Key Concepts i. Humanism started in Italy but soon spread into France, England and the Netherlands. ii. During the renaissance the humanist scholars acquired the books from the Arabs and retrans- lated them into Greek and Latin and studied them. iii. The Humanist ideas extended to art and architecture too. iv. Nature art became very famous. The artists observed the nature, bones of humans etc., for the neutrality. This is called realism. v. The church too now encouraged the new art. The great artist Leonardo davinci is an example in art. vi. The city of Rome revived in a spectacular way in the 15th century. The Popes actively encour- aged the study of Rome’s history. vii. A new style of architecture was revived. viii. In 1455, 150 copies of the Bible were printed in the workshop of Johannes Gutenberg. ix. Printing press helped the reading habit among people. This developed humanist culture of Italy. x. One of the features of humanist culture was a weakening of the control of religion over human life. SESSION 3. INFLUENCE OF RENAISSANCE ON DIFFERENT FIELDS 129

SESSION 4 A NEW CONCEPT OF HUMAN BEINGS AND THE ASPIRATIONS OF WOMEN 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Which elements of Greek and Roman culture were revived in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? [Refer to TB page 158 Q5] A. i. A new humanist culture had flourished in Italian towns. ii. Individualism developed. That means the ability of human beings to know and decide for themselves increased. iii. Several Nation States came to be established.Two of these – Florence and Venice were republic. iv. After downfall of Constantinople in 1453 A.D. many Greek scholars fled to Italy. This paved a path for ancient Greek literature. SESSION 4. A NEW CONCEPT OF HUMAN BEINGS AND THE ASPIRATIO... 130

CHAPTER 12- CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) v. Visual arts like painting and sculpture took the form of “realism”. vi. People studied the ruins of old Roman buildings to revive the old Roman style. vii. This inspired a new style in architecture, which was actually a revival of imperial Roman style, now called “classical”. viii. The ideals of Reformation took hold of many people. Interpretation of Christianity emerged. Thus the monopoly of the Catholic Church was for ever broken. ix. Scientific outlook developed. Q2. Why were Italian towns the first to experience the ideas of humanism? [Refer to TB page 158 Q6] A. Italian towns – The ideas of humanism: 1) In 1453, Constantinople was overthrown and the Turkish empire took the place of the Eastern Roman empire. 2) Many of the educated men who spoke Greek fled to Italy for safety. 3) Some of them brought their Greek books with them. 4) This increased interest among Italians in the ancient Greek Literature and Language. 5) The literature of the ancient Greek had reflected an interest in life. 6) Students of the ancient Greek literature. Which dealt with the nature and interest of man were called humanists. 7) So, Italian towns were the first, to experience the ideas of humanism. Q3. What were the features of humanist thought? [Refer to TB page 158 Q7] A. 1) The ancient Greek literature, which dealt with the nature and interests of man, were called Humanists. 2) The humanists gave importance to nature and life style of a man. They insisted on the bodily pleasure power etc. 3) It was characterised by a new belief –that man, as an individual was capable of making his own decision and developing his skills. 4) Another important feature of humanist culture was a weakening of the control of religion over human life. 5) Humanists considered the acquisition of power and wealth as desirable and not something to be avoided. SESSION 4. A NEW CONCEPT OF HUMAN BEINGS AND THE ASPIRATIO... 131

CHAPTER 12- CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 6) Humanist scholars began attacking the corruption of priests and questioning the need for a priesthood and its interpretation of Christianity. 7) The humanist members of the Church called on Christians to practice religion in the way laid down in the ancient texts of their religion, discarding unnecessary rituals. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Do you agree with the following statement: “Printed books continue to dominate our lives”. Give reasons for your answer. [Refer to TB page 158 Q9] A. 1) “Gutenberg” invented printing press. 2) The Bible was translated into all languages. 3) Books like “Utopia” , Praise of Folly”, “Divine Comedy” etc., Changed the society and paved way for the great Reformation Movement. 4) Students did not have to depend solely on lectures – notes. 5) Cultural diffusion has taken place due to the availability of books. 6) Hence we can say “Printed books continue to dominate our lives”. 4.3 Key Concepts i. Niccolo Machiavelli wrote a book on politics for rulers of his times. This said what an ideal society should be like. ii. The women looked after the business in the absence of men. iii. Women’s writings revealed their conviction that they should have economic power, property and education to achieve an identity in a world dominated by men. iv. People began to resist against the domination of rich and priests by reading books. v. In almost every part of Europe, peasants began to rebel against the taxes imposed by the church. vi. Martin Luther King started a movement called the Protestant Reformation. He started Salvation Army and said that all people are equal. vii. In Spain, Ignatius Loyola, in an attempt to combat, Protestantism, set up the Society of Jesus in 1540. His followers were called Jesuits, whose mission was to serve the poor and to widen their knowledge of other cultures. viii. There came scientific development. ix. The navigators of Portugal and Spain played an important part in the explorations of sea routes. The sea routes to Africa and Asia developed the trade. SESSION 4. A NEW CONCEPT OF HUMAN BEINGS AND THE ASPIRATIO... 132

SESSION 5 REFORMATION 5.1 Terminology 1. Reformation: Debates and different opinions within Christianity. 5.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Write an account of how the world appeared different to seventeenth century Europeans. [Refer to TB page 158 Q10] A. i. The ideas of reformation took hold of many people and the monopoly of the Roman Catholic Church was for ever broken. ii. The few people who were interested, started investigating the world in which they lived. iii. Scientific attitudes developed. iv. There was a radically new view of human beings to know and decide for themselves in- creased. v. Faith in religious books and priests decreased. vi. Faith in the ability of human beings to know and decide for themselves increased. vii. They showed interest in reading good literature. viii. Europeans were strongly attracted to material wealth, power and glory. ix. Self–interests developed. x. Many of the scientific inventions took place and people started exploring the world and dis- covered sea routes to different continents. 5.3 Key Concepts 1. The Europeans learned not just form the Greeks and Romans, but from India, from Arabia, from Iran, from Central Asia and China. 2.Europe, earlier united partly by the Roman empire and later by Latin and Christianity; was now dissolving into nation states, each united by a common language. 3. In 1517, a German monk, Martin Luther (1483–1546) launched Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church. 4.In Switzerland, Luthers ideas were popularised by Ulrich Zwingli(1484–1531) and later by Jean Calvin(1509–64) backed by merchants. 5. In Spain Ignatius Loyola, set up the Society of Jesus in 1540, his followers were called Jesuits, whose mission was to serve the poor. SESSION 5. REFORMATION 133

SESSION 6 BEGINNING OF MODERN SCIENCE 6.1 Terminology 1. Protestant: Protesting against catholic principles and churches. 6.2 Key Concepts i. The compass and the astrolabe, which helped the sailors to find the direction. ii. The Hellenistic geographer Ptolemy said that the earth is in the centre of the universe and the sun, stars and the planets revolve around it. iii. Copernicus claimed that the earth is one of the planets that revolve around the sun. iv. Galileo, an Italian genius, perfected a telescope, which helped the study of Astronomy. SESSION 6. BEGINNING OF MODERN SCIENCE 134

SESSION 7 EXPLORATION OF SEA ROUTES AND EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE 7.1 Key Concepts i. Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian sailor, followed Columbus and confirmed that the America discov- ered by Columbus. ii. Ferdinand Magellan a sailor of Spain made the voyage round the world with the help of Spain king Charles I, crossed the Atlantic, went around the southern tip of South America and Ianded at the Islands of Philippines format. iii. Prince Henry the navigator of Portugal discovered a sea route to western coast of Africa. iv. Bartholomew Diaz, Portuguese navigator sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the south most point of Africa. v. Vasco Da Gama sailed around Africa and landed in Calicut, India in 1498. vi. Christopher Columbus was determined to find a new route to the east, especially to India. Crossed the Atlantic and reached Islands on October 12, 1492. Believing that he reached west coast of America he named them West Indies and the native as Indians. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Bartholomew Diaz a. West coast of Africa ii. Prince Henry b. Society of Jesus iii. Ferdinand Magellan c. Utopia iv. Ignatius Loyola d. Islands of Philippines v. Thomas More e. Cape of Good Hope CHAPTER 12. CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 135

CHAPTER 12-CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Disciple of experiment b. Blood circulation i. William Harvey c. Cylindrical map of Earth ii. Gerhard us Mercator d. The Prince iii. Machiavelli e. The pieta iv. Michelangelo v. Leonardo da Vinci 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Who was the young German monk who launched a campaign against the Catholic Church? (ii) What is the specialty of Venetian Carsandra Fedele? (iii) Who were called as Clergy? (iv) What is “Certificate of Indulgence”? (v) What do you understand the term “Perspective”? (vi) Who launched a campaign against the Catholic Church is 1517 AD and why? (vii) What is Realism? (viii) Who popularised the ideas of Martin Luther? (ix) Who were the famous artists during Renaissance period? (x) Who were called Jesuits? 4. Fill in the blanks. . (xi) The revolt of the peasants in 1381 A.D ended CHAPTER 12. CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 136

CHAPTER 12-CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) (xii) Printers found that knowledge of helped them to understand perspective. (xiii) “The civilization of the Renaissance in Italy” was written by . (xiv) The were first to develop paper and printing with blocks. (xv) Italian Towers played a central role in the . (xvi) Often marriages were intended to strengthen . (xvii) Erasmus criticized some people on behalf of the church in his book . (xviii) discovered certain laws of pendulums, which made possible more satisfactory clocks. (xix) and actively participated in governing the city. (xx) Roger Bacon was a serious searcher for . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What is an Art? (ii) What were the consequences of the downfall of Constantinople? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What is the meaning of “renaissance”? How did it begin in Europe? (ii) What are the main reasons for spreading of Italian Humanism in North and West Europe? CHAPTER 12. CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 137

CHAPTER 12-CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Study the table and answer the following questions: S.No Discoverer Discovery 1 Bartholomew Diaz Cape of Good Hope 2 3 Vasco da Gama Discovered sea route to India 4 Christopher America 5 Columbus Ferdinand Magellan Named the new ocean as Pacific Ocean for its calmness Francis Drake Sailed round the world i. Who discovered America? ii. Who reached Asian continent? iii. Why Ferdinand Magellan named the ocean as pacific ocean? iv. Who reached Cape of Good Hope? v. Why European sailors discovered the new sea routes? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on an outline world map. a. Germany b. China c. Egypt d. Arabia CHAPTER 12. CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 138

CHAPTER 12-CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) (ii) Locate the following on an outline world map. a. England b. Italy c. Netherlands d. Portugal CHAPTER 12. CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 139

CHAPTER 12-CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) Europe came to be dominated by a social system called . (A) Feudalism (B) Landlordism (C) Realism (D) Humanism (ii) Roman empire declined after ___________C.E. (A) 1300 (B) 1400 (C) 400 (D) 800 (iii) Many of the European cities were politically independent and ruled themselves through . (A) directory (B) municipalities (C) clergy (D) priests (iv) The artists of __________ showed little interest in the lives of the poor and their sufferings. (A) serfdom (B) perspective (C) humanism (D) renaissance (v) Humanism was founded in . (A) France (B) Europe (C) England (D) Netherlands (vi) was the first to dissect the human body. (A) Andreas Vesalius (B) Gregorian (C)Isaac Newton (D) Copernicus CHAPTER 12. CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 140

CHAPTER 12-CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) (vii) Earlier Bible was only in language. (A) French (B) German (C) Latin (D) Greek (viii) was a very popular, brilliant lecturer and writer. (A) Copernicus (B) Thomas More (C) Ptolemy (D) Galileo (ix) Constantinople fall into the hands of Turks in . (A) 1453 C.E (B) 1543 C.E (C)1498 C.E (D)1483 C.E (x) 'Praying hands' was the sketch drawn by____________. (A) Donatello (B) Albrecht Durer (C) Michelangelo (D) Raphael CHAPTER 12. CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 141

13. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th and 18th CENTURIES SESSION 1 THE ENGLAND AND AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Glorious Revolution: In 1688, Parliament’s supremacy came in England with the restrictions to the powers of the king. This is called glorious or bloodless revolution. 2. Divine right: The kings thought that they were given powers by god and so they should not be controlled by the parliament. This right is called divine right. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Identify the name of the country in the context of following statement: (UK, USA, and France) [Refer to TB page 170 Q1] a) Revolution where parliament system was established. b) Country where king continues to play same role even after revolution. c) Country that had to war against another in order to establish its democracy. SESSION 1. THE ENGLAND AND AMERICAN REVOLUTION 142

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES d) Bill of rights was adopted. e) Overthrow of the Monarchy was led by the peasants. f) Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was adopted. A. a) UK (England) b) UK c) USA d) USA e) France f) France Q2. What made the American colonists to raise the slogan ‘No Taxation without Representation’. [Re- fer to TB page 170 Q7] A. 1) In 1774, 13 states of colonies were established in America. 2) Most of them were occupied by people from England who had settled in America. 3) The England Parliament assumed powers to make laws for the American. 4) The laws passed were always favoured England traders. 5) American colonies were taxed heavily by the British Government. 6) The American colonies therefore raised the slogan. ‘No Taxation without Representation’. Q3. What were the main ideas of social thinkers, which were significant to the establishment of new forms of governments? How did they gain popularity? [Refer to TB page 170 Q2] A. 1) Philosophers such as John Locke and Rousseau envisaged a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all. 2) In his two treaties of government, Locke sought to refuse the doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarch. SESSION 1. THE ENGLAND AND AMERICAN REVOLUTION 143

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES 3) Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form of government based on a social contract between people and their representatives. 4) The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in saloons and coffee houses. 5) It spread among people through books and newspapers. 6) Thomas Jefferson advocated to fight for the political rights of the people. 7) Thus they gain popularity. Q4. Which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution? [Refer to TB page 170 Q4] A. i. The Third Estate and the newly developed middle class were benefited from the revolution. ii. They got equal rights with other social groups. They were given right to vote. iii. They were given the rights such as right to live, freedom of opinion and equality before law. iv. Common tax is levied. It must be assessed equally on all citizens in proportion to their means. Thus the burden of taxes on common people was removed. v. The clergy the nobles and the king were forced to relinquish their powers and privileges. vi. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen declared that no group or individual may nobles were deprived of their special rights and privileges. vii. The new Constitution limited the powers of the monarch. Thus the king had to relinquish the powers of his autocracy. The powers concentrated in the hands of one person, were separated and assigned to different institutions – the legislature, executive and Judiciary. viii. According to the Declaration of Rights the Common tax is levied. It must be assessed equally on all citizens in proportion to their means. Thus the clergy and the legislature, executive and Judiciary. Q5. What do you understand by middle class? How did it emerge in Europe? [Refer to TB page 170 Q8] A. The people who were neither rich nor poor were called middle class. Businessmen, merchants, officials, peasants etc., were called middle class. This emerged from seeing their income source and way of living. SESSION 1. THE ENGLAND AND AMERICAN REVOLUTION 144

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES 1.4 Key Concepts 1. At the beginning of 17th century, England was ruled by kings and queens. 2. All the regions of Britain had been united by the Tudor dynasty kings. 3. Tudors refused to accept the authority of the Roman Catholic Church (Pope). 4. This brought a conflict between the Parliament and the king to decide the supreme power. 5. Landowners and merchants elected representatives to the Parliament. 6. The king needed the approval of Parliament. 7. In 1603 James - I of Stuart dynasty became the king of England. He reduced the power of the Parliament. 8. Charles - I dissolved the Parliament and ruled for 11 years without Parliament. 9. In 1640, he was forced to convene the Parliament for the grants. This Parliament continued from 1640 to 1660. Hence it is called the Long Parliament 10. The Long Parliament abolished the special courts and punished the King’s Ministers. A civil war started between Parliamentary party and the king’s party, which lasted for 5 years. 11. William of Orange and his wife Mary were invited by the Parliament to occupy the throne of England. The powers of the king were restricted in 1688. This is called ‘Glorious or Blood- less Revolution. 12. Voting power was given to those owning property or land. After the agitation from the people, gradually the right to vote came to all adults by 1928. 13. England had developed colonies on the eastern coast of North America. The traders of England were favored. Therefore, the American colonies protested at a congress at Philadelphia in 1774. 14. The king George Ill declared a war in April 1775. 15. The Americans finally won the war in October 1781 with the Military assistance of France. 16. The War of Independence came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783). By this treaty, Britain recognised the Independence of its thirteen colonies. SESSION 1. THE ENGLAND AND AMERICAN REVOLUTION 145

SESSION 2 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 146

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES SESSION 2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 147

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES 2.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolutionary protest in France [Refer to TB page 170 Q3] A. 1. Social causes: i. The French society was divided into three estates. ii. The members of the first two estates, that is, the clergy and the aristocracy, enjoyed certain privileges and were exempted from paying taxes. iii. The burden of taxes was borne by the third estate alone. This problem was compounded by failure of crops. 2. Political causes: i. In 1774, Louis XVI ascended the throne of France. ii. He was quite inefficient and was influenced by his wife. iii. The influence of nobles and priests also had bad effect on the administration. 3. Growth of Middle class: i. The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of new social groups, collectively termed the middle class. ii. This group of the third estate became powerful due to their access to education and new ideas. iii. They believed that no group in the society should be privileged by birth. 4. Intellectual causes: i. The third estate was influenced by the philosophical thoughts of Locke, Rousseau, etc., 5. Summoning of Estate General: SESSION 2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 148