202110211-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G09-PART1

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES i. Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. ii. To increase the taxes to meet the expenses, in 1789, summoned the Estates General. iii Summoning of Estate General was the immediate causes of the French Revolution. Q2. After the completion of chapter on Fundamental Rights draw up a list of democratic rights we enjoy today whose origins could be traced to the French Revolution. [Refer to TB page 170 Q5] A. The origin of our democratic rights 1) Men are free and equal his rights. 2) The aim of every political association is to protect the rights of man. 3) No group or individual may exercise authority on the source of all sovereignty. 4) Liberty consists of the power to do whatever is not injurious to others. 5) All citizens are equal before law. 6) Every citizen may speak, write and print freely. 7) A common tax can be collected to maintain the public force. I think the above rights of us are drawn from the Constitution of France. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Would you agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions? Explain. [Refer to TB page 170 Q6] A. Yes, I agree with the view that the message of universal rights was beset with contradictions.. It is because every country has its own culture and custom. The culture is different from country to country. So, a common law can’t bind them into one. The language, culture, race, thoughts etc., are also different. So, it is not possible to set common rights. 2.3 Key Concepts i. The War of Independence came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783). By this treaty, Britain recognized the Independence of its thirteen colonies. ii. In 1789, the national government of the USA adopted a republican Constitution. iii. In 1774, Louis XVI ascended the throne of France when the treasury was empty due to the continual wars. iv. To get the treasury filled, the king forced the taxes on the common people and businessmen. The Churches too collected special taxes from the Third Estate (peasants, business people etc). v. There was not equality among the people of France. SESSION 2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 149

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES vi. The philosophers like John Locke and Rousseau envisaged a new society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all. vii. In the spirit of the laws, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government like in USA. viii. On 5th May, 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of the Estates General, to pass proposals for new taxes. The Third Estate rejected the proposal of voting. So, they walked out in protest. ix. On 20thJune, 1789, the Third Estate assembled in Versailles and declared them a National Assembly and swore not to disperse till they had declared a Constitution for France that would limit the powers of the Monarch. x. The price of all commodities increased. People agitated and so the king sent his troop to suppress the agitation. This provoked the people and forced them to loot the hoarded grain and burn down documents containing records of memorials dues. xi. The landlords and noblemen escaped to other places to save their lives. xii. The king came down to pass a decree abolishing the feudal system and taxes imposed unnec- essarily on the Third State. Finally this made France a Constitutional monarchy. xiii. The kings of France, Prussia and the neighboring countries thought to suppress the rebellions. So, they planned for a war in 1789. xiv. The club under St. Jacob attacked the king’s palace and made him their hostage. Later the national assembly voted to imprison the royal family. Elections were held. Every man got voting at 21 years and above. xv. The newly elected assembly was called the Convention. On 21st September 1792, it abolished the Monarch and declared France a republic. The king and queen were sentenced to death. SESSION 2. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 150

SESSION 3 AFTERMATH OF FRENCH REVOLUTION 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Aristocracy: Government of the nobles. 2. Monarchy: Government under the control of king. 3. Directory: An executive made up of five members. 4. Fraternity: Brotherhood. 3.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the para under the title “The reign of terror” of page 168 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 170 Q11] A. Student’s activity SESSION 3. AFTERMATH OF FRENCH REVOLUTION 151

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES Mapping Skills Q1. Locate England, France, Prussia, Spain, and Austria on the Map of Europe . [Refer to TB page 170 Q9] A. SESSION 3. AFTERMATH OF FRENCH REVOLUTION 152

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How do you understand women’s role in French Revolution? [Refer to TB page 170 Q10] A. Role of women in French Revolution: i) From the very beginning, women actually participated in the events which brought changes in French society. ii) They hoped that their involvement would pressurise the revolutionary government to introduce measures to improve their lives. iii) In order to discuss and voice their interests women started their own political clubs and news- papers. iv) The Women’s clubs demanded for the same political rights as men. v) They demanded the right to vote and hold political office. vi) This struggle continued till 1946. vii) Most women of the Third Estate had to work for a living. viii) They worked as domestic servants in the houses of rich, sold fruits, flowers and vegetables etc. ix) Finally as they wished received the political rights. 3.4 Key Concepts i. The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror. ii. Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment: He guillotined many nobles, clergymen etc.who didn’t agree with his methods. He ordered everybody to eat bread. He converted churches as offices or barracks. Finally in July 1794, he was guillotined. iii. There was instability in the system of directory and so Napoleon Bonaparte captured powers and he declared himself the emperor of France. iv. Women actively participated in the French Revolution. They started clubs and associations. v. The women fought for their right to vote. It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote. SESSION 3. AFTERMATH OF FRENCH REVOLUTION 153

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. 1781 1. Match the following. Column A i. Reign of Terror ii. America won the war b. 1789 iii. Louis XVI c. 1793–94 iv. Abolition of feudal system d. 1946 v. Women got the right to vote e. 1774 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Jacobin Club i. James I ii. Robespierre b. Demanded division of power iii. John Locke c. Third Estate iv. Montesquieu d. 1603 v. Lawyers e. Philosopher 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Why was Bill of Rights adopted? (ii) Who comprised the 3rd estate? (iii) What do you mean by the Declaration of Independence? (iv) Who raised the slogan ‘No taxation without representation’? CHAPTER 13. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th,18th CENTURIES 154

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES (v) What was the major drawback in the constitution of 1791? (vi) What were Convents? (vii) What was Jacobins club? (viii) Who wrote the book ‘The Social Contract’? (ix) Who were entitled to vote? (x) What kind of tax was Tithes? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The Tudors refused to accept the authority of the pope who was the head of . (xii) French society in the eighteenth century was divided into estates. (xiii) A civil war between and king’s party lasted for 5 years. (xiv) On 5th may 1789, called together an assembly of the estate generals to pass proposals for new taxes. (xv) The parliamentary supremacy transformation is known as or . (xvi) The of France completed the draft of the constitution in 1791. (xvii) The right to vote was gradually extended to different sections of thepopulation and eventually to all the adults by . (xviii) The National Assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against and . CHAPTER 13. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th,18th CENTURIES 155

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES (xix) Under , France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy Britain. (xx) The constitution of 1791 gave s only to the richer sections of society. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Which revolution is known as the glorious or the bloodless revolution? (ii) What is meant by “Reign of terror”? (iii) How did the American war of independence come to an end? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What part did the women play during the French Revolution? (ii) Describe the circumstances leading to the outbreak of revolution in France? (iii) Explain the reasons that led to the American Revolution. AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) “No taxation without representation”. Explain its importance. AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Mention the Indian laws which are compared to the laws that helped to improve the lives of woman during French revolution. CHAPTER 13. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th,18th CENTURIES 156

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following countries on the given world map. a. England b. Ireland c. France d. Austria e. Hungary (ii) Locate the following on the given world map. a. Indian Ocean b. Spain c. Prussia CHAPTER 13. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th,18th CENTURIES 157

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES Objective Questions to was called the long parliament. AS1-Conceptual Understanding (B) 1640–1660 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) The parliament which continued from (A) 1540–1560 (C) 1340–1360 (D) 1630–1660 (ii) The long parliament punished the ministers and officers of (A) George III (B) James I (C)Louis XVI (D)Charles I (iii) England had developed on eastern coast of North America. (A) 1818–1897 (B) 1918–1985 (C) None (D) Colonies (iv) France helped the thirteen American ______ to gain their independence from Britain. (A) Industries (B) Trade centres (C) Colonies (D) Plantations (v) The colonies raised a slogan ‘No Taxation Without Representation. (A) Latin (B) American (C) French (D) Paris (vi) The Americans finally won the war in October, 1781 with the military assistance of . (A) France (B) California (C) Philadelphia (D) Paris CHAPTER 13. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th,18th CENTURIES 158

CHAPTER 13- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th AND 18th CENTURIES (vii) The war of Independence came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. (A) 1790 (B) 1783 (C) 1773 (D) 1775 (viii) In_______ the national government of the United States of America adopted a republican constitution. (A) 1776 (B) 1789 (C) 1889 (D) 1689 (ix) _________actively campaigned for political equality and freedom of thought for all people. (A) Louis X (B) Jefferson (C)James II (D)James I (x) In the year Louis XVI ascended the throne of France. (A) 1774 (B) 1776 (C) 1725 (D) 1689 CHAPTER 13. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th,18th CENTURIES 159

14. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY SESSION 1 NATIONALISM - RISE IN EUROPEAN STATES 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Despotism: The king is the final authority and they people have no right to ask a question. 2. Nationalism: The spirit of love and pride for one’s own country is better than any other country. 3. Liberalism: It dervies from the Latin root liber meaning free man.Liberalism is a political philoso- phy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. SESSION 1. NATIONALISM - RISE IN EUROPEAN STATES 160

CHAPTER 14- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Choose the Correct Options: [Refer to TB page 183 Q1] a) Democratic and nationalist movements assumed that a nation has a (shared history, shared culture, shared economy, all the above, none of the above) b) Jacobin clubs were established in different countries by (peasants, royalty, middle class, army) c) During the mid 18th–century the land was owned by and cultivated by (middle class, army, aristocrats, tenants) A. a) All the above . b) Army [Radical democracy thinkers]. c) Aristocrats, tenants. Q2. After reading about mid eighteenth century Europe what similarities or differences amongst people existed in the context of: language, ethnicity, trade practices. [Refer to TB page 183 Q2] A. 1) In the mid 18th century Europe was divided into several kingdoms. But there were not any nation states. 2) There weren’t a common culture, common language and ethnic group. 3) Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. 4) Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. 5) This class people were united. They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society. 6) The growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the market. 7) The industrialisation made different social groups. 8) Thus the languages, ethnicity and trade played dominant role in Europe. SESSION 1. NATIONALISM - RISE IN EUROPEAN STATES 161

CHAPTER 14- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY Q3. Do you agree with the statement : “When the emergence of nation states the dominance of Aristocracy declined and middle class increased” Give reasons. [Refer to TB page 183 Q3] A. Yes, I agree this. i. Europe witnessed growth of industrial production and trade. ii. This led to the growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on production for the markets. iii. New social groups came into being. ( a working – class population and middle classes.) iv. They had access to education and new ideas. v. It was among them that ideas of national unity and the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity. vi. There after the dominance of Aristocracy declined and middle class increased. vii. In mid–18th century, socially and politically a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent. 1.4 Key Concepts 1. Europe was divided into small kingdoms due to the revolutions. 2. The democratic and nationalist movements sought to establish powerful states which were based on the active participation of citizens who felt that they shared a common history, culture and economic life. This led to the unification of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe. 3. The French revolutionaries thought of putting a full stop to despotism. 4. A nation is not the territory that the people belonging to it inhabit but people themselves. 5. The people constituting the nation are the source of all power and authority. 6. There can’t be any rulers above the people. 7. Napoleon called himself the ‘Emperor of the French Republic’. 8. The government abolished slavery in the French colonies. 9.˙ After the defeat of Napoleon, the old ruling dynasty of France was restored to power. SESSION 1. NATIONALISM - RISE IN EUROPEAN STATES 162

SESSION 2 KINGDOMS OF EUROPE 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. KINGDOMS OF EUROPE 163

CHAPTER 14- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 2.2 Terminology 1. Bureaucracy: Government by officials. 2. Romanticism: A cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Mark sentences that describe conservatives and liberals. Try to identify examples in our contem- porary context. [Refer to TB page 183 Q5] A. Conservatives Liberals 1. Conservatives are political 1. Liberals are political philosophers who philosophers who believe in preserving believe in the freedom of the individuals. of traditional institutions like, church, monarchy etc., 2. Liberals insist on a constitution and 2. Conservative stress on the representative government through strengthening of the autocratic Parliament. monarchies. 3. They stand for the end of privileges of the church. 3. They believe in the preserving of the privileges of the church. 4. They stand for the development of 4. They believe in a dynamic economy free trade and market and the with certain restrictions. abolishment of restrictions. 5. Ex. India. 5. Ex: Vatican City in Rome ruled by pope. Q2. Draw a table to show the differences and similarities in the nation building process of France, Germany and Italy. [Refer to TB page 183 Q6] A. Differences/Similarities SESSION 2. KINGDOMS OF EUROPE 164

CHAPTER 14- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY France Germany Italy 1. Revolutions were led by 1. Prussia, under the chief 1. Italian princely state of liberal nationalists ministership of Bismark, “Sardinia” took on the especially middle classes took on the leadership for leadership. and commercial classes. national unification. 2. Reform Party leader 2. Germany unification was 2. Mazzini, a Philosopher, “Theirs”, and socialist a one man ship i.e. Otto Gari–baldi, a sailor, party leader “Louis Blanc” von Bismarck with his Cavour, the chief minister etc., are the leaders policy “Blood and Iron” and Victor Emmanuel II the involved. achieved the unification. ruler were involved in nation building process. 3. People and leaders 3. Bismark waged three 3. There were five stages revolted against the kings wars, one with Denmark, in the unification of Italy. and overthrown them. second with Austria and The Southern states were finally with France, to united with the support of achieve unification. the local people. France Germany Italy 1. Charles X was replaced 1. In January 1871, the 1. Victor Emmanuel II was by Louis Philippe was Prusian king, Wiliam I, was proclaimed king of united overthrown and a republic proclaimed ad German Italy. was established which was Emperor. temporary. 2. The French revolution 2. Bismarck played a vital 2. Mazzini created the brought a lot of change in role in the unification of national feelings among the minds of people. Germany. the Italians. Nationalism was the aim to them SESSION 2. KINGDOMS OF EUROPE 165

CHAPTER 14- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 3. The Sovereign of France 3. He took the support of 3. Cavour defeated Austria with the help of France. made her military strength military strength Austria so strong. and defeated Denmark. 4. The defeat of Napoleon 4. With the support of 4. Garibaldi defeated Sicily brought a thought of Germans he defeated and Naples and annexed Republic. Austria. to Sardinia. 5. The revolution had come 5. He defeated France. 5. Bismarck invaded about with the support and Venetia and annexed it to blood of common people. Sardinia. 6. Socialism came to exist 6. Now he unified 6. Victor Emmanuel and unified France with the Germany by adding the invaded principles of oneness. parts won by him before. Rome and annexed it to Sardinia. Thus the unification of Italy was done. 2.4 Key Concepts 1. In 1830, there was another outbreak of revolution. In 1848, the monarchy was again over thrown though it soon reappeared. Finally, in 1871, the Republic was again proclaimed. 2. France became one of the first countries where the ideas of social equality of socialism, gave rise to a new kind of political movement. 3. Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within the territories of which lined diverse peoples. 4. The only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common allegiance to the emperor. SESSION 2. KINGDOMS OF EUROPE 166

SESSION 3 DIFFERENT IDEOLOGIES 3.1 Mind Map SESSION 3. DIFFERENT IDEOLOGIES 167

CHAPTER 14- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 3.2 Key Concepts i. The members of the aristocratic class were united by a common way of life that cut across regional divisions. ii. Aristocratic families were often connected by ties of marriage. They were less in number. The majority of population was of peasants. iii. Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the18th century. In its wake, new so- cial groups came into being, a working, class population and middle classes, the others were industrialists, businessmen, various kinds of professionals. iv. During the18th century suffrage was a strong demand of the emerging middle classes. v. Difficulties in tax paying for same commodity in different measures needed a change and a unified economic territory. vi. Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism. They thought of an autocratic monarchy. vii. In 1815, in Vienna Congress, the conveners of the Congress Metternich announced Censorship laws to control the expansion of French territory, newspapers, books etc. viii. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. ix. Increase in population demanded employment and business. Industrialisation was the outcome of it in England. x. In 1848, food shortages, widespread of unemployment problems forced Louis Philippe to flee. A Nation. SESSION 3. DIFFERENT IDEOLOGIES 168

SESSION 4 POPULAR REVOLTS OF 19TH CENTURY 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Terminology 1. New middle class: The liberals (educated group) . 4.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Explain what is meant by 1848 revolution of liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals? [Refer to TB page 183 Q7] A. i. 1848 revolt occurred during the period of Louis Philippe. Ideas of Socialism, Liberalism and Nationalism were increasing and finally resulted as Revolution of 1848. This revolution was led by liberal nationalists belonging to the educated middle – class and members of the commercial middle classes. SESSION 4. POPULAR REVOLTS OF 19TH CENTURY 169

CHAPTER 14- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY The ideas supported by the liberals were – i. All the parties opposed monarchy as the king grew more and more reactionary and conser- vative. ii. Liberals raised their voice against the corruption of the government’s official. iii. Work to every citizen was the demand of the socialistic party. iv. Reform Party leader ‘Theirs’ demanded extension of the suffrage and limitation of royal power. Not finding any other alternative Louis Philippe abdicated the throne and fled away to England. In 1848, Liberals took control of France and abolished monarchy. 4.4 Key Concepts i. Liberal — Nationalists led a revolution in Italy, Germany, Ireland and Poland. ii. Charles X was like a despot. He thought to suppress the revolutions. iii. Revolutions were begun in different European Countries. iv. The inability of Louis Philippe brought a great revolution in France. v. The women were not permitted to vote but they were only observers. vi. After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with democracy and revolu- tion. SESSION 4. POPULAR REVOLTS OF 19TH CENTURY 170

SESSION 5 GERMANY AND ITALY- CASE STUDIES 5.1 Mind Map Some important years SESSION 5. GERMANY AND ITALY- CASE STUDIES 171

CHAPTER 14- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 5.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Briefly trace process of Germany unification. [Refer to TB page 183 Q8] A. i. Nationalist feeling wide spread among middle class Germans. ii. They tried to unite the different regions of the Germany in 1848. iii. But it was oppressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military. iv. Later Prussia took on the leadership for national unification. v. Its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of this process. vi. He carried out this with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. vii. He waged three wars in seven years. i. War with Denmark ii. Austro – Prussian war iii. Franco – Prussian war i. Unification of Germany was accomplished by 1871. ii. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a cere- mony held at Versailles. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the last para of page 177 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 183 Q10] A. Student’s response Mapping Skills Q1. Locate some changes on Europe map drawn up by Vienna congress. [Refer to TB page 183 Q9] SESSION 5. GERMANY AND ITALY- CASE STUDIES 172

CHAPTER 14- DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY A. The Congress of Vienna was held in order to draw up a plan to alter Europe politically and territo- rially so as to prevent the extensive expansion of any one great power, such as that Napoleon had brought about. Creating a balance of power among the powerful nations of Europe, reinstating conservative regimes, containing France, and reaching an agreement to cooperative with each other were the goals of the Congress, which illustrated the altruistic attitude of the national rep- resentatives present and supported the overall purpose of preventing future widespread conflict. As per this, different regions of Europe were brought under the power of different strongholds of Europe. Later on, when the nations like Italy and Germany took up the ideals of Nationalism and moved for unification, they defeated those powers, which were being ruled by the other European powers. As a result of this, the structure of Europe, established by the Congress of Vienna, got redrawn, and the present day Europe is established. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Write an imaginary dialogue between Mazzini and any of the Indian nationalist you have studied ? [Refer to TB page 183 Q4] A. Student’s response SESSION 5. GERMANY AND ITALY- CASE STUDIES 173

CHAPTER 14-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 5.3 Key Concepts 1. Germany and Italy came to be united as nation–state. 2. Prussia took the leadership of the movement for national unification. 3. It’s prime minister Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of this process carried out with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. 4. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William l, was proclaimed German emperor in a ceremony held in Versailles 5. During the middle of nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia–Piedmont, was ruled by Italian princely house. 6. The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzine had sought to put to- gether a coherent programme for a Italian republic. 7. In 1861 Victor Emmanuel ll decided to unify the Italian states through war. 8. Prime Minister Cavour tactfully received the support of France and defeated Austria in 1859. 9. The effort of Giuseppe Mazzini Garibaldi unified Italy and Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of United Italy. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Declaration of Independence a. 1815 ii. Battle of Waterloo b. 1776 iii. Zollverien c. 1783 iv. The Treaty of Paris d. 1871 v. Unification of Italy e. Customs union CHAPTER 14. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 174

CHAPTER 14-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Versailles b. Giuseppe Mazzine i. Young Italy c. Italy ii. Italian princely house d. Sardinia – piedmont iii. William –I e. Germany iv. Prime Minister Cavour v. The tennis court oath 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is the meaning of Sovereignty? (ii) How was customs duty levied in German speaking region? (iii) When did industrialization start in England? (iv) Which ruler did the Congress of Vienna place on the throne? (v) Define liberalism. (vi) Name the four important people responsible for unification of Italy. (vii) In whose period Adult males enjoyed suffrage in France? (viii) What is Romanticism? (ix) What was the demand of liberalism in economic sphere? (x) What was the policy of Bismarck in the Unification of Germany? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The large empires of Europe were slowly replaced by modern . (xii) The law code of 1804 was usually known as the code. CHAPTER 14. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 175

CHAPTER 14-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY (xiii) and were ruled by independent rulers. (xiv) The term liberalism came from the Latin word . (xv) The majority of population in Europe was that of . (xvi) described Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of our social order. (xvii) and led to the growth of towns in western and parts of central Europe. (xviii) Network of made the movement of goods and people easy. (xix) Napoleon destroyed democracy in France by becoming a . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How can you define a Nation State? (ii) Describe the role of women in 1848 revolution in France? (iii) Who were serfs? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What was the aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815? (ii) How can you say that Romanticism promoted feeling of nationalism? AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the following text and comment on it. The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe. The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe. CHAPTER 14. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 176

CHAPTER 14-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Study the following table and answer the questions. Some important years 1797 Napoleon invades Italy and Napoleonic wars began. 1814 – Fall of Napoleon, the Vienna peace settlement. 1815 1821 Greek struggle for independence began. 1848 Revolutions in Europe, artisans, industrial workers and peasants revolted against economic hardships, middle classes demanded constitution and representative governments, Italians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, Czechs, etc. demanded nation–states. 1859–1870 Unification of Italy 1866–1871 Unification of Germany 1905 Slav nationalism gathered force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires. i. By invading which country Napoleon started wars? ii. When did the Greek struggle for independence start? iii. Name the country which was first unified? iv. In which empires Slav nationalism gathered force? CHAPTER 14. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 177

CHAPTER 14-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on a map of Europe: A. France B. Germany C. Italy D. Switzerland E. Austria CHAPTER 14. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 178

CHAPTER 14-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY (ii) Locate the following on a map of Europe. A. Russia B. Poland C. Greece D. Portugal E. Spain CHAPTER 14. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 179

CHAPTER 14-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY (iii) Read the map and answer the following questions. i. In which country was the Congress of Vienna held? ii. Which Island was not located in Mediterranean Sea? iii. Which country was extended in two continents? iv. Which country is located at the west side of Switzerland? v. What does this map show? CHAPTER 14. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 180

CHAPTER 14-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY (iv) Read the map and answer the following questions. i. Who led the movement to unify Italy? ii. Which sea is seen in the above map? iii. What does this map show? iv. Which islands are seen in Mediterranean Sea? v. Who was proclaimed as the king of United Italy? CHAPTER 14. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 181

CHAPTER 14-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) _________ Empire reached its peak under Napolean’s rule. (A) Russian (B) French (C) American (D) English (ii) The National Assembly completed the draft of the Constitution in (A) 1789 (B) 1774 (C)1876 (D) 1791 (iii) Till 19th century, _______ was divided into many small independent kingdoms. (A) Hungary (B) England (C) Germany (D) India (iv) In Europe, England was ruled by Kings of the Tudor dynasty at the beginning of the (A) 18th (B) 16th (C) 19th (D) 14th (v) During the mid 19th century, Italy was divided into _____ states. (A) 8 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 5 (vi) In 1871, France was declared republic for the third time under the leadership of Leon Gambetta. (A) 1789 (B) 1789 (C) 1876 (D) 1871 CHAPTER 14. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 182

CHAPTER 14-DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY (vii) Women were disappointed that the Constitution of ______ made them passive citizens. (A) 1789 (B) 1774 (C) 1791 (D) 1871 (viii) Napolean Bonaparte formed Rhine Confederation with _____ kingdoms. (A) 27 (B) 39 (C) 17 (D) 19 (ix) A customs union called _______formulated some trade rules for free trade, economic cooperation in these kingdoms. (A) Zollverein (B) Carbonary (C)Young Italy (D) Resorgimento (x) The congress of Vienna was hosted by the . (A) Swiss (B) Austrians (C) Dutch (D) Polish CHAPTER 14. DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 183

15. INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE SESSION 1 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIALISATION 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 184 1. Industrialisation: Rapid industrialization of a nation. 2. Transformation: Complete changes. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIALISATION

CHAPTER 15- INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Write two sentences each on the following aspects in the context of industrial revolution [Refer to TB page 195 Q3] (a)Technology (b) Financing and Money (c) Agriculture revolution (d) Transport systems. A. i. Technology: The commencement of industrial revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations, beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s, the following gains had been made in important technologies. E.g. : Textiles, steam power and iron making. ii. Financing and money: The whole industrial revolution got founded by a few people who held power to issue essentially infinite credit. Most new industries were financed by small investors, merchants, shopkeepers and farmers. iii. Agriculture revolution: The Agriculture Revolution was period of agriculture development between 18th and the end of 19th century, which saw a massive and rapid increase in agri- cultural productivity and vast improvement in farm technology. Many inventions were created and improved during this revolution. iv. Transport Systems: The growth of industrial revolution developed the ability to transport raw materials and finished goods over long distances. These facilities were out of these three, water transportation was the cheapest. Q2. Britain did not depend on different parts of the world for –and––(labourers; raw material; capital; inventions) [Refer to TB page 195 Q1] A. Labourers, Inventions. (road; air; water; Q3. Two important types of transport during the industrial revolution were and rail). [Refer to TB page 195 Q2] A. road, rail. Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the places where iron and textile industries are mainly concentrated in England during industrial revolution. [Refer to TB page 195 Q7] A. Textile industry Lancashire, Yorkshire, Birmingham Iron industry New castle, Leeds, Birmingham, Liverpool, Bristol etc. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIALISATION 185

CHAPTER 15- INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE 1.4 Key Concepts i. The period between 1780 — 1850 is called The “first industrial revolution” in England. ii. Steam a new source of power began to be used and a wide scale in Britain industries. iii. Britain was the first industrialized country in the world. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIALISATION 186

SESSION 2 CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Industrial Revolution: Machines began to be used to do work. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What were the relative advantages of canal and Railway Transportation? [Refer to TB page 195 Q6] SESSION 2. CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIO... 187

CHAPTER 15- INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE A. i. England was well equipped by 18th century for sea — borne trade. ii. It had good number of ports. iii. Inland transport was improved by building a network of canals. iv. Canals were initially built to transport coal to cities. v. Transport by canal is cheaper than other transports. vi. Worley (near Manchester) was built to carry coal deposits vii. After the canal completed the price of coal fell by half. viii. Thousands of kilometers of canals were built by 1830 to transport commodities cheaply. ix. Railways emerged as a new means of transport that available throughout the year. x. These very cheap and fast. They carry passengers and goods. xi. As the canals revealed several problems the invention of the railways took the entire process of industrialization a second stage. Q2. What do you think is special about inventions happening during the industrial revolution? [Refer to TB page 195 Q4] A. i. After the invention of wheel the invention of steam engine was a great event in the history of mankind. ii. James Watt invented steam engine in 1769. iii. This invention marked the beginning of the age of machines. iv. The steam engine was not only used in factories but also used to move rail engine power ships. v. This led to the development of motor cars, trucks, ships and aero planes etc. vi. According to me invention of steam engine was a special in industrial revolution. vii. Most inventions were more the product of determination, interest, curiosity, even luck, than application of scientific knowledge. viii. Some inventors in the cotton industry, like John Kay and James Hargreaves, were familiar with the skills of weaving and carpentry. ix. Richard Arkwright, however, was a barber and wig – maker, Samuel Crompton was not technically skilled and Edmund Cartwright studied literature, medicine and agriculture, ini- tially wished to become a clergyman and knew little of mechanics. x. By contrast, in the area of steam engines, Thomas Savery, an army officer, Thomas New- comen, a blacksmith and locksmith, and James Watt, with a strong mechanical bent, all had some knowledge relevant to their inventions. SESSION 2. CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIO... 188

CHAPTER 15- INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE xi. The road – builder John Metcalf, who personally surveyed surfaces for roads and planned them, was blind. xii. The canal builder James Brindley was almost was almost illiterate, with such poor spelling that he could never spell the word ‘navigation’, but he had tremendous powers of memory, imagination and concentration. Information Skills Q1. Prepare a table on invention during the time of Industrial Revolution. [Refer to TB page 195 Q8] A. S.No. Inventor –Inventions 1. lames Hargreaves Spinning Jenny 2. John Kay Flying shuttle 3. Richard Ark Wright Roller spinning frame 4. Samuel Crompton Mule; spinning machine 5. Cort Wright A New loom using water power 6. James Watt Steam Engine 7. George Stevenson A cart run by steam to transport cool from the mines to sea port 8. Robert Pulton˜ , Steam ship Nicolus 9. John Macodam Safer Roads with stones 10. Rolland Paul Penny post card system 2.4 Key Concepts i. From the 1780’s the cotton industry symbolized British industrialization. ii. Steam Power was first used in mining industries. iii. Mc Adam devised the method of Pakka or macadamised roads. Canals were used for trans- porting things from one place to another. iv. The first steam locomotive Stephenson’s Rocket appeared in 1814. v. The first railway line connected the cities of Stockton and Darlington in 1825 a distance of 9 miles. SESSION 2. CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIO... 189

SESSION 3 CHANGED LIVES - WORKERS, WOMEN AND CHILDREN 3.1 Mind Map Changed life’s of workers 3.2 Terminology 190 1. Steam power: The hot gas that water changes into when it boils. 2. Hydraualic power: Moved through pipes etc., under pressure. SESSION 3. CHANGED LIVES - WORKERS, WOMEN AND CHILDREN

CHAPTER 15- INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE 3.3 Key Concepts i. A survey in 1842 revealed that the average lifespan of workers was lower than that of any other social group in cities. ii. Death in European countries caused by epidemics of disease that strong from the pollution of water. iii. Due to industrial revolution few workers were needed by the industrialists, so they preferred to employ women and children who would less agitate. iv. Electric dynamo was invented by Werner Siemens in 1866. SESSION 3. CHANGED LIVES - WORKERS, WOMEN AND CHILDREN 191

SESSION 4 INDUSTRIALISATION IN GERMANY AND FRANCE 4.1 Mind Map Industrialisation in Germany and France 4.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. How were the lives of different classes of British women affected by the industrial revolution? [Refer to TB page 195 Q5] A. i. The Industrial Revolution was a time of important changes in the way that women worked. ii. The village women were actively involved in farm work, they reared livestock, gathered fire- wood and spun yarn on spinning wheels in their homes. iii. Their earnings were necessary to supplement men’s meagre wages. SESSION 4. INDUSTRIALISATION IN GERMANY AND FRANCE 192

CHAPTER 15- INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE iv. Women were the main workers in the silk, lace making and knitting industries, as well as in the metal industries of Birmingham. v. Women may well have gained increased financial independence and self–esteem from their jobs; but this was more than offset by the humiliating term of work they endured. vi. Most classes eventually benifited in some way from the huge profits. vii. Thus the lives of different classes of British women were affected by the industrial revolution. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the last para under the title “The workers” of page 191 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 195 Q9] A. Student’s activity Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the places where iron and textile industries are mainly concentrated in England. [Refer to TB page 195 Q7] A. SESSION 4. INDUSTRIALISATION IN GERMANY AND FRANCE 193

CHAPTER 15- INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE A. 4.3 Key Concepts i. Germany had developed a powerful industrial power base and was challenging Britain by the beginning of 20th century. ii. French industrialisation was slow remained as consumer products like Textiles whereas Ger- mans British industrialisation was heavy industries. SESSION 4. INDUSTRIALISATION IN GERMANY AND FRANCE 194

CHAPTER 15-INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. First railway line a. Electric dynamo ii. Stephenson’s rocket b. Blast furnace iii. James Brindley c. First steam locomotive iv. Abraham Darby d. First English canal v. Werner Siemens e. Stockton and Darlington 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Britain i. 1760 and 1820 b. Railway line between Liverpool and Manchester ii. Abraham Darby iii. First Industrial Revolution c. Alfred Krupp's iron foundry iv. 1830 d. Industrial development in Britain v. 1810 e. 1677–1717 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is Industrialization? (ii) Which was the first country to experience modern industrialization? (iii) Define transformation? CHAPTER 15. INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE 195

CHAPTER 15-INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE (iv) Who designed the paddling furnace? (v) What is steam power? (vi) Who used the term ‘Industrial Revolution’ first? (vii) Define Hydraulic Power. (viii) How many people died of cholera in 1832? (ix) What is called the “First Industrial Revolution”? (x) In 1842, what was the average lifespan of workers in Derby? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The term “Industrial Revolution” was used by Europeans Scholars in France and in Germany. (xii) The was a time of important changes in the way that children and woman worked. (xiii) Steam power was first used in industries. (xiv) Coal mines were place to work in. (xv) Germany was producing more . (xvi) In both Germany and France, industrialization received a boost by the introduction of railways in . (xvii) The second railway line connected and Manchester in 1930. (xviii) The canal builder was almost an illiterate. (xix) no longer had to depend on charcoal. CHAPTER 15. INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE 196

CHAPTER 15-INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE (xx) The British had always worn cloths made of wool and . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Define Industrial revolution? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How was the cotton spinning and weaving industry revolutionized? (ii) Give a description of revolution in transportation. AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the given passage and answer the following questions. Coal mines were also dangerous places to work in. Roofs caved in or there could be an explo- sion, and injuries were common. The owners of coal mines used children to reach deep coal faces where the path was too narrow for adults. Younger children worked as ‘trappers’ who opened and shut doors as the coal wagons travelled through mines, or carried heavy loads of coal on their backs as ‘coal bearers’. i Which place is too dangerous to work? ii. What dangers are common in coal mines? iii. Why did the owners use children to work? iv. What kind of work did younger children used to do in coal mines? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the major changes that you observe in the present day industrial units? CHAPTER 15. INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE 197

CHAPTER 15-INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on the given Europe Map. (a) Mediterranean Sea (b)Black Sea (c)Caspian Sea (d)English Channel (d) Belarus (Or) (a) Cyprus (b) Ukraine (c) Moldova CHAPTER 15. INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE 198