202110211-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G09-PART1

Social Workbook_9_P_1.pdf 1 10/18/19 12:05 PM 9 Part - 1 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Table of Contents 1 18 1 OUR EARTH 41 2 THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 57 3 HYDROSPHERE 77 4 ATMOSPHERE 94 5 BIOSPHERE 120 6 AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 142 12 CHANGING CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN EUROPE (1300 - 1800) 160 13 DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17,18TH CENTURIES 184 14 DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:19TH CENTURY 204 15 INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE 16 SOCIAL PROTEST MOVEMENTS 216 217 PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS ADDITIONAL MAP BASED PRACTICE QUESTIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS

SESSION 1 1. OUR EARTH 1.1 Mind Map INTRODUCTION 1.2 Terminology 1. Big bang: Scientists said that the stars are actually part of large groups called galaxies in the universe. Now they are of the view that the universe itself started some 13.7 million years ago with a ‘Big Bang’ and that it may end several billion years later. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH 1.3 Key Concepts i. Human beings arrived on this earth about one lakh years ago. ii. Human beings look at Earth as a store house of resources which we can exploit and use at will. iii. This exploitation of the Earth has resulted in an environmental crisis such as global warming and the poisoning of our soils, water and air. iv. Initially people thought that the stars remain fixed and the sun, moon and the planets keep moving across the sky. v. Initially people thought that earth was firm and stationary and all others went round it. vi. About five hundred years ago, scientists came up with a new understanding–that the Earth is not in the middle of everything and that it is actually moving around the sun. vii. During the last hundred years or so people have even figured out that stars are born, they grow old and even die. viii. Now scientists know that the universe itself started some 13.7 billion years ago with the ‘Big Bang ‘and that it may end several billion years later. ix. Human beings are investigating and trying to understand these very distant and complex phe- nomena. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION 2

SESSION 2 ABOUT THE EARTH 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Improve Your Learning Mapping Skills Q1. Make a thought provoking poster on the earth’s protection. [Refer to TB page 12 Q10] A. Student response. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Now scientists know that the universe itself started some 13.7 billion years ago with the ‘Big Bang’and that it may end years later. ii. The Earth has reached its present form through several phases. iii. The earth travels around the sun at a speed of 1,07,200 kilometers per hour. iv. It takes 365 1 th days to complete one revolution. 4 SESSION 2. ABOUT THE EARTH 3

SESSION 3 STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT OF EARTH’S CRUST 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Grid: A series of vertical lines from north pole to south pole and horizontal lines parallel to the equator, forming a complete network called “ Earth’s Grid”. 2. Gondwana: Pangaea is a hypothetical continent from which present continents originated. The supercontinent of Pangaea broke up into laurensia and Gondwana lands. Present south America, Africa, Madagascar, India, Arabia, Malaysia, East Indies, Australia and Antarctica belong to Gond- wana land. SESSION 3. STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT OF EARTH’S CRUST 4

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH 3.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the paragraph under the heading of “Internal structure of the earth” and answer the question. How can you say the earth is still very active? [Refer to TB page 12 Q5] A. Interestingly matter from deep inside the mantle shoots up through ‘volcanoes’ and ‘fissures’ on ocean floors and cools down to form the earth’s crust. In many regions on the earth, part of the earth’s crust enters into the mantle and once again become molten. This constant process of formation and destruction of the crust explains the fact that our Earth is still very active. The crust on which we live is still being changed by earthquakes, volcanoes, subduction of land and rise of mountains due to processes happening deep down the earth. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Why is it difficult to study the formation of the earth and its structure? [Refer to TB page 12 Q4] A. It took us years of scientific investigation and analysis of data to form an understanding of the interiors of the Earth. The main reason for this is that even the deepest mines we have dug do not go beyond a few kilometers under the surface while the radius or the distance to the centre of the earth is over 6000 kilometers. 3.4 Key Concepts i. The Earth has reached its present form through several phases. ii. The, Earth is made up of three main layers: Crust, Mantle and Core. iii. The crust on which we live is still being changed by earthquakes, volcanoes, subduction of land and rise of mountains due to processes happening deep down the earth. iv. In the early 20th century, a German geophysicist Alfred Wagener introduced the theory of Con- tinental Drift to describe the present arrangement of continents and ocean basins. SESSION 3. STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT OF EARTH’S CRUST 5

SESSION 4 THE EARTH’S GRID SYSTEM 4.1 Mind Map SESSION 4. THE EARTH’S GRID SYSTEM 6

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH 4.2 Terminology 1. Prime meridian: 00 longitude is called prime meridian or Greenwich meridian. It is the starting meridian, which passes through Greenwich, near London. 2. Time zones: The world is divided into 24 time zones starting from the Greenwich meridian, going east and west. The width of each time zone is 150 longitudes. 3. Standard time: Countries choose the time along one of the meridians that pass through their territory and follow the time of that meridian for the whole country. This time is called ‘Standard time’. 820 30’ or 821/2 E is selected as Indian Standard Time (IST). 4.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is a grid and how does it help us? [Refer to TB page 12 Q6] A. On a globe, network of latitudes and longitudes is drawn. This is called a ‘Grid’. With the help of the grid, we can locate places and learn about them — how hot or cold it would be there, in which direction should we go to reach it and what time it would be there. Mapping Skills Q1. Look at the map of India in an Atlas and identify latitude and longitude for the following places. [Refer to TB page 12 Q1] SESSION 4. THE EARTH’S GRID SYSTEM 7

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH A. i. Kanyakumari and (8° N’ Latitude,and 77° 30’ E. Longitude) ii. Imphal and (25° N. Latitude, 94° E.and Longitude) iii. Jaisalmer and (27° N. Latitude,and 710 E. Longitude) iv. Pune and (19° N. Latitude, 74° E.and Longitude) v. Patna and (26° N. Latitude, 85° E.and Longitude) Q2. With the help of your teachers find out the standard meridian of given countries. 1. Nepal 2. Pakistan 3. Bangladesh 4. England 5. Malaysia 6. Japan [Refer to TB page 12 Q9] SESSION 4. THE EARTH’S GRID SYSTEM 8

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH A. 1. Nepal: Nepal country extends from 80° E longitude to 89°E longitudes. The standard meridian of Nepal is approximately 84° 30’ E longitude. 2. Pakistan: Pakistan extends from 81° 30’ E to 88° 30’ E. Thus the longitudinal difference comes to 88° 30’ E –81° 30’ E = 7°. Thus the longitude 84° E is selected as standard meridian. 3. Bangladesh: Bangladesh extends from 88 E to 93° E longitudes. The standard meridian of Bangladesh is approximately 90° 30’ E. longitude. 4. England: The longitude that passes through the astronomical observatory at Greenwich, Eng- land is called the 0° meridian or Prime meridian. It’s time is taken as standard time of England. 5. Malaysia: Malaysia is a country in East Asian Peninsula. It extends from 100°E to 104°E longi- tude. Its standard meridian 102° E longitude. 6J˙apan: Japan extends from 130° E to 140° E. Its standard time is the time at 135° E longitude. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Identify the words that match with Latitude and Longitude. (parallel lines, vertical lines, horizontal lines) [Refer to TB page 12 Q2] A. Latitudes — Parallel lines, horizontal lines. Longitudes — Vertical lines. 4.4 Key Concepts i. A series of vertical lines from North pole to South pole and horizontal lines parallel to the Equa- tor, form a complete network called “Earth’s Grid”. ii. Gondwana: Pangaea is a hypothetical continent from which present continent originated. The super continent of Pangaea broke up into Laurensia and Gondwana lands. Present South Amer- ica, Africa, Madagascar, India, Arabia, Malaysia, East Indies, Australia and Antarctica belong to Gondwana land. iii. Prime meridian 0° longitude is called Prime Meridian or Greenwich meridian. It is the starting meridian, which passes through Greenwich, near London. iv. A network of latitudes and longitudes is drawn on a globe which is called the ‘Grid’. v. With the help of the grid, we can locate places and learn about them — how hot or cold it would be there, in which direction we should go to reach it and what time it would be there. vi. The horizontal circles that go round the Earth are latitudes. They are expressed in degrees (0), minutes ( ’ ) and seconds (”) 00 latitude is known as the Equator. vii. The world is divided into 24 time zones starting from Greenwich meridian, going east and west. SESSION 4. THE EARTH’S GRID SYSTEM 9

SESSION 5 LONGITUDES AND TIME 5.1 Mind Map 5.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Look at the world map of time zone in the text page 13. [Refer to TB page 12 Q3] a) If you travel from Vijayawada to Paris to which time zone are you moving? b) If you are travelling from Hyderabad to Tokyo which time zone are you moving? SESSION 5. LONGITUDES AND TIME 10

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH A. a) 00 Prime Meridian Zone. Because London and Paris lie on the 00 longitude zone. –4.30 hrs time zone. b) Hyderabad is in 5–6 time zone and Tokyo is in between 9–10 time zone.–3.30 hrs time zone. Q2. Differentiate between a) Local and Standard time b) Equator and Prime meridian. [Refer to TB page 12 Q7] A. a) Local Time: Local time of a place is that time when Sun is overhead on its Meridian or longitude. e.g. If Sun is overhead on 80° E. longitude, all the places on that longitude will have noon at that time. Standard Time: Some countries choose the time along one of the meridians that pass through their territory and follow the time of that meridian for the whole country. This time is called “stan- dard time”. b) Equator: The horizontal circle that goes round the earth exactly in the middle is called the ‘equator’. Prime meridian: The longitude that passes through the astronomical observatory at Greenwich, England is called the 00 meridian and it is known as ‘Prime meridian. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. If every state follows its local time then what problems will rise? [Refer to TB page 12 Q8] A. If every state follows its local time, a lot of serious problems will arise. Some of them are being discussed below. i. At the time of national calamities and disasters, it is very difficult for the National government to make necessary emergency announcement. ii. At the time of wars and national emergency it is very difficult for the national government to alert all the defensive forces stationed in all the state capitals and the naval forces of all the coastal states. iii. It is very difficult for Televisions and Radios to follow a single schedule to broadcast their programmes. iv. Railways face a difficult problem in preparing a timetable for its trains that travel through many states. SESSION 5. LONGITUDES AND TIME 11

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH 5.3 Key Concepts i. Time zones: The world is divided into 24 time zones starting from the Greenwich meridian, going east and west. The width of each time zone is 15 °longitude. ii. Standard time: Countries choose the time along one of the meridians that pass through their territory and follow the time of that meridian for the whole country. This time is called Standard Time. 82°30’ or 82½ E is selected as Indian Standard Time (IST). iii. 82° 30’ Eastern longitude is taken as standard meridian of India and serves as the Indian Stan- dard Time (IST).The exact difference between Greenwich and 1ST is 5½ hours. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. 23 1/2°N 1. Match the following. Column A i. Equator ii. South Pole b. 66 1/2 °N iii. Tropic of Cancer c. 66 1/2 °S iv. Arctic Circle d. 90°S v. Antarctic Circle e. 0° 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Prime Meridian i. Latitude b. Iron and nickel ii. Super continent c. Pangaea iii. Core d. Width iv. Longitude e. Length v. 0° meridian CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 12

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) According to the scientists when did the universe start? (ii) What is a ‘Grid’? (iii) What is the orbit of the Earth? (iv) What are the other names for latitudes and longitudes? (v) At what speed does the Earth travel around the sun? (vi) The world is divided into how many time zones? (vii) How was the Earth at the initial stage? (viii) What is the difference between GST and IST? (ix) Who introduced the Theory of Continental Drift? (x) How much time do we save, when we travel from East to West? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The word ‘Earth’ is derived from the old English word . and other (xii) is the outer part of the Earth, where we live. (xiii) The Earth was very hot and was constantly bombarded by massive materials from the space. (xiv) The reckless exploitation of earth has meant the of forests, rivers, hills, animals, etc. (xv) The of the Earth consisted of different kinds of gases including water vapour. CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 13

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH (xvi) The upper part of the mantle is a pliable layer over which the floats. (xvii) The filled the great basins on the Earth’s crust with water. (xviii) The mantle mainly, consists of chemicals, called . (xix) The radius or the distance to the entire of the earth is over kilometres. (xx) The crust mostly consists of various kinds of . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Differentiate between the latitudes and the longitudes. (ii) What is called the Grid? How does it help us? AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Arrange the following information in a table The Earth is made up of three main layers –Crust, Mantle and Core. Crust – It is the outer part of the earth. It goes up to a depth of 30 –100 km. It consists of various kinds of rocks. Mantle – It is 100–2,900 km in thickness. It consists mainly of chemicals called silicates. Core – The core is 2,900–6,376 km in thickness. It consists of dense and heavy substances composed of iron & nickel. Outer core – 2,900 to 5,100 km composed of liquid metallic material like nickel and iron. Inner core – The solid inner core (5,100 – 6,376 km) is made up of iron compounds and heavy substances like gold. AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why is it difficult to study the formation of the Earth and its structure? CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 14

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on an outline world map. a. North–western Hemisphere b. North–eastern Hemisphere c. South–western Hemi- sphere d. South–eastern Hemisphere (ii) Locate the following on an outline map of India. i. Kanyakumari ii. Imphal iii. Jaisalmer iv. Pune v. Patna (iii) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. 1. In which hemisphere is India? 15 2. Through which continents does the equator pass through? 3. Which longitude is called Greenwich longitude? 4. Which latitudes passes through Africa? 5. What are the uses of latitudes and longitudes? CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Some people believe that our being on this Earth is a result of a series of fortuitous accidents. It is quite possible that there may not have been any life on the Earth? Do you agree? Give your reasons. Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) Fissures are found on ocean floors which cool down to form the earth's _______. (A) Inner core (B) Core (C) Mantle (D) Crust (ii) The part of Eurasia, which is in Laurasia is . (A) Indian subcontinent (B) Asia (C) Europe (D) England (iii) Laurensia and Gondwana-land are separated by________ . (A) Tethys Sea (B) Arabian Sea (C)Dead Sea (D)Caspian Sea (iv) was separated from Greenland. (B) Australia (A) India (D) Asia (C)North America (v) A network of ___________and longitudes on the globe is the grid. (A) Hills (B) Oceans (C) Latitudes (D) Landslides CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 16

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH (vi) Northern hemisphere is half of earth between the equator and the _________. (A) Arctic Circle (B) Antarctic Circle (C) Equator (D)North Pole (vii) Latitudes on either sides gradually become smaller towards the ________. (A) Poles (B) Equator (C) Orbit (D) Stars (viii) Longitudes are_____________. (B) Circles (A) Points (C)Semi-circles (D)Parallel lines (ix) The part of Gondwana land which is in south polar region. (A) Arabia (B) Antarctica (C) Australia (D) America (x) The __________is still being changed by Earth earthquakes. (A)Mantle (B) Crust (C) Core (D) Atmosphere CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 17

2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH SESSION 1 LITHOSPHERE AND LAND FORMS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Plate tectonics: All the continents and oceans are actually situated on massive base of rocks called ‘plates’. The region where the two plates meet and push each other, a lot of pressure is exerted by each of them on the other. This movement of plates is called “plate tectonics”. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Fill in the blanks [Refer to TB page 26 Q1] Hydrosphere is related to . Lithosphere is related to . Atmosphere is related to . Biosphere is related to . SESSION 1. LITHOSPHERE AND LAND FORMS 18

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH A. Hydrosphere is related to the realm of water. Lithosphere is related to crust of the Earth. Atmosphere is related to air surrounding the Earth. Biosphere is related to the realm of life including bacteria which live on earth and in oceans. Q2. How is the lithosphere formed? [Refer to TB page 26 Q3] A. Lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top part of the Earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals and covered with thick layer of soil. (In Greek ‘Litho’ means stone or rock and ‘sphaira’ means sphere or ball). It is not a smooth surface as you see on the globe but has mountains, plateaus or highlands, low plains, deep valleys and very deep basins which are filled with water (oceans). Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Find the odd one out in the context of lithosphere and give reasons for your choice. Byson Gorge: Grand Canyon: Thar Desert [Refer to TB page 26 Q2] A. Thar desert is the odd one in the context of lithosphere. Reasons: The desert is formed due to the action of the wind. Wind is a dominant agent in the hot deserts. Strong winds carry sand and soil which strike the large ‘rocks’. Byson Gorge and Grand Canyon are formed due to the work of water. Where the rocks are very hard, the river cuts a very narrow valley. The sides are so steep that Gorges and Canyons are formed. 1.4 Key Concepts i. Realms are areas which have some common features. ii. The Earth scientists talk of Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and Biosphere. iii. The solid crust or the hard top part of the Earth is called Lithosphere. We use the rocks and soils and other things in many ways. iv. The realm of water is called Hydrosphere. Life on the earth is not possible without water. v. The thin layer of air that surrounds the earth is Atmosphere. It consists of a large number of gases including oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour etc. vi. The realm of life including bacteria which live high in the atmosphere or in deep oceans consti- tutes the Biosphere. SESSION 1. LITHOSPHERE AND LAND FORMS 19

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH vii. Life needs the presence of all the three realms land, water and air. viii. Lithosphere deals with the land we live upon. This is called as the ‘First Order Landform’ or the primary division of the earth’s crust into oceans and continents. ix. The landforms like mountain, plain and plateau are called ‘Second Order Landforms’ by geog- raphers. x. All the continents and even the oceans are actually situated on massive base of rocks called ‘Plates’. The movement of the plates is called ‘Plate tectonics’. This process causes earth- quakes etc. xi. Volcanoes are places on the earth’s surface where molten material from the mantle erupts onto the Earth’s surface. xii. The shaping of the land forms by wind and water are called ‘Third Order Landforms’. SESSION 1. LITHOSPHERE AND LAND FORMS 20

SESSION 2 THE JIGSAW PUZZLE AND THE MOVING PLATES 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Igneous rocks: The molten materials that erupts from the volcanoes becomes cool and form hard rocks called igneous rocks. 2. Sedimentary rocks: Much of dumped debris is actually transported by rivers to the sea, where layer of these deposits accumulate at the bottom and get transformed in sedimentary rocks. SESSION 2. THE JIGSAW PUZZLE AND THE MOVING PLATES 21

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. How are the continental plates formed and how are they eventually destroyed? [Refer to TB page 26 Q4] A. In the beginning Scientists thought that, probably all the continents were held together and they broke up and gradually drifted and came to their present places. After years of careful study geologists have concluded that all the continents and the oceans are situated on massive rocks called ‘plates’. There are about six major plates on the Earth. They are called African, North American, South American, Indo-Australian, Antarctic and Pacific plates. These continental plates actually float on the mantle. They are constantly being pushed and therefore keep moving slowly. As a result of this movement one plate pushes another neighbouring plate. A lot of pressure is exerted by each of them on the other. One plate is pushed under into the mantle while the other plate is pushed up to form a chain of mountains. On the margins of plates where one plate meets other often the incoming plate dips under the stable plate. In fact the incoming plate actually goes into the mantle of the earth and become molten due to the heat of the mantle. Thus the plates are eventually destroyed. 2.4 Key Concepts i. The oceans and continents are situated on massive base of rocks called plates. ii. There are seven major plates on the earth. iii. The movement and collision of plates is called plate tectonics. iv. Himalayan Mountains were formed by the process of the Indian plate pushing into the Eurasian plate. SESSION 2. THE JIGSAW PUZZLE AND THE MOVING PLATES 22

SESSION 3 SLOW AND SUDDEN MOVEMENTS 3.1 Mind Map SESSION 3. SLOW AND SUDDEN MOVEMENTS 23

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 3.2 Improve Your Learning Mapping Skills Q1. Draw the map of world plates by observing map 2 A. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Volcanoes are places on the earth’s surface where molten material from the mantle erupts into the Earth’s surface. ii. The lava cools and forms hard rocks called igneous rocks. SESSION 3. SLOW AND SUDDEN MOVEMENTS 24

SESSION 4 EXTERNAL PROCESSES 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Terminology 1. Loess plains: The plains formed by the deposition of loess soil are called loess plains. 4.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Find out the order of the landforms from the following. [Refer to TB page 26 Q10] SESSION 4. EXTERNAL PROCESSES 25

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH Sl.No; Landform Order of landform I. The Himalayan Mountains II order Landform 2. 3. The Pacific Ocean 4. Asia Continent 5. Byson Gorge 6. Jog waterfall 7. 8. Rocky mountains The Indian Ocean The great rift valley A. Landform Order of landform Sl.No; The Himalayan Mountains II order Landform I. 2. The Pacific Ocean I order 3. Asia Continent I order 4. Byson Gorge III order 5. Jog waterfall III order 6. II order 7. Rocky mountains I order 8. The Indian Ocean III order The great rift valley SESSION 4. EXTERNAL PROCESSES 26

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 4.4 Key Concepts i. The shaping of the land forms by wind and water are called ‘Third Order landforms ’by geogra- phers. ii. These landforms include the features like carved mountains, valleys, deltas, sand dunes etc. iii. Processes like weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition are largely responsible for these landforms. iv. Landforms continuously keep on changing due to denudation activities. SESSION 4. EXTERNAL PROCESSES 27

SESSION 5 HOW AIR AND WATER TRANSFORM THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH? 5.1 Mind Map SESSION 5. HOW AIR AND WATER TRANSFORM THE SURFACE OF THE ... 28

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 5.2 Terminology 1. ‘U’ Shaped valley: ‘U’ Shaped valley is created by the glacier through the dual process of plucking and abrasion. 5.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. List out the landforms due to the river work. [Refer to TB page 26 Q5] A. Deep Valley or V shaped valley, Gorges, Canyon, waterfalls, plunge pool, flood plain, meanders, ox-bow lakes and delta — are the landforms formed during the course of a river. Q2. How are Beaches formed and name some Beaches? [Refer to TB page 26 Q8] SESSION 5. HOW AIR AND WATER TRANSFORM THE SURFACE OF THE ... 29

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH A. Beaches are formed as waves deposit sand and other sediments on the shore and wind pushes these sediments towards the inland. This creates an area of sand particles, sometimes with dunes behind them. List of some Beaches in India. 1. Marina Beach - Chennai - TamilNadu 2. Besant Nagar Beach - Chennai - Tamil Nadu 3. Mamaallapuram Beach - Mahabalipuram - Tamil Nadu 4. Golden Beach, Elliot’s Beach - Che` nnai - Tamil Nadu 5. Silver Beach - Cuddalore - Tamil Nadu 6. Adhigamaan Beach - Rameswaram - Tamil Nadu 7. Arambol Beach - Goa 8. Dona Paula Beach - Goa 9. Juhu Beach - Mumbai - Maharashtra 10. Kovalam Beach - Trivandrum - Kerala 11. Shankumugham Beach - Trivandrum - Kerala 12. NITK Beach ‘ - Suratkal - Karnataka 13. Bheemunipatnam Beach - Visakhapatnam - Andhra Pradesh 14. Visakhapatnam Beach - Visakhapatnam - Andhra Pradesh 15. Pun Beach - Pun - Odisha 16D˙ igha Beach - West Bengal Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the para under the title “Erosion” on page 20 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 26 Q12] A. Student Activity. Information Skills Q1. Create a table as given below and fill information, and write a small paragraph to explain the similarities and differences you can think of in the context of earths external changes. (If there is no information available in the text leave those columns blank.) [Refer to TB page 22 Q6] A. Wind Water Glacier Landform Deserts Sand dunes Mountains, Valleys Deltas process Weathering Denudation Deposition SESSION 5. HOW AIR AND WATER TRANSFORM THE SURFACE OF THE ... 30

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH Similarities : The shaping of the landforms by wind and water are called ‘Third order landforms.’ These landforms include the features like carved mountains and valleys, deltas, sand dunes etc. Processes like weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition are largely responsible for these landforms. Differences: Water acts in many ways as rain, river, flowing groundwater, sea waves, glaciers etc. The river water will erode, transport and deposit rock materials. The flow of river form valleys, gorges, canyons etc. Wind takes many forms like storms, gusts, steady winds, etc.,, The eroded material in the form of small rocks, gravel, mud, fine soil etc. are carried away by the winds. Strong winds carry sand and fine soil which strike the largerocks. Wind is dominant in the hot deserts. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Why are glaciers not found in your surroundings? [Refer to TB page 22 Q7] A. Slow moving of mass of ice is called Glacier. In very cold regions like the Himalayas or the Alps it snows heavily - they get snow fall instead of rainfall. This snow accumulates and hardens into ice. As it accumulates it flows slowly down till it reaches warm area where the ice melts and a small river starts. As we are living in Deccan plateau area and it is near to equator, we get only rainfall. We are too distant from the Himalayas, so we don’t find Glaciers in our surroundings. 5.4 Key Concepts i. The process of formation of landforms by wind and water is called third order landforms. ii. Land forms continuously keep on changing due to denudation activities. iii. Weathering is the gradual distintegration of rocks by atmospheric forces. iv. Water acts in many ways as rain, river, sea waves, glacier to change the surface of the earth. v. Slow moving of mass of ice (a river of ice) is called glacier. The movement of a glacier is very slow unlike the flow of water. vi. A glacier erodes through a process called ‘plucking’ in which it lifts pieces of rock and trans- ports them. Just as sandpaper removes small particles of wood, the glacier acts as an abrasive and erodes the bed rock. Through these two processes, glaciers create a U shaped valley. vii. The erosion and deposition by the sea waves gives rise to coastal landforms. viii. A cape is a head land cutting out into the sea. A bay is a wide mouthed recess in the line of coast. The sea waves deposit sediments along the shores forming beaches etc. SESSION 5. HOW AIR AND WATER TRANSFORM THE SURFACE OF THE ... 31

SESSION 6 WORK OF WIND AND HUMANS 6.1 Mind Map 6.2 Improve Your Learning Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. How is the human lifestyle responsible for extension of deserts? [Refer to TB page 26 Q9] A. Human beings, especially after the Industrial Revolution have had a major role in transforming the crust on which we live. i. Removal of vegetation ii. Over grazing iii. Deforestation for fuel or construction materials iv. Poor land usage v. Mismanagement of dry land ecosystems SESSION 6. WORK OF WIND AND HUMANS 32

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 6.3 Key Concepts i. A bay is wide mounted recess on the line of the coast. ii. Winds erode the lower section of the rocks more than the upper part, such rocks have narrow bottom and wider, to these rocks are called mushroom rocks. iii. Inselberg are the isolated residual hills rising abruptly from the ground. iv. Loess soil is rich in lime. v. Plant or grass cover on soils prevents easy denudation or transportation of soil by wind or water. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Cotopaxi a. Tanzania ii. Mount Vesuvius b. India iii. Barren islands c. Philppines iv. Kilimanjaro d. Italy v. Mayon e. Ecuador 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Colorado, U.S.A i. Angels fall ii. Tugela falls b. Sharavathi, Karnataka iii. Jog falls c. Godavari iv. Grand Canyon d. Churun, Venezuela v. Byson Gorge e. South Africa CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 33

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) From which language has the word ‘hydrosphere’ originated? (ii) What is ‘weathering’? (iii) Mount Vesuvius is in Italy. (iv) What are called second order landforms? (v) What is a canyon? (vi) How are igneous rocks formed? (vii) What is ‘silt’? (viii) Which is the active volcano of West–Indies? (ix) What is called ‘plucking’? (x) Where are the plate boundaries found? (xi) What is an ‘inselberg’? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xii) The when heats due to sun’s rays or cools down, it influences air and water too. (xiii) The realm of water is called . (xiv) Mount Vesuvius is in . (xv) comprises various sources of water and different types of water bodies like rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc. (xvi) and are first order landforms. CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 34

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH (xvii) The word ‘atmosphere’ is taken from two words. (xviii) There are about major plates on earth and several minor ones. (xix) The oceans and continents are situated on a massive base of rocks called . (xx) The movement of plates is called . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How are earthquakes caused? (ii) What do you understand by lithosphere? (iii) Which is the largest delta in the world and how is it formed? (iv) What are “Third order landforms”? (v) What are volcanoes? How are igneous rocks formed? (vi) Gorges are suitable for construction of dams. Can you tell why this is so? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) “The surface of the earth is being transformed by air and water.” Explain. AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following question: A glacier erodes through a process called ‘plucking’ in which it lifts pieces of rock and transports them. These pieces of rock and the moving ice together act like a sand paper on the surface of the rock over which they flow. Just as the sand paper removes small particles of the wood, the glacier acts as an abrasive and erodes the bed rock. Comment on the work of glaciers. CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 35

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the continents on the given world map. (ii) Identify and label the parts in the given picture of a Volcano. CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 36

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH (iii) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. How many major plates are there on the Earth? 37 What is special about these plates? Name the minor plates present in the map. What do you know from the above map? Name the plate of India? CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH (iv) Observe the map and answer the following questions. Which mountain acts as a dividing line between Europe and Asia? Which range lies to the west of South America? Which mountains are located to the North of India? How are the mountains located to the North of India formed? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) The lava cools under the surface and becomes known as intrusive landforms. (A) Ash (B) Soil (C) Rock (D) Gas CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 38

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH (ii) This is the most active volcano in the world. (B) Igneous (A) Stromboli (C) Granite (D) Lime (iii) River Ganga is formed from glacier. (A) Himalaya (B) Ganga (C) Gangotri (D) Indus (iv) is the head land cutting out in to the sea. (A) Bay (B) Gulf (C) Cape (D) Gorge (v) The source of river is in the (B) Lake (A) High mountains (C) Sea (D) Ocean (vi) Deep valleys are developed by of a river. (A) Bank (B) Swift flow (C) Shallow (D) Widths (vii) This rock is formed by deposition. (A) Sedimentary (B) Lgneous (C) Granite (D) Lime (viii) are suitable for construction of dam. (A) Gorges (B) Canyons (C) Valleys (D) Plains CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 39

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH (ix) forms V shaped valley. (B) River (A) Plateau (C) Forest (D) Glaciers (x) The eruption of the ridge creates the new ocean floor of rocks. (A) Igneous (B) Basalt (C) Sedimentary (D) Granite CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH 40

SESSION 1 3. HYDROSPHERE 1.1 Mind Map HYDROLOGICAL CYCLES 1.2 Terminology 1. Stream: The ocean water current which flows speedily is called a ‘stream’. 2. Drift : The ocean water current which flows slowly is called a ‘drift’. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Find the odd one out and give explanation for your choice. [Refer to TB page 34 Q1] i) a) Evaporation b) Condensation c) Salination d) Precipitation ii) a) Tectonics b) Centrifugal force c) Solar energy d) Precipitation A. i) In the above series, option c) salination is the odd one. SESSION 1. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLES 41

CHAPTER 3- HYDROSPHERE a) evaporation b) condensation and d) precipitation are the various stages in the water cycle. Whereas salination is a term used to define the total content of dissolved salt in sea water. So, this term is the odd one. ii) In this question the term a) tectonics is the odd one from other three terms i.e., b) centrifugal force c) solar energy and d) precipitation are the factors caused for ocean currents. The term tectonic plates belongs to movement of the earth plates. Q2. Why are there differnces in the salinity of oceans ? [Refer to TB page 34 Q4] A. The differnces in the salinity of oceans is due to the following reasons : 1. Evaporation and precipitation 2. Fresh water flow from rivers into oceans and freezing and thawing of ice. 3. Winds by transferring water to other areas. 4. The ocean currents 1.4 Key Concepts i.The hydrological cycles describes the movement of water on, in and above the earth. ii. Hydrological cycle is the circulation of water in different forms. iii. Evaporation is the process by which water changes from liquid to gas. iv. Transportation is the movement of water through the atmosphere specifically from over the ocean to over land in the form of a cloud. SESSION 1. HYDROLOGICAL CYCLES 42

SESSION 2 OCEANS - RELIEF AND SALINITY 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Correct the false statements: [Refer to TB page 34 Q2] a) Ocean trenches can be located near the continents. b) Relief features of the oceans are like plains. c) Most salt in the seas are washed into it from the land over centuries. d) Temperature of ocean water remains the same across the globe. A. a) The statement is true. b) The relief features of ocean are in many ways similar to the land surface. So, itis a correct statement. SESSION 2. OCEANS - RELIEF AND SALINITY 43

CHAPTER 3- HYDROSPHERE c) It is correct. d) The temperature of the ocean water varies from place to place so it is the false statement. 2.3 Key Concepts i. Continents and oceans are the first order relief features of the earth. ii. The huge water bodies are called oceans. iii. A sea is a body of saline water, partly or fully enclosed by land. iv. The continental shelf with a depth up to 200mts occupies about 7.6% of the ocean area. v. The Siberian shelf in the Arctic Ocean is the largest continental shelf. vi. Continental slopes are formed by erosion process of glaciers and rivers. vii. Submarine canyons are observed in continental slope region. viii. In oceans trenches are found close to the continents. ix. Isohaline is a joining point in the ocean having the same degree of salinity. SESSION 2. OCEANS - RELIEF AND SALINITY 44

SESSION 3 OCEANS - TEMPERATURE AND CURRENTS 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Ocean currents: The ocean current is the general movement of a mass of water in fairly defined direction over great distance. SESSION 3. OCEANS - TEMPERATURE AND CURRENTS 45

CHAPTER 3- HYDROSPHERE 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Describe any one impact of ocean currents for the region you live. [Refer to TB page 34 Q3] A. One of the most important effects of ocean currents is that they mix ocean water. The mixing of the cold and warm currents provide ideal temperature conditions to the life of fish. The chief food of fish (plankton) is found in abundance in cold water. Telangana is not close to the sea hence where I live we do not feel any impact of the ocean currents. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the para “ocean as a resource” on page 33 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 34 Q7] A. Student Activity Mapping Skills Q1. Observe the map 1 on page 35 and write down the names of a few warm and cold currents. [Refer to TB page 34 Q6] SESSION 3. OCEANS - TEMPERATURE AND CURRENTS 46

CHAPTER 3- HYDROSPHERE A. Students activity. 3.4 Key Concepts i. An Ocean current is the general movement of a mass of water in defined direction over great distance. ii. The ocean water current which flows speedily is called a stream. iii. Drift is the slow flow of the ocean water current. iv. Warm currents flow towards the poles. v. Cold currents flow towards the equator. vi. The variation of the centrifugal force makes the equatorial water move towards the poles. SESSION 3. OCEANS - TEMPERATURE AND CURRENTS 47

SESSION 4 OCEAN AS A RESOURCE 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Terminology 1. Transpiration: A considerable proportion of water vapour is released into the atmosphere by plants, through a process called “Transpirations”. 4.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Do you think description of Earth as a blue planet is accurate? Describe anyone way your activity impacts its oceans. [Refer to TB page 34 Q4] SESSION 4. OCEAN AS A RESOURCE 48