202110211-APEX-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G09-PART1

CHAPTER 3- HYDROSPHERE A. The earth justifies the name given to it as it is the only planet where there is more than twice as much water (71%) as land (29%). The Blue planet or water planet –Earth, is the third planet in distance from the Sun and the fifth largest in the Solar System. Our Earth is unique as it is the only planet that supports life in the solar system. Oceans are suffering from our activities too, our land practices cause agricultural run–off, sewage, and litter to end up in the oceans daily. Today oceans have also fallen victim to our exploitation. Many large fishes like whales have been disappearing. Damage to oceans is damage to our livelihoods, well–being and nourishment. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How is human life dependent on oceans ? [Refer to TB page 34 Q5] A. Human life is dependent on oceans in the following ways : 1. Food resources like fish and salt 2. Sand, gravel for housing or industries 3. Extract minerals like chlorine, fluorine and iodine. 4. Waves are used for generating power. 5. Oil is mined from the floor of oceans 6. They provide us with gems and pearls. 7. Livelihood is created along the shore and travel to other countries on the oceans. 4.4 Key Concepts i. Chlorine, fluorine, bromine and Iodine are some of the minerals which are found in oceans. ii. Dogger bank, North sea, Grand Bank and New Found Land are famous fishing regions. iii. Oceans are store houses for fish. iv. Rock petroleum and natural gas are extracted from under the ocean. v. Oceans are mined for minerals like salt, sand, gravel, manganese, copper, nickel etc. SESSION 4. OCEAN AS A RESOURCE 49

CHAPTER 3-HYDROSPHERE —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Evaporation a. This process shows the movement of water from ocean to over land in the form of clouds. ii. Transportation b. Most of the water flows down the hills. iii. Condensation c. When clouds meet cool air over land, pre- cipitation occurs. iv. Precipitation v. Run–off d. Water changes to gas through this process. e. This means that the vapour condenses to 2. Match the following. Column A form tiny droplets and clouds. i. Panthalsa Column B ii. Continental Shelf a. 7.6% of ocean area iii. Atlantic b. Super ocean iv. Sodium Chloride c. Challenger v. British expedition d. America–Europe–Africa e. Common salt CHAPTER 3. HYDROSPHERE 50

CHAPTER 3-HYDROSPHERE 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is a hydrological cycle? (ii) What are the first order relief features of the earth? (iii) State whether true or false: a.Ocean floor is divided into 2 parts—run–off and ground water. ( ) b.Salinity is expressed in ppt. () c. Sodium chloride alone constitutes 78.8% of the sea water. ( ) d.Lake Van, Turkey has a high salinity of 330%. () (iv) Where does most of the salt in the oceans come from? (v) Name the ocean that separates America from Europe and Africa. (vi) How can you differentiate a drift from a stream? (vii) What are depth contours? (viii) Why is centrifugal force greater at the equator? (ix) What is left behind when water evaporates from the surface of the ocean? (x) Today oceans have become victims to our exploitation. Comment on it. 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) Water is a resource. (xii) The largest continental shelf is . (xiii) has six stages. CHAPTER 3. HYDROSPHERE 51

CHAPTER 3-HYDROSPHERE (xiv) cover about 76.2% of the ocean basin. (xv) The greatest portion of fresh water is in the form of . (xvi) led the Dandi march. (xvii) and are the first order relief features of the earth. (xviii) Most of the salt in the oceans comes from . (xix) The words ‘sea’ and are used interchangeably. (xx) Dissolved salts are usually expressed as . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the factors that affect the salinity on the surface layers of the ocean? (ii) What do you know about Oceanic deeps? What are they called? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are the relief features of ocean? Explain. (ii) Write a note on water salinity. AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Arrange the information given below in the following table: The Challenger or Mariana is one of the major ocean trenches and is found in Pacific Ocean and is 11,022 m in depth. The next deepest trench is Puerto Rico or Naves of the Atlantic Ocean of 10,474 m deep. The Java found in the Indian Ocean is of 7,450 m deep and is comparatively less deep than the former two trenches. CHAPTER 3. HYDROSPHERE 52

CHAPTER 3-HYDROSPHERE (ii) Read the passage and answer the following questions: Ocean water is processed to extract commercially valuable minerals such as salt, bromine, and magnesium. Although nearly 60 valuable chemical elements have been found dissolved in ocean water, most of them are in such dilute concentrations that commercial extraction is not profitable. In a few arid regions of the world, such as Ascension Island, Kuwait, and Israel, ocean water is desalinated to produce freshwater. Ocean pollution, meantime, has escalated dramatically as those who use the oceans for recre- ational and commercial purposes, as well as those who live nearby, have disposed of more and more wastes there. What are the minerals that can be extracted from the oceans? Why is it not profitable to commercially extract them? What do you mean by arid regions? Give examples. What type of pollution has escalated in recent times? What are the causes that contribute to the pollution of oceans? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Study the map and answer the following questions: CHAPTER 3. HYDROSPHERE 53

CHAPTER 3-HYDROSPHERE i. Which are the continents that are separated by the Indian Ocean? ii. Which ocean divides Europe and North America? iii. Name the two continents that are separated by the South Atlantic Ocean. iv. Where is the largest continental shelf found? (ii) Note down your observations about the following image: Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) is the circulation of water in different forms –liquid, solid and gaseous phases. (A) Evaporation (B) Transportation (C) Hydrosphere (D)Hydrological Cycle (ii) Hydrological cycle is sometimes expressed as __________. (A) RA = RO + ET (B) ET = RF + RA (C)RF = RO + ET (D)RO = ET + RF CHAPTER 3. HYDROSPHERE 54

CHAPTER 3-HYDROSPHERE (iii) The primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere to the surface of the earth is . (A) Precipitation (B) Dissipation (C) Evaporation (D)None of these (iv) of water is saline ocean water and is fresh water. (A) 98.52% , 2.50% (B) 95.08%, 2.67% (C) 97.05%, 2.56% (D) 97.21%, 2.78% (v) is a body of saline water, partly or fully enclosed by land. (A) Sea (B) Canyons (C)Continental Shelf (D) Plain (vi) Submarine canyons are found in region. (A) continental slope (B) oceans (C) plateaus (D)ocean floor (vii) The total content of dissolved salts in sea water is called___________. (A) Sodium Chloride (B) Hydro thermal vents (C)Salt (D) Salinity (viii) is the general movement of a mass of water in a fairly defined direction over a great distance. (A) Warm currents (B) Stream currents (C) Ocean currents (D)Cold currents (ix) Oceans have become a dumping ground for and . (A) plastic, toxic waste (B) paper, chemical waste CHAPTER 3. HYDROSPHERE 55

CHAPTER 3-HYDROSPHERE (C)mineral, metal wastes (D)effluents, industrial wastes (x) A line joining all points in the ocean having the same degree of salinity is called . (A) Isohyaline (B) Isotopes (C) Isohaline (D) Isoline CHAPTER 3. HYDROSPHERE 56

SESSION 1 4. ATMOSPHERE 1.1 Mind Map STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE 1.2 Terminology 1. Convectional currents: Due to intense heating of the surface, the surface air gets heated and ex- pands and rises up convectionally holding moisture. There winds are known as convectional currents. It gets cooled and its temperature falls below the dew point forming clouds. SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE 57

CHAPTER 4- ATMOSPHERE 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Explain the composition of the atmosphere. [Refer to TB page 50 Q1] A. i. The atmosphere is a sea of gases surrounding earth. ii. When we compare it with the size of earth, the atmosphere is a very thin blanket surrounding earth. iii. The atmosphere is about 1,000 kms thick. iv. If earth is the size of a basketball, the atmosphere would be like a thin sheet of plastic wrapped around it. v. There are many gases in the atmosphere, but oxygen (21% by volume) and nitrogen (about 78% by volume) dominate. vi. Other gases are in very small percentages; these include argon, neon, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, ozone etc. constitute about 1% of atmosphere. vii. Apart from these gases, the atmosphere also has fine dust particles, these are called par- ticulates. viii. Particulates may come from natural processes and from human activity. ix. These particulates can change atmospheric conditions that may be beneficial to life on earth. x. These particulates also can cause problems by altering temperature and rainfall patterns. SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE 58

CHAPTER 4- ATMOSPHERE Q2. Discuss the structure of the atmosphere with a diagram. [Refer to TB page 50 Q2] A. Atmosphere is the sea of gases surrounding our Earth. On the basis of chemical composition: The atmosphere is divided into two broad layers: 1) Homosphere¨ and 2) Heterosphere. 1) Homosphere: The homosphere extends upto a height of 90 kms. It consists of three layers — Troposphere, Stratosphere and Mesosphere. It is characterised by uniformity in composition of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon dioxide. 2) Heterosphere : The layer above 90 kms of the atmosphere is called heterosphere. It has heterogenous composition and hence the name heterosphere.. It has two layers called Thermo- sphere and Exosphere. SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE 59

CHAPTER 4- ATMOSPHERE Atmosphere can also be divided into various layers based on density and temperature: i) Troposphere: The troposphere is the lowermost layer of the atmosphere. Its average height is 13 kms and extends roughly to a height of 8 kms near the poles and about 18 kms at the equator. It contains 75layer and very little is known about it. 1.4 Key Concepts i. Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope, surrounding the earth’s surface. ii. There are many gases in the atmosphere, Oxygen (21%) and Nitrogen (78% by volume) etc. iii. The atmosphere also has fine dust particles called particulates. They can change atmospheric conditions that may be beneficial to life on earth. iv. The particulates can cause problems by altering temperature and rainfall patterns. v. On the basis of chemical composition the atmosphere is divided into two broad layers: i) Homosphere and ii) Heterosphere. vi. Homosphere consists of three layers: i) Troposphere, ii) Stratosphere and iii) Mesosphere. vii. Heterosphere has two layers called i) Thermosphere and ii) Exosphere SESSION 1. STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE 60

SESSION 2 PRESSURE BELTS 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Inter–tropical convergence zone: Winds are moving all over the world. At the equator, the high temperature heats up the earth’s surface around the equator. This low pressure belt is called equatorial low pressure belt or the Inter–tropical convergence zone (ITCZ). SESSION 2. PRESSURE BELTS 61

CHAPTER 4- ATMOSPHERE 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is coriolis force? And explain its effects. [Refer to TB page 50 Q9] A. i. Because of the impact of Earth’s rotation on its own axis, the winds move slightly to the right in the northern hemisphere, and to the left in the southern hemisphere. This effect is called Coriolis effect. ii. At the equator the Coriolis effect is ‘0’ and at the poles it is maximum. The most important effects of Coriolis force are: i. The deflection of winds and currents in the ocean. ii. It has significant effect on planes and missiles also. iii. In the northern hemisphere these winds move to the right and in the southern hemisphere to the left. This usually creates the westerly winds moving from the subtropical areas to the poles. iv. The Coriolis effect also affects the movement of ocean currents. 2.4 Key Concepts i. The air around us is composed of gas molecules. When the gas molecules are heated up, they get a lot of energy and start moving very fast. ii. The earth’s surface, does not get heated uniformly. Land heats up faster than the sea. iii. Winds are moving all over the world. At the equator, the high temperature heats up the atmo- sphere and the hot air rises, creating lower pressure at the earth’s surface around the equator. This low pressure belt is called Equatorial low pressure belt or ITCZ. iv. The wind moves slightly to the right (towards east) in the northern hemisphere and to the left (to wards the west ) in the southern hemisphere this is because of the impact of Earth rotation on its own axis. v. If the earth did not rotate on its axis, winds would follow the direction of the pressure gradient. Instead, earth’s rotation produce the Coriolis Force or Effect which tends to turn the flow of air. The coriolis force is absent at the equator, but increases as we go towards the poles. SESSION 2. PRESSURE BELTS 62

SESSION 3 CLASSIFICATION OF WINDS 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Coriolis effects: Actually the winds move slightly to the right (towards east) in the northern hemisphere and to the left (towards the west) in the southern hemisphere. This is because of the impact of earth’s rotation on its own axis. This effect is called “Coriolis effect”. SESSION 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WINDS 63

CHAPTER 4- ATMOSPHERE 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Differentiate weather and climate. [Refer to TB page 50 Q3] A. Weather: When we describe the condition of the atmosphere for small period of time (usually about 10 days at most) we call it as weather. Weather can change daily, even within a day. Climate : Climate is a description of the average atmospheric conditions for areas over a long period of time, description of a long term pattern of weather in a particular area. Climatic descriptions are based on decades of atmospheric data and finding the averages of them. Climate descriptions tell us what conditions are for a given time of year, but not for specific days. Q2. Explain relative humidity. [Refer to TB page 50 Q7] A. i) Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in the air. ii) Relative humidity is the ratio between two things: 1. The maximum water vapour that the air can hold at a given temperature and pressure. 2. The actual amount of water vapour it holds at any given time. iii) For example, at 20°C temperature, air can contain 80 gms of water vapour per cubic meter. If the actual water vapour present is only 40 gms, the relative humidity is 50%. iv) If Atmosphere has 100% relative humidity, it is known as saturation level. v) RH decreases with increase of temperature and decrease of water vapour. vi) In high humidity, our sweat doesn’t cool us because it cannot evaporate. In low humidity; we also feel more thirsty. Relative humidity decreases with increase of temperatures and decrease of water vapour. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. How do the climatic changes influence the human life? [Refer to TB page 50 Q6] A. Due to climatic changes the following changes are taking place. SESSION 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WINDS 64

CHAPTER 4- ATMOSPHERE i. The climatic changes lead to the emergence of large scale environmental Hazards such as global warming, increase of green house gases etc., ii. Development of planet’s flora and fauna is mainly due to climatic changes. iii. Globally the average sea level has risen by 17cm in the 20th century. iv. Climatic changes are affecting food habits and culture of the people of any area. v. Due to global warming both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have lost significant amounts of ice. vi. Thus the climatic changes are influencing human life significantly. Mapping Skills Q1. Identify the given local winds in the world map. [Refer to TB page 50 Q10] a) Chinook b) Loo c) Simoon d) Yoma e) Norwester f) Mistral g) Puna h) Pampero A. SESSION 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WINDS 65

CHAPTER 4- ATMOSPHERE 3.4 Key Concepts 1. Depending upon the wind speed, their features, their directions the way they occur, winds are classified into three types: i) Planetary winds ii) Seasonal winds and iii) Local winds. 2. The pressure and wind systems are actually the impact of the Lithosphere and the Hydrosphere on the Atmosphere. 3.Cold winds bring the temperature of the affected area below the freezing points. 4. The mountains and the valley breezes, as well as sea and land breezes are also one class local winds. SESSION 3. CLASSIFICATION OF WINDS 66

SESSION 4 WEATHER AND FACTORS AFFECTING WEATHER 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Terminology 1. Relative Humidity: Relative humidity is the ratio between two things: i) The maximum water vapour that the air can hold at a given temperature and pressure, and ii) The actual amount of water vapour it holds at any given time. Relative humidity decreases with increase of temperatures and decrease of water vapour. 4.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why does the amount of water vapour decrease rapidly with altitude? [Refer to TB page 50 Q8]. A. Water vapour is very important component in the atmosphere. It accounts for about 0.4% by volume over the whole atmosphere, but most of it is close to the surface (within 6 kms above the earth). The temperature increases as there is increase in altitude. When the temperature increases, the amount of water vapour decreases rapidly with altitude. SESSION 4. WEATHER AND FACTORS AFFECTING WEATHER 67

CHAPTER 4- ATMOSPHERE Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the paragraph under the title “Effects of planetary winds” on page 43 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 50 Q11] A. Student Activity. 4.4 Key Concepts i. Evaporation is the process by which water changes from liquid to gas. ii. Condensation is the opposite of evaporation, as it involves conversion of water vapour into droplets of water or crystal of ice. iii. With condensation, the droplets get heavy and fall to earth as precipitation. Rain, snow, hail, fog, sleet are the various forms of precipitation. SESSION 4. WEATHER AND FACTORS AFFECTING WEATHER 68

SESSION 5 TYPES OF RAINFALL 5.1 Mind Map 1. 2. 3. 5.2 Terminology 1. Leeward side: Opposite of wind ward side. The wind ward side of mountain range receives heavy rainfall; whereas the leeward side receives less rainfall. 2. Tropical cyclones: A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low–pressure center, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain. 5.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare and contrast convectional and orographic rainfall. [Refer to TB page 50 Q4] A. Comparison between convectional and orographic rainfall: i. Both types of rainfall are caused by vertical ascent of heated air. Contrast between convectional and orographic rainfall: SESSION 5. TYPES OF RAINFALL 69

CHAPTER 4- ATMOSPHERE i. While orographic rainfall is caused when the mountain forces the air to rise over mountain or the elevation in its path; the convectional rainfall occurs when moisture over the heated ground becomes warmer than the surrounding air. ii. While convectional rainfall is common on summer days on the interior part of the continents, orographic rainfall occurs in the windward sides of mountains. iii. While the orographic rain occurs in the mountainous regions, the convectional rain takes place in the equatorial regions. Q2. Describe distribution of world rainfall. [Refer to TB page 50 Q5] A. Distribution of World Rainfall: 1) Between the latitudes 10° and 30° N and S of the equator, due to the trade winds rainfall is heavier on the eastern coasts and decreases towards the west. 2) Between the latitudes 40° and 60° N and S of the equator due to the westerlies the rainfall is heavy on the west coast and decreases towards the East. 3) Low pressure areas especially around the equator, receive high rainfall than high pressure areas. 4) The rainfall is more over the oceans than on the continent. 5.4 Key Concepts On the basis of its origin, rainfall may be classified into three main types: i) Convectional rainfall which is common in low latitudes. ii) Orographic rainfall is also called ‘orogenic’ rainfall. iii) Cyclonic rainfall is associated with other passage of a cyclone or a depression. SESSION 5. TYPES OF RAINFALL 70

CHAPTER 4-ATMOSPHERE —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Cyclone a. Moves very fast ii. Breeze b. Very high speed wind iii. Storm c. From high to low pressure areas iv. Wind d. Short and fast burst v. Gust e. Moves at slow pace 2. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Foehn a. Arabian desert ii. Simmon b. Europe iii. Yoma c. New Zealand iv. Norwester d. Causes sunstroke v. Loo e. Japan 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What do you mean by atmosphere? (ii) Give one reason why atmosphere is important to us. (iii) Name any two gases which are present in smaller percentages in the atmosphere. CHAPTER 4. ATMOSPHERE 71

CHAPTER 4-ATMOSPHERE (iv) What are seasonal winds? (v) What are the two broad layers of the atmosphere? (vi) Explain the term planetary winds. (vii) What happens to pressure when the air is hot? (viii) Mistral, Puna and Pamper are the names of which type of winds? (ix) State two adverse effects of climatic changes on human life. (x) Define the term humidity. 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) Living beings cannot live without . (xii) The colour during sunrise is caused by . (xiii) Green plants take in use sunlightand water to . (xiv) Troposphere is thickest at . (xv) winds transport water from the ocean deeps into the continents in the form of rain. (xvi) contains 75% of the total gaseous mass of the atmosphere. (xvii) Atmosphere is a of gases surrounding the earth. (xviii) The entire weather phenomenon happens in layer. (xix) The full form of NASA is (xx) When air moves from high to low pressure areas it is called . CHAPTER 4. ATMOSPHERE 72

CHAPTER 4-ATMOSPHERE Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What is Homosphere? (ii) Why do winds blow from high pressure areas to low pressure areas? (iii) What is climate? Explain. (iv) What is normal lapse rate? Where is it found? (v) How are winds classified? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are different types of rainfall? Explain. AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) When heated air rises, it starts losing the energy that it got from the earth’s surface. Explain the effects of such a phenomenon. AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the paragraph and answer the following questions: Condensation is the opposite of evaporation, as it involves conversion of water vapour into droplets of water or crystals of ice. When the relative humidity exceeds 100%, the excess water vapour present in the atmosphere gets condensed as minute droplets of water. For example, when air at a temperature of 20°C contains 49 gm of water vapour per cubic meter and gets cooled to 10°C, it can hold only 40 gm of water vapour at saturation level. The excess of 9 gm of water vapour gets condensed. Condensation can take place only when minute solid particles are present in the atmosphere. Condensation can also take place on a contact surface. For example, have you observed what happens when cold water is filled in a glass? Condensation CHAPTER 4. ATMOSPHERE 73

CHAPTER 4-ATMOSPHERE happens on the outer side of the glass as the moisture in the air comes in contact with a cold surface. When water vapour condenses on surfaces such as plants, dew drops form. i. What is condensation? ii. What happens when the relative humidity is 100%? iii. What do you observe when you fill a glass of cold water? iv. Where are Cirrus clouds found? v. What is the Latin name for precipitation? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Identify the location of the given local winds on the world map: a) Chinook b) Loo c) Simoon d) Yoma e) Norwester CHAPTER 4. ATMOSPHERE 74

CHAPTER 4-ATMOSPHERE Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) The atmosphere has of oxygen in it. (A) 31% (B) 21% (C) 0.3% (D) 50% (ii) Which gas dominates the atmosphere in volume? (A) Argon (B) Carbon dioxide (C) Nitrogen (D) Oxygen (iii) Particulates found in the atmosphere are . (A) fine dust particles (B) tiny drops of water (C)gas particles found in the atmosphere (D) None of the above (iv) Where is Stratosphere found? (B) Biosphere (A) Atmosphere (D) Hemisphere (C) Homosphere (v) The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is called . (A) Startosphere (B) Mesosphere (C) Troposphere (D) Exosphere CHAPTER 4. ATMOSPHERE 75

CHAPTER 4-ATMOSPHERE (vi) _____________layer is almost free from clouds. (A) Troposphere (B) Mesosphere (C) Stratosphere (D) Ionosphere (vii) What is meant by ITCZ? (A) Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (B) Ionosphere temperate convergence Zone (C) Inter Area Complete Zone (D) Inter Temperate Convergence Zone (viii) Coriolis effect is zero at ___________. (B) Tropic of Capricorn (A) Tropic of Cancer (C) Equator (D) Poles (ix) Coriolis effect is the highest at _____________. (A) Equator (B) Poles (C)Tropic of Cancer (D)Tropic of Capricorn (x) Foehn, the hot winds, blow along the northern slopes of the__________. (A) Rockies (B) Andes (C) Alps (D) Himalayas CHAPTER 4. ATMOSPHERE 76

SESSION 1 5. BIOSPHERE 1.1 Mind Map NATURAL VEGETATION 1.2 Terminology 1. Food chain: It is a kind of life becomes the food for another kind. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Life itself constitutes a separate sphere called ‘Biosphere’ Explain. [Refer to TB page 58 Q1] A. The earth is a unique planet, which has life thriving, on it. It is inhabited by countless forms of life from microscopic bacteria to great banyan trees and animals like elephants, tigers and blue whales of course human beings. The fact that the earth has a combination of land, air and water and a moderate temperature (due to moderate distance from the Sun) has made life possible on it. We saw in an earlier lesson that life thrives only in the intersection of the three spheres — lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere. According to many geographers, life itself constitutes a separate sphere called “Biosphere”. SESSION 1. NATURAL VEGETATION 77

CHAPTER 5- BIOSPHERE Q2. Natural vegetation depends upon the climate of the place. Write different kinds of forests and climatic conditions of their existence. [Refer to TB page 58 Q3] A. a) Tropical Deciduous Forests. 1. Tropical deciduous forests are the monsoon forests. 2. These regions experience seasonal changes. 3. Trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water. b) Tropical Evergreen Forest: i. These thick forests occur in the regions near the equator and close to the tropics. ii. These regions are hot and receive heavy rainfall throughout the year. iii. As there is no dry season, these trees do not shed their leaves altogether. iv. This is why they are called evergreen forests. C) Temperate Evergreen Forests: 1. These forests are located in the mid latitudinal coastal region. 2. They are commonly found along the eastern margin of the continents. d) Temperate Deciduous Forests: 1. The temperate deciduous forests are found in higher latitudes. 2. They shed their leaves in the dry season. e) Mediterranean Vegetation: 1. The west and the south west margins of the continents are covered by these forests. 2. Mediterranean trees adapt themselves to dry summers with the help of their thick barks and wax coated leaves. These help them to reduce transpiration. 3. These regions are marked for hot dry summers and mild rainy winters. f) Coniferous Forests: SESSION 1. NATURAL VEGETATION 78

CHAPTER 5- BIOSPHERE 1. Coniferous forests are found in the higher latitudes of Northern hemisphere. 2. These forests are found in abundance in the Himalayas. g) Tropical Grasslands: 1. These forests grow on either side of the equator up to tropics. 2. This vegetation grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall. h) Temperate Grasslands: 1. These are found in mid –latitudinal zones and in the interior part of the continents. 2. Usually the grass is very short and nutritious. i) Thorny Bushes: 1. These are found in dry desert like regions. 2. This vegetation cover is scarce here because of scanty rain and scorching heat. j) Tundra: 1. This vegetation is found in the polar region. 2. The growth of natural vegetation is very limited here. 3. Only mosses, lichens and very small shrubs are found here. Information Skills Q1. Read the chapter and fill up the table. S.No Type of forest Spread across the countries Trees grown Animals SESSION 1. NATURAL VEGETATION 79

CHAPTER 5- BIOSPHERE A. S. No. Type of forest Spread across the Trees grown Animals countries 1 Tropical evergreen Near equator and Rosewodd, ebony, Tigers, forests close to tropics mahogany elephants, lions etc 2 India. Australia and Sal, teak, neem and Tropical deciduos central America shisham Tigers, lions, forests elephants, oak, pine, langoors, 3 South east USA, ecualyptus monkeys etc Temparate south china, south evergreen forests east Brazil Oak, ash, beech, Deers, foxes, 4 birch wolfs etc Temparate Deers, foxes, deciduous forests North east USA, wolfs etc China, New zealand, Mediteranian trees 5 Mediteranian Chile, coastal region of western Europe No wildlife Chir, pine, cedar 6 Coniferous forests South west margins of continents, areas around mediteranian Silver fox, mink, sea polar bear Himalayas 1.4 Key Concepts i. The earth is an unique planet. It has life thriving on it. ii. All forms of life have an integral connection with the land, air, water and sunshine around them. iii. The primary food producers are the plants which produce food with the help of sun light. iv. Bacteria and fungi help in decomposition of dead trees and animals. v. Any disturbance in cycle of life is called ecological crisis. SESSION 1. NATURAL VEGETATION 80

CHAPTER 5- BIOSPHERE vi. Vultures feed upon dead animals like cattle. vii. Tropical evergreen forests are also called tropical rain forests. viii. Rosewood, ebony, mahogany are called Hardwood trees. ix. Tropical deciduous forests are the monsoon forests found in large parts of India. x. Mediterranean vegetation is found in West Africa, South America and South West Australia. xi. Coniferous forests are also called Taiga. xii. Match boxes and packing boxes are made from soft wood. SESSION 1. NATURAL VEGETATION 81

SESSION 2 GRASSLANDS 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Hard wood trees: It is a kind of wood that grows in the tropical deciduous forests. 2. Ecological crises: The pollution effect on water, air and soil is called ecological crises.(or) some poisonous substance in air or water or soil. 3. Tundra: A small shrubby and bushy plants in dry and cold regions. SESSION 2. GRASSLANDS 82

CHAPTER 5- BIOSPHERE 2.3 Key Concepts i. Tropical grasslands grow on either sides of the Equator. ii. Elephants, Zebras, Giraffes, Deer and Leopards are common in tropical grasslands. iii. Temperate grasslands are found in the mid latitudinal zones. iv. Thorny bushes are found in the dry desert like regions. v. Polar regions are extremely cold. vi. In tundra region vegetation grows in summer season. SESSION 2. GRASSLANDS 83

SESSION 3 HUMAN SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Acid rains: Acid rains are caused by the mingling of acidic particles of atmosphere with rain increasing the acid content of rain water. 3.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the paragraph under the title “Depletion of resources” on page 57 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 58 Q7] SESSION 3. HUMAN SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT 84

CHAPTER 5- BIOSPHERE A. Student activity. Information Skills Q1. Locate the following countries in the world map. [Refer to TB page 58 Q6] a) New Zealand b) Brazil c) Australia d) North America e) China f)India A. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How can you protect natural resources? [Refer to TB page 58 Q4] A. Preservation of natural resources is essential for maintaining harmony with the environment. 1) Programmes like “rainwater harvesting” and “save water” should be done to assure adequate water supply for future use. SESSION 3. HUMAN SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT 85

CHAPTER 5- BIOSPHERE 2) Air and Climate: –Can be preserved by not releasing harmful gases and pollutants into the air and water, we should decrease noise pollution. 3) Programmes like Vanamahotsav should be conducted to plant more trees to have a balance in the atmosphere. 4) Each and every nation should sign a declaration like Kyoto protocol to bring down the release of greenhouse gases. 3.4 Key Concepts i. The building of knowledge of the environment is an essential part of human beings interaction with the natural world. ii. The process of reshaping the surface of the earth received a great push with the industrial revolution and process of colonization. SESSION 3. HUMAN SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT 86

SESSION 4 INDUSTRIES 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Improve Your Learning Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Why has the ecological crisis been created in modern times? What are its effects? [Refer to TB page 58 Q2] A. Environment refers to all the conditions and influences surrounding and affecting our existence and development. Environmental pollution, ecological decay and depletion of natural resources have become major international problems in the last two or three decades. Modern industries, science and technology and urbanization have made rapid progress in the last two centuries. As modernity is increasing worldwide the forests are declining, reckless deforestation by individu- als private business leads to dangerous imbalances in our biosphere. Effects: Industrialization, rapid population growth and urbanization all have meant unprecedented exploitation of natural resources like minerals, forests, soil, water, air etc, besides the sources of energy stored in the earth for billions of years. This has resulted in rapid deforestation and decline of reserves of minerals, oil and groundwater. 4.3 Key Concepts i. Acid rains are caused by the mingling of acidic particles of atmosphere with rain increasing the acid content of rain water. ii. The chemical fertilizers are made up from petro–chemicals. SESSION 4. INDUSTRIES 87

CHAPTER 5-BIOSPHERE —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Mixing of poisonous substances in air 1. Match the following. Column A i. Earth ii. Life forms b. Eaten by animals iii. Food from plants c. Unique planet iv. Ecological crisis d. Consumed by microorganisms v. Mercury e. Integral connection with water and air 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Moderate rainfall i. Forests ii. Grasslands b. India iii. Ebony c. Temperate deciduous forests iv. Tropical deciduous forests d. Sufficient rainfall v. Deer, fox and wolves e. Hardwood 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is the term for increase in earth’s average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases? (ii) In which forests are animals like tiger, lion, langoors found? (iii) In which sphere does life constitute itself? CHAPTER 5. BIOSPHERE 88

CHAPTER 5-BIOSPHERE (iv) Which type of forests shed their leaves in the dry season? (v) Who are the primary food producers? (vi) Name any two hardwood trees. (vii) What do the plants draw from soil? (viii) Give any two products made from softwood trees. (ix) Name the chemical that farmers use to treat cattle. (x) Name any two gases that cause acid rain. 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The earth has hriving on it. (xii) The coniferous forests are also called . (xiii) Life thrives only in the intersection of are called monsoon forests. and . forests. (xiv) are found in India, northern (xv) Tropical evergreen forests are also called . forests. is found around the Mediterranean (xvi) The trees used to make pulp are found in (xvii) Australia and Central America. (xviii) Any disturbance in life cycle is called (xix) Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. CHAPTER 5. BIOSPHERE 89

(xx) The cumulative impact of pollution is CHAPTER 5-BIOSPHERE . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What is ecological crisis? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are the reasons for greenhouse effect? AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the following passage and answer the questions: Many scientists have argued that the present way of life is not ‘’sustainable”. If we use such large quantities of natural resources, nothing will be left for our children and grandchildren. All living beings on earth depend on the environment and have to live according to the environment. But, for their enjoyment and development, human beings are destroying nature. The commercial activities carried on by human beings are affecting every life and every matter on the earth. If it continues like this, it is dangerous not only to animals but also to human beings themselves. a) What do you mean by ‘sustainable’? b) Can you name a few commercial activities that lead to an ecological crisis? c) What do all living beings depend upon? d) Suggest one method of conservation that you can easily practice. AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe the various types of pollution that you come across. Name them. CHAPTER 5. BIOSPHERE 90

CHAPTER 5-BIOSPHERE AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following places in the world map: i. China ii. Brazil iii. India iv. Australia v. Mediterranean Sea (ii) Identify and give the names of the numbered regions on the given world map. CHAPTER 5. BIOSPHERE 91

CHAPTER 5-BIOSPHERE AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Short Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How can you say that life forms are symbiotic in nature? (ii) Look around your school and find articles made of hard wood and soft wood and list them. Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) Who are the primary food producers? (B) Birds (A) Animals (C) Plants (D) Humans (ii) Which forests are found near the equator? (B) Temperate deciduous forests (A) Tropical deciduous forests (C)Tropical evergreen forests (D)Temperate evergreen forests (iii) Where are animals like silver fox, mink, and polar bear found? (A) Mediterranean vegetation (B) Coniferous forests (C)Grass lands (D)Temperate evergreen forests (iv) What is the other name for Steppes in Eurasia? (A) Temperate grasslands (B) Tropical grasslands (C)Thorny bushes (D)Tundra vegetation (v) Where are citrus fruits like oranges and olives commonly found? (A) Tropical deciduous forests (B) Temperate deciduous forests (C)Mediterranean vegetation (D)Coniferous forests CHAPTER 5. BIOSPHERE 92

CHAPTER 5-BIOSPHERE (vi) In which forests can we find rosewood, ebony and mahogany? (A) Tropical deciduous forests (B) Tropical evergreen forests (C)Temperate evergreen forests (D)Temperate deciduous forests (vii) What type of vegetation does polar region have? (A) Thorny bushes (B) Temperate grasslands (C)Tropical grasslands (D)Tundra vegetation (viii) What was the first source of energy? (B) Stone (A) Sticks and grass (C) Wood (D)Stick and stone (ix) What is the term for climatic change world wide? (A) Pollution (B) Depletion (C) Deforestation (D)Global warming (x) When did the practice of agriculture begin? (B) 1800 B.C (A) 5000 B.C (C)10,000 B.C (D)2000 B.C CHAPTER 5. BIOSPHERE 93

SESSION 1 6. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 1.1 Mind Map TYPES OF FARMING AND CROPPING SESSION 1. TYPES OF FARMING AND CROPPING 94

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 1.2 Terminology 1. Chemical fertilizer: These are basically made from petro–chemicals, hence called chemical fertilizers. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Mapping Skills Q1. On an outline map of India show millet producing areas. [Refer to TB page 73 Q3] A. Uttar Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh SESSION 1. TYPES OF FARMING AND CROPPING 95

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 1.4 Key Concepts i. Agriculture is an age old economic activity of our country. ii. Subsistence farming is of two types. They are ––1. Simple subsistence farming and 2. Intensive subsistence farming . iii. The main characteristic of commercial farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs. iv. Agriculture cropping pattern depends on seasons and natural resources such as soil, water and light. v. India has three cropping seasons rabi, Kharif and zaid. vi. Rice is the staple food crop of a majority of the people in India. vii. Millets are called coarse grains. SESSION 1. TYPES OF FARMING AND CROPPING 96

SESSION 2 TYPES OF CROPS 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. TYPES OF CROPS 97

CHAPTER 6- AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 2.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth. [Refer to TB page 73 Q1] A. i) Tea is an important beverage crop. ii) Tea cultivation is an example of plantation agriculture. iii)The tea plants grow well in tropical and sub–tropical climate endowed with well–fertiled deep drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter. iv) Tea bushes require warm and moist frost–free climate all through the year, ensure continuous growth of tender leaves. v) Major tea producing states are Assam, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Kerala. Mapping Skills Q1. Observe the map given in the page 74 and locate the States where paddy is grown in the India outline map. [Refer to TB page 73 Q14] SESSION 2. TYPES OF CROPS 98