202110225-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G06-PART1

Social Workbook_6_P_1.pdf 1 10/18/19 12:56 PM 6 Part - 1 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

TableofContents Unit Theme Content PageNo. 1. Diversity on the Earth 1 1. Reading and Making Maps 15 2. Globe ­ A Model of the Earth 28 3A. Landforms 30 3B. Penamakuru ­ A Village in the 49 Krishna Delta 64 4. Dokur­A village on the Plateau 5. Penugolu­A village on the Hills 79 6. From Gathering Food to Growing 100 Food ­ The Earliest People 113 128 2. Production Exchange and 7. Agriculture in Our Times Livelihoods 140 8A. Trade in Agricultural Produce 150 8B. Trade in Agricultural Produce 166 3. Political Systems and 9. Community Decision Making in a 186 Governance Tribe 204 218 10. Emergence of Kingdoms and Republics 232 11. First Empires 248 4. Social Organisations and 15. Diversity in Our Society Inequities Project Based Questions

1. READING AND MAKING MAPS SESSION 1 READING AND MAKING MAPS – TYPES OF MAPS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Map: A diagrammatic representation of an area of land or sea showing physical features, cities, roads, etc. 2. Sketch: Details of location of a place in a designed map. 1.3 Key Concepts i. A map tells us several things about different places. ii. We have to observe different maps i.e., physical maps, administrative maps, historical maps to get all the information. iii. Sketch map describes the details of location of a place. iv. If you stand facing the east, all things to your right hand side will be towards the south, things to your left will be towards the north, and all things behind you will be to the west. SESSION 1. TYPES OF MAPS 1

SESSION 2 READING AND MAKING MAPS – PARTS OF A MAP 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Direction: A course along which someone or something moves 2. Scale: The scale of a map is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the ground. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why is the actual distance on the ground reduced on the map? [Refer to TB page 7 Q3] A. It is impossible to draw a map showing actual distances. So we use ‘scale’ for showing the actual distance on the ground in a reduced manner on the map. SESSION 2. PARTS OF A MAP 2

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS Q2. What are the important features of a map? [Refer to TB page 7 Q7] A. A map tells us several details about different places such as : i. Whether they are on the sea or on a mountain or in a desert. ii. How hot or cold or rainy they are. iii. What kind of trees and plants grow. iv. What kind of people live, the language they speak, the work they do, their buildings etc. Q3. Explain the needs of symbols in preparing maps. [Refer to TB page 7 Q4] A. Maps are too small for us to draw pictures of the things shown on them. Therefore, we always show things on a map with the help of symbols. Map–makers prepare symbols appropriate to their needs. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the paragraph titled ‘Symbols’ on page 6 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 7 Q8] A. Student’s activity Information Skills Q1. Observe the different maps present in the Atlas and fill the table with details. [Refer to TB page 7 Q9] S.No Name of the map Symbols used Important Features A. Student’s response Mapping Skills Q1. Draw the symbols representing different water bodies, places of worship and public offices on a drawing sheet and present it in the class. [Refer to TB page 7 Q5] SESSION 2. PARTS OF A MAP 3

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS A. a) Water bodies–Tank, River b) Worshipping places : Mosque, Temple, Church c) Public offices: PTO: Post and Telegraph Office P S : Police Station R S : Railway Station P O : Post Office Q2. Draw a sketch of your house and mark the other houses and places around it in the correct direction. [Refer to TB page 7 Q6] A. Students activity Q3. Find out the distance from your mandal headquarter to the district headquarter by converting map distance into actual distance. [Refer to TB page 7 Q2]] A. Let us assume the distance between mandal headquarter to the district headquarter in the map per 1 cm= 5 km. The distance on the map is 5 cm. Actual distance = 5 x 5 km= 25 km Q4. Collect different kinds of maps and study them. If you have any doubts, clarify them with your teacher. [Refer to TB page 7 Q1] A. Student’s response 2.4 Key Concepts i. In maps north direction is indicated at the top, and the south direction is indicated at the bottom. ii. East direction is indicated on the right side of the map and west direction is indicated on the left side of the map. iii. Scale is used to show the actual distance on the ground in a reduced manner on a map. iv. Symbols are the representation of things on a map. SESSION 2. PARTS OF A MAP 4

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Sunrise a. Points towards the north ii. Sunset b. Roughly drawn map of a place iii. Top side of the map c. West iv. Sketch d. Points towards the south v. Bottom of the map e. East 2. Match the following. Column B a. Symbol Column A b. Left hand side i. The actual distance on the ground shown in c. Scale reduced manner ii. Marks on a map used to show a place or physical features iii. Mountains in India iv. Map with different districts of a state d. Physical map v. Westward direction on the map e. Political map 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is a district map? (ii) In which direction is Delhi to Hyderabad? CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 5

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS (iii) What is direction? (iv) In your observation, what is the important feature of a map? (v) What do you mean by a sketch map? (vi) In a district map, villages and towns are shown with dots and circles. What do we call the dots and circles? 4. Fill in the blanks. (vii) tell us several things about different places. (viii) Direction is always to something. (ix) The pucca road on a map is represented by____________symbol. (x) With the help of map we know the important of a location. (xi) describes about the location of a place. (xii) We use a scale for showing the actual distance on the ground in a manner. . (xiii) are the signs which are used for the real ones. (xiv) In a district map, the villages and towns are shown with and (xv) Guidance through instruction is called . CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 6

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS (xvi) Map makers prepare symbols to their needs. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Why do we use scale in a map? What is the difference between the scale in a map and the scale you use in your class? (ii) Why do we use symbols on the map? Draw some of the important symbols that you know. Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are the important directions? If you stand in front of your school main gate, what do you see in all the four directions? CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 7

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe the table and answer the following questions. S. No. Item Particulars of reading and making maps 1 Maps Tell us several things about different places exactly based on the scales. Sketch Map An outline map drawn from observation rather than 2 from exact survey measurements and showing only Scale the main features of the area. Shows the actual distance on the ground in a 3 reduced manner on a map. Symbols are used to show different things on a map. 4 Symbols ii) What is a map? iii) Why are symbols used by map makers? iii) What information is given by the table? iv) What is the use of a scale on a map? CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 8

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following places on an outline map of Telangana. a) Karimnagar b) Ranga Reddy c) Warangal rural d) Mahabubnagar d) Jagtial CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 9

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS (ii) Draw the given directions. (a) North (b) South (c) East (d) West (e) North–west (f) North–east (g) South–west (h) South–east (iii) Observe the given map of Telangana and answer the following questions. How many districts are there in Telangana state? 10 CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS What are the neighbouring states of Telangana? Name the eastern district of Telangana. Which districts share boundaries with Andhra Pradesh state? What are the neighbouring districts of Warangal? (iv) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 11

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS i) In which direction of the church is the river flowing? ii) What kind of road is present on the south of Sripuram village? iii) Which type of railway line is located near Sripuram? iv) Name the village that lies to the north of the railway track? v) Imagine you are in the school shown on the map, which direction will you face if you are coming out of your school? CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 12

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) If you stand facing east, the direction to your right is . (A) north (B) south (C) east (D) west (ii) The common symbols which are used on the maps are called . (A) marks (B) landmarks (C) conventional symbols (D) brain (iii) East is on the____________ of map. (B) right (A) left (C) front (D) back (iv) South is to the _______________ of the map. (B) left (A) right (C) top (D) bottom (v) In some special cases, maps may be made with the on the top or on the left side. (A) east (B) south (C) west (D) right (vi) We always show things on the maps with the help of . (A) symbols (B) pictures (C) diagrams (D) equations (vii) Scale is the _________ between the distance of places on a map and the actual distance on the ground. (A) percentage (B) addition (C) ratio (D) multiplication (viii) PTO stands for _________ on a map. CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 13

CHAPTER 1-READING AND MAKING MAPS (A) Post Office (B) Post and Telegraph office (C) Police Station (D) Railway Station (ix) A sketch map cannot show ______________. (A) the distance between two places (B) which roads to take in order to reach a particular place (C) the landmarks on the way to the destination point (D) the destination point (x) Which of the following statements is true? (A) Scale is used to show the location of a landmark on a map. (B) Most often south is indicated to the top of a map. (C) Conventional symbols refer to the most frequently used symbols on a map. (D) The direction of a place is not determined by its relative location with respect to another place. CHAPTER 1. READING AND MAKING MAPS 14

2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH SESSION 1 GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH – EARTH 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Latitudes: The lines that are drawn from the west to east on the globe 2. Longitudes: The lines run from one pole to another pole on the globe 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Rosy is spinning a bangle like a top. What is the shape you visualize? [Refer to TB page 13 Q3] A. I visualize it that it is in spheroid shape. SESSION 1. EARTH 15

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH Q2. Ramesh says “Earth is flat”. What do you say? [Refer to TB page 13 Q2] A. I will say “No, the earth is spherical in shape”. Information Skills Q1. Collect the information about explorers like Columbus. [Refer to TB page 13 Q4] A. Vasco da Gama, Magellan, Captain David Cook are some of explorers like Columbus 1) Marco Polo –Italian –(1552 –1618) –Exploration of Asia and China 2) Ferdinand Magellan –Portuguese –(1480–1521) –First voyage around the world 3) Christopher Columbus –Italian / Spanish –(1451 –1506) –Discovery of the new world 4) Amerigo Vespucci - Italian / Spanish - (1454 - 1512) - America was named after him 5) Vasco da Gama - Portuguese - (1469 - 1524) - Discovery of Ocean Route from Portuguese to the East 6) Captain James Cook - British explorer - (1728 - 1779) - Explored Australia Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. What is the effort put by scientists and sailors to know about earth? [Refer to TB page 13 Q8] A. Some six hundred years ago, most people believed that the earth was flat and that if you kept travelling in a direction, you would reach the edge of the earth and would fall off into the sky. Around 1400 AD, scientists and sea–farers began to figure out that the earth must be like a ball. That’s why Columbus, the Italian explorer, set out from Europe in 1492 AD in the western direction with the hope of reaching India. He did not reach India but stopped at the Caribbean islands near America. If he had travelled on, he might have reached India. 1.4 Key Concepts i. The earth is like a ball, spherical in shape. ii. Globe is a model of the earth. iii. Earth looks like a blue moon because a large portion of the earth is covered with oceans. iv. We never fall off the earth because the earth acts like a magnet which pulls us towards it. v. The earth bulges slightly in the middle around a line called Equator. vi. It is a little pressed at two poles in the north and south. vii. There are four great oceans namely the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian and the Arctic oceans. viii. The large land masses on which we live are called continents. ix. There are seven continents–1) Asia 2) Europe 3) Africa 4) Australia 5) North America 6) South America and 7) Antarctica SESSION 1. EARTH 16

SESSION 2 GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH – LINES ON THE GLOBE 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. International date line: The line fixed midway across the Pacific, more or less along the meridian of 1800 2. Axis: An imaginary line through the centre of an object around which the object turns 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. ”The Sun always rises in the East.” Find out the reason for this. [Refer to TB page 13 Q6] A. The earth rotates everyday from west to east. So the sun always rises in the east. Q2. Why do we draw imaginary lines on the globe/map? [Refer to TB page 13 Q7] A. We draw imaginary lines on the globe/map to help us to locate places on it. SESSION 2. LINES ON THE GLOBE 17

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH Mapping Skills Q1. Draw the latitudes and longitudes on the surface of a ball. [Refer to TB page 13 Q5] A. Student’s Activity. Q2. Observe the following pictures and fill in the boxes by writing the name of the shaded hemisphere. [Refer to TB page 13 Q9] A. 1. Figure one–Northern Hemisphere 18 2. Figure two- Western Hemisphere 3. Figure three-Southern Hemisphere 4.˙ Figure four- Eastern Hemisphere SESSION 2. LINES ON THE GLOBE

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH Q3. There is an outline map of the world on the next page. Identify and write the names of continents and oceans. Colour the map using appropriate colours. Draw and write the names of the main latitudes. [Refer to TB page 13 Q1] A. Tropic of Cancer, Equator, Tropic of Capricorn are the three main latitudes. SESSION 2. LINES ON THE GLOBE 19

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Greenwich line a. Endless water ii. Deepest ocean b. Magnet iii. Earth acts like a c. Contains Salt iv. Oceans d. 0°longitude v. Sea water e. Pacific 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Longitude i. North pole has ii. International date line b. Indian Ocean iii. Ocean nearest to India c. Asia iv. Largest continent d. Antarctica v. Continent covered with ice e. Frozen Ocean 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is Equator? (ii) Name two main longitudes. CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 20

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH (iii) What are poles? (iv) Which is the smallest continent? (v) In the olden days, what did people believe about the shape of the Earth? (vi) Which latitude passes through the centre of India? (vii) What are continents? 21 (viii) Through which continents does the Equator pass? CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH (ix) In which hemisphere do you find more water than land? (x) Which continent is surrounded by water from all the sides? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) If you know the and of a place you can easily locate it on the map. (xii) The largest ocean is the . (xiii) The earth is like a in shape. (xiv) Latitudes are the lines that are drawn from the to the east. (xv) Seas and oceans are just water bodies. (xvi) Unlike the latitudes, are of the same length. (xvii) are the points which lie at the end of the earth. (xviii) are the lines that run from one pole to another pole. (xix) The longest line which divides the globe into two equal halves is called the . CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 22

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the differences between ocean and land? (ii) What are the imaginary lines drawn on the map? How are they useful to us? AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Arrange the following according to the order of the latitudes in a table: (a) 23 1◦ N –Tropic of Cancer 2 – North Pole (b) 90◦N (c) 0◦N – Equator CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 23

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH (d) 23 1◦ S – Tropic of Capricorn 2 – Arctic Circle – South Pole (e) 66 1◦ N 2 (f) 90◦S (g) 66 1◦ S – Antarctic Circle 2 AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following oceans on the world map. (a) Pacific Ocean (b) Southern ocean (c) Indian Ocean (d) Atlantic Ocean (e) Arctic Circle (ii) Colour and name the continents. (iii) Draw the important latitudes. (a) Arctic Circle (b) Tropic of Cancer (c) Equator (d) Tropic of Capricorn (e) North Pole (f) South Pole CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 24

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH (iv) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. i) Through which continents does the Equator pass? ii) Through which continent all the three – equator, Tropic of cancer and Tropic of Capricorn passes? iii) In which hemisphere does Asia lie? iv) Name the biggest continent. v) In which hemisphere does Australia lie? CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 25

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What is the interesting thing about the shape of the Earth? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) The Earth looks because a large portion of it is covered with oceans. (A) green (B) black (C) blue (D) red (ii) The is the model of the Earth. (A) globe (B) ball (C) bar (D) magnet (iii) The Earth acts like a very powerful which pulls us towards it. (A) fire ball (B) ball (C) magnet (D) machine (iv) Around CE, scientists and sea–farers began to figure out that the Earth must be like a ball. CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 26

CHAPTER 2-GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH (A) 1485 (B) 1400 (C) 1466 (D) 1500 (v) Columbus stopped at the islands near America. (A) Japanese (B) Indonesian (C) Philippines (D) Caribbean (vi) The is a frozen ocean. (A) Arctic Ocean (B) Pacific Ocean (C) Indian Ocean (D) Atlantic Ocean (vii) colour is given to sea on a globe. (A) Yellow (B) Blue (C) Violet (D) Magenta (viii) The longest latitude is called the . (A) North Pole (B) South Pole (C) Tropic of Cancer (D) Equator (ix) In the year Columbus set out from Europe in search of India. (A) 1574 (B) 1942 (C) 1492 (D) 1715 (x) are two points on the opposite ends of the Earth. (A) Poles (B) Latitudes (C) Longitudes (D) Equator CHAPTER 2. GLOBE - A MODEL OF THE EARTH 27

3A. LANDFORMS SESSION 1 LANDFORMS – TYPES OF LANDFORMS: HILLS, PLATEAUS AND PLAINS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Mountain: A large natural elevation of the earth’s surface which has very high and steep slopes with very little flat land on it. 2. Plateau: An area of fairly level high ground. 3. Plain: Level lands with very gentle slopes. 4. Coast: A long stretch of land next to the sea. 5. Cyclone: A violent tropical storm in which strong winds move in a circle. 6. Floods: An overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is normally dry land. SESSION 1. TYPES OF LANDFORMS: HILLS, PLATEAUS AND PLAINS 28

CHAPTER 3A-LANDFORMS 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Describe the relief features of Telangana. [Refer to TB page 26 Q8] A. Telangana state has varied relief features. Adilabad, Karimnagar, Rangareddy, Mahaboobnagar and Kham- mam districts have stretches of hilly terrain which we can see as pockets of scattered hills. These are Satmala range in Adilabad, Balaghat range in Mahaboobnagar, Ananthagiri hills in Rangareddy, Kandikal and Rakhi hills in Karimnagar districts. Large portions of Telangana fall in the plateau region which is called the Telangana Plateau. It has Upper Telangana Plateau in the west. Godavari and Krishna river flows eastwards through this plateau. The remaining area is known as the Lower Telangana plateau which slopes eastwards. The two main rivers of Telangana, the Godavari and the Krishna, flow from the Western Ghats. The Go- davari River enters Telangana near Basara of Adilabad district. These rivers are joined by many small rivers of the Telangana plateau and finally flow into the Bay of Bengal after forming large deltas. Mapping Skills Q1. Point out different landforms on the map of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Colour them as given below. [Refer to TB page 26 Q6] a) Plain –Green b) Plateau –yellow c) Mountains –Brown A. Refer to map titled 'Southern Landforms in India' on page number 18. 1.4 Key Concepts i. The Land we live in is non­uniform or uneven. ii. Mountains, plateaus, and plains are three major landforms on earth. iii. Landforms with great height, steep slopes, and little flat land are called as mountains. iv. Plateaus are high lands with more flat surfaced land than mountains. v. Plains are leveled lands with a gentle slope. SESSION 1. TYPES OF LANDFORMS: HILLS, PLATEAUS AND PLAINS 29

3B. PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA SESSION 1 PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA – LAND AND WATER RESOURCES 1.1 Mind Map 1. Soils –Alluvial, black cotton soil, sandy soil 30 2. Irrigation –With Krishna water 3. Rains –By south–west monsoon 4. Crops –Paddy, sugarcane, pulses, turmeric, red grams, millets 5. Vegetables, orchards 6. Poultry, rice, mills 7. Good road connectivity 8. Location: Near Vuyyuru in Krishna district SESSION 1. LAND AND WATER RESOURCES

CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 1.2 Terminology 1. Tribe: A set of people theoretically of common descent 2. Podu: This is a traditional practice of farming in hilly region. 3. Bamboo: A tall plant with hard hollow stems that are used for building and to make furniture, tools, etc. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What kind of changes are taking place in Penamakuru village? [Refer to TB page 26 Q1] A. There is a shift from growing food grains like millets, paddy and pulses to cash crops like sugarcane, vegetables, fruits and turmeric in Penamakuru village. This is made possible by the growth of irrigation as these crops need a lot of water. The availability of loans to purchase other inputs likes seeds and fertilizers is another contributing factor. Q2. How do the poor and landless families earn their livelihoods in the plains? [Refer to TB page 26Q2] A. The landless families work in the fields and houses of others for money, some people earn by making baskets, catching rats, rearing pigs and fishing. Some people work in the mills and poultries. Q3. What are the difficulties of farming in plain villages like Penamakuru? [Refer to TB page 26 Q3] A. As the whole land in the village is under cultivation, there is not much land for grazing cattle. Floods and famines cause many problems to the farmers as they depend on monsoons. Farmers having small holdings are becoming permanent debtors. There is acute water shortage and those farmers who are operating bore wells do not get enough electricity to operate them. Q4. Why do plains like the Krishna delta have a very dense settlement? [Refer to TB page 26 Q5] A. 1) The delta areas have most fertile and nutritious soils such as Alluvial soil or ‘Andhra Bhumi’ and clayey black soils or ‘Nalla Ragadi Bhumi’. 2) This area gets abundant rainfall and groundwater levels are high along with availability of irrigation facilities. 3) All types of crops can be grown in this area such as paddy, vegetables and fruits. 4) Due to the availability of good resources from agriculture, the agro-industries are also well developed in this region. 5) As the area is plain, the road network in this region also provides connectivity. 6) So, a large number of people live in Krishna delta. SESSION 1. LAND AND WATER RESOURCES 31

CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 1.4 Key Concepts i. Penamakuru is a village situated in the Krishna delta. ii. Vuyyuru is 35 km away from Vijayawada city and the Penamakuru village is 3 km from Vuyyuru. iii. Prakasam Barrage was built across the Krishna River at Vijayawada in 1853. iv. Bandar canal takes off from the Krishna River. From all the canals about 12 lakh acres of land is irrigated. v. Bandar canal flows from the north–west of the Penamakuru village to the south–east direction. vi. Penamakuru village is situated between the Krishna River which flows to the west of the village and the Bandar canal. vii. In Penamakuru, the soil is mostly fertile. viii. In Penamakuru, there are clayey black soils (Nalla ragadi bhumi) upto a depth of 15 feet. ix. There are a mechanised poultry farm and a rice mill in Penamukuru. x. Since Penamukuru is on high ground it was not adversely affected even during the worst floods of 1997, 2006 and 2009. SESSION 1. LAND AND WATER RESOURCES 32

SESSION 2 PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA – AGRICULTURE 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Forest products: Any material derived from a forest for direct consumption or commercial use. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. What happens if all farmers of the village grow only sugarcane or turmeric? Give your reasons. [Refer to TB page 26 Q4] SESSION 2. AGRICULTURE 33

CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA A. There should be a balance between food crops and cash crops. If all farmers start growing cash crops only, there will be scarcity of food crops. Cash crops like sugarcane, vegetables, fruits, turmeric etc. need a lot of water. Therefore shortage of water might also become a problem in future. 2.4 Key Concepts i. Sandy soils (Isuka bhumi) are present in some parts of the village near the river on the west and the south. ii. This region receives rains from June to October from the south–west monsoon. iii. From November to May there is a little rain from the north–east monsoon. iv. As Penamakuru is very close to the river Krishna the groundwater can be found by digging for only 15 to 25 feet. v. Penamakuru is lucky as it is on highlands and has not been affected during floods. vi. Paddy is extensively cultivated all over the coastal plains especially in Krishna district. vii. Salva is sown and transplanted in the month of June and July. viii. During the last few years farmers of this area have been cultivating crops like sugarcane, turmeric, yam and banana. ix. In uplands of Penamakuru village the farmers are cultivating vegetables like brinjal, lady’s finger, pil- lipesara and cabbage and fruits like guava, sapota and papaya. SESSION 2. AGRICULTURE 34

SESSION 3 PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA – ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Improve Your Learning Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How are the people of handicrafts helped by the government? [Refer to TB page 26 Q7] A. The Indian handicrafts industry provides employment opportunities to more than 6 million craftsmen throughout India. The Office of Development Commissioner Handicrafts is responsible for formulation and implementation of several schemes for the development of handicrafts at the central level. This office SESSION 3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE 35

CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA also provides necessary guidance to the state government for formulation and implementation of their na- tional schemes. Some of the schemes are Babasahib Ambedkar Hastshilp Vikas Yojana, Credit GuaranteeScheme etc. All India Handcrafts Board was established in 1952 to look into the problem faced by handicrafts industry and suggest measures for improvement and development. 3.3 Key Concepts i. Out of 750 families in Penamakuru, 10 families have 10 acres of land, 150 families have less than 5 acres of land and remaining families do not have any land. ii. In this village, people of all castes live. iii. In Penamakuru, animal–rearing, basket–weaving,making agro Industries like poultry and rice mills are the different kinds of professions taken up by the people. iv. The road network in this region is well developed. v. Availability of labour is plenty in this village. Images 1. Houses of farmers and hut 2. Poultry farm 36 SESSION 3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE

3. Rice mill CHAPTER 3B-PENAMAKURU - A VILLAGE IN THE KRISHNA DELTA 4. Basket making —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Used to dry harvest 1. Match the following. Column A i. Tractors ii. Loans b. Contract farming iii. Kallam c. Banks or moneylenders iv. Companies d. Bore well v. Agriculture e. Help in ploughing the fields CHAPTER 3A, 3B 37

CHAPTER 3A, 3B 2. Match the following. Column B a. Borrow money Column A b. Crop reaping i. Pesticide c. Reduction of a product’s reserve ii. Depletion d. Instrument iii. Harvest e. Chemical that kills pests iv. Loans v. Equipment 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What are the physical surface features of the land like mountains, plains etc called? (ii) Name some crops that are grown during contract farming. (iii) What are the two main rivers of Telangana? 38 (iv) What is MTU 2716 and Swarna? CHAPTER 3A, 3B

CHAPTER 3A,3B (v) What type of soil is found in Penamakuru village? (vi) From where does the Krishna River originate? (vii) Who gives money on interest to the farmers? (viii) Name any two cities located in the Deccan plateau? (ix) Why do farmers welcome contract farming? (x) In which direction is the Bay of Bengal located with respect to Telangana? 4. Fill in the blanks. of Adilabad district. (xi) River Godavari enters Telangana near 39 CHAPTER 3A, 3B

CHAPTER 3A,3B (xii) Barrage was built across the Krishna river at Vijayawada. (xiii) type of buffaloes give more milk. (xiv) Traders usually pay higher prices for dry . (xv) Today, four out of five are farmers. (xvi) Warangal and Karimnagar towns are on the Telangana plateau. (xvii) is an instrument that crushes the grain. (xviii) Alluvial soils have water holding capacity. (xix) Farmers borrow money to buy inputs like seeds, fertilizers, and . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Why do Krishna and Godavari flow towards the East and drain in Bay of Bengal? (ii) What is the difference between alluvial soil and black soil? CHAPTER 3A, 3B 40

CHAPTER 3A,3B (iii) Name the crops that grow in Penamukuru village? (iv) What is a Delta? Give examples. (v) Why are the lands close to a river suitable for growing fruit–bearing trees? (vi) Why are the expenses of digging bore wells very low in Penamakuru village? 41 CHAPTER 3A, 3B

CHAPTER 3A,3B Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Name the important kinds of landforms and explain each of them. (ii) What are the major changes that have taken place in Penamakuru village? CHAPTER 3A, 3B 42

CHAPTER 3A,3B (iii) Population density in plain areas especially the Krishna delta is high. Write reasons for this. AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Identify the following on the map given below. a) River Godavari b) River Krishna c) River Tungabhadra CHAPTER 3A, 3B 43

CHAPTER 3A,3B (ii) Observe the map given below and answer the following questions. 44 CHAPTER 3A, 3B

CHAPTER 3A,3B i) In which district are the Nirmal and Satmala hills located? ii) Name the hills located in Nalgonda district. iii) How many hills are there in the given map of Telangana? iv) Name the hills located in Medak district. CHAPTER 3A, 3B 45

CHAPTER 3A,3B AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on the given map of Telangana. a) Satmala hills b) Nirmal hills c) Rakhi hills d) Ananthagiri hills e) Devarakonda hills CHAPTER 3A, 3B 46

CHAPTER 3A,3B Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) Wages means . (A) rent (B) salaries (C) interest (D) mountains (ii) of all rural families are mainly agricultural laborers in Telangana. (A) One–fifth (B) Two–fifths (C) Three–fifths (D) Two–thirds (iii) There are main kinds of landforms. (A) one (B) two (C) three (D) four (iv) The popular source of water for irrigation in low laying areas of Penamakuru village are . (A) borewells (B) tanks 47 (D) wells (C) canals (B) second (v) Kharif is the agricultural season. (D) third (A) first (B) Agro-industries (C) intermediate (D) Fishries (vi) are the common feature in the plains. (B) Cotton (A) Industries (D) Chilli (C) Forestry (vii) is not a commercial crop. (A) Sugar cane (C) Pulses CHAPTER 3A, 3B

CHAPTER 3A,3B (viii) Sandy soil near the river in Penamakuru is good for growing (A) paddy (B) cabbage (C) sapota (D) sugarcane (ix) Which of the following occupations is not practised in the village? (A) fishing (B) farming (C) poultry-rearing (D) mountain climbing (x) Why are borewells a popular source of water for farmers in Penamakuru? (A) Groundwater is easily accessible and the expenditure of digging borewells is low. (B) The entire region is electrified. (C) Krishna river is close to the village. (D) The crops grown by the farmers require a lot of water. CHAPTER 3A, 3B 48