202110247-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G09-PART1

Social Workbook_9_P_1.pdf 1 10/18/19 12:59 PM 9 Part - 1 Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Table of Contents 1 24 1 OUR EARTH 50 2 THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 69 3 HYDROSPHERE 93 4 ATMOSPHERE 114 5 BIOSPHERE 143 6 AGRICULTURE IN INDIA 167 7 INDUSTRIES IN INDIA 206 12 DEMOCRATIC AND NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS:17th 18th & 19th CENTURIES 228 13 INDUSTRIALISATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE 245 14 SOCIAL PROTEST MOVEMENTS 267 15 COLONIALISM IN LATIN AMERICA, ASIA AND AFRICA 16 IMPACT OF COLONIALISM IN INDIA 291 17 EXPANSION OF DEMOCRACY 311 18 DEMOCRACY:AN EVOLVING IDEA 336 PROJECT BASED QUESTIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS

SESSION 1 1. OUR EARTH 1.1 Mind Map INTRODUCTION 1.2 Terminology 1. Big bang: Scientists said that the stars are actually part of large groups called galaxies in the universe. Now they are of the view that the universe itself started some 13.7 million years ago with a ‘Big Bang’ and that it may end several billion years later. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH 1.3 Key Concepts i. Human beings evolved on this earth about one lakh years ago. ii. Human beings look at earth as a store–house of resources which we can exploit and use at will. iii. This exploitation of the earth has resulted in environmental crises such as global warming and the poisoning of our soils, water and air. iv. Initially people thought that the stars remain fixed and the sun, moon and the planets keep moving across the sky. v. Initially people thought that earth was firm and stationary and all others revolved around it. vi. About five hundred years ago, scientists came up with a new understanding–that the earth is not in the middle of everything and that it is actually moving around the sun. vii. During the last hundred years or so people have even figured out that stars are born, grow old and even die. viii. Now scientists know that the universe itself started some 13.7 billion years ago with the ‘Big Bang’ and that it may end several billion years later. ix. Human beings are investigating and trying to understand these very distant and complex phe- nomena. SESSION 1. INTRODUCTION 2

SESSION 2 ABOUT THE EARTH 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Key Concepts i. Now scientists know that the universe itself started some 13.7 billion years ago with the ‘Big Bang’ and that it may end years later. ii. The earth has reached its present form through several phases. iii. The earth travels around the sun at a speed of 1,07,200 kilometres per hour. iv. It takes 365 1 days to complete one revolution. 4 SESSION 2. ABOUT THE EARTH 3

SESSION 3 STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT OF EARTH’S CRUST 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Grid: A series of vertical lines from north pole to south pole and horizontal lines parallel to the equator, forming a complete network called “Earth’s Grid”. 2. Pangaea: It is a hypothetical continent from which present continents originated. SESSION 3. STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT OF EARTH’S CRUST 4

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why is it difficult to study the formation of the earth and its structure? [Refer to TB page 12 Q4] A. It took us years of scientific investigation and analysis of data to form an understanding of the interiors of the earth. The main reason for this is that even the deepest mines we have dug do not go beyond a few kilometres under the surface while the radius or the distance to the centre of the earth is over 6000 kilometres. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the paragraph under the heading of “Internal structure of the earth” and answer the question. How can you say the earth is still very active? [Refer to TB page 12 Q5] A. Interestingly matter from deep inside the mantle shoots up through ‘volcanoes’ and ‘fissures’ on ocean floors and cools down to form the earth’s crust. In many regions on the earth part of the earth’s crust enters into the mantle and once again become molten. This constant process of formation and destruction of the crust explains the fact that our earth is still very active. The crust on which we live is still being changed by earthquakes, volcanoes, subduction of land and rise of mountains due to processes happening deep down the earth. 3.4 Key Concepts i. The earth has reached its present form through several phases. ii. The, earth is made up of three main layers: crust, mantle and core. iii. The crust on which we live is still being changed by earthquakes, volcanoes, subduction of land and rise of mountains due to processes happening deep down the earth. iv. In the early 20th century, a German geophysicist Alfred Wagener introduced the theory of Con- tinental Drift to describe the present arrangement of continents and ocean basins. SESSION 3. STRUCTURE AND MOVEMENT OF EARTH’S CRUST 5

SESSION 4 THE EARTH’S GRID SYSTEM 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Terminology 1. Prime meridian: 0° longitude is called prime meridian or Greenwich meridian. It is the starting meridian, which passes through Greenwich, near London. 2. Time zones: The world is divided into 24 time zones starting from the Greenwich meridian, going east and west. The width of each time zone is 15° longitudes. 3. Standard time: Countries choose the time along one of the meridians that pass through their SESSION 4. THE EARTH’S GRID SYSTEM 6

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH territory and follow the time of that meridian for the whole country. This time is called ‘Standard time’. 82° 30’ or 82 1/2 ºE is selected as Indian Standard Time (IST). 4.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is a grid and how does it help us? [Refer to TB page 12 Q6] A. On a globe, network of latitudes and longitudes is drawn. This is called a ‘Grid’. With the help of the grid, we can locate places and learn about them — how hot or cold it would be there, in which direction should we go to reach it and what time it would be there. Q2. Identify the words that match with Latitude and Longitude. (parallel lines, vertical lines, horizontal lines). [Refer to TB page 12 Q2] A. Latitudes — Parallel lines, horizontal lines. Longitudes — Vertical lines. Mapping Skills Q1. Look at the map of India in an atlas and identify latitude and longitude for the following places. [Refer to TB page 12 Q1] SESSION 4. THE EARTH’S GRID SYSTEM 7

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH A. i. Kanyakumari and (8° N’ Latitude, 77° 30’ E. Longitude) ii. Imphal and (25° N. Latitude, 94° E. Longitude) iii. Jaisalmer and (27° N. Latitude, 710 E. Longitude) iv. Pune and (19° N. Latitude, 74° E. Longitude) v. Patna and (26° N. Latitude, 85° E. Longitude) Q2. With the help of your teachers find out the standard meridian of given countries. 1. Nepal 2. Pakistan 3. Bangladesh 4. England 5. Malaysia 6. Japan [Refer to TB page 12 Q9] SESSION 4. THE EARTH’S GRID SYSTEM 8

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH A. 1. Nepal: Nepal country extends from 80° E longitude to 89°E longitudes. The standard meridian of Nepal is approximately 84° 30’ E longitude. 2. Pakistan: Pakistan extends from 81° 30’ E to 88° 30’ E. Thus the longitudinal difference comes to 88° 30’ E - 81° 30’ E = 7°. Thus the longitude 84° E is selected as standard meridian. 3. Bangladesh: Bangladesh extends from 88 E to 93° E longitudes. The standard meridian of Bangladesh is approximately 90° 30’ E. longitude. 4. England: The longitude that passes through the astronomical observatory at Greenwich, Eng- land is called the 0° meridian or Prime meridian. Its time is taken as standard time of England. 5. Malaysia: Malaysia is a country in East Asian Peninsula. It extends from 100°E to 104°E longi- tude. Its standard meridian 102° E longitude. 6. Japan: Japan extends from 130° E to 140° E. Its standard time is the time at 135° E. longitude. 4.4 Key Concepts i. A series of vertical lines from North pole to South pole and horizontal lines parallel to the Equa- tor, form a complete network called “Earth’s Grid”. ii. Gondwana: Pangaea is a hypothetical continent from which present continent originated. The super continent of Pangaea broke up into Laurensia and Gondwana lands. Present South Amer- ica, Africa, Madagascar, India, Arabia, Malaysia, East Indies, Australia and Antarctica belong to Gondwana land. . iii. Prime meridian 0° longitude is called Prime Meridian or Greenwich meridian. It is the starting meridian, which passes through Greenwich, near London. iv. A network of latitudes and longitudes is drawn on a globe which are called the ‘Grid’ v. With the help of the grid, we can locate places and learn about them — how hot or cold it would be there, in which direction we should go to reach it and what time it would be there. vi. The horizontal circles that go round the Earth are latitudes. They are expressed in degrees (0), minutes ( ’ ) and seconds (”). 0 ° latitude is known as the Equator. vii. The world is divided into 24 time zones starting from Greenwich meridian, going east and west. SESSION 4. THE EARTH’S GRID SYSTEM 9

SESSION 5 LONGITUDES AND TIME 5.1 Mind Map 5.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Differentiate between a) Local and Standard time b) Equator and Prime meridian. [Refer to TB page 12 Q7] A. a) Local Time: Local time of a place is that time when Sun is overhead on its Meridian or longitude. e.g. if Sun is overhead on 80° E. longitude, all the places on that longitude will have noon at that time. Standard Time: Some countries choose the time along one of the meridians that pass through their territory and follow the time of that meridian for the whole country. This time is called “stan- dard time”. b) Equator: The horizontal circle that goes round the earth exactly in the middle is called the ‘equator’. Prime meridian: The longitude that passes through the astronomical observatory at Greenwich, England is called the 0° meridian and it is known as ‘Prime meridian’. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. If every state follows its local time then what problems will rise? [Refer to TB page 12 Q8] SESSION 5. LONGITUDES AND TIME 10

CHAPTER 1- OUR EARTH A. If every state follows its local time, a lot of serious problems will arise. Some of them are being discussed below. i. At the time of national calamities and disasters, it is very difficult for the national government to make necessary emergency announcement. ii. At the time of wars and national emergency it is very difficult for the national government to alert all the defensive forces stationed in all the state capitals and the naval forces of all the coastal states. iii. It is very difficult for televisions and radios to follow a single schedule to broadcast their programmes. iv. Railways face a difficult problem in preparing a timetable for its trains that travel through many states. Mapping Skills Q1. Look at the world map of time zone in the text page 13. [Refer to TB page 12 Q3] a) If you travel from New Delhi to Paris to which time zone are you moving? b) If you are travelling from Hyderabad to Tokyo,to which time zone are you moving? A. a) 0° Prime Meridian Zone. Because London and Paris lie on the 0° longitude zone. –4.30 hrs time zone. b) Hyderabad is in 5–6 time zone and Tokyo is in between 9–10 time zone.–3.30 hrs time zone. SESSION 5. LONGITUDES AND TIME 11

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Make a thought provoking poster on Earth’s protection. [Refer to TB page 12 Q10] A. Student’s response 5.3 Key Concepts i. Time zones: The world is divided into 24 time zones starting from the Greenwich meridian, going east and west. The width of each time zone is 150 longitude. ii. Standard time: Countries choose the time along one of the meridians that pass through their territory and follow the time of that meridian for the whole country. This time is called ‘Standard Time. 82°30’ or 82½ E is selected as Indian Standard Time (IST). iii. 82° 30’ Eastern longitude is taken as standard meridian of India and serves as the Indian Stan- dard Time (IST).The exact difference between Greenwich and 1ST is 5½ hours. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. 23 1/2°N 1. Match the following. b. 66 1/2 °N c. 66 1/2 °S Column A d. 90°S i. Equator e. 0° ii. South Pole iii. Tropic of Cancer iv. Arctic Circle v. Antarctic Circle CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 12

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Prime Meridian b. Iron and nickel i. Latitude c. Pangaea d. Width ii. Super continent e. Length iii. Core iv. Longitude v. 0° meridian 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) According to the scientists when did the universe start? (ii) What is a ‘Grid’? (iii) What is the orbit of the Earth? (iv) What are the other names for latitudes and longitudes? CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 13

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH (v) At what speed does the Earth travel around the sun? (vi) Into how many time zones is the world divided? (vii) How was the Earth at the initial stage? (viii) What is the difference between GST and IST? (ix) Who introduced the Theory of Continental Drift? (x) How much time do we save when we travel from East to West? CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 14

4. Fill in the blanks. CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH (xi) The word Earth is derived from the old English word . (xii) is the outer part of the Earth, where we live. (xiii) The Earth was very hot and was constantly bombarded by massive and other materials from the space. (xiv) The rack less exploitation of Earth has meant the of forest, rivers, hills, fellow animals etc. (xv) The of the Earth consisted of different kinds of gases including water vapour. (xvi) The upper part of the mantle is a pliable layer over which the floats. (xvii) The filled the great basins on the Earth’s crust with water. (xviii) The mantle mainly, consists of chemical, called . (xix) The radius or the distance to the entire of the Earth is over kilometres. (xx) The crust mostly consists of various kinds of . Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Differentiate between the latitudes and the longitudes? CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 15

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH (ii) What is called the Grid? How does it help us? AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Arrange the following information in a table: The Earth is made up of three main layers – crust, mantle, and core. Crust– It is the outer part of the earth. It goes up to a depth of 30–100 km. It consists of various kinds of rocks. Mantle– It is 100–2,900 km in thickness. It consists mainly of chemicals called silicates. Core– The core is 2,900–6,376 km in thickness. It consists dense and heavy substances com -posed of iron & nickel. Outer core– 2,900 to 5,100 km composed of liquid metallic material like nickel and iron. Inner core– The solid inner core (5,100 – 6,376 km) is made up of iron compounds and heavy substances like gold. CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 16

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why is it difficult to study the formation of the Earth and its structure? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on the given map of the World. a) North–western Hemisphere b) North–eastern Hemisphere c) South–western Hemisphere d) South–eastern Hemisphere CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 17

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH (ii) Locate the following on an outline map of India. 18 a. Kanyakumari b. Imphal c. Jaisalmer d. Pune e. Patna CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH (iii) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. 19 CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH i. In which hemisphere is India? ii.Through which continents does the equator pass through? iii.Which longitude is called Greenwich longitude? iv.Which latitudes passes through Africa? v.What are the uses of latitudes and longitudes? CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 20

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Some people believe that our being on this Earth is a result of a series of fortuitous accidents. It is quite possible that there may not have been any life on the Earth. Do you agree? Give your reasons. CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 21

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) Fissures are found on ocean floors which cool down to form the earth's _______. (A) Inner core (B) Core (C) Mantle (D) Crust (ii) The part of Eurasia, which is in Laurasia is . (A) Indian subcontinent (B) Asia (C) Europe (D) England (iii) Laurensia and Gondwana-land are separated by________ . (A) Tethys Sea (B) Arabian Sea (C)Dead Sea (D)Caspian Sea (iv) Laurensia comprised present _______, Greenland, and all of Eurasia and north of Indian subcontinent. (A) Asia (B) Australia (C)North America (D) India (v) A network of and longitudes on the globe is the grid. (A) Hills (B) Oceans (C) Latitudes (D) Landslides (vi) Northern hemisphere is half of earth between the equator and the . (A) Arctic Circle (B) Antarctic Circle (C) Equator (D)North Pole CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 22

CHAPTER 1-OUR EARTH (vii) Latitudes on either sides gradually become smaller towards the ________. (A) Poles (B) Equator (C) Orbit (D) Stars (viii) Longitudes are . (A) Points (C)Semi-circles (B) Circles (D)Parallel lines (ix) The part of Gondwana land which is in south polar region. (A) Arabia (B) Antarctica (C) Australia (D) America (x) The is still being changed by Earth earthquakes. (A)Mantle (B) Crust (C) Core (D) Atmosphere CHAPTER 1. OUR EARTH 23

2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE SESSION 1 LITHOSPHERE AND LAND FORMS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Plate tectonics: All the continents and oceans are actually situated on massive base of rocks called ‘plates’.At the region where the two plates meet and push each other, a lot of pressure is exerted by each of them on the other. This movement of plates is called “plate tectonics”. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. How is the lithosphere formed? [Refer to TB page 26 Q3] A. Lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top part of the Earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals and covered with a thick layer of soil. (In Greek ‘Litho’ means stone or rock and ‘sphaira’ means sphere or ball). It is not a smooth surface as you see on the globe but has mountains, plateaus or highlands, low plains, deep valleys and very deep basins which are filled with water (oceans). SESSION 1. LITHOSPHERE AND LAND FORMS 24

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE Q2. Find the odd one out in the context of lithosphere and give reasons for your choice. Byson Gorge: Grand Canyon: Thar Desert. [Refer to TB page 26 Q2] A. Thar desert is the odd one in the context of lithosphere. Reasons: The desert is formed due to the action of the wind. Wind is a dominant agent in the hot deserts. Strong winds carry sand and soil which strike the large rocks. Byson Gorge and Grand Canyon are formed due to the work of water. Where the rocks are very hard, the river cuts a very narrow valley. The sides are so steep that gorges and canyons are formed. 1.4 Key Concepts i. Realms are areas which have some common features. ii. The earth scientists talk of Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and Biosphere. iii. The solid crust or the hard top part of the Earth is called Lithosphere. We use the rocks and soils and other things in many ways. iv. The realm of water is called Hydrosphere. Life on the earth is not possible without water. v. The thin layer of air that surrounds the earth is Atmosphere. It consists of a large number of gases including oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapour etc. vi. The realm of life including bacteria which live high in the atmosphere or in deep oceans consti- tutes the Biosphere. vii. Life needs the presence of all the three realms land, water, and air. viii. Lithosphere deals with the land we live upon. This is called as the ‘First Order Landform’ or the primary division of the earth’s crust into oceans and continents. ix. The Landforms like mountains, plains and plateaus are called ‘Second Order Landforms’ by geographers. x. All the continents and even the oceans are actually situated on massive base of rocks called ‘Plates’. The movement of the plates is called ‘Plate tectonics’. This process causes earth- quakes etc. xi. Volcanoes are places on the earth’s surface where molten material from the mantle erupts onto the earth’s surface. xii. The shaping of the land forms by wind and water are called ‘Third Order landforms’. SESSION 1. LITHOSPHERE AND LAND FORMS 25

SESSION 2 THE JIGSAW PUZZLE AND THE MOVING PLATES 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Igneous rocks: The molten material erupted from a volcano becomes cool and forms hard rock’s called igneous rocks. 2. Sedimentary rocks: Much of dumped debris is actually transported by rivers to sea, where layer of these deposits accumulate the bottom and get transformed into “sedimentary rocks”. SESSION 2. THE JIGSAW PUZZLE AND THE MOVING PLATES 26

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. How are the continental plates formed and how are they eventually destroyed? [Refer to TB page 26 Q4] A. In the beginning scientists thought that, probably all the continents were held together and they broke up and gradually drifted and came to their present places. After years of careful study geologists have concluded that all the continents and the oceans are situated on massive rocks called ‘plates’. There are about six major plates on the Earth. They are called African, North American, South American, Indo-Australian, Antarctic and Pacific plates. These continental plates actually float on the mantle. They are constantly being pushed and therefore keep moving slowly. As a result of this movement one plate pushes another neighbouring plate. A lot of pressure is exerted by each of them on the other. One plate is pushed under into the mantle while the other plate is pushed up to form a chain of mountains. On the margins of plates where one plate meets the other often the incoming plate dips under the stable plate. In fact the incoming plate actually goes into the mantle of the earth and become molten due to the heat of the mantle. Thus the plates are eventually destroyed. Mapping Skills Q1. Draw the map of world plates by observing map 2. [Refer to TB page 26 Q10] A. SESSION 2. THE JIGSAW PUZZLE AND THE MOVING PLATES 27

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 2.4 Key Concepts i. The oceans and continents are situated on massive bases of rocks called plates. ii. There are seven major plates on the earth. iii. The movement and collision of plates is called plate tectonics. iv. Himalayan Mountains were formed by the process of the Indian plate pushing into the Eurasian plate. SESSION 2. THE JIGSAW PUZZLE AND THE MOVING PLATES 28

SESSION 3 SLOW AND SUDDEN MOVEMENTS 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Key Concepts i. Volcanoes are places on the earth’s surface where molten material from the mantle erupts into the earth’s surface. ii. The lava cools and forms hard rocks called igneous rocks. SESSION 3. SLOW AND SUDDEN MOVEMENTS 29

SESSION 4 EXTERNAL PROCESSES 4.1 Mind Map 4.2 Terminology 1. Loess plains: The plains formed by the deposition of loess soil are called loess plains’. 4.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Find out the order of the landforms from the following. [Refer to TB page 26 Q10] SESSION 4. EXTERNAL PROCESSES 30

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE Sl.No; Landform Order of landform I. The Himalayan Mountains II order Landform 2. 3. The Pacific Ocean 4. Asia Continent 5. Byson Gorge .6. Jog waterfall 7. 8. Rocky mountains The Indian Ocean The great rift valley A. Landform Order of landform Sl.No; The Himalayan Mountains II order Landform I. 2. The Pacific Ocean I order 3. Asia Continent I order 4. Byson Gorge III order 5. Jog waterfall III order 6. II order 7. Rocky mountains I order 8. The Indian Ocean III order The great rift valley SESSION 4. EXTERNAL PROCESSES 31

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 4.4 Key Concepts i. The shaping of the land forms by wind and water are called ‘Third –Order landforms’ by geog- raphers. ii. These landforms include the features like carved mountains, valleys, deltas, sand dunes etc. iii. Processes like weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition are largely responsible for these landforms. iv. Landforms continuously keep on changing due to denudation activities. SESSION 4. EXTERNAL PROCESSES 32

SESSION 5 HOW AIR AND WATER TRANSFORM THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH? 5.1 Mind Map SESSION 5. HOW AIR AND WATER TRANSFORM THE SURFACE OF THE ... 33

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 5.2 Terminology 1. ‘U’ Shaped valley: ‘U’ Shaped valley is created by the glacier through the dual process of plucking and abrasion. 5.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. List out the landforms formed due to the river work. [Refer to TB page 26 Q4] A. Deep Valley or V shaped valley, Gorges, Canyon, waterfalls, plunge pool, flood plain, meanders, ox-bow lakes and delta — are the landforms formed during the course of a river. Q2. How are beaches formed and name some beaches? [Refer to TB page 26 Q8] SESSION 5. HOW AIR AND WATER TRANSFORM THE SURFACE OF THE ... 34

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE A. Beaches are formed as waves deposit sand and other sediments on the shore and wind pushes these sediments towards the inland. This creates an area of sand particles, sometimes with dunes behind them. List of some Beaches in India. 1. Marina Beach - Chennai - TamilNadu 2. Besant Nagar Beach - Chennai - Tamil Nadu 3. Mamaallapuram Beach - Mahabalipuram - Tamil Nadu 4. Golden Beach, Elliot’s Beach - Che` nnai - Tamil Nadu 5. Silver Beach - Cuddalore - Tamil Nadu 6. Adhigamaan Beach - Rameswaram - Tamil Nadu 7. Arambol Beach - Goa 8. Dona Paula Beach - Goa 9. Juhu Beach - Mumbai - Maharashtra 10. Kovalam Beach - Trivandrum - Kerala 11. Shankumugham Beach - Trivandrum - Kerala 12. NITK Beach - Suratkal - Karnataka 13. Bheemunipatnam Beach - Visakhapatnam - Andhra Pradesh 14. Visakhapatnam Beach - Visakhapatnam - Andhra Pradesh 15. Pun Beach - Pun - Odisha 16 ˙ Digha Beach - West Bengal Q3. Why are glaciers not found in your surroundings? [Refer to TB page 22 Q7] A. Slow moving mass of ice is called Glacier. In very cold regions like the Himalayas or the Alps it snows heavily - they get snowfall instead of rainfall. This snow accumulates and hardens into ice. As it accumulates it flows slowly down till it reaches warm areas where the ice melts and a small river starts. As we are living in Deccan plateau area and it is near to equator, we get only rainfall. We are too distant from the Himalayas, so we don’t find glaciers in our surroundings. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the para under the title “Erosion” on page 20 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 26 Q12] A. Student Activity. Information Skills Q1. Draw a table as given below and fill information, and write a small paragraph to explain the simi- larities and differences you can think of in the context of earth’s external changes. (If there is no information available in the text leave those columns blank.) [Refer to TB page 26 Q6] SESSION 5. HOW AIR AND WATER TRANSFORM THE SURFACE OF THE ... 35

CHAPTER 2- THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE A. Wind Water Glacier Landform Deserts, Sand Mountains, Valleys dunes Deltas Process Weathering Denudation Deposition Similarities : The landforms shaped by wind and water are called ‘Third order landforms.’ These landforms include the features like carved mountains and valleys, deltas, sand dunes etc. Pro- cesses like weathering, erosion, transportation and deposition are largely responsible for these landforms. Differences: Water acts in many ways as rain, river, flowing groundwater, sea waves, glaciers etc.The river water will erode, transport and deposit rock materials. The flow of river form valleys,gorges, canyons etc. Wind takes many forms like storms, gusts, steadying winds, etc. The eroded materials in the form of small rocks, gravel, mud, fine soil etc. are carried away by the winds. Strong winds carry sand and fine soil which strike the large rocks. Wind is dominant in the hot deserts. 5.4 Key Concepts i. The process of formation of landforms by wind and water is called third–order landforms. ii. Landforms continuously keep on changing due to denudation activities. iii. Weathering is the gradual disintegration of rocks by atmospheric forces. iv. Water acts in many ways as rain, river, sea waves, glaciers to change the surface of the earth. v. Slow moving mass of ice (a river of ice) is called glacier. The movement of a glacier is very slow unlike the flow of water. vi. A glacier erodes through a process called ‘plucking’ in which it lifts pieces of rock and trans- ports them. Just as sandpaper removes small particles of wood, the glacier acts as an abrasive and erodes the bed rock. Through these two processes, glaciers create a U–shaped valley. vii. The erosion and deposition by the sea waves gives rise to coastal landforms. viii. A cape is a headland extending into a body of water. ix. A bay is a body of water partially surrounded by land. A bay is usually smaller and less enclosed than a gulf. The mouth of the bay, where meets the ocean or lake, is typically wider than that of a gulf. The sea waves deposit sediments along the shores forming beaches etc. SESSION 5. HOW AIR AND WATER TRANSFORM THE SURFACE OF THE ... 36

SESSION 6 WORK OF WIND AND HUMANS 6.1 Mind Map 6.2 Improve Your Learning Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. How is the human lifestyle responsible for extension of deserts? [Refer to TB page 26 Q9] A. Human beings, especially after the Industrial Revolution have had a major role in transforming the crust on which we live. i. Removal of vegetation ii. Over grazing iii. Deforestation for fuel or construction materials iv. Poor land usage v. Mismanagement of dry land ecosystems SESSION 6. WORK OF WIND AND HUMANS 37

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 6.3 Key Concepts i. A bay is wide–mouthed recess on the line of the coast. ii. Winds erode the lower section of the rocks more than the upper part. Such rocks have narrow bottom and wider. So these rocks are called mushroom rocks. iii. Inselberg are the isolated residual hills rising abruptly from the ground. iv. Loess soil is rich in lime. v. Plant or grass cover on soils prevents easy denudation or transportation of soil by wind or water. —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Cotopaxi a. India ii. Mount Vesuvius b. Philippines iii. Barren islands c. Tanzania iv. Kilimanjaro d. Italy v. Mayon e. Equador 2. Match the following. Column B Column A i. Angels fall a. Tugela, South Africa ii. Tugela falls b. Churun, Venezuela iii. Jog falls c. Godavari iv. Grand Canyon d. Sharavathi, Karnataka v. Byson Gorge e. Colorado, U.S.A CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 38

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) From which language has the word ‘hydrosphere’ originated? (ii) What is ‘weathering’? (iii) What are called second order landforms? (iv) What is a canyon? (v) How are igneous rocks formed? (vi) What is ‘silt’? (vii) Which is the active volcano of West–Indies? CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 39

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE (viii) What is called ‘plucking’? (ix) Where are the plate boundaries found? (x) What is an ‘inselberg’? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) The when heats due to sun’s rays or cools down, it influences air and water too. . (xii) Mount Vesuvius is in (xiii) The realm of water is called . (xiv) and are first order landforms. (xv) comprises various sources of water and different types of water bodies like rivers, lakes, seas, oceans etc. (xvi) There are about plates on Earth and several minor ones. (xvii) The word atmosphere is taken from two words. (xviii) The movement of plates is called . CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 40

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE (xix) The oceans and continents are situated on a massive base of rocks called . (xx) A part of lava which pours on the surface of Earth forms the ‘ ’. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How are earthquakes caused? (ii) What do you understand by lithosphere? CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 41

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE (iii) Which is the largest delta in the world and how is it formed? (iv) What are “Third order landforms”? (v) What are volcanoes? How are igneous rocks formed? CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 42

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE (vi) Gorges are suitable for construction of dams. Give reasons. Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) “The surface of the Earth is being transformed by air and water”? Explain. CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 43

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following question: A glacier erodes through a process called ‘plucking’ in which it lifts pieces of rock and transports them. These pieces of rock and the moving ice together act like a sand paper on the surface of the rock over which they flow. Just as the sand paper removes small particles of the wood, the glacier acts as an abrasive and erodes the bed rock. Comment on the work of glaciers. AS5-Mapping Skills 44 Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the continents on the given map of the world map. CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE (ii) Identify and label the parts in the given picture of a volcano. CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 45

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE (iii) Observe the given map and answer the following questions. 1. How many major plates are there on the Earth? 46 2. What is special about these plates? CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 3. Name the minor plates present in the map? 4. What do you know from the above map? 5. Name the plate of India? (iv) Observe the map and answer the following questions. CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 47

CHAPTER 2-THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE i. Which mountain acts as a dividing line between Europe and Asia? ii. Which range lies to the west of South America? iii. Which mountains are located to the North of India? iv. How are the mountains located to the North of India formed? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 9. Choose the correct answer. (i) The lava cools under the surface and becomes known as intrusive landforms. (A) Ash (B) Soil (C) Rock (D) Gas (ii) is the most active volcano in the world. (A) Stromboli (B) Fujiyama (C) Rock (D)Mt. Peele (iii) This type of rocks is formed by deposition of eroded material__________. (A) Sedimentary (B) Igneous (C) Granite (D) Lime (iv) River Ganga is formed from glacier. (A) Himalaya (B) Ganga (C) Gangotri (D) Indus CHAPTER 2. THE NATURAL REALMS OF THE EARTH - LITHOSPHERE 48