tech-2022_06(99)

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Introduction quirements for the formation of the residential environ- ment, as well as the possibility of developing engineer- With a sharp increase in the number and high popu- ing infrastructure and ensuring fire safety. lation density (for example, the population density in the Andijan region is 713 people per 1km 2), there is a need But, the construction of these new buildings and the to build new settlements, as well as to build new multi- planning of territories are carried out according to regu- storey (high-rise buildings) on the site of expired old latory documents that do not take into account the tech- buildings. nical and tactical characteristics (especially working dimensions and weight) of new fire and rescue equip- The construction of residential, public and industrial ment received and planned for admission to the Ministry buildings and structures of increased number of storeys of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Uzbekistan. in the new construction and reconstruction of enterprises in conditions of a shortage of territories is very effective. For this reason, there is an urgent need to make As shown by technical and economic comparisons, the changes and adjustments to the norms, rules and require- construction of high-rise buildings reduces the construc- ments for the planning and construction of new build- tion area by 30-40% [1,1]. ings. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the planning, construction and operation of urban set- On the other hand, Uzbekistan is a region with an tlements equipped with multi-storey apartment buildings increased level of seismicity, sothe number of floors and (construction of houses from 9 floors and above). the number of floors of residential buildings are deter- mined in accordance with socio-demographic, national- Methods household, architectural-compositional and other re- In the normative document [5, p. 83. Table. 39] the main characteristics of the street and road network of settlements are given to classification (Table 1). Table 1. Tothe classification and the main characteristics of the street and road network of settlements Category Main Design Bandwidth Orsloe strip Width of the streets destination Movement pedestrian part speed, movement, of the sidewalk, m of settlements km/h m Passages Connection of residential buildings located 30 3,0 2 - in the depths of the quarter with the street Paragraph 159 of the normative document [5, p. 85.] Commercial fire distances between residential, public states that the adius of the rounding of the roadway of and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises (Table 2) streets and roads along the edge of sidewalks and divid- are adopted on the basis of a regulatory document [5], ing strips should be taken at least 15 metra. and between production buildings of industrial and agri- cultural enterprises - according to a regulatory document In paragraph 15, Appendix I [5, p. 132. ] it is indicated [6] and [7]. that the distance from the edge of the passage to the wall of the building, as a rule, should be taken 8- for buildings of 9 floors and above 10 м. Table 2. Fire-fighting distances between residential, public and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises Degree of fire resistance Distances, m, with the degree of fire resistance of buildings of the building I, II III IIIa, IIIb, IV, IVа, V 6 8 10 I, II Minimum distances from residential, public and Through passages in buildings are provided through auxiliary buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance to industrial buildings and garages of I and II degrees of a width in the light not less and a height of not less. fire resistance should be taken at least 9 m, and to indus- trial buildings with a coating using insulation made of Through passages through the forest, the shopping ar- polymeric or combustible materials - 15 m. cades of buildings are located150 м3,5 м4,25 м at a dis- tance of one another no more than 100 м(figure 1). 52

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Figure 1. Location of special equipment near a multi-storey building In the previously listed normative acts and rules for access of firefighters from ladders or car lifts to any the construction of buildings and structures, it is indi- apartment or room. cated that when designing passages and pedestrian paths, it is necessary to ensure the possibility of passage Consider the tactical and technical characteristics of of fire engines to residential and public buildings, in- some special fire ladders and car lifts (Table 3). cluding those with built-in attached premises, and the Table 3. Tactical and technical characteristics of some special fire ladders and car lifts № The name of the ladder, cranked Length Height Width Max. The distance from and telescopic car lift. in transport in transport in transport the width the edge of the center of the remote of the support to the position. position. position. support. meter meter meter (lined). M building, taking into account the safe distance. m Fire escape. 11 3,2 2,5 4,8+0,6 8 1. AL-30 (131) PM 506 based on Zil-131 4X4 2. AKP-50 Cranked fire truck 12 3,8 2,5 5,4+0,6 8 Based on KAMAZ-6540 3. Fire lift with ladder RTM-48D 11 4 2,6 5,4+0,6 8 Base (MAZ-6312В5) Fire escape. 12 4 2,6 5,8+0,6 8 4. AL-52 (ERL52C) based on (MAN TGS 6Х4 BL) 5. Bronto Skylift S 47 XR Base 12 4 2.8 6,2+0,6 10 (MAN TGS 6Х4 BL) 6. Bronto Skylift S 70 XR 12 4 2.8 6,2+0,6 10 Base (MAN TGS 6Х4 BL) 53

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Results and Discussion Conclusion I conducted landing during 2021-2022 the research Based on the results of the study and as a result of cycle of some special civil protection exercises in the studying the works of specialists in this area [1, 2, 3, 4] settlements of the Andijan region with the involvement offers : of the forces and means of the emergency situations management units (by an increased call number) and the 1. Norms and rules shall establish general require- interaction services of the region. ments for fire protection of buildings, premises and other construction structures (hereinafter referred to as buildings) The al-30 (131) PM 506 fire escape on the basis of at all stages of their creation and operation, regardless of Zil-131, the AKP-50 cranked fire lift on the basis of the forms of ownership and departmental affiliation, and KAMAZ-6540, as well as the Fire Lift with the RTM- also establish a fire-technical classification of buildings, 48 D ladder on the basis of MAZ-6312V5, which are in their elements and parts, premises, building structures service with the units of the Emergency Situations De- and materials. partment of the Andijan region, were involved in the re- search exercises. 2. In the rules and regulations for buildings of high number of floorss, provide for the arrangement of special Duringthe exercises, in an environment close to real passages or access roads (fire passages and access roads conditions, various ways of accessing special equipment for fire equipment, combined with functional passages to high-rise buildings were tried. and entrances) With the radii of rounding of the roadway of streets 3. Amend paragraph 156 [7] to read as follows: and roads along the edge of the sidewalks and dividing - Passages leading to groups of residential buildings strips of at least 15 meters, the fire lift with the RTM- with a population of more than 3 thousand people in the 48D ladder freely passed to the scene of the emergency. zone of multi-storey buildings should be taken in two lanes of traffic 5.5 m wide with sidewalks 1.5 m wide. With radii of rounding of the roadway of streets and (with Lanes take at least 7 meters. roads of less than 15 meters, the equipment had to carry 4. In paragraphe 159 [7], delete the following out additional maneuvers, the involvement of employees words: to ensure traffic safety (reversing, blocking roads). - In reconstructed cities, with the existing develop- ment, it is allowed to reduce the specified radius to 5 m. Particular attention and precautions were taken with 5. In order to carry out rescue operations safely dur- narrow passages of residential buildings located in the ing fires and earthquakes, in paragraph 6 [7], delete the depths, with distances from the edge of the passage to following words: the wall of the building of less than 8-10 meters, as wel- - The distance between buildings of I and II degrees las the installation of special equipment on sidewalks no of fire resistance may be provided less than 6 m, provided more than 4 meters wide. that the wall of a higher building, located opposite another building, is fireproof. In two cases out of eight, it was not possible to fully use the FIRE ESCAPE RTM-48D in connection with the operation of automation (disabling the lifting of the ladder due to violation of the regulatory installation). References: 1. Plotnikov А.Н. Issledovaniye sistematicheskoy chasti otkloneniy sbornykh konstrukchiy zdaniy povyshennoy etajnosti : Aftoref. diss. kand.tekh.nauk [Study of the systematic part of the deviations of prefabricated structures of buildings of high number of storeys]: Autoref. dis. cand. techn. Sciences. — Moscow, 1999. — 178 p. [in Russian]. 2. Rodichev A.Y. Modeli i metody sovershenstvovaniya sistemy upravleniya evakuatsiey lyudey iz vysotnykh zdaniy : Aftoref. diss. kand.tekh.nauk. [Models and methods of improving the management system for the evacuation of people from high-rise buildings ]: Autoref. dis. cand. techn. Sciences. — Moscow, 2011. — 111 p. [in Russian]. 3. Kudrin I.S. Vliyaniye parametrov dvijeniya lyudskikh potokov pri pojare na obyomno-planirovochnyye resheniya vysotnykh zdaniy: Aftoref. diss. kand.tekh.nauk. [ Influence of the parameters of the movement of human flows in a fire on the space-planning solutions of high-rise buildings]: Autoref. dis.cand. techn. Sciences. — Moscow, 2013 — 190 p. [in Russian]. 4. Belyakov G.I. Pojarnaya bezopasnost : uchebnoye posobiye dlya vuzov[Fire safety : a textbook for universities ] / Moscow : Publishing house Yurait, 2019. — 143 p.[in Russian]. 5. ShNK 2.07.01-03* «Gradostroitel'stvo. Planirovaniye razvitiya i zastroyki territoriy gorodskikh i sel'skikh nase- lennykh punktov». Gosudarstvennyy komitet Respubliki Uzbekistan po arkhitekture i stroitel'stvu [ShNK 2.07.01-03* \"Urban planning. Planning the development and development of the territories of urban and rural settlements\". State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Architecture and Construction ] – Tashkent, 2009, p.170[in Uzbekistan]; 6. ShNK 2.08.02-09 «Obshchestvennyye zdaniya i sooruzheniya» Gosarkhitektstroy Respubliki Uzbekistan [SHNK 2.08.02-09 \"Public buildings and structures\" State Archives of the Republic of Uzbekistan] 2011,p.140[in Uzbekistan]; 7. ShNK 2.09.04-09 «Administrativnyye i bytovyye zdaniya predpriyatiy» Gosarkhitektstroy RUz [SHNK 2.09.04-09 \"Administrative and household buildings of enterprises\" Gosarhitektstroy RUz] - Tashkent, 2009, p.27[in Uzbekistan]. 54

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. COMPUTER SCIENCE, COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.99.6.14006 REGRESSION BASED ON DECISION TREE ALGORITHM Hamza Eshankulov Associate Professor, Bukhara State University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Azizbek Malikov Master's student, Bukhara State University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] РЕГРЕССИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ АЛГОРИТМА ДЕРЕВА РЕШЕНИЙ Эшанкулов Хамза Илхомович д.ф.ф.н, доцент, Бухарский государственный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Маликов Азизбек Бобирович магистрант, Бухарский государственный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT A decision tree is a tree whose internal nodes can be taken as tests (on input data patterns) and whose leaf nodes can be taken as categories (of these patterns). These tests are filtered down through the tree to get the right output to the input pattern. Decision Tree algorithms can be applied and used in various different fields. It can be used as a replacement for statistical procedures to find data, to extract text, to find missing data in a class, to improve search engines and it also finds various applications in medical fields. Many Decision tree algorithms have been formulated. They have different accuracy and cost effectiveness. It is also very important for us to know which algorithm is best to use.I discuss the advantages ,disadavantages of using regression methods to analyze the data. АННОТАЦИЯ Дерево решений — это дерево, внутренние узлы которого можно рассматривать как тесты (для шаблонов входных данных), а конечные узлы — как категории (этих шаблонов). Эти тесты фильтруются по дереву, чтобы получить правильный вывод для входного шаблона. Алгоритмы дерева решений могут применяться и использо- ваться в различных областях. Его можно использовать в качестве замены статистических процедур для поиска данных, извлечения текста, поиска недостающих данных в классе, для улучшения поисковых систем, а также находит различные применения в медицинских областях. Было сформулировано множество алгоритмов дерева решений. Они имеют разную точность и экономичность. Для нас также очень важно знать, какой алгоритм лучше всего использовать. Я обсуждаю преимущества и недостатки использования методов регрессии для анализа данных. Keywords: supervised learning, Decision tree, regression analysis. Ключевые слова: обучения с учителем, дерево решений, регрессионный анализ. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction Predicting real values is also an important topic for ma- chine learning. Most of the problems that humans learn in Predicting the values of numeric or continuous at- real life, such as sporting abilities, are continuous. Dy- tributes is known as regression in the statistical literature, namic control is one such problem which is the subject of and it is a research area for many researchers in this field. research in machine learning. For example, learning to __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Eshankulov H., Malikov A. REGRESSION BASED ON DECISION TREE ALGORITHM // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14006

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. catch a ball, moving in a three-dimensional space, is an are extremely intuitive ways to classify or label objects: example of this problem which is studied in robotics. In you simply ask a series of questions designed to zero-in such applications, machine learning algorithms are used on the classification to control robot motions, where the response to be pre- dicted by the algorithm is a numeric or real-valued dis- Classification decision trees − In this kind of decision tance measure and direction. In the paper, we review trees, the decision variable is categorical. The above de- most current regression techniques developed in ma- cision tree is an example of classification decision tree chine learning and statistics. After describing the main focus for the development of new techniques in the next Regression decision trees − In this kind of decision section we review decision tree method. trees, the decision variable is continuous. 2. Decision Tree Algoritm The goal is to create a model that predicts the value of a target variable by learning simple decision rules in- Decision Trees (DTs) are a non-parametric super- ferred from the data features. A tree can be seen as a vised learning method used for classifica- piecewise constant approximation. tionhttps://scikit- For instance, in the example below, decision trees learn.org/stable/modules/tree.html - learn from data from student information and decide to tree-classification and regression. Decision trees give dormitory to the best candidates . The deeper the tree, the more complex the decision rules and the fitter the model.Firstly I prepare data according to Machine Learning[1, p. 45] # Import the necessary modules and libraries #Firstly,I load dataset import pandas as pd df=pd.read_excel('combine.xlsx') #determine input variable and target inputs=pd.concat([df.Familiya,df.Ism,df.Otasining_ismi,df.Jinsi, df.Mutaxassislik,df.Tulov_shakli,df.Yashash_manzili, df.Nogironligi,df.Chin_yetimligi,df.Kurs],axis=1) target=df.Ball # Then I encode the string variable into integers inputs.Jinsi = inputs.Jinsi.map({'ayol': 1, 'erkak': 0}) inputs.Tulov_shakli=inputs.Tulov_shakli.map({'Tulov-shartnoma':1,'Davlat-granti':0}) from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder le_Yashash_manzili = LabelEncoder() le_Nogironligi = LabelEncoder() le_Chin_yetimligi = LabelEncoder() le_Kurs=LabelEncoder() inputs['Yashash_manzili_n'] = le_Yashash_manzili.fit_transform(inputs['Yashash_manzili']) inputs['Nogironligi_n'] = le_Nogironligi.fit_transform(inputs['Nogironligi']) inputs['Chin_yetimligi_n'] = le_Chin_yetimligi.fit_transform(inputs['Chin_yetimligi']) inputs['Kurs_n']=le_Kurs.fit_transform(inputs['Kurs']) #And drop unnecessary variables inputs_n = inputs.drop(['Yashash_manzili','Nogironligi','Chin_yetimligi','Kurs','Familiya','Ism', 'Otasi- ning_ismi','Jinsi','Mutaxassislik', 'Tulov_shakli'],axis='columns') hs = pd.concat([inputs,inputs_n, target], axis=1) Preparation is done. And now I train data with decision tree classifier from sklearn import tree model = tree.DecisionTreeClassifier() #This code train the data model.fit(inputs1, target) #This shows the model score model.score(inputs1,target) model score shows 0.91 result. It is good enough. Now we use this model into another dataset to predict target. #I load another dataset df2=pd.read_excel('test.xlsx') #prepare dataset inputs2=pd.concat([df2.Jinsi,df2.Tulov_shakli,df2.Yashash_manzili_n,df2.Nogironligi_n, df2.Chin_yetimligi_n,df2.Kurs_n],axis=1) #and predict the result p=model.predict(inputs2) 56

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. 2. Important Terminology related to Tree based Al- variables, there decision tree will help to identify most gorithms significant variable. Let’s look at the basic terminology used with Deci- 3. Less data cleaning required: It requires less data sion trees: cleaning compared to some other modeling techniques. It is not influenced by outliers and missing values to a fair 1. Root Node: A root node is either the topmost or degree. the bottom node in a tree data structure, depending on how the tree is represented visually. The root node may 4. Data type is not a constraint: It can handle both be considered the top if the visual representation is top- numerical and categorical variables. down or the bottom if it is bottom-up. The analogy is that the tree starts at the roots and then goes up to its 5. Non Parametric Method: Decision tree is consid- crown, so the first node is considered the root ered to be a non-parametric method. This means that de- cision trees have no assumptions about the space 2. Splitting: Describes the process of dividing a distribution and the classifier structure. node into two or more sub-nodes. There exist several methods to split a decision tree, involving different met- 6. The tree structure can be easily understood and rics (e.g. Information Gain, Gini Impurity). interpreted by domain experts with little statistical knowledge, since it is essentially a logical decision flow 3. Decision Node: When a sub-node splits into fur- diagram. ther sub-nodes, then it is called decision node. 7. The tree structure can handle both categorical and 4. Leaf/ Terminal Node: If a sub-node cannot be di- numerical features in a natural and straightforward way. vided any further, we call that node a leaf node. The leaf Specifically, there is no need to pre-process categorical node represents the response value (e.g. most-common features, say via the introduction of dummy variables. class label) used for the prediction. 8. The final tree obtained after the training phase can 5. Pruning: When we remove sub-nodes of a deci- be compactly stored for the purpose of making predictions sion node, this process is called pruning. You can say for new feature vectors. The prediction process only in- opposite process of splitting. volves a single tree traversal from the tree root to a leaf. 6. Branch / Sub-Tree: A sub section of entire tree is 9. In the classification setting, it is common to re- called branch or sub-tree. port not only the predicted value of a feature vector, e but also the respective class probabilities. Decision trees 7. Parent and Child Node: A node, which is divided handle this task without any additional effort. Specifi- into sub-nodes is called parent node of sub-nodes where cally, consider a new feature vector. During the estima- as sub-nodes are the child of parent node [2, p. 10] tion process, we will perform a tree traversal and the point will end up in a certain leaf w. The probability of 8. Information Gain Information gain provides a this feature vector lying in class z can be estimated as measure to describe how much information a feature the proportion of training points in w that are in class z provides — or in other terms, how much entropy is re- moved.The information gain can be calculated for a split 10. As each training point is treated equally in the by subtracting the weighted entropies of the children construction of a tree, their structure of the tree will be from the parent’s entropy. Thus, making it especially relatively robust to outliers. In a way, trees exhibit a sim- useful for evaluating a possible split candidate, allowing ilar kind of robustness as the sample median does for us to find and choose the optimal split.An information real-valued data. gain of 1 would be the best possible value, whereas a value of 0 means no uncertainty or entropy has been re- 2.2. Disadvantages moved. 1. Over fitting: Over fitting is one of the most practical These are the terms commonly used for decision difficulty for decision tree models. This problem gets trees. As we know that every algorithm has advantages solved by setting constraints on model parameters and and disadvantages, below are the important factors pruning (discussed in detailed below). which one should know.[3,p.58] 2. Decision Trees love orthogonal decision bound- 2.1 Advantages aries (all splits are perpendicular to an axis), which makes them sensitive to training set rotation 1. Easy to Understand: Decision tree output is very easy to understand even for people from non-analytical 3. More generally, the main issue with Decision background. It does not require any statistical knowledge Trees is that they are very sensitive to small variations to read and interpret them. Its graphical representation is in the training data very intuitive and users can easily relate their hypothesis. 4. Not fit for continuous variables: While working 2. Useful in Data exploration: Decision tree is one with continuous numerical variables, decision tree looses of the fastest way to identify most significant variables information when it categorizes variables in different and relation between two or more variables. With the categories [4, p. 188] help of decision trees, we can create new variables / fea- tures that has better power to predict target variable. You 3. Regression Analysis can refer article (Trick to enhance power of regression model) for one such trick. It can also be used in data ex- Regression analysis is a statistical method to model ploration stage. For example, we are working on a prob- the relationship between a dependent (target) and inde- lem where we have information available in hundreds of pendent (predictor) variables with one or more inde- pendent variables. More specifically, Regression analysis helps us to understand how the value of the de- 57

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. pendent variable is changing corresponding to an inde- Decision Tree Regression pendent variable when other independent variables are Random Forest Regression held fixed. It predicts continuous/real values such as Ridge Regression temperature, age, salary, price, etc. Lasso Regression Regression is a supervised learning technique which 3.2. Impurity and its measurement helps in finding the correlation between variables and enables us to predict the continuous output variable Impurity means how heterogeneous our data is.Im- based on the one or more predictor variables. It is mainly purity is calculated with 2 measures. They are Gini in- used for prediction, forecasting, time series modeling, dex and Entropy. Below I show the formula of both. and determining the causal-effect relationship between variables. 1. Gini Index: ∑ki=1 pi(1 − pi) 2. Entropy -: ∑ki=1 pilog2pi Some examples of regression can be as: Here is p is probability. i is the number of instances. • Prediction of rain using temperature and other For example,data is distributed as [3,5,4,3,6,3,5,5,5]. factors Probability of 5 is p(5)=4/9, probability of 3 is p(3)=3/9. • Determining Market trends If entropy is equal to 0. It means data is not depend- • Prediction of road accidents due to rash driving. ent each other and completely useless and impure. If en- tropy of data is 1. Data is completely pure. At this point 3.1. Why do we use Regression Analysis? Gini index will be equal to 0.5. And it is maximum of Gini. As mentioned above, Regression analysis helps in So should you use Gini impurity or entropy? the prediction of a continuous variable. There are various The truth is, most of the time it does not make a big dif- scenarios in the real world where we need some future ference: they lead to similar trees. Gini impurity is predictions such as weather condition, sales prediction, slightly faster to compute, so it is a good default. How- marketing trends, etc., for such case we need some tech- ever, when they differ, Gini impurity tends to isolate the nology which can make predictions more accurately. So most frequent class in its own branch of the tree, while for such case we need Regression analysis which is a entropy tends to produce slightly more balanced statistical method and used in machine learning and data trees [4, p. 183]. science. Below are some other reasons for using Regres- sion analysis: 4. Summary and Conclusion Regression estimates the relationship between the In this article, we’ve discussed in-depth the Decision target and the independent variable. Tree algorithm. It’s a supervised learning algorithm that can be used for both classification and regression. The It is used to find the trends in data. primary goal of decision tree is to split the dataset as a It helps to predict real/continuous values. tree based on a set of rules and conditions. Lastly, we By performing the regression, we can confidently discussed the advantages and disadvantages of using de- determine the most important factor, the least important cision trees. There is still a lot more to learn, and this factor, and how each factor is affecting the other factors. article will give you a quick-start to explore other regres- Types of Regression sion and classification algorithms.In this article, we’ve There are various types of regressions which are discussed in-depth the Decision Tree algorithm. It’s a used in data science and machine learning. Each type has supervised learning algorithm that can be used for both its own importance different scenarios, but at the core, classification and regression. The primary goal of deci- all the regression methods analyze the effect of the inde- sion tree is to split the dataset as a tree based on a set of pendent variable on dependent variables. Here we are rules and conditions. Lastly, we discussed the ad- discussing some important types of regression which are vantages and disadvantages of using decision trees. given below: There is still a lot more to learn, and this article will Linear Regression give you a quick-start to explore other regression and Logistic Regression classification algorithms Polynomial Regression Support Vector Regression References: 1. AbouEisha, H., Amin, T., Chikalov, I., Hussain, S., Moshkov, M., Extensions of Dynamic Programming for Combi- natorial Optimization and Data Mining, Intelligent Systems Reference Library, Springer, vol. 146, 2019. 2. Pea-Lei Tu and Jen-Yao Chung, \"A New Decision-Tree Classification Algorithm for Machine Learning\", Proc. of the 1992 IEEE Int. Conf. on Tools with AI Arlington, Nov. 1992 3. Machine Learning, Tom Mitchell, McGraw Hill, 1997. 4. Hands-on Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn,Keras, and Tensorflow,Aurelien Geron,2019 58

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MACHINE SCIENCE DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.99.6.13969 INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER RATE IN SMOOTH TURBULIZER PIPES Abdurasul Davronbekov Assistant of the Department of Technological Machinery and Equipment, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СКОРОСТИ ТЕПЛООБМЕНА В ГЛАДКИХ ТРУБАХ ТУРБУЛИЗАТОРА Давронбеков Абдурасул Абдумажидович ассистент кафедры технологических машин и оборудования, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT Heat exchangers play an important role in industrial thermal energy. They make up a large number of thermal power plants, which occupy large production areas and often exceed 50% of the total configuration value in the chemical, oil refining and several other industries, rather than in thermal energy. As a result, as rational use of fuel and energy resources, it is necessary to create new economic equipment to solve such pressing problems for industrial thermal energy, reduce its metal capacity and size, and increase its efficiency and reliability. АННОТAЦИЯ Теплообменники играют важную роль в промышленной тепловой энергетике. Они составляют большое количество тепловых электростанций, которые занимают большие производственные площади и часто превышают 50 % общей стоимости конфигурации в химической, нефтеперерабатывающей и ряде других отраслей промышленности, а не в теплоэнергетике. В результате в качестве рационального использования топливно- энергетических ресурсов необходимо создание нового экономичного оборудования для решения таких насущных задач промышленной теплоэнергетики, снижения его металлоемкости и габаритов, повышения эффективности и надежности. Keywords: shell pipe, thermal conductivity, base devices, industrial thermal energy, heat exchange equipment. Ключевые слова: кожух трубчатый, теплопроводность, базовые устройства, промышленная тепло- энергетика, теплообменное оборудование. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ At present, the chemical industry and oil refineries operation in a liquid medium occurs [11,13]. Among the of the Republic produce products by thermal means in heat exchangers used, there are two most common the production process. Cooling or evaporation of the devices - shell tubes and plates. or the application of obtained products is carried out using heat exchangers. several depths, different shapes, holes, etc. [1,3,4,5,10,]. Today, enterprises have several types of heat exchangers The versatility of the problem of accelerating and depending on the chemical composition and convective heat exchange in pipes with smooth temperature of the product, heat exchangers are selected turbulizers means that there are many methods of for the production process. Shell tube heat exchangers calculating it. It is known that the acceleration of the are also an optimal solution for condensing or heat exchange process depends on the amount of heat evaporating high-temperature products [1, 14, 15]. released from the surface of the moving pipe by the heat Such devices are optimally efficient devices in the transfer agent and its hydraulic resistance. To date, many process of heat exchange and condensation of the required pipe profiles have been studied to accelerate the heat substances. There are several drawbacks to such devices, exchange process and certain results have been achieved. and to this day it has been one of the most pressing issues The complexity of the pipe profile leads to a slowing or facing businesses. Elongation or compression of the partial disruption of the flow, but the increase in energy inner tubes due to the high internal temperature in shell consumption expands the impact of constraints on the tube devices, and corrosion of the tubes due to their availability and technical acceptability of a particular __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Davronbekov A.A. INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER RATE IN SMOOTH TURBULIZER PIPES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13969

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. heat carrier. Therefore, in industry, the application of the directions for accelerating the process of heat exchange simple method of increasing the flow rate, which leads are: to the thinning of the flow boundary layer, but is associated with a rapid increase in hydrodynamic • increase the flow rate between pipes; resistance, is limited [12-16]. • maintaining its homogeneity; • ensuring the maximum number of pipes that can A peculiar phenomenon called Reynolds be washed transversely by the working medium [4]. resemblance occurs when smooth walls that do not have The most convenient ways to optimize the nebulizers on the surface are washed away by the flow. hydrodynamic regime in heat exchangers are: It establishes a direct relationship between heat • reduction of working fluid flow to laminar mode; exchange rate and surface friction. The relationship • use of artificial turbulization profiles; between the energy expended in the absorption of heat • generating accelerated turbulent flow. exchange surfaces in a more complex configuration than It is known that one of the main goals of improving in a smooth wall and the rate of heat exchange achieved heat exchange devices is to accelerate the heat exchange is more complex. For a long time, the Reynolds process. Naturally, the choice of acceleration method similarity has been a special type of constraint that sets should be made taking into account the hydraulic a lower limit on the power required to drive a heat carrier resistance [5]. to dissipate a certain amount of heat. To date, the issues of heat transfer and hydraulic resistance for laminar and turbulent flow of fluids in pipes It was almost always assumed that any change in the have been studied in-depth and in detail [6]. However, physical environment due to random causes and leading the effects of the fluid flow regime on heat exchange and to a violation of the similarity in the distribution of pipe hydrodynamics have not been adequately studied. temperature and velocity would lead to a change in the Therefore, this research work is aimed at studying direction of the ratio under consideration. The the effect of pipe profile on heat exchange and pipe possibility of practical use of this or that method of hydrodynamics in heat exchange processes. Theoretical accelerating heat exchange is determined by its technical analysis of patents and literature sources has shown that convenience and feasibility. Data on this process are discretely located annular or spiral grooved pipes, given in the works [1-6], which allow substantiating the twisted pipes are the most optimal option in terms of methods of accelerating heat exchange. hydraulic resistance and heat exchange rate. As can be seen from the graphs in Figures 1 and 2, the value of heat Ducted pipes and ducts with a smooth inner side, exchange intensity (Nu) increases for both smooth and designed as an inner ring turbulizer, have a high thermal complex profile pipes as the flow rate (Re) increases. efficiency [1; 2; 3]. In addition, according to AGShershevsky and other researchers, the main Figure 1. The dependence of the heat exchange rate on the flow regime in a pipe of size d/D = 0.94 (when n/D = 0.25; 0.35 and 0.44) 60

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Figure 2. The dependence of the heat exchange rate on the flow regime in a pipe of size d/D = 0.88 (when n/D = 0.25; 0.35 and 0.44) The experimental data obtained on heat exchange in and for a pipe of n/D = 0.25 Nu = 790, respectively. a smooth pipe are almost consistent with the data of other well-known authors in the field of heat transfer. It can be seen that the decrease in the number of step The results of the study on heat exchange in discretely placed outer surface smooth pipes in the range of values of the location of the ring turbulizers has a position pitch n/D = 0.25-0.44 for pipes with dimensionless diameter d/D = 0.94 for turbulizers are significant effect on the heat transfer process. In the first shown in Figure 1. shown. case, the heat exchange rate is 10–12% for n/D = 0.44 and 23–29%, respectively, for n/D = 0.25. Similar The analysis of the data shows that for pipes with n/D = 0.25 the Reynolds number is Re = 3500 when the results were obtained for a pipe of d/D = 0.88 (Fig. 2), heat transfer value is Nu = 790, at Re = 6300 Nu = 1025, and accordingly, at Re = 9800 Nu = 1280. As the flow the only difference being that the numerical values of the rate increased from 3,500 to 9,800, the process intensity increased 1.63 times. acceleration of heat exchange are much higher. For n/D = 0.44, the smooth tube heat transfer rate was 26–28%, The results obtained for a smooth pipe are as follows: and for n/D = 0.25, it was 43–47%, respectively. The Reynolds number at Re = 3500 is the value of the heat exchange rate for a pipe of n/D = 0.44 Nu = 600, The bulge height or depth of the trench, in addition to the step of placing them, causes non-stationary swells and flows, as well as microcirculations of the flow, which does not lead to a significant increase in the hydrodynamic resistance of the channel and accelerates heat exchange. References: 1. Davronbekov A. et al. Systematic analysis of process intensification in heat exchange products //Scientific progress. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 1. – С. 694-698. 2. Isomidinov A., Boykuzi K., Madaliyev A. Study of Hydraulic Resistance and Cleaning Efficiency of Gas Cleaning Scrubber //International Journal of Innovative Analyses and Emerging Technology. – 2021. – Т. 1. – №. 5. – С. 106-110. 3. Rasuljon T., Akmaljon A., Ilkhomjon M. Selection of filter material and analysis of calculation equations of mass exchange process in rotary filter apparatus //Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 5-6 (86). – С. 22-25. 4. Sadullaev X., Alimatov B., Mamarizaev I. Development and research of a high-efficient extraction plant and pro- spects for industrial application of extractors with pneumatic mixing of liquids //Barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2021. – Т. 1. – №. 5. – С. 107-115. 5. Sadullaev X., Tojiyev R., Mamarizaev I. Experience of training bachelor-specialist mechanics //Barqarorlik va yetak- chi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali. – 2021. – Т. 1. – №. 5. – С. 116-121. 6. Sadullaev, X., Muydinov, A., Xoshimov, A., Mamarizaev, I. Ecological environment and its improvements in the fergana valley //Барқарорлик ва етакчи тадқиқотлар онлайн илмий журнали. – 2021. – Т. 1. – №. 5. – С. 100-106. 7. Xursanov B.J., Mamarizayev I.M. O., Abdullayev N.Q. O. Application of interactive methods in improving the qual- ity of education //Scientific progress. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 8. – С. 175-180. 61

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. 8. Xursanov B.J., Mamarizayev I.M. O., Akbarov O.D. O. Application of constructive and technological relationships in machines // Scientific progress. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 8. – С. 164-169. 9. Xursanov B.J., Mamarizayev I.M. O., Akbarov O.D. O. Operation of mixing zones of barbotage extractor in stable hydrodynamic regime //Scientific progress. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 8. – С. 170-174. 10. Алиматов Б.А., Садуллаев Х.М., Хошимов А.О. У. Сравнение затрат энергии при пневматическом и механи- ческом перемешивании несмешивающихся жидкостей // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 5-5 (86). – С. 53-56. 11. Исомиддинов А.С., Давронбеков А.А. Исследование гидродинамических режимов сферической углубленной трубы //Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 7-1 (88). – С. 53-58. 12. Йулчиева М. Роль современной химии и инноваций в развитии национальной экономики //Scienceweb academic papers collection. – 2021. 13. Мухамадсадиков К.Д., Давронбеков А.А. Исследование влияния гидродинамических режимов сферической нижней трубы на процесс теплообмена //Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 7-1 (88). – С. 38-41. 14. Халатов А.А. Теория и практика закрученных потоков./Халатов АА АН УССР, Институт технической теплофизики, Киев: Наук. – 1989. 15. Щукин В.К., Халатов А.А. Теплообмен, массообмен и гидродинамика закрученных потоков в осесимметричных каналах // М.: Машиностроение. – 1982. – Т. 200. 62

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.99.6.13875 CONTROL OF METAL CUTTING PROCESS BASED ON VIBROACOUSTIC SIGNAL Eldor Mamurov Assistant professor Fergana Polytechnic Institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] КОНТРОЛЬ ПРОЦЕССА РЕЗАНИЯ МЕТАЛЛОВ НА ОСНОВЕ ВИБРОАКУСТИЧЕСКОГО СИГНАЛА Мамуров Элдор Турсунович доцент Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT The article deals with the use of a vibroacoustic signal generated by the cutting zone as an informative parameter for controlling the process of cutting metals when creating high-performance technologies in automated production. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассмотрены вопросы использования виброакустического сигнала генерируемого зоной резания в качестве информативного параметра для контроля процесса резания металлов при создании высокопроизводительных технологий в условиях автоматизированного производства. Keywords: cutting tool, vibroacoustic signal, material, informative parameters, cutting process, control, contact loads, automated system, sensor, deformation, measurement range, high-frequency radiation, amplitude, experiment. Ключевые слова: режущий инструмент, виброакустический сигнал, материал, информативные параметры, процесс резания, контроль, контактные нагрузки, автоматизированная система, датчик, деформация, диапазон измерения, высокочастотные излучения, амплитуда, эксперимент. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Studies show the high information content of the Contact surfaces when cutting metals at the micro cutting process parameters, such as cutting force, power level are a set of individual points that are the first to and temperature. Let's pay attention to the vibroacoustic undergo energy transformations and are the oscillators signal (VAS) generated by the cutting zone. The choice of the VAS. To measure VAS parameters, standard in- of this signal as an informative parameter was made on dustrial sensors are used, which are installed under the the basis of the fundamental provisions of the theory of cutting plate in the tool holder. Qualitative control of the metal cutting. processing process is possible only in the case of a suf- The wear process of an cutting tool a process of fric- ficiently clear information signal obtained using sensors tion, plastic deformation, gluing, diffusion, running [2,4]. smoothly on contact damage to the tool and workpiece. Each of the above sources of information is inher- In this case, the values of the main elements change and ently associated with the affected process and receives a part of the excess energy is released. Energy transfor- important information about this particular process. The mations in the cutting tools are due to the termination of cutting or contact zone, where the basic physical phe- the elasticity of wave oscillations, the consequence of nomena are observed, is very small and difficult to the movement of dislocations and the transformation of achieve with conventional hardware. structural-structural transformations, transformation at The characteristic signal perceived by the sensors the contact areas of the tool. The wear resistance of the allow only a slight perception of sensations in the ob- material depends on the intensity of these processes served machining. So the cutting force integrally affects [1,3]. the contact loads, which determine the evolution of the The informative value of the signals identifying pro- range of physical properties that accompany the cutting cesses in cutting control is necessary taking into account process. A significant part of such cases causes the de- side effects and surface perception of the material. struction of the material of the workpiece and occurs Therefore, the informative parameters of the cutting pro- with some delay, as a result of which the cutting process cess are regularities of use depending on the geometric is a complex technological integral type. Its comprehen- position of the subjects of cutting. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Mamurov E. CONTROL OF METAL CUTTING PROCESS BASED ON VIBROACOUS- TIC SIGNAL // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7univer- sum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13875

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. sive control, especially in industry, was difficult until re- First of all, this is due to the simplicity of design, high cently due to the impossibility of a qualitative determi- reliability, high sensitivity and a wide frequency band of nation, the occurrence of contact in a tool with a part the recorded vibroacoustic signal. If we consider the re- [10]. quirements for the sensor in metalworking conditions, then the sensor must have increased sensitivity, take into Based on the foregoing, the technical means of the account the perception of the measurement range and control system should be an automated system that con- measure frequencies in the range. Therefore, a piezo trols the following physical parameters of the metal cut- sensor is quite suitable for measuring VAS [6,9]. ting process, such as VAS, cutting force, main drive power and electromagnetic contact emission of the cut- The output power of piezoelectric transducers is ting zone. very small, so the output of the transducer must be turned on with a gain with as high an input impedance In modern practice, a large number of sensors have as possible. been developed to measure the vibroacoustic signal, based either on the ability of an inertial body mass to its state in With sinusoidal force f=Fmsint instantaneous cur- space (inertial sensors), or on the ability of some materials rent i=dq/dt= d(d11Fm sin)/dt. The concentration output to generate a wide range of signals under the influence voltage with the measuring circuit attached to it is of mechanical deformation (piezoelectric effect) [5,8]. Among the variety of VAS sensors, the most widely used are sensors that work on the piezoelectric effect. − =   R /( jC) )   = jd11F ; − = d11F jR /(1+ jRC ). (1)  R +1/( jC , U I I U When cutting, the piezoelectric transducer is af- process. Usually the frequency of these oscillations rarely exceeds 10 ... 15 kHz. РAЭ(t) is high-frequency, fected by vibrational forces PB(t) and acoustic emission forces РAЭ(0). There are significant differences between its frequency usually ranges from 20 kHz to hundreds of them. So PB(t) has a pronounced low-frequency charac- ter, which is caused by its nature, i.e., fluctuations of MHz. Such high-frequency radiation is associated with large mechanical masses involved in the metalworking micro destruction in the cutting zone. Figure 1. Block diagram of the measurement and processing of VAS indicators. 1-sensor, 2-switcher, 3-line amplifier, 4-low pass filter, 5-high pass filter, 6-power amplifier, 7- integrating amplifier, 8- converter The constituents of РВ and РАЭ VAS are relatively by the computer, based on information about the ex- easily separated by a filter system, after which they can pected cutting mode. The signal is divided into two be processed in appropriate ways. In addition, studies channels: vibrational and emission. In the vibration show that it is necessary to measure the power charac- channel, a high-frequency trap filter 5 (cutoff frequency teristics PB(t) and РАЭ(t), i.e., the power of vibrations and 20 kHz) passes the frequency components of the me- the power of acoustic emission. For this it is necessary chanical vibration of the cutting tool (that is, up to 20 kHz), to quadrature the signal amplitude. The block diagram is integrated in the integrator 7 and is fed from it to the of the module for measuring and processing VAS pa- converting-coupling device 8. In the acoustic emission rameters is shown in fig. 1. channel, the signal passes through the low-pass filter 4 and is subjected to squaring in the quadrature 6 and through The operation of the device is as follows. The signal the integrator 7 enters the conversion and interface device from the VAS 1 sensor is fed to the switch 2, controlled 8. To generate the touch signal, the registrar 9 is used, from the computer. After that, the signal is fed to the which receives information from filters 4 and 5. The normalizing multiplier 3, the parameters of which are set touch signal is fed to the information bus [7]. 64

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Figure. 2. Curves of vibroacoustic signal changes in time The main measurements are linear amplifier, VAS was initially determined. This period of time was frequency filter, integrator amplifier and power gain. divided into certain intervals. During the measurement, control was carried out using an oscilloscope. Registration of informative parameters, The methodology of the experiments was that for such as the components of the cutting force РZ, РX, РY, each workpiece and the proper selection of tools, cutting the effective power N of the cut, the value of VAS A, is used in various processing modes. When cutting to the EMF of the cut E, the level of electromagnetic critical wear (h=0.6 mm for carbide cutters) with non- emission of the EEME of the cutting zone was carried regrindable carbide inserts, the grades of the recorded out on a computer using an ADC. integral level of the vibroacoustic signal differ according to the wear measurement results of the wear perception On fig. 2. shows the curve of the change in the inte- tool in different parts of the curve b3 = f(τ). The meth- gral level of the VAS amplitude in the frequency range odology for conducting experimental studies for a given above 5 kHz with the suppression of low-frequency me- pair of \"workpiece-tool use\" is specially designed to chanical oscillations of the technological processing achieve the goal of perceiving metals, when in order to system. obtain the dependence V = f(τ) or T = f(v, s, t), it is nec- essary to conduct experiments with a constant pair . The amplitude of the vibroacoustic signal when the cutting tool plunges into the workpiece reaches the max- On fig. 3. estimated wear of the tool on the back sur- imum value Аmax, and then changes its value. It is char- face from the cutting time, respectively, for steel 45 and acteristic that the change in the amplitude of the VAS in tool material T5K10, and in fig. 4. dependence of the the initial period of the cutting process occurs inten- VAS amplitude on the cutting time. sively. After reaching the Ast level, there is a slight in- crease in amplitude, signal stabilization. The next stage of the research was to determine the relationship between the intensity of the change in the VAS The results of experiments carried out on various in the initial period of the cutting process, and the intensity tool and machined metals show that the stabilization of tool wear in the area of the normal wear period. time of the VAS coincides with the end of the running- in of cutting tools. In addition, the VAS parameters A joint analysis of the curves of wear and change in change depending on the cutting conditions, which once the amplitude of the VAS over time shows that the pe- again shows the information content of this signal. To riod of running-in corresponds to a high value of the sig- identify the relationship between the stabilization time nal amplitude; normal wear area - slight change; of the VAS and the period of running-in of the cutting catastrophic wear area - a significant increase in the tool, the stabilization time τst of the amplitude of the measurement of the measured signal. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Mamurov E. CONTROL OF METAL CUTTING PROCESS BASED ON VIBROACOUS- TIC SIGNAL // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7univer- sum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13875

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Figure. 3. Wear of the cutting tool from the cutting time when processing steel 45 with a cutter from T5K10; S=0.1mm/rev, t=0.5mm, I - V=2 m/s, II - V=2.7 m/s, III - V=3.6 m/s, IV - V=4.9 m/s The reason for the intense change in the signal am- specified cutting conditions. This is accompanied by the plitude during the period running-in is the desire of the formation of a rational geometry of the tool due to in- technological processing system, in particular the cut- tense wear, as well as a structure in accordance with the ting tool, to a balanced state. In this case, the cutting tool temperatures and loads that occur in the contact areas of gradually changes its geometry and the physical and me- its front and rear surfaces. chanical properties of the surface layers, adapting to the Figure. 4. The intensity of the change in the vibroacoustic signal in the initial period of the cutting process for conditional processing, shown in fig. 3 The reason for the slight change in the signal ampli- during penetration Аmax; signal stabilization time τst; tude during the period of normal wear is the steady-state amplitude of a stable level of Ast increase in amplitude nature of the increase in wear over time and the decrease over time after signal stabilization. in wear intensity compared to the run-in period. A sharp increase in the signal amplitude in the area of cata- Thus, the totality of the obtained results of experi- strophic wear is associated with an excessively high mental studies shows that there is a close relationship wear rate due to the loss of fatigue strength of the tool between the intensity of the change in the VAS at the material. A similar change in the signal amplitude is also initial moment of the cutting process and the wear rate observed in cases of processing at forced cutting condi- of the cutting tool in the steady process of its operation. tions, when after a period of running-in, a period of cat- Moreover, studies during processing at forced cutting astrophic wear immediately sets in. conditions once again showed the informational capac- ity of the measured VAS, the expediency of its use in the A feature of the results obtained is that with a change creation of high-performance technologies in automated in cutting conditions, the following changes: amplitude production. References: 1. Aleshin N.P. Metody akusticheskogo kontrolya metallov. /N.P. Aleshin, V.Ye. Belyy, A.KH. Vanilkin. – M.: Mash- inostroyeniye, 1989. – 456 s. [in Russian]. 2. Mamurov E.T. Kontrol sostoyaniya rejushego instrumenta i vliyaniya parametrov protsessa rezaniya na parametry vibroakusticheskogo signala // Nauchno-texnicheskiy jurnal FerPI. – 2021. – T. 24. – spets. vyp. №. 2. – S. 28-33. [in Russian]. 3. Mamurov E.T., Saydaxmedov R.X. Voprosy upravleniya protsessom rezaniya na osnove kontrolya i diagnostiki kachestva poverxnosti detali po vibroakusticheskomu signalu // Nauchno-texnicheskiy jurnal FerPI. – 2021. – T. 24. – spets. vyp. №. 2. – S. 53-57. [in Russian]. 4. Mamurov E.T. Metalllarga kesib ishlov berishda kontakt jarayonlarning vibroakustik signalga ta’siri //Science and Education. – 2021. – T. 2. – №. 12. – S. 158-165. [in Uzbek]. 5. Mamurov E.T. Kesuvchi asbob holatini va kesish jarayonini vibroakustik signal asosida tashxislash //Science and Education. – 2021. – T. 2. – №. 12. – S. 133-139. [in Uzbek]. 6. Mamurov E.T., Kosimova Z.M., Djemilov D.I. Povyshenie proizvoditelnosti stankov s chislovym programmnym upravleniem v mashinostroenii //Science and Education. – 2021. – T. 2. – №. 5. – S. 454-458. [in Russian]. 66

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. 7. Mamurov E.T., Kosimova Z.M., Sobirov S.S. Razrabotka texnologicheskogo protsessa s ispolzovaniem cad-cam programm //Scientific progress. – 2021. – T. 2. – №. 1. – S. 574-578. [in Russian]. 8. Medvedev D.D. Avtomatizirovannoye upravleniye protsessom obrabotki rezaniyem. – M.: Mashinostroyeniye, 1980. – 143 s. [in Russian]. 9. Podurayev V.N., Barzov A.A. Tekhnologicheskaya diagnostika rezonansnym metodom akusticheskoy emissii. – M.: Mashinostroyeniye, 1988. –200 s. [in Russian]. 10. Starkov V.K. Obrabotka rezaniyem. Upravleniye stabil'nost'yu i kachestvom v avtomatizirovannom proizvodstve. – M.: Mashinostroyeniye, 1989. – 296 s. [in Russian]. 67

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. MAINTENANCE OF TRANSMISSION UNITS AND TRANSMISSION OILS IN MOTOR VEHICLES Bobir Tagaev Master Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЕ ТРАНСМИССИОННЫХ УЗЛОВ И ТРАНСМИССИОННЫХ МАСЕЛ В АВТОТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВАХ Тогаев Бобир Зокир угли магистр Ташкентский государственный технический университет имени Ислама Каримова Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article deals with the repair of transmission parts and the use of transmission oils in road transport, transmission unit parts, their defects, types of transmission oils, their advantages and disadvantages, ensuring high quality performance of vehicles, improving performance. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассматриваются ремонт деталей трансмиссии и применение трансмиссионных масел на автомо- бильном транспорте, детали агрегатов трансмиссии, их дефекты, виды трансмиссионных масел, их достоинства и недостатки, обеспечение качественной работы транспортных средств, повышение эксплуатационных характеристик. Keywords: motor transport, transmission units, maintenance, transmission oils, friction, wear, engine power, gearbox. Ключевые слова: автотранспорт, агрегаты трансмиссии, техническое обслуживание, трансмиссионные масла, трение, износ, мощность двигателя, коробка передач. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The power gained by the engine is transmitted to the Small parts (washers, sugars, etc.) are washed and de- drive wheels via several transmission units and mecha- greased in a boiling solution. nisms. During transmission, part of the torque is used to overcome the resistance of the aggregates and mecha- Gearbox repair. When the car's forward transmission nisms that make up the transmission. is noisy and the transmissions do not engage properly (this is as of the synchronizer ring becoming unusable), The resistance is mainly due to the friction of the the outer and side surfaces of the synchronizer clutch teeth, gears. Transmission consumes up to 10-15% of the en- bearings, shafts are worn, and the gear teeth are broken. gine power to overcome such harmful resistances. Transmission oils are used to lubricate the gears of ve- Depending on the condition of the worn parts, they hicles, such as gearboxes, drive axles, on-board trans- were replaced (with a pair of joints) and repaired. missions, gearboxes, steering and steering gears. Replacing the parts ensures that the transmission Major overhaul of transmission units includes the works for a long time without damage, resulting in less following operations: pre-cleaning, washing and partial maintenance. Special tools are used to remove the syn- disassembly of units, washing them in a partially disas- chronizer hub and other details of the transmission gear. sembled state, disassembly of units, detection of defects and separation of parts into serviceable and unservicea- The main function of transmission oils is to reduce ble and repair requirements , restoration of details, as- wear on the working surfaces of the gear teeth and fric- sembly of assemblies, assembly, painting, adaptation to tion costs on the transmission units, cooling the parts and each other using details. Disassembly has a significant protecting them from corrosion. In addition, transmis- impact on the quality of reusable parts. sion oils must reduce the effects of impact loads, noise from the gears and their vibration, and seal cracks in This work should be carried out at appropriate posts, seals and various joints. Transmission oils are mainly quality assembly and disassembly facilities. The use of obtained from tar and semi-tar from the residual prod- steel hammers and the use of impact forces during the ucts of oil refining. installation and removal of bearings are prohibited. Transmission oils are highly viscous and viscous black liquids with a density of 900-935 g / cm3. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Tagaev B.Z. MAINTENANCE OF TRANSMISSION UNITS AND TRANSMISSION OILS IN MOTOR VEHICLES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7uni- versum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13836

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. The operating conditions of transmission oils are To improve the lubricating properties, a small amount drastically different from the operating conditions of en- of asphalt resin is left in the oil (such oils become black). gine oils. First of all, the friction surfaces of gear, coni- cal, cylindrical, worm gears have a specific load of The presence of sulfur in the oil reduces the wear, 1500-2000 MPa, which is much higher than in the en- but in addition, anti-scratch and anti-friction compounds gine, and even 4000 MPa in hypoid gears. are added to the oil, which are different from those added to engine oils. In this case, sulfur, phosphorus and The slip speed is high between the friction pairs in nitrogen compounds, lead, zinc, aluminum, metal-or- the engine, but the relative slip speed is not very high ganic compounds with molybdenum, animal and vege- (not more than 2.5-3.0 ms) in the gear transmissions of table oils, fatty acids, their esters, resinous and the transmission and the operating temperature is 80- petroleum acids, etc. is used. Transmission oil may con- 100 0C. tain antioxidant, anti-corrosion and depressant compounds. Due to the increase in engine power and the use of Base oils based on esters or polyalphaolefins, as machines, the operating temperature in the transmission well as those obtained by hydrocracking oil, have the units rises and sometimes reaches 125-140 0C. In addition most stable quality and allow you to create products with to intensive oxidation, the hydrocarbons in the oil are a high resource: a package of additives, inevitably aging thermally decomposed. and collapsing during operation, needs to be introduced in a smaller volume. The basic properties of the oil can Most transmission oils are made from a mixture of be \"programmed\" as part of the base itself, so synthetic distillate (i.e., obtained by driving) and residual sulfuric transmission oils are considered to be the best in terms oils (hence the unpleasant sulfur odor). of their operational properties. Picture 1. Synthetic transmission oils But most of the advantages of synthetic transmis- TAP-15V. The letter \"P\" means that the oil contains sion oils are revealed only in demanding units operated impurities. The letter “V” indicates that the composition under high loads or in extreme conditions. Therefore, is better than the previously developed TAP-15 oil. synthetic oils, which are the most expensive, are not al- ways advisable to use, and pouring them into aggregates Currently, the best transmission oil is TAD-17I. It designed for mineral options does not give a noticeable can be used in all transmission units, including the steer- increase in resource. Classification by applicability. Due ing gear. to radically different operating conditions, transmission oils for mechanical transmissions and automatic trans- Conclusion. Repair of transmission parts and trans- missions are produced according to different standards. mission oils in road transport. For mechanical transmissions, API classification is the most widespread. The brand of transmission oils used The power gained by the engine is transmitted to the for cars begins with the letter TA. drive wheels via several transmission units and mecha- nisms. TAD-17I. The letter \"D\" means that the oil contains not only residual oil, but also distilled oil. The letter \"I\" During transmission, part of the torque is used to means that the oil contains complex compounds that overcome the resistance of the aggregates and mecha- provide anti-corrosion and anti-foaming properties. nisms that make up the transmission. Transmission oil can contain anti-oxidant, anti-cor- rosion and depressant compounds. Transmission oils are mainly derived from tar and semi-tar from residual oil refining products. References: 1. Alimova Z.X. Exploitation materials used in vehicles. –T.: Science and Technology, 2011, 160 pages. 2. Khudoyberdiyev K.R. \"Fuels and lubricants and technical fluids\" Tashkent: \"Interpretation\", 2008. 3. Yadgarov KA Textbook on \"Operational materials used in vehicles.\" Termez 2017-y 4. G.Sh.Jo'rayeva, M.I.Mamasaleyeva, D.Q.Alimova, A.T.Azizov The basics of using machines. The textbook. Tashkent, 2019, -264 b. 69

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УДК 62/64+66/69 ББК 3 U55 Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии: Горбачевский Евгений Викторович, канд. техн. наук; Демин Анатолий Владимирович, д-р техн. наук; Звездина Марина Юрьевна, д-р. физ.-мат. наук; Ким Алексей Юрьевич, д-р техн. наук; Козьминых Владислав Олегович, д-р хим. наук; Ларионов Максим Викторович, д-р биол. наук; Манасян Сергей Керопович, д-р техн. наук; Мажидов Кахрамон Халимович, д-р наук, проф; Мартышкин Алексей Иванович, канд.техн. наук; Мерганов Аваз Мирсултанович, канд.техн. наук; Пайзуллаханов Мухаммад-Султанхан Саидвалиханович, д-р техн. наук; Радкевич Мария Викторовна, д-р техн наук; Серегин Андрей Алексеевич, канд. техн. наук; Старченко Ирина Борисовна, д-р техн. наук; Усманов Хайрулла Сайдуллаевич, д-р техн. наук; Юденков Алексей Витальевич, д-р физ.-мат. наук; Tengiz Magradze, PhD in Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering. U55 Universum: технические науки: научный журнал. – № 6(99). Часть 7. М., Изд. «МЦНО», 2022. – 68 с. – Электрон. версия печ. публ. – http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/699 ISSN : 2311-5122 DOI: 10.32743/UniTech.2022.99.6-7 Учредитель и издатель: ООО «МЦНО» ББК 3 © ООО «МЦНО», 2022 г.

Содержание 5 5 Papers in english 5 Metallurgy and materials science 12 SOME ASPECTS OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND-CLAY MIXTURES USED FOR A PARTICULARLY RESPONSIBLE STEEL CASTINGS 12 Lochinbek Kuchkorov Nodirjon Tursunov 15 Shavkat Alimukhamedov Khushid Nurmetov 15 Otabek Toirov 18 Civil engineering and architecture 23 27 TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LOCAL WASTE ON INCREASING THE STRENGTH OF GYPSUM 30 Mamuraxon Abidova 36 Abdulaziz Khokimov 40 Faxriyor Baxromov 44 Sarvarbek Bo‘ronov 50 Transport 50 ANALYSIS OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF LUBRICATING OIL USE IN QUARRY TRUCKS Bazarov Bakhtiyor Asliddin Abdirashidov Fakhriddin Sidikov APPLICATION OF OLAP-TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE LOGISTIC SYSTEM OF CARGO DELIVERY Akmal Kamalov Zokirkhon Yusufkhanov CHOICE OF THE OPTIMUM FORECASTING MODEL IN DIFFERENT VALUE OF INITIAL INFORMATION Mirsalih Marupov Zokirkhon Yusufkhonov DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN CRITERIA WHEN SELECTING CARGO TRANSPORTATION Abdurahim Murodov Zulfiya Atajanova Zokirkhon Yusufkhonov RESEARCH ON THE AERODYNAMICS OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS Marufdjan Rasulov Masud Masharipov Ramazon Bozorov FUEL RESOURCES USED IN VEHICLES AS WELL AS THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Shokhruh Yаkubbekov Zokirjon Turgunov DESIGNING OF PARKING LOTS AROUND SOCIO-ECONOMIC OBJECTS IN THE SOFTWARE OF PTV VISSIM Turatov Bekzod Azizbek Nishonov METHOD OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTRODUCTION OF A MULTI-LEVEL ESU DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM SELF-PROPELLED NARROW-GAUGE POWER STATION Shoxrux Yakubbekov Yusufkhon Abduvaliev Doston Holdorov Jakhongir Sobirjonov Alisher Olimov Transport, mining and construction engineering NOMENKLATURE OF FREIGHT IN TRANSPORTATION ISSUES OF VEHICLES Behzod Mustafoev Shoxista Xamdamova

Technology of materials and products of the textile and light industry 54 UNIFICATION OF GARMENT PARTS 54 Nigora Tosheva 56 COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF DICTIONS OF TWO LAYER KNITTED TEXTILE FAB- 62 RICS FROM COTTON AND POLYESTER YARN Lazizbek Uralov 62 Kurbanali Kholikov 64 Umarjon Melibaev Dilafruz Vakhobova Food technology METHODS OF OPTIMIZATION OF THE FRUIT DRYING PROCESS Shokir Issaqov PROCESSING POMEGRANATE JUICE WITH PECTINASE FERMENT AGAINST COLLOIDAL TURBIDITY TECHNOLOGY Zilola Madaminova Sevinch Sadriddinova Bakhtiyor Mekhmonov

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE SOME ASPECTS OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND-CLAY MIXTURES USED FOR A PARTICULARLY RESPONSIBLE STEEL CASTINGS Lochinbek Kuchkorov Ph.D. student of the Department of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Nodirjon Tursunov Ph.D., head of the Department of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Shavkat Alimukhamedov Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor of the Department of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Khushid Nurmetov Senior Lecturer of the Department of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Otabek Toirov Ph.D. student of the Department of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ МЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ПЕСЧАНО-ГЛИНИСТЫХ СМЕСИ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМЫХ ДЛЯ ОСОБО ОТВЕТСТВЕННЫХ СТАЛЬНЫХ ОТЛИВОК Кучкоров Лочинбек Ахмаджон угли докторант кафедры «Материаловедения и машиностроения» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Турсунов Нодиржон Каюмжонович канд. техн. наук, заведующий кафедрой «Материаловедения и машиностроения» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: SOME ASPECTS OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND-CLAY MIXTURES USED FOR A PARTICULARLY RESPONSIBLE STEEL CASTINGS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Kuchkorov L. [и др.]. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13906

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Алимухамедов Шавкат Пирмухамедов д-р техн. наук, профессор кафедры «Материаловедения и машиностроения» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Нурметов Хуpшид Икромович ст. преподаватель кафедры «Материаловедения и машиностроения» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Тоиров Отабек Тоир угли докторант кафедры «Материаловедения и машиностроения» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The sand-clay mixtures (SCM) molding has become widespread at enterprises producing large-sized casting. SCM is a mixture of quartz sand with astringent clay, water and technological additives, capable of taking the form of the necessary configuration during pressing, shaking, inflating and other influences. After casting and solidification of the castings, the mold is subject to destruction, its material is prepared for subsequent reuse. At the same time, an additional portion of clay and technological additives must be introduced into the mixture instead of the spent ones, as well as part of the mixture must be removed. The article presents studies of molding sand-clay mixtures of various compositions. A comparative analysis was presented. The effect of starch on the mechanical properties of the mixture has been studied. АННОТАЦИЯ Формование песчано-глинистых смесей (ПГС) получило широкое распространение на предприятиях, произ- водящих крупногабаритное литье. ПГС представляет собой смесь кварцевого песка с вяжущей глиной, водой и технологическими добавками, способная приобретать форму необходимой конфигурации при прессовании, встряхивании, надувании и других воздействиях. После отливки и затвердевания отливок форма подлежит уничтожению, ее материал подготавливается для последующего повторного использования. При этом в смесь необходимо вводить дополнительную порцию глины и технологических добавок взамен отработанных, а также удалять часть смеси. В статье представлены исследования формовочных песчано-глинистых смесей различного состава. Был представлен сравнительный анализ. Изучено влияние крахмала на механические свойства смеси. Keywords: sand-clay mixture, recycled mixture, starch, bentonite, lining, sand, filling, shape, strength, cast. Ключевые слова: песчано-глинистая смесь, облицовка, засыпка, оборотная смесь, бентонит, песок, крахмал, прочность, форма, отливка. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction Facing sands come into contact with liquid metal and therefore are subjected to the most severe operating In most cases, the loss of the mixture is about 10% conditions. Therefore, they have high strength and fire of the mass of the casting. Chemically bonded rods, also resistance, are made of quartz sand and clay without used in the manufacture of castings in sand-clay forms, adding burnt earth. Typically, the layer thickness of this usually have very good deformability, the particles of mixture is 20-30 mm [2]. the mixture used for the manufacture of rods become un- bound, have good flowability and in this respect behave Facing forming sand is used once. Filling forming like grains of the original sand. In many cases, the sands are used repeatedly, so they are called circulating amount of sand introduced into the SCM from the core sands. mixture during clogging exceeds the required additive in the region of 10% of the mass of the casting and can The filler is a molding composition for filling the even reach 100% of this mass, which is a typical situa- mold after the veneer is applied to the model. tion and amounts to 30-50% [1]. Therefore, they have high strength and fire resistance, Two types of mixtures are produced in the foundry: are made of quartz sand and clay without adding burnt facing and pouring. earth. Typically, the layer thickness of this mixture is 20-30 mm. Facing sand is the forming sand used to make the working layer of the mold. Such mixtures contain an in- Facing forming sand is used once. Filling forming creased amount of starting molding materials (sand and sands are used repeatedly, so they are called circulating clay) and have high physical and mechanical properties. sands. The filler is a molding composition for filling the mold after the veneer is applied to the model. Therefore, 6

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. it is prepared by treating the processed mixture with a and shall withstand the pressure of the cast metal. Stand- small amount of raw forming materials (sand and clay). ard strength characteristics are: for crude mixtures - compressive strength (σcj = 30...70 kPa) [5-8]. Pouring mixtures consist of recycled earth (cal- cined, obtained after knocking out castings), to which 2. Methods water, clay substances and quartz sands are added. Fac- ing mixtures should be of better quality than fillers, since A sample of a molding lining mixture with a up to 40% of fresh earth is injected into them. moisture content of 3.9 ± 0.1 was selected for the research. It differs from the facing mixture in lower quality and lower cost. It is composed of approximately 95% To prepare a 100% facing mixture, quartz molding recycled sand and 5% fresh molding materials. The re- sand 1K3O2025 or 2K2O2025 according to GOST maining volume of the flask is filled with this mixture. 2138-91 is required in an amount of 89%, bentonite R1T1 11% according to GOST 28177-89, water To obtain high quality castings, the molding and according to the required moisture mixture. For large core mixtures from which disposable molds and cores casting, humidity ranges from 3.5 - 4.2% in winter, 3.5 are made must have a certain set of mechanical, techno- - 4.4% in summer. logical and physical properties. After selecting the traditional mixture, experiments This paper examined the physical and mechanical were carried out using starch in an amount from 0.05 to properties of the molding mixture, such as gas permea- 0.25% as additives. bility, compaction, and compressive strength [3-4]. First, the humidity of the mixture was determined Gas permeability is the ability to pass through the on the PWG MA35M minilaboratory equipment (Figure walls of the mold (rod) gases formed when molten metal 1, a). contacts the mold (rod), as well as during crystallization of the casting. The molten metal always contains dis- The method is based on the loss of sand mass of the solved gases released as it cools and solidifies. molding mixture after drying to a constant mass. A mass of up to 5 g is isolated from the mixture, placed in a If the gas permeability of the mold is insufficient, humidity measuring device PWG MA35 and dried for 5 gas bubbles may form in the casting and on its surface. minutes. After the time has elapsed, humidity readings in % are taken from the device (Figure 1, b). Strength is the ability of a mold or rod to ensure their safety during manufacture and use. Molds shall not be destroyed by shock during assembly and transportation a) b) Figure 1. PWG MA35M humidity measuring device: a - general view; b - test results Then, samples were made with a size of 50 x 50 mm the density of the mixture is determined by the method (Figure 3) according to GOST 23409.7-78 for compaction based on determining the change in the height of the tests. The samples were made using PVF-C minilaboratory mixture in the sleeve (Figure 2, b) before and after. equipment (Figure 2, a). In the manufacture of samples, 7

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. a) б) Figure 2. PVF-C minilaboratory equipment for adaptability: a) general view; b) sleeve with a mixture For determining the compactness, 155 g of the mold- a minilab for creating samples and measuring the me- ing mixture is weighed, the sleeve is filled and tested in chanical properties of sand-clay molding mixtures PVF-C. Figure 3. Test samples with dimensions of 50 x 50 according to GOST 23409-78 3. Results and Discussion The results obtained by testing the mechanical prop- erties of the molding mixture are shown in Table 1. 8

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Table 1. Comparison of the mechanical properties of the molding mixture Mode Mixture Composition Compressive strength in the Compressibility, 0 Traditional mixture wet state, kGf/cm2 % I Traditional mixture + 0.05 % starch 1,08 48,5 II Traditional mixture + 0.10 % starch 1,09 48,6 III Traditional mixture + 0.15 % starch 1,07 48,4 IV Traditional mixture + 0.20 % starch 1,08 48,5 V Traditional mixture + 0.25 % starch 1,11 49,6 1,10 49,7 1,10 49,8 1,10 49,7 1,14 49,9 1,16 49,8 1,15 49,9 1,15 49,9 1,19 50,7 1,20 50,7 1,21 51,0 1,20 50,5 1,20 50,6 1,20 50,7 1,21 50,9 1,20 50,7 1,15 49,4 1,14 49,3 1,16 49,4 1,15 49,4 Based on Table 1, Table 2 is compiled with arithmetic averages. Arithmetic mean of the results Table 2. Mode Starch Amount, % Compressive strength Compressibility, in the wet state, kGf/cm2 % Traditional 0 48,5 1 0,05 1,07 49,5 2 0,1 1,11 50,3 3 0,15 1,17 51,0 4 0,2 1,21 50,7 5 0,25 1,20 49,4 1,16 A comparative index of compressive strength in the wet state is obtained in Figure 4. 9

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Compressive strength in the wet 1,22 state, kGf/cm2 1,2 1,18 1,16 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 1,14 Starch Amount, % 1,12 1,1 1,08 1,06 0 Figure 4. Dependence of the compressive strength in the wet state on the percentage of starch in the SCM As can be seen from Figure 4, with an increase in the the tensile strength increases from 1.07 to 1.21 kGf/cm2, amount of starch in the SCM, the compressive strength from 0.15% to 0.25% starch in SCM, the tensile strength has an extreme character. Up to 0.15% starch in SCM, decreases to 1.16 kGf/cm2. 51,5 51 Compressibility, 50,5 % 50 49,5 49 48,5 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0 Starch Amount, % Figure 5. The dependence of the compaction of the mixture on the percentage of starch in the SCM Figure 5 shows that with an increase in the amount same time, when starch (consisting of 89% quartz sand of starch to 0.15%, the density increases from 49 to 51%, and 11% bentonite) was added to the SCM, the mechan- after 0.15% to 0.25% it decreases to 49.4%, since the starch ical characteristics of the mixture increased: density is lower than that of the sand-clay mixture. • wet strength limit by 11.6 %; 4. Conclusion • seal by 4%. The optimal starch content is shown, which is As the results of the experiment showed, the addi- 0.15% of the volume of the sand-clay mixture. tion of starch to the SCM has a positive effect. At the References: 1. Кучкоров Л.А., & Турсунов Н.К. (2021). Исследование состава формовочных и стержневых смесей для повышения механических свойств. Scientific progress, 2(5), 350-356. 2. Кучкоров Л.А. У., Турсунов Н.К., & Тоиров О.Т. У. (2021). Исследование стержневых смесей для повышения газопроницаемости. Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 1(8), 831-836. 3. Тоиров О.Т., Турсунов Н.К., Кучкоров Л.А., & Рахимов У.Т. (2021). Исследование причин образования трещины в одной из половин стеклоформы после её окончательного изготовления. Scientific progress, 2(2), 1485-1487. 10

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. 4. Tursunov N.K., Toirov O.T. \"Innovative technology to reduce the fracture of large steel castings of a particularly responsiбle purpose used for cast parts of railway rolling stock.\" 5. Ten E.B., Toirov O.T. Optimization of the sprue system for casting \"Side frame\" using computer modeling. 6. Tursunov N.K., Semin A.E., Sanokulov E.A. Study of the processes of dephosphorization and desulfurization during steel smelting 20GL in an induction cruciбle furnace//Collection of works of the XIV International Congress of Steelmakers. Moscow - Elektrostal, 2016. S. -272-276. 7. Toirov O., & Tursunov N. (2021). Development of production technology of rolling stock cast parts. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 264, p. 05013). EDP Sciences. 8. Toirov O.T., Tursunov N.Q., Nigmatova D.I., & Qo’chqorov L.A. (2022). Using of exothermic inserts in the large steel castings production of a particularly. Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal, 3(1), 250-256. 9. Аkhmedov D., Alimukhamedov S., Tursunov I., Narziev S., & Riskaliev D. (2021). Modeling the steering wheel influence by the driver on the vehicle's motion stability. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 264). EDP Sciences. 10. Toirov O.T., Tursunov N.Q., & Nigmatova D.I. (2022, January). Reduction of defects in large steel castings on the example of\" side frame\". In International Conference on Multidimensional Research and Innovative Technological Analyses (pp. 19-23). 11. Tursunov N.K., Toirov O.T., Nurmetov K.I., & Azimov S.J. (2022). Improvement of technology for producing cast parts of rolling stock by reducing the fracture of large steel castings. Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(Special Issue 4-2), 948-953. 12. Tursunov N.K., Toirov O.T., Nurmetov K.I., Azimov S.J., & Qo‘chqorov L.A. (2022). Development of innovative technology of the high-quality steel production for the railway rolling stock cast parts. Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 2(Special Issue 4-2), 992-997. 13. Tursunov N.K., Semin A.E., & Sanokulov E.A. (2017). Study of dephosphoration and desulphurization processes in the smelting of 20GL steel in the induction crucible furnace with consequent ladle treatment using rare earth metals. Chernye Metally, 1, 33-40. 14. Tursunov N.K., Semin A.E., & Sanokulov E.A. (2016). Study of desulfurization process of structural steel using solid slag mixtures and rare earth metals. Chernye metally, 4, 32-7. 11

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.99.6.13922 TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LOCAL WASTE ON INCREASING THE STRENGTH OF GYPSUM Mamuraxon Abidova Assistant of “Chemical technology” Chair, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Ferghana E-mail: [email protected] Abdulaziz Khokimov Assistant of “Chemical technology” Chair, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Ferghana Faxriyor Baxromov Bachelor at Ferghana Polytechnic Institute Department of \"Chemical Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Ferghana Sarvarbek Bo‘ronov Bachelor at Ferghana Polytechnic Institute Department of \"Chemical Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Ferghana ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ МЕСТНЫХ ОТХОДОВ НА ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ПРОЧНОСТИ ГИПСА Абидова Мамурахон Алишеровна ассистент кафедры «Химической технологии» Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, Фергана Хокимов Абдулазиз Эргашали угли ассистент кафедры «Химической технологии» Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Бахромов Фахриёр Зохиджон ўғли бакалавр, Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Бўронов Сарварбек Сахадулла ўғли бакалавр, Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT The article presents experimental data on gypsum binder with the addition of test substances from local waste to improve the physical, mechanical and thermal properties. Thermal insulation properties of the final product - a composite building material. The aim of the article was to determine the effect of composite material on the strength of local waste. based on gypsum binder. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF LOCAL WASTE ON INCREASING THE STRENGTH OF GYPSUM // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Abidova M.A. [и др.]. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13922

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье представлены экспериментальные данные по гипсовому вяжущему с добавлением испытуемых ве- ществ из местных отходов для улучшения физико-механических и теплофизических свойств. Теплоизоляцион- ные свойства конечного продукта - композитного строительного материала. Целью статьи было определить влияние композиционного материала на прочность местных отходов на основе гипсового вяжущего. Keywords: gypsum, plasticizer, ostrich feather, local waste. Ключевые слова: гипс, пластификатор, страусиное перо, местные отходы. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Today in our country, building materials will play a be applied before the bite. If the biting process is big role in the development of culture and technology. disturbed, the formed crystal buds will disintegrate, and The rapid development of the economy of Uzbekistan their strength will decrease sharply. Therefore, it is today involves the rational use of all types of resources, possible to finish using the patch before biting, either reducing their losses and the introduction of waste-free mixing it in small amounts, or adding substances to the technologies.[1] If gaseous and liquid wastes are quickly patch that weaken the biting process. The more beautiful absorbed by the environment, then it will take decades the building gypsum looks, the softer and faster setting and even hundreds of years to assimilate solid wastes, molded gypsum is obtained. and their storage sites will occupy large areas. The best way to improve the quality of filled binders, as well as By examining the nature of the fibers used and the reduce the cost of building products of thermal insulation composition of municipal solid waste, it can be seen that compositions based on them, is to include multifunctional some components of municipal solid waste are suitable additives obtained from recycled materials in their for the production of fiber additives. Some wastes are composition. In order to develop a new technology for entirely fibrous in nature. For example, strong fibers obtaining multifunctional building materials from cheap with good adhesive properties can be obtained from raw materials, the authors were given the task of polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Also, the technology preparing laboratory samples from binders with the for processing fiberglass cutlets has long been known, fillers described above and studying their physical and and today, in turn, it is widely used in the manufacture mechanical properties. To improve the thermal insulation of wall panels. Paper waste is mainly composed of characteristics of these mixtures, a number of porous cellulose, which itself has a fibrous nature. [2] However, local organic additives were selected and their effect was there are also specific Uzbek wastes – ostrich feathers. studied. These include local wood chips and annual field Today, these wastes do not find their consumers in crops: wheat straw, cotton stalk chips, sasna tree leaves, Uzbekistan. the main part of ostrich feathers is thrown palm trunks and annual agricultural waste - secondary away without reuse, while in other countries ostrich raw materials that act as. To improve the thermal feathers are a necessary raw material. Ostrich feather is insulation characteristics of these mixtures, a number of a unique natural material with excellent thermal properties. porous local organic additives were selected and their One of the most important qualities of ostrich feathers is effect was studied. These include local wood chips and their low thermal conductivity. Another important annual field crops: wheat straw, cotton stalk chips, sasna feature of this material is its high hygroscopicity. The idea tree leaves, palm trunks and annual agricultural waste - of using ostrich feathers to reinforce gypsum, which secondary raw materials that act as. To improve the seems abstract in theory, in practice can provide a unique thermal insulation characteristics of these mixtures, a building material. A series of tests were carried out to number of porous local organic additives were selected determine the interaction of gypsum, ostrich feather and and their effect was studied. These include local wood plasticizer. Gypsum binder G-5 B of class II was used as chips and annual field crops: wheat straw, cotton stalk the main binder in the tests. Locally produced Perfectbuild chips, sasna tree leaves, palm trunks and annual 836 was used as a plasticizer. For the experiment, ostrich agricultural waste - secondary raw materials that act as. feathers were first treated with detergents and dried. Then the ostrich feather was crushed and pieces 6-8 mm The low cost of local waste makes them an ideal long were obtained. The fibers were evenly distributed candidate for particulate reinforcement of building in the gypsum until a homogeneous mixture was formed. materials. However, poor adhesion with binders causes Then, water and a plasticizer were added to the mixture. a number of problems, the solution of which provides When preparing the mixture, the water-gypsum ratio was the building materials market with an inexpensive and maintained at 0.65. The resulting mixture is thoroughly durable innovative product [2]. Given the growing mixed and poured into a mold of corrosion-resistant number of solid waste landfills, as well as the high material designed for the manufacture of sample beams market demand for new multifunctional building 40x40x160 mm in size. The feathers in the composite materials, there is a need to produce building materials mixture are arranged randomly. When making samples, using man-made waste. Reinforcement with fibers and sections of the mold are filled simultaneously. After microfibers is widely used in the production of building pouring the gypsum dough, the mold is shaken six times materials throughout the world [2,5]. with a mechanical vibrator to remove incoming air [3]. The flexural and compressive strength of gypsum Binder and water, mixing conditions and temperature. ostrich feather samples was evaluated according to the presence of any additives. This condition causes a GOST 310.4-81 and GOST 23789-79 [4]. number of inconveniences, since the mixed plaster must 13

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Table 1. Sample test results after 28 days No. Composition Bending strength, compressive strength, sample MPa MPa Gypsum% Reservoir% Pat% 4.33 7.5 one 98.6 0.4 one 4.1 eight 2 98.1 0.4 1.5 4.02 8.3 3 97.5 0.4 2 3.8 8.1 4 97.1 0.4 2.5 3.4 7.5 5 96.2 0.4 3 3.98 eight 6 98.1 0.8 one 3.85 7.5 7 97.8 0.8 1.5 3.62 7.4 8,4 1,5 2 2,5 3 8,2 8 7,8 7,6 7,4 7,2 7 6,8 1 Plast o,4% Plast 0,8% Figure 1. Dependence of the compressive strength of gypsum wool samples on the amount of plasticizer Studies have shown that the amount of fibers in the strength indicators decrease by more than 2.5%. However, preparation of samples without the use of special methods during the production of ostrich feather gypsum paste, it of compression, pressing and vibration is limited in volume was found that adding more than 3% fiber makes it very and does not exceed 1-2%, and with the use of plasticizers difficult to knead the gypsum paste, which can lead to dif- this figure increases by 1.5%. According to Table. 1 and ficulties in the production of this material. In addition, the drawing. 1, the addition of up to 2% ostrich feather fibers data shows that the optimal amount of plasticizer for this increases the strength properties of gypsum, and additional compound is 0.4%. References: 1. Эргашев А., Руденко И., Давлетов С., Азизов А., Акиншина Н. “Основы устойчивого развития и природопользо- вания”. Ташкент. Baktria press., 2016. 296 c. 2. Игамбердиев Б.Г., Абидова М.А., Омонова М.С. Исследование влияния пластификатора на прочностные характе- ристики гипсошерстяного композита // Проблемы современной науки и образования, 2019. № 5 (138). С. 19-22. 3. Игамбердиев Б.Г., Адылходжаев А.И. Исследование влияния армирования различными волокнами на прочность гипсовых композитов. В сборнике: Наука и инновации в строительстве. Сборник докладов Международной научно-практической конференции (к 165-летию со дня рождения В.Г. Шухова), 2018. С. 383-385. 4. Корчагина О.А., Однолько В.Г. Материаловедение: Оценка качества строительных материалов. Тамбов: ГОУ ВПО ТГТУ, 2010. 84. 5. Khokimov A.E. USE OF PHOSPHOGIPS IN SILICATES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13700 (дата обращения: 26.05.2022). 14

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. TRANSPORT ANALYSIS OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF LUBRICATING OIL USE IN QUARRY TRUCKS Bazarov Bakhtiyor Doctor of Technical Sciences, professor, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Asliddin Abdirashidov Applicant, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Fakhriddin Sidikov Senior lecturer, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] АНАЛИЗ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ СМАЗОЧНЫХ МАСЕЛ В КАРЬЕРНЫХ САМОСВАЛАХ Базаров Бахтиёр Имамович д-р техн. наук, профессор, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абдирашидов Аслидин Абдумуҳаммад ўғли соискатель, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Сидиков Фахриддин Шамситдинович ст. преподователь, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT This article focuses on improving the efficiency of lubricating oils used in quarry conditions. For the reliable and durable operation of special equipment, as well as the achievement of great technical and economic performance, it is more normal to use engine oils recommended for any type of machinery operating in a very negative, i.e. dusty and dirty environment. АННОТАЦИЯ Данная статья посвящена вопросам повышения эффективности использования смазочных масел, эксплуати- руемых в карьерных условиях. Для надежной и долговечной эксплуатации спецтехники, также заслуги больших технико-экономических характеристик более нормально использовать моторные масла, рекомендуемые для хоть какого вида техники, работающей в очень отрицательной, то есть пыльной и грязной среде. Keywords: operating materials, fuels and lubricants, internal combustion engines, dump trucks. Ключевые слова: эксплуатационные материалы, горючее-смазочные материалы, двигатели внутреннего сгорания, карерные автосамосвалы. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Bazarov B., Abdirashidov A., Sidikov F. ANALYSIS OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF LUBRICATING OIL USE IN QUARRY TRUCKS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13915

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Introduction. Mining enterprises in Uzbekistan ex- in fast and heavy-duty driving - 0.4 litres per 1000 km; tensively operate strong loading-unloading and motor in mountain and near-peak conditions - 0.5 l per transport equipment (dump trucks, bulldozers, front 1,000 km. loaders, etc.) with diesel engines of various capacities In engines with mileage over 150,000 km this figure and designs. For their reliable and durable operation, as will be 0.35 - 0.55 l on average. well as to achieve great technical and economic charac- Lubricant consumption rates are set per 100 litres of teristics it is more normal to use engine oils recom- total fuel consumption, calculated in accordance with mended for any type of machinery operating in a very the standards for the vehicle in question. Oils are stated negative, i.e. dusty and dirty environment. in litres per 100 litres of fuel consumption, lubricants in kilograms per 100 litres of fuel consumption respectively. Object of study: Quarry trucks. Factors affecting engine oil consumption Subject of the research: Increasing efficiency of (service life) lubricating oil use in dump trucks. The type of engine construction. This factor must Research purpose - increase of efficiency of using take into account the characteristics of the fuel used for of pit dump truck, increase of quality indicators of operation, as well as the way it is delivered. exploitation of dump trucks. The condition of the filter. If a vehicle is operated with Research objectives: analysis of increase of a damaged or clogged filter element, the consumption efficiency of use of lubricating oils in dump trucks; of lubricating oil will definitely be increased. analysis of requirements to motor oils according to State A large number of factors influence the performance Standard. of the oil in the engine: Requirements for dump trucks and operating • the quality of the assembly or the quality of the conditions engine overhaul; The most important link in the technological chain • the total mileage of the engine; in surface mines is the technological roads. Technology • fuel quality; in quarries and mines is based on a cycle: loading of rock • engine operating mode (city, highway, combination or overburden, transportation and unloading. of city and highway, with a trailer); Share of expenditure on fuel and lubricants, in- • the driving style (e.g. increased engine speed or cluding engine oil consumption gearshift); Today, fuel, oil and lubricants in road transport ac- • the road conditions (dusty, serpentine) or off-road count for up to 30% of the total cost per unit of transport driving (waterlogged, dusty). work. Engine oil is contaminated by mechanical impurities During the running-in period of a new machine up such as dust causing abrasion if the air filter is not to a reading of 5000 km, the oil consumption rate is on changed on time. Soot produced by diesel combustion average 1 litre per 1000 km. This quantity is consumed and released into the crankcase along with the bursting by the lubrication system after the piston rings have been gases increases oil viscosity, impairs oil circulation replaced. Lubricant consumption is directly dependent through the lubrication system, causes deposits and on the engine type of the vehicle. Generally speaking, increased wear. Normal wear products from engine for mileages between 5,000 and 150,000 kilometres, oil parts cause abrasive wear. consumption is within the following limits: in normal driving mode - 0.25 litres per 1000 km; Figure 1. CAT 3512 engine oil consumption with 15000-25000 m*h service interval 16

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Unburned fuel dilutes the oil in the crankcase and Conclusion. Oils produced in our country are clas- reduces its viscosity, which can lead to cylinder liner sified according to GOST 17479-72. At present time the scoring, lacquer deposits on pistons, reduced liner life domestic and interstate standards for lubricating oils are and increased oil consumption. GOST 6360-83, GOST 8581-78, GOST 10541-78, GOST 12337-84, GOST 20303-74, GOST 20457-75, Lubricant consumption depends on several cumulative GOST 20991-75, GOST 23497-79, GOST 25770-83. factors: Some criteria of lubricating oils of mine dump trucks are not mentioned in the above normative documents, which • the condition of the combustion engine (this in- requires additional research. In this connection the ques- cludes not only age, power, cylinder displacement and tion of defining of scientifically based methods for de- wear, but also the climatic conditions in which it is op- fining the quantity of lubricating oils of specialised erated, timely maintenance and other factors) vehicles, being operated in difficult conditions, that pro- vides reliable and trouble-free work of these vehicles lu- • condition of the filter (a clogged or damaged fil- bricating oil is actual. ter will increase consumption) • internal combustion engine construction type (the type and mode of fuel supply determines oil consumption) • technical characteristics and quality indicators of the engine fluid. References: 1. Bazarov B.I. Problemi ispolzovaniya alternativnix motornix topliv i sistem pitaniya.// Neft i gaz 2007, № 2 –s. 41-42. 2. Bazarov B.I. Ekologicheskaya bezopasnost avtotransportnix sredstv. –Tashkent: Chinor ENK, 2012.-216 c. 3. Bazarov B.I., Vasidov А.X., Аxmadjonov., R.X. Аlimov Sh.I. Sravnitelnaya ekologicheskaya otsenka alternativnix motornix topliv.// Ekologicheskiy vestnik, 2017, №6 (194), s. -22-23. 4. Bazarov B.I., Kalauov S.А., Usmanov I.I. Normirovanie rasxoda topliva-osnova effektivnosti ispolzovaniya toplivno-energeticheskix resursov i obespecheniya ekologicheskoy bezopasnosti.// Neft i gaz, №4, 2015.–s. 63-66. 17

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. APPLICATION OF OLAP-TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE LOGISTIC SYSTEM OF CARGO DELIVERY Akmal Kamalov Deputy Director of JSC \"Uzbekiston temir yullari\" Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Zokirkhon Yusufkhanov Assistant of the department “Transport logistics” Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ OLAP-ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В АНАЛИЗЕ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ДОСТАВКИ ГРУЗОВ Камалов Акмаль Саидакбарович заместитель директора АО \"Узбекистон темир йуллари\" Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Юсуфхонов Зокирхон Юсуфхон угли ассистент кафедры “Транспортная логистика” Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT This article presents suggestions and recommendations for the use of Olap-technologies in the analysis of the logistics system for the delivery of goods. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье представлены предложения и рекомендации по применению Olap-технологий при анализе логистической системы доставки грузов. Keywords: delivery, logistics system, OLAP system (OnLine Transactional Processing), factors, methods. Ключевые слова: доставка, логистическая система, система OLAP (OnLine Transactional Processing), факторы, методы. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Any modern logistics company has its own data suitable for decision making due to its sheer volume. sources. Information in sources is accumulated through Business intelligence and data warehousing tools are de- the use of transactional technologies (OLTP) - every signed to find in the masses of data and information that day, company employees reflect certain operations in essential that is actually added to useful knowledge. the information system. Currently, corporate databases (DB) have accumulated huge amounts of information, OLAP (OnLine Analytical Processing - interactive but it is not used effectively enough in the process of analytical data processing) is one of the ways to present managing an organization, so business analysis technol- and analyze data [1]. In this case, the information is ogies (Business Intelligence - BI) are rapidly develop- stored in the form of a multidimensional cube with the ing. possibility of arbitrary manipulation of it. Multivariate models consider data either as facts with corresponding In the process of organizing information, data ware- numerical parameters, or as text dimensions that charac- houses are often used to obtain knowledge, and business terize these facts [2]. An example of a multidimensional analysis tools - OLAP technologies - are used to present data model is shown in Figure 1. this knowledge to users. Information by itself is not very __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Kamalov A.S., Yusufkhanov Z.Y. APPLICATION OF OLAP-TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE LOGISTIC SYSTEM OF CARGO DELIVERY // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13947

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Figure 1. Multidimensional data model OLAP systems are not primary sources of infor- • integration of current and historical data values; mation, they receive data from external sources. Most • combining data from disparate sources; often, such an external source is an OLTP system • creation of a reliable data platform for analytical (OnLine Transactional Processing - online transaction purposes; processing) - an operational data processing system. • ensuring the homogeneity of data in the organiza- OLAP systems and OLTP systems differ significantly. tion; The process of working with data from OLTP systems • facilitating the implementation of corporate data to OLAP is shown in Figure 1.2. standards without changing existing operating systems; • providing a broad historical picture and opportu- Integrating operational data into a warehouse has nities for trend analysis. many benefits. A data warehouse can be created for the following purposes: Figure 2. The process of working with data in information systems 19

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. The process of cargo movement includes many on measurements that the analyst selects from the goals components (technology, personnel, information, and objectives of the analysis. transport, financial flows, etc.) and can be considered as a complex system [3]. By definition, a system is an or- The article reflects the processed data of the logistics dered set of elements between which certain connections company ARONAKS LLP, for a short period of time, and relationships exist or can be created. which includes information about: personnel, types of transportation, customers, payment methods, places of The article considers the logistics system and is unloading and loading, types of cargo, invoices and based on the definition that - the logistics system is a additional parameters. complex organizationally completed (structured) eco- nomic system, consisting of elements - links intercon- The analysis of the activity of the enterprise is aimed nected in a single process of managing material and at identifying \"critical points\" in the management of the accompanying flows [4]. From the definitions of sys- company, so the following measurements were identi- tems, it follows that this is a complex system consisting fied [7]: of many elements that are interconnected and act as a whole. These enterprises, which are analyzed in the ar- \"Customer\", which will allow you to determine the ticle, reflect international transportation services and ac- category of the customer and build work with the client tivities for organizing, controlling and managing the according to the gradation received in order to obtain movement of flows crossing national borders and conti- financial benefits and long-term and promising contracts. nents [5]. Cargoes go from Kazakhstan to Russia, Eu- rope, Asia, etc. Analysis of the activities of the \"Personnel\" can be assessed by the percentage of each individual employee The main subsystems of the logistics system procure- in the total volume of the enterprise's activities. ment; warehouses (warehousing); reserves; transport; production; distribution; sales; information; frames. The measurement of \"Places of loading - unloading\" reveals promising directions of cargo flow and determines One of the connecting elements of the logistics sys- the freight traffic hub for establishing long-term rela- tem is information. The application of methods of sys- tionships. tem analysis of complex logistics systems makes it possible to identify trends and determine stable relations Based on the given measurements and additional of cargo flows and determine the factors that affect the data processing, graphs were constructed reflecting the company's activities [6]. There are many methods and trends in the company's activities and correlated with the technologies that allow you to analyze systems. In the average calculated values. In Figure 3, the points of dis- study, we use OLAP technology as one of the ap- patch of cargo are located along the horizontal axis, and proaches to system analysis. OLAP technology is based conventional units per kilometer are defined along the vertical axis. The most expensive cargo was sent from Khorgos PRC-Turkmenabat. The main percentage of the cost of transportation is in the range from 1 to 3 conventional units per kilometer. Figure 3. Average pay per kilometer for each manager and revenue per kilometer from origin In Figure 4, the horizontal axis shows the points of I. The number of transactions is determined in the dispatch of goods and managers. vertical direction. The highest turnover passes through the loading point Khorgos PRC-Turkmenabat. 20

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Figure 4. The number of transactions for each manager and the number of transactions from each origin In Figure 5, the most profitable work with clients numbered 3, 14, 17, 22 and 30, which brought high in- come for the logistics company. Figure 5. Income by customers In Figure 6, the horizontal axis shows the types of transported by the type of trucking. Railway transportation, and the vertical axis is the number of transportation. transactions. The largest number of transactions was 21

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Figure 6. The number of transactions by type of transportation and for each manager Thus, the analysis of the logistics activities of the different categories of customers to provide interna- ARONAKS LLP company is in demand, the main direc- tional and regional cargo transportation services. tions of cargo transportation are identified - Asian coun- tries, and we also note that the company works with References: 1. Тураева М.О. Перспективы развития евразийского транспортного пространства в условиях актуальных геополитических парадигм // Государственная служба. 2017. Т. 20. № 4 (1106). С. 99–104. 2. Вардомский Л.Б. О динамике транзитных перевозок стран ЕАЭС // Мир перемен. 2018. №2. С. 161–173. 3. Вардомский Л.Б. Транзитный потенциал Казахстана в контексте евразийской интеграции // ЭКО. 2015. №8. С. 70–74. 4. Juraev Muxiddin, Yusufkhanov Zokirkhon, & Akhmedov Dilmurod (2022). MODELING THE SYSTEM OF VEHICLE AND DRIVER ACTIVITY. Universum: технические науки, (1-3 (94)), 71-73. 5. Полунин Ю.А., Тимофеев И.Н. Классификация стран мира с использованием методов многомерного статистического анализа // Политическая наука / ИНИОН РАН. – 2007. – № 3. 6. Попов В.М. Бизнес-планирование. -М. :Финансы и статистика, 2002 7. Жураев Мухиддин Нортожиевич, Ахмедов Дилмурод Тошпулат Угли, Мустанов Одилбек Ганишерович, & Юсуфхонов Зокирхон Юсуфхон Угли (2022). ОЦЕНКА ВЛИЯНИЯ СОСТОЯНИЯ ДОРОЖНОЙ ИНФРА- СТРУКТУРЫ НА ХАРАКТЕР КООРДИНАЦИОННОЙ МОДЕЛИ. Universum: технические науки, (2-3 (95)), 19-24. 22

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. CHOICE OF THE OPTIMUM FORECASTING MODEL IN DIFFERENT VALUE OF INITIAL INFORMATION Mirsalih Marupov Associate Professor of the Department “Transport Logistics Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Zokirkhon Yusufkhonov Assistant of the department “Transport logistics” Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ВЫБОР ОПТИМАЛЬНОЙ МОДЕЛИ ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ ПРИ НЕРАВНОЗНАЧНОСТИ ИСХОДНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ Марупов Мирсалих Мадиевич доц. кафедры “Транспортная логистика Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Юсуфхонов Зокирхон Юсуфхон угли ассистент кафедры “Транспортная логистика” Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article deals with the issues of choosing the type of the best function when predicting the main indicators of the operation of road transport in the future in conditions of unequal initial information. When forecasting, three types of functions were used, namely, linear, quadratic, and exponential. The choice of the type of trend function, the parameters of which are determined by the least squares method, is made empirically in most cases, by constructing a number of functions and comparing them with each other according to the value of the following criteria: average absolute deviation; standard deviation; the coefficient of variation; correlation index. Experimental calculations have shown that the method of least squares is acceptable for the formation of long-term enlarged plans and the determination of general trends in the development of road transport enterprises. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассматриваются вопросы выбора вида наилучшей функции при прогнозировании основных пока- зателей работы автомобильного транспорта на перспективу в условиях неравнозначности исходной информации. При прогнозировании использованы три вида функции, а именно линейная, квадратичная, показательная. Выбор вида функции тренда, параметры которой определяются методом наименьших квадратов, производится в большинстве случаев эмперически, путем построения ряда функций и сравнения их между собой по величине следующ их критериев: среднее абсолютное отклонение; среднеквадратическое отклонение; коэффициент вариации; индекс корреляции. Экспериментальные расчеты показали, что метод наименьших квадратов приемлем для формирования долгосрочных укрупненных планов и определения общих тенденций развития предприятиях автомобильного транспорта. Keywords: Interpolation, extrapolation, least squares method, function, criterion, trend, mean absolute deviation, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation index, forecasting, economic indicator, forecast error. Ключевые слова: интерполяция, экстраполяция, метод наименьших квадратов, функция, критерия, тренд, средне абсолютное отклонение, среднеквадратическое отклонение, коэффициент вариации, индекс корреляции, прогнозирование, экономический показатель, ошибка прогноза. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The development of the use of forecasts is one of is based on carefully developed forecasts - technical and the important directions for improving planning in mod- economic, demographic and others, covering all possi- ern conditions, raising its scientific level. In modern ble changes in the productive forces in the environment. conditions, only such planning can be scientific, which __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Marupov M.M., Yusufkhonov Z.Y. CHOICE OF THE OPTIMUM FORECASTING MODEL IN DIFFERENT VALUE OF INITIAL INFORMATION // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13920

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. The following requirements are imposed on the de- To identify the main trend by the analytical method veloped forecasts. Forecasts must be, first of all, scien- means to give uniformity to the development of the pro- tifically substantiated, timely and reliable, and also cesses under study during the considered period of time. contain sufficient information necessary for the devel- Correctly establishing the type of curve, the type of an- opment of long-term plans. alytical dependence on time, is one of the most difficult tasks. Since smoothing allows you to express the pattern The main functions of forecasting, as the most im- of development in time, since the choice of a smoothing portant stage of work on the scientific substantiation of method and determining the type of trend function must long-term plans, are: identification and analysis of the be approached with particular care [3]. existing patterns and trends of economic development; assessing the impact of these trends in the future and tak- F. Mills gives some practical recommendations for ing into account their positive and negative conse- choosing the type of function that describes the trend [4]. quences; anticipation of new economic situations, new problems requiring their solution; identification of pos- 1. If the values of t form an arithmetic progression, sible development alternatives in the future; accumula- and the corresponding values of y form a geometric pro- tion of information for a comprehensive justification of gression, then the trend equation is expressed by an ex- the choice of direction in the development of an optimal ponential curve: planned solution that provides an active impact on the development of the economy [1]. ������(������) = ������0������1������ (1) Forecasting the development of motor transport en- 2. If the relationship between the logarithms y and t terprises (Automobile plants, automobile transport en- is linear, then it is advisable to describe the trend using terprises, car repair plants, service stations, etc.) at various a power model: levels of aggregation is devoted to a number of works. Therefore, it is expedient to analyze the advantages of ������(������) = ������0������������1 (2) various forecasting methods and choose the most effec- tive ones for use in the problems of optimizing the man- 3. If the values of t are arranged in an arithmetic pro- agement of enterprise work processes. Especially, it is gression, and the first differences of the corresponding necessary to carefully choose methods for the imple- values of y are constant, then the trend can be described mentation of long-term forecasting as the most difficult. by a straight line: Forecasting methods based on the analysis of one- ������(������) = ������0 + ������1������ (3) dimensional time series most fully meet the following requirements: realism; simplicity, etc. Indeed, the methods 4. If the values of t are arranged in an arithmetic pro- for analyzing one-dimensional time series, unlike many gression, and the nth difference of the corresponding other methods (multiple regression, econometric meth- values of y is constant, then a polynomial of the nth de- ods, expert estimates, complex methods), do not require gree can be taken as a function describing the trend: extensive information, since they are based on information contained in individual time series. One-dimensional ������(������) = ������0 + ������1������ + ������2������2+. . . +������������ (4) time series are a selection of economic indicators (a set of random numbers) taken in the dynamics of their The personal experience and knowledge of an econ- development. The mathematical models used in these omist can be of great help in choosing the type of func- methods, as a rule, have a very clear meaning and simple tion f(t). In other cases, when the type of functions is formulations. At the same time, the forecast accuracy determined empirically, the resulting trend estimate f ̂(t ) obtained by analyzing one-dimensional time series can is considered as some interpolation formula that can be quite satisfactory in most cases [2]. help an economist to analyze time series. The choice of the shape of the curve for smoothing In practice, the selection of the type of the trend depends to a certain extent on the goals of smoothing: function, the parameters of which are determined by the interpolation or extrapolation. In the first case, it is the least squares method, is carried out empirically in most achievement of the greatest proximity to the actual lev- cases, by constructing a number of functions and com- els of the time series, in the second, the identification of paring them with each other according to the value of the main pattern of the development of the phenomenon, the following criteria: in relation to which it is possible to put forward a hy- pothesis that it will continue in the future. • mean absolute deviation: In the analytical expression of the trend, when |������| = (������������ − ���̂���������) (5) smoothing time series using the least squares method, • standard deviation: time is considered as an independent variable, and the levels of the series act as functions of this independent ������ = √∑������������=1(������������−���̂���������)2 (6) variable. It is clear that the development of a phenome- non depends not only on how many years have passed ������−������−1 since the starting point. It is also determined by what factors, in what direction and with what intensity influ- • the coefficient of variation: (7) enced it. The development of the phenomenon in time ������ = ������ ⋅ 100% acts as a result of the action of these factors. ���̅��� 24

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. • correlation index R, to assess the proximity of the At this ������������,���̂���������, ���̅��������� - initial, theoretical and arithmetic theoretical process ў, to the original: mean levels of the time series; n is the number of param- eters defined in the trend function. ������2 = 1 − ∑������������=1(������������−���̂���������)2 (8) ∑������������=1(������������−���̅���������)2 As an example, to illustrate the application of the forecasting methodology under the condition of unequal initial data, let's take a time series of gross output of the ARZ for 2011-2021. (table 1. initial data to take condi- tionally). Table 1. Gross output of ARZ, in wholesale prices of enterprises, c.u. Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Gross 702,2 808,0 871,9 924,1 1000,3 1028,0 1071,9 1126,4 1177,9 1192,8 1198,0 output To highlight the general trend, three types of functions ones. Having carried out the necessary calculations, are used: we obtain the following equations: • straight ������ = ������0 + ������1������ (9) ���̂��������� = 1009,2227 + 49,204������; (12) ���̂��������� = 1041,567 + 49,204������ − 3,234������2; (13) • second degree polynomial (14) ���̂��������� = 2,9982 + 0,022������; ������ = ������0 + ������1������ + ������2������2 (10) • power The deviation is calculated for each of the functions ������ = ������0 ∗ ������1������ (11) (table 2). The calculation of the parameters of these functions According to the calculated data of Table 2, the is carried out by the least squares method, the main re- quirement of which is the minimum of the sum of squared following criteria are calculated using formulas (5-8): deviations of the calculated values from the empirical (������������),������, ������, ������2 (table 3) The analysis shows that parabolic (13) is better than others in all criteria, i.e. to predict the effective indicator (the relationship between y and t), you should take this form of communication [5] Table 2. Calculation of deviations for each function Function types Criteria ���̂��������� = 1009,2227 + 49,204������ |������������| ������ ������ ������������ ���̂��������� = 1041,567 + 49,204������ − 3,234������2 0,003 0,9623 0,003 32,30 3,2 0,9947 ���̂��������� = 2,9982 + 0,022������ 0,9145 3,9 12,06 1,195 48,64 4,82 After identifying the best nature of the trend, you ������2022 = 1041,587 + 49,204 ∗ 6 − 3,234 ∗ 62 can start forecasting this economic indicator by = 1220,387 calculating its values: Table 3 shows the results of the economic indicator As it was found out above, the trend of the analyzed forecast for 2022-2024 years and his mistake. series is quite well described by a parabola of the form [6]. The average approximation error of this model is ���̂��������� = 1041,567 + 49,204������ − 3,234������2 determined by the formula To determine the value of the economic indicator ������ = 1 ������ ������������������������������−������������������������������ 100% (15) for 2022, it is necessary to correctly set the value of t and t2 Thus, for 2022: t=6. ������ ������������������������������ 25

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Table 3. The results of the economic indicator forecast for 2022-2024 years and his mistake Years Forecast Error forecast Confidence interval 2006 1220,387 13,18 upper lower 2007 1227,549 13,26 2008 1228,243 13,27 1233,567 1207,207 1240,809 214,289 1241,513 1214,973 The forecast error is thus 1.08. is given to intuition based on the analysis of statistical The need for forecasts and their wide distribution data and the study of existing trends and patterns. contributed to the emergence of a variety of empirical, mathematical, logical and other methods and ways of Some general conclusions can be drawn about the developing economic and scientific and technical fore- application of the above methods. Extrapolation by casts. The whole variety of methods can be conditionally smoothing time series using the least squares method combined into three groups; extrapolation, expert as- should be used with caution, and if the approximating sessments and modeling, a significant role in forecasting function expressing the development trend is incorrectly selected, the forecast results may be erroneous. References: 1. Марупов М.М. Прогнозирование развития производства. Учебное пособие. – Ташкент 2007. 2. Просветов Г.И. Прогнозирование и планирование: Задачи и решения. СПб: РДЛ. 2005 3. Черныш Е.А. и др. Прогнозирование и планирование. Учебное пособие. – М.: ПРИОР, 2000. 4. F. Mill. Modelling trends and cycles in economic time series. Business cycles-econometric models. I. Title. II. 2003. 5. Yuldashev S.S., & Karabaeva M.U. (2020). КОЛЕБАНИЯ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ГРУНТА ПРИ ДВИЖЕНИИ ПО- ЕЗДОВ МЕТРО В ПАРАЛЛЕЛЬНЫХ ТОННЕЛЯХ. Theoretical & Applied Science, (5), 117-121. 6. Юлдашев Ш.С., & Карабаева М.У. (2016). Прогнозирование уровня вибрации в грунтах, распространяющейся от тоннелей метрополитена круглого сечения. Молодой ученый, (6), 249-253. 26

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN CRITERIA WHEN SELECTING CARGO TRANSPORTATION Abdurahim Murodov Senior Lecturer, Department of Transport Logistics, Tashkent State Transport University) Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Zulfiya Atajanova Senior Lecturer, Department of Transport Logistics, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Zokirkhon Yusufkhonov Assistant, Department of Transport Logistics, Tashkent State Transport University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ОСНОВНЫХ КРИТЕРИЕВ ПРИ ВЫБОРЕ ГРУЗОПЕРЕВОЗОК Муродов Абдурахим Соипович ст. преподаватель кафедры «Транспортная логистика», Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Атаджанова Зульфия Сапарбаевна ст. преподаватель кафедры «Транспортная логистика», Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Юсуфхонов Зокирхон Юсуфхонов угли ассистент кафедры «Транспортная логистика», Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT As one of the ways to effectively organize the transport process, measures for choosing the type, mode of transport and transportation are always relevant. Because the costs of the transportation process directly depend on the correct choice of these measures. The total shipping cost consists of several elements. It is desirable that all elements are analyzed separately and optimized, and the time spent on this is also taken into account. АННОТАЦИЯ Как один из способов эффективной организации транспортного процесса, меры по выбору типа, вида транс- порта и перевозки всегда имеет актуальное значение. Потому что затраты на процесс транспортировки напрямую зависят от правильного выбора этих мер. Общая стоимость доставки состоит из нескольких элементов. Жела- тельно, чтобы все элементы анализировались отдельно и оптимизировались, а также учитывалось затраченное на это время. Keywords: cargo, transportation, criteria, goods, costs, time, traffic. Ключевые слова: груз, перевозка, критерии, товар, стоимость, время, трафик. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The choice of the method of cargo transportation is mode (modes) of transport, the choice of the carrier de- one of the important tasks solved by cargo owners. livering the goods. In general, a number of objective and At the same time, alternative options for the method of subjective conditions influence the choice of the method transportation have three independent, but interrelated of cargo transportation [1]. directions - the choice of the mode or modes of transport, the choice of certain vehicles of a particular The general algorithm for organizing transportation is presented in the form of a diagram (Fig. 1). All of __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Murodov A.S., Atajanova Z.S., Yusufkhonov Z.Y. DETERMINATION OF THE MAIN CRITERIA WHEN SELECTING CARGO TRANSPORTATION // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13970

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. these procedures are performed on the basis of one or a • minimal costs (damage) associated with goods in system of criteria, subject to the restrictions specified by transit; the LS. These restrictions are due either to the target functions of the company's logistics strategy, or to factors • capacity and availability of the mode of transport; of the surrounding macro- and microeconomic envi- • product differentiation. ronment [3]. For example, in a distribution system, The principles of choosing a mode of transportation restrictions may be imposed on the delivery time of include, first of all, the comparability of transportation finished products, transportation costs, cargo safety, costs for various modes of transport, which are reim- location of the link in the logistics system in which cargo bursed by the consumer of transport services [4]. At the is stored or transshipped to another mode of transport, etc. same time, the main elements of transport costs are di- vided into three groups: the costs associated with the ac- As shown in the diagram (Fig. 1), the mode of trans- tual movement of goods, including the costs of portation, mode of transport and logistics intermediaries performing initial-final and movement operations (Ta.g.); are selected based on a system of criteria. The main cri- expenses necessary for the implementation of loading teria for choosing a method of transportation and mode and unloading or reloading (transshipment) operations of transport include: (Tr.o.); additional costs associated with the loss of cargo, environmental materials, service (Ta). The total shipping • minimum transportation costs; costs (Tt) are as follows: • specified time of transit (cargo delivery); • maximum reliability and safety; Тt = Тa.g.+Тr.o.+Тa Figure 1. Logistic selection procedures for organizing transportation The above total costs are determined by specific uni- form distances established for all modes of transport. At the 28

№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. same time, of course, the total costs are minimized, if pos- n sible, by modes of transport, considered as alternative when choosing a mode of transportation [5].  X ij = Pi ,i = 1, m, The choice of modes of transport is carried out accord- i =1 ing to the following criteria: cost-effectiveness of cargo transportation; the ability to deliver goods to any point of Equality of needs and volumes of the product received the territorial formation; placement of a network of com- at each destination: munication routes; seasonality and rhythm of transport op- eration in various meteorological conditions; carrying m capacity of transport; transportation distance; risks arising  from the transportation of goods. The choice of the mode X ij  S , j = 1, n. of transport, vehicles, carrier is carried out in two main di- rections - the cost of transporting goods and the time of j their delivery to the consumer, which must, if possible, be minimized, therefore, two corresponding tasks must be j −1 solved. The first task is to minimize transportation costs, which is generally formulated as follows. A homogeneous The second task is to minimize the end time of all product, located at m points of production (storage) in the transportations: a task by the time criterion, which is for- amount of P1, Pi,…,Pm, is required to be delivered to n mulated as follows. There are m product origin points with points of consumption, where the need for this product is stocks P1, …, Pi, …, Pm and n destinations with needs S1,…, Sj,…Sn. Initially, a balance of the supplied product and the need for it is assumed, namely: S1, …, Sj …, Sn, traffic balance. It is required to deter- mine the volumes of transportation Xij in such a way that mn not only the balance conditions u are met, but also the time of completion of all transportations T is minimized.  Pi =  S j , To solve the problem, the designation tij is introduced i=1 j=1 - the time of transportation of the product from the i - the point to the j- the point. It is assumed that tij does not de- It is required to determine the volume of transportation pend on the transported cargo - the volume of transporta- of goods and the routes of movement of vehicles in such a tion of the product Xij from the i - the point to the j - the way that the sum of all transportation costs is minimal. In point and the number of vehicles is always sufficient to this case, the objective function has the following form: carry out any volume of transportation. Then the main thing in this problem is the expression of time T in terms of times tij and traffic volumes Xij. Due to the fact that all transpor- tations end at the moment when the longest of them ends, then the time T is the maximum of all tij, reflecting the du- ration of zero transportations, namely: mn tT = max ij → min ;Xij>0 = C X → min, F ij ij Thus, it is required to find such a transportation plan Xij for which the time T will be minimal: i=1 j=1 tT = max ij ;Xij>0 At this: Сij– the cost of transporting a unit of product from the point of production (storage) i to the point of con- The correct definition of criteria when choosing the transportation of goods leads to the optimization and effi- sumption j; ciency of transportation. Хij– the amount of product coming from the point of production (storage) i to the point of consumption j. This model includes the following restrictions. Equality of volumes of production (storage) and the product sent to consumers at each point of production (stor- age): References: 1. Логистика: Учебник / В.В. Дыбская, Е.И. Зайцев, В.И. Сергеев, А.Н. Стерлигова; Под редакцией В.И. Сергеева. Москва, 2008 г. 2. Степанов В.И. Логистика. Учеб. Москва . ТК. Велби. Изд-во Проспект 2007г. 3. Zokirkhan Yusufkhonov, Malik Ravshanov, Akmal Kamolov, and Elmira Kamalova. Improving the position of the logistics performance index of Uzbekistan. E3S Web of Conferences 264, 05028 (2021), CONMECHYDRO – 2021. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126405028 4. Qodirov T.U. U., Yusufxonov Z.Y. O.G. L., & Sharapova, S.R. Q. (2021). O’ZBEKISTONDA TRANSPORT- LOGISTIKA KLASTERLARI FAOLIYATINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH. Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educa- tional, natural and social sciences, 1(6), 305-312. 5. Кодиров Т.У., Юсуфхонов З.Ю. У., & Ахмедов Д.Т. У. (2021). АНАЛИЗ ФАКТОРОВ, ВЛИЯЮЩИХ НА РЕЙТИНГ ИНДЕКСА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ЛОГИСТИКИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ УЗБЕКИСТАН. Oriental re- naissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences, 1(6), 245-252. 29