tech-2022_06(99)

["\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. DOI - 10.32743\/UniTech.2022.99.6.13827 RESEARCH ON THE AERODYNAMICS OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS Marufdjan Rasulov Candidate of technical sciences, professor, Dean, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Masud Masharipov PhD, Dean of the Faculty of Economics, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Ramazon Bozorov Doctoral student of the department \u00abTransport cargo system\u00bb, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] \u0418\u0421\u0421\u041b\u0415\u0414\u041e\u0412\u0410\u041d\u0418\u0415 \u0410\u042d\u0420\u041e\u0414\u0418\u041d\u0410\u041c\u0418\u041a\u0418 \u0412\u042b\u0421\u041e\u041a\u041e\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0420\u041e\u0421\u0422\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u041f\u041e\u0415\u0417\u0414\u041e\u0412 \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0444\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d \u0425\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434. \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440, \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d, \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0430\u044a\u0441\u0443\u0434 \u041d\u0443\u044a\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0436\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434. \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0411\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d \u0428\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043b \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442, \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d, \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442 ABSTRACT In this article, the impact of high-speed electric train \u201cAfrasiab\u201d on the transfer of freight trains at the Stations of JSC \u201cUzbek Railways\u201d is defined as a topical issue. In particular, in order to increase the tourist attractiveness of our country, to provide modern transport services to passengers, the expansion of the scale of the future \u201cAfrosiab\u201d high-speed elec- tropoiesis flights, as well as the study of the interaction of these trains in conditions of increasing flow of cargo on Rail- ways, has been identified as an extremely important issue of ensuring the As a result of this study, the possibilities of carrying cargo trains in one direction or in the opposite direction are determined by ensuring the safety of movement on two-way parcels in which high-speed \u201cAfrasiab\u201d high-speed electric trains travel. 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\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432. __________________________ \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: Bozorov R.S., Rasulov M.X., Masharipov M.N. RESEARCH ON THE AERODYNAMICS OF HIGH-SPEED TRAINS \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 : \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2022. 6(99). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/13827","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Keywords: Section, passenger train, capacity, Afrasiab electric train, high speed, aerodynamic forces. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u0423\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434, \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0410\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0451\u0431 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0435\u0437\u0434, \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. At present, modern technologies Taking into account the above considerations, the with all-round conveniences are used in the Republic for limited speeds of the Afrosiyob train are set for each the purpose of passenger transportation and quality section [1, 18, 21]: service. In particular, in November 2009, Spain's Patentes Talgo S.L. Under the agreement signed \u2022 Between Tashkent and Yangier stations - up to between the company and Uzbekistan Railways, two 160 km \/ h; high-speed electric trains Talgo 250 were delivered. In order to organize the movement of these trains, by \u2022 Between Yangier and Jizzakh stations - up to March 2011 the railway section from Tashkent to 230 km \/ h; Samarkand was completely reconstructed, in particular, the technical structure of modern signaling devices and \u2022 Between Jizzakh and Gallaorol stations - from contact networks of about 600 km was improved; 120 km \/ h to 160 km \/ h; 4 metal bridges with a length of 400 meters were \u2022 Between Gallaorol and Bulungur stations - built, providing a speed of up to 200 km \/ h; The existing up to 200 km \/ h; 409 artificial structures and 154 bridges on the Tashkent-Samarkand section were reconsidered, new \u2022 Between Bulungur and Samarkand stations - guarded crossings and stations were reconstructed [2, 12, up to 160 km \/ h; 18, 19]. 189 man-made structures were built on the site, including 148 culverts, 40 culverts and 1 tunnel with a \u2022 Between Samarkand and Karshi stations - length of 142 meters. [2, 12, 18, 19]. up to 165 km \/ h; On August 26, 2011, the first walking test of the \u2022 Between Samarkand and Navoi stations - Afrosiyob electric train was carried out and it covered a up to 230 km \/ h; distance of 344 km from Tashkent to Samarkand in 120 minutes and reached a maximum speed of 254 km \/ h on \u2022 Between Navoi and Bukhara stations - up to the section [2, 12, 18, 19]. 160 km \/ h; On September 5, 2015, the Afrosiyob train was Discussion. Let\u2019s take a look at the airflows that launched to Karshi and on September 15, 2016 to form around a high-speed moving train and its key Bukhara [18, 19, 22]. performance indicators. The main parameters that indicate the state of air include its temperature (\u0422), In turn, the movement of high-speed passenger pressure (\u0420) and density (\u03c1). We use the Mendeleev- trains leads to a decrease in the capacity of freight trains Clayperon equation to correlate these figures: on the section. For example, the capacity of a freight train on a one-track section not equipped with an auto- p = \uf072 RT (1) blocking system can be increased to 6-7 pairs of trains \uf06d per day, and an increase in the speed of passenger trains from 160 km \/ h to 250 km \/ h leads to an average 7.1% Viscosity and compressibility are the main increase in train displacement. [9, 10, 11, 13]. This leads properties of air. It is known that the train cuts off the air to inefficient maintenance of freight trains and an as it moves. When the airflow at the beginning of the increase in many technical and economic costs. content is short, it gradually increases, creating a turbulent flow. The flow velocity profile near the surface To date, modern, high-quality transportation services has the following appearance (Figure 1): have been provided to about 1.5 million passengers on Afrosiyob trains. In order to further increase the tourist Figure 1. Flow velocity profile near the surface attractiveness of the country, it is planned to further expand the Afrosiyob train. This, in turn, requires the study of the aerodynamic effects of high-speed passenger train traffic on the environment, railway equipment and structures, the road structure on the adjacent track, as well as passengers. The aerodynamic effect of high-speed Afrosiyob trains on the roadside object and passengers depends on their actual speed. Traffic speed is limited in accordance with the plan and profile of the roads, the structure of the sections in order to ensure traffic safety [12]. For example, the Afrosiyob train will reach a height of 155 meters in the Syrdarya region and 699 meters in the Jizzakh region on the Tashkent-Samarkand route [2, 18, 19]. 31","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. As a result of this effect of the layers, an the square root, if the air temperature increases the experimental voltage \u03c4 occurs between them. This resistance of the air to compression increases and conversely the degree of compression increases with voltage depends on the product of the flow rate normally decreasing temperature. The Max number is used to measure the degree of compression of the air,as: falling to the surface [3, 4, 5, 6]: \uf074 = \uf06d dVx , (2) M = Vx dy a (7) Where is \u00b5- dynamic viscosity coefficient, [\u041f\u0430\u00b7c]; Basic parameters of air in standard condition Tc= 288,15 K; Pc= 101300 \u041f\u0430; \u03c1\u0441= 1,225 \u043a\u0433\/\u043c3; ac= 340,29 Vx - approaching flow rate, [m\/h]; \u043c\/\u0441; \uf06e \u0441= 1,46\u00b710-5 \u043c2\/ we accept that [3, 6, 14, 15]. To find the coefficient of kinematic viscosity, it is sufficient to divide the coefficient of dynamic viscosity Previous studies [4, 5] have highlighted the by the density of air: expressions of aerodynamic force and pressure resulting \uf06d \uf072 from the movement of high-speed passenger trains, i.e.: \uf06e = . (3) \uf044\u0420 = 1 \uf072 \uf04a 2 \uf0de \uf04a = 2\uf044P\uf078 \uf0782 \uf072 (8) As the temperature increases, the speed of chaotic We determine the aerodynamic forces that occur motion of air molecules also increases. This, in turn, under the influence of air flow from the following leads to an increase in dynamic viscosity. expression: Another important feature of air is its ability to F = CxS \uf0d7 \uf072 \uf04a2 , (9) compress. The compressive capacity of the environment 2 is the process of changing its volume under the influence of pressure. The speed of propagation of sound waves is called the speed of sound and is defined as follows [3, 5, 7, 8]: a= dp (4) Where is Cx - aerodynamic coefficient of resistance d\uf072 (1,2 \uf0b8 1,3); (2) Substituting formula (4) into the first-order S- projection of a body on a plane perpendicular to product of pressure in density, we obtain the following the direction of flow equation: F = k \uf0d7\uf04a 2 by equating formula (9) with k = 1 Cx S\uf072 we create an equation, accordingly 2 a = 1 RT (5) F = 2k\uf078 \uf044P = k1 \uf0d7 \uf044P equality is appropriate. \uf06d \uf072 If we put in this formula the universal gas constant Instead of the generated expression \uf078 = 1 and and the molecular masses of air, coefficient k = 0,052\u00f70.068 in the transverse direction, a \uf0bb 20,1 T (6) k= 0,029\u00f70,038 in the longitudinal direction, in the transverse direction F = (0,83 \uf0b81,09)\uf044P , in the longitudinal direction F = (0,45 \uf0b8 0,61)\uf044P we find (6) the formula shows that the speed of sound in air the aerodynamic impact force, pressure, and present the is directly proportional to the temperature through result in Table 1 [5, 8, 9, 20]. Table 1. Calculation of aerodynamic pressure depending on train speed \uf04a , km\/hour 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 \u0420 ,\u043a\u0413\/m2 60,4 86,6 117,8 153,5 195,0 240,5 290,0 346,0 406,0 32","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. The two components of aerodynamic force and track is affected by a force of 73.6 Kn and 96 Kn at a pressure acting on a stationary vehicle on an adjacent speed of 180 km \/ h. It can be seen that the longitudinal road are transverse and longitudinal (Figure 2). component of this force is unable to move the movement structure standing on the adjacent road. But a wagon Results. Calculations show that when a high-speed standing alone on an adjacent road could move [16, 17, 20]. train is traveling at 160 km \/ h, the force on the adjacent y F\u04301 (P\u04301) Fy(Py) Fx(Px) \u03c0\/2- \u03b1 \u03b1 \u041e (x; y; z) \u0445 \u03c6 Figure 2. Organizer of transverse and longitudinal aerodynamic forces Fx = F\u04301 \uf0d7 cos(\uf070 \/2-\uf061 ) = affecting passengers standing, moving or standing on a = F\u04301 \uf0d7sin (\uf061 ) = F\u0430 cos(\uf06a ) \uf0d7sin (\uf061 ) platform on the side of the road, the pressure \u0420 (\u041f\u0430), Fy = F\u04301 \uf0d7sin(\uf070 \/2-\uf061 ) = (10) specified in sanitary norms, the distance from the object axis S(\u043c) and the speed of the trainV (km\/h) is expressed = F\u04301 \uf0d7cos(\uf061 ) = F\u0430 cos(\uf06a )\uf0d7 cos(\uf061 ) by the function S = f (V , P) . Fz = F\u0430 sin(\uf06a) Despite the scientific research of many scientists in F\u0430 = Fx 2 + Fy 2 + Fz 2 this field, the above issue remains open. The solution to these problems will be to increase the capacity of the Where is: section to ensure train safety and eliminate the problem Fa \u2013 the aerodynamic force acting on the moving of freight trains on sections where high-speed passenger structure on the adjacent road, Kn; trains run. In solving the problem, we learn that the speed of a train depends on the speed and distance of the Fx, Fy, Fz - projection of aerodynamic force on the x, air flow, based on the sanitary norms of the pressure on y, z axes, Kn; the passenger standing on the platform and on the construction sites located on the side of the road. \u03c6 \u2013 the angle between the aerodynamic force and the According to the formula (8)-the wind speed at any horizontal plane caused by the win. point of the plane (x, y, z) in space around the train: Aerodynamic forces, as above, affect the rolling \uf04a\u0448 = 2\uf044P\uf078 = u2 +\uf06e 2 + \uf0772 . (11) \uf072 stock on the adjacent road and the roadside device (10) Based on the formula and the laws of structures. When calculating aerodynamic forces, hydromechanics, hydrogasodynamics, we find the safe distance as a result of solving the expressions (11-13), ie: pressures and safe distances (distance from the axis) 33","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. \uf072 \uf0b6u + \uf072u \uf0b6u + \uf072\uf06e \uf0b6u + \uf072\uf077 \uf0b6u = \u2212 \uf0b6p + \uf06d \uf0e9 \uf0b62u + \uf0b62u + \uf0b62u \uf0f9 \uf0b6t \uf0b6x \uf0b6y \uf0b6z \uf0b6x \uf0ea \uf0b6x 2 \uf0b6y 2 \uf0fa \uf0eb \uf0b6z 2 \uf0fb \uf072 \uf0b6\uf06e + \uf072u \uf0b6\uf06e + \uf072\uf06e \uf0b6\uf06e + \uf072\uf077 \uf0b6\uf06e = \u2212 \uf0b6p + \uf06d \uf0e9 \uf0b6 2\uf06e + \uf0b6 2\uf06e + \uf0b6 2\uf06e \uf0f9 (12) \uf0b6t \uf0b6x \uf0b6y \uf0b6z \uf0b6y \uf0ea \uf0b6x 2 \uf0b6y 2 \uf0b6z 2 \uf0fa \uf0eb \uf0fb \uf072 \uf0b6\uf077 + \uf072u \uf0b6\uf077 + \uf072\uf06e \uf0b6\uf077 + \uf072\uf077 \uf0b6\uf077 = \u2212 \uf0b6p + \uf06d \uf0e9 \uf0b6 2\uf077 + \uf0b6 2\uf077 + \uf0b62\uf077 \uf0f9 \uf0b6t \uf0b6x \uf0b6y \uf0b6z \uf0b6z \uf0ea \uf0b6x 2 \uf0b6y 2 \uf0fa \uf0eb \uf0b6z 2 \uf0fb We also write down the laws of gas state and mass direction and in the opposite direction with the train conservation: \\\"Afrosiyob\\\" on the designated two-way sections, ensuring traffic safety [13, 14]. In this case, it is \uf0b6\uf072 + \uf0b6(\uf072u) + \uf0b6(\uf072\uf06e ) + \uf0b6(\uf072\uf077) = 0 (13) necessary to create a mathematical program model for \uf0b6t \uf0b6x \uf0b6y \uf0b6z calculating the mutual aerodynamic forces and pressures of passenger-freight, freight-passenger, passenger- Where is: u ,\uf06e , \uf077 - projections of the velocity passenger trains, to obtain and analyze the results, or to achieve the result using existing programming vector on the x, y, z axes; languages [18, 19]. p - pressure, \uf072 - density, T - temperature, \uf06d - There is also a need to organize the movement of freight trains while improving the schedule of the train coefficient of dynamic viscosity of air [16, 17]. \\\"Afrasiab\\\", ie to re-determine the speed of certain trains Through the above conclusions, we can determine without changing the total travel time on the section, to balance the speed of the section by increasing the speed and analyze the interaction aerodynamic forces and on sections. In addition, there is a need to develop pressures of trains. scientifically based proposals to improve train conduction and capacity by improving the technology of Conclusion. In the conditions of high-speed freight trains, taking full advantage of the existing passenger trains in Uzbekistan, the organization of opportunities on mixed sections of train traffic. freight trains remains one of the most pressing issues. In particular, it is very important to substantiate the possibility of combining freight trains in the same References: 1. Isanov R.Sh. Air flow around a high-speed and high-speed train \/ -T .: \u00abNavruz\u00bb, 2015, 154 p. 2. INSTRUCTIONS \u00abOn the procedure for servicing and organizing the passage of high-speed electric trains \u00abAfrasiab\u00bb on public railways on the section Tashkent - Samarkand - Karshi, Tashkent - Samarkand \u2013 Bukhara\u00bb, Tashket 2016. 3. Starikov Yu.N. Kovrizhnykh E.N. Fundamentals of aerodynamics of an aircraft \/ Textbook. Benefit. - Ulyanovsk .: UVAU GA, 2004 .- 5-9 p. 4. Durov A.V. Experimental studies of the nature of the air flow arising during the movement of high-speed trains \/\/ Collected scientific works of Liizhta, 1968.-Issue 282.-p..130-145. 5. I.I. Chelnokov et al. Modeling of aerodynamic interaction of oncoming high-speed trains \/ I.I. Chelnokov, AO Ditman, NA Churkov \/\/ Sb. scientific. tr. Dynamics of wagons.-LIIZhT, 1972. - Issue 337.-p. 98-104. 6. Lazarenko Y.M. Aerodynamic impact of the high-speed electric train \\\"Sapsan\\\" on passengers on platforms and on oncoming trains when crossing \/ Y.M. Lazarenko, A.N. Kapuskin \/\/ Bulletin of the Scientific Research Institute of Railway Transport. - 2012. -\u21164. - p.11-14. 7. V.V. Kravets E.V. Kravets Aerodynamics of high-speed trains \/ V.V. Kravets, E.V. Kravets \/\/ Railroad transport of Ukraine. Part1-2. 2005. No. 3. p. 16-20. 8. Syuzumova E.M., Romanenko G.A. Experimental study of the velocity field around a high-speed train \/ Proceedings of NIIZhT, 1979, issue 617, p 86-106. 9. Besedin A.I. Methods for analyzing the available capacity of railway sections with temporary restrictions on the speed of train movement \/ Diss. on sois. uch. Degrees of Ph.D., - M .: MIIT. 2009 - 189 p 10. Morozova O.S., Shkurnikov S.V. Experience of combined high-speed passenger and freight traffic in the countries of the European Union \/ 2017, p.32-40. 11. Kiselev I.P. High speed rail transport. General course: Textbook. allowance. In 2v. \/ I.P. Kiselev, L.S. Blazhko, N.S. Bushuev and others, ed. I.I. Kiselev .- M .: UMTs ZhDT, 2014.- T. 2. -372 p. 12. VSN-450. Departmental technical guidelines for design and construction. 1520 mm gauge railways. Tashkent, GAZhK. 2010. 34","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. 13. Kalidova A.D. Analysis of the possibilities of combining high-speed and conventional traffic using the existing infrastructure \/ A.D. Kalidova \/\/ Traditional and innovative science: history, current state, prospects: collection of articles. Art. Int. Scientific-practical. conf. \/ ed. A.A. Sukiasyan. - Ufa, 2016. - Part 2. \u2013P.52-55. 14. Kolin A.V. Analysis of foreign experience in organizing freight traffic on high-speed and high-speed highways \/ A.V. Colin, A.M. Nasybullin, L.R. Aisina \/\/ Transport Bulletin. - 2016. -No. 11. -P.42-43. 15. Nikushchenko D.V. Investigation of viscous incompressible fluid flows based on the FLUENT computational com- plex: textbook. allowance \/ D.V. Nikushchenko. - SPb .: Publishing house of SPbGMTU, 2004. -94 p. 16. Minkov L.L., Moiseeva K.M. Numerical solution of fluid dynamics problems using the Ansys Fluent computational package \/ textbook. allowance. - Tomsk: STT, 2017 .\u2014122p. 17. Recent development of bridge aerodynamics in China \/\/ J. Wind Eng. Industr. Aerodynamics. 2008. \u2116 96. C. 736- 768. 18. https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ 19. https:\/\/railway.uz\/ru\/gazhk\/strategiya_razvitiya\/ 20. Buzanov S.P. Labor protection at railway stations \/ Buzanov S.P., Kharlamov V.F. \/\/ Publishing house \\\"Transport\\\", 1972, p 81-84. 21. Saidivaliev Sh.U., A new method of calculating time and speed of a carriage during its movement on the section of the first brake position of a marshaling hump when exposed headwind \/ Sh.U. Saidivaliev, R.Sh. Bozorov, E.S. Shermatov \/\/ STUDENT eISSN: 2658-4964. 2021, \u21169. 22. Shukhrat Saidivaliev, Ramazon Bozorov, Elbek Shermatov. Kinematic characteristics of the car movement from the top to the calculation point of the marshalling hump. E3S Web of Conferences 264, 05008 (2021) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/e3sconf\/202126405008 35","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. DOI - 10.32743\/UniTech.2022.99.6.13941 FUEL RESOURCES USED IN VEHICLES AS WELL AS THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Shokhruh Y\u0430kubbekov Teacher, Namangan Institute of Civil Engineering, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Zokirjon Turgunov Teacher, Namangan Institute of Civil Engineering, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] \u0422\u041e\u041f\u041b\u0418\u0412\u041d\u042b\u0415 \u0420\u0415\u0421\u0423\u0420\u0421\u042b, \u0418\u0421\u041f\u041e\u041b\u042c\u0417\u0423\u0415\u041c\u042b\u0425 \u0412 \u0422\u0420\u0410\u041d\u0421\u041f\u041e\u0420\u0422\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u0421\u0420\u0415\u0414\u0421\u0422\u0412\u0410\u0425, \u0410 \u0422\u0410\u041a\u0416\u0415 \u0418\u0425 \u0412\u041e\u0417\u0414\u0415\u0419\u0421\u0422\u0412\u0418\u0415 \u041d\u0410 \u041e\u041a\u0420\u0423\u0416\u0410\u042e\u0429\u0423\u042e \u0421\u0420\u0415\u0414\u0423 \u0428\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0443\u0445 \u042f\u043a\u0443\u0431\u0431\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0417\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440\u0436\u043e\u043d \u0425\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d ABSTRACT Currently, there are about 800 million cars on the planet; by 2030, analysts predict a two-fold increase in cars, i.e. up to 1.6 billion cars. Significant growth rates of cars create an unfavorable ecological situation, especially in megacities. This leads to an increase in respiratory diseases, allergies, diseases of the circulatory system. According to statistics, 225,000 people die every year in Europe from exhaust-related diseases. According to the International Energy Agency, CO2 emissions from the transport sector of the world's economy are 26%, with road transport accounting for 73.5%. \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 800 \u043c\u043b\u043d. \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043a 2030 \u0433. \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0442.\u0435. \u0434\u043e 1,6 \u043c\u043b\u0440\u0434. \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0445. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0430\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435, 225 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0443\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0421\u041e2 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 26%, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f 73,5%. Keywords: resources, lubricating materials, electric energy, thermal energy, engine oil, cylinder, piston, power. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Pollution of the atmosphere (with skis, soot, fumes the atmosphere, the information obtained from various and other solid particles as well as poisonous gases) also sources [4,5,6,14,17] and the causes and consequences has a negative effect on the human body. Eksex control of air pollution by reference vehicles. Currently, as one of the most important elements of motor transport approximately 80% is the total amount of harmful activity has also been studied since 2016. The purpose substances released by vehicles. Vehicles pollute the of this article is to investigate the causes of air pollution atmosphere with exhaust gasestiradi these consist of by means of vehicles transporti and methods with a view solid particles, petroleum products and other toxic to reducing the concentration of harmful substances in substances. As the number of vehicles increases, __________________________ \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: Yoqubbekov S., Turgunov Z.X. FUEL RESOURCES USED IN VEHICLES AS WELL AS THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 : \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2022. 6(99). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/13941","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. harmful substances entering the atmosphere continue to environment when building new cities or existing ones. increase slightly [16]. As a result, harmful dust, dry It was introduced by the following foreign researchers matter, and toxic gases accumulate in the human body. who contributed greatly to the study of atmospheric air pollution of cars and roads: the study of the concentration About 25 kg of dust is inhaled over a lifetime. of substances emitted into the atmosphere by cars can be All these harmful substances accumulate in the human obtained on the scale of large cities and countries [1, 8, body, leading to disruption of the human body and blood 9,10,11,2,12,3]. In many states, the problem of pollution pressure. As a result, such methods of solving the of harmful gases emanating from the means of transport problem of reducing the amount of contaminants come of atmospheric air was studied as a result of research by to the face. Until the middle of the twentieth century, the the following state scientists: Russia (Irkutsk, Kazan, result of the attention of mankind to the environment Kerch, Chita, Penza), Germany (Kiel), Mongolia was very low, as a result of industrialization, no (Ulan-Bator). Air pollution from motor vehicles is measures were taken to improve the environment and considered to be a waste [2,12,3,13]. Scientists in this its. Only in the 60-ies of the last century people state, based on the data obtained, most often based on understood that human life depends on the state of the the negative impact of detected vehicles on atmospheric environment. As a result, over the years in the modern air. In Russian cities, pollution of the atmosphere with world, the amount of harmful substances in the soil, harmful substances is considered to be the main means water and air has increased. In large cities, the main source of transport with a share. The landscapes surrounding of harmful substances in the atmosphere is poisonous the car and the harmful substances near the road substances coming out of the car engine. According complex, which are immune to the works of authors who to some information,[1,5,6,7,15,16] air pollutants make have determined the interconnectedness of the landscape up 50-80% of the population. In the modern world, due concentration, help to clean the air. A common part of to the constant development of technology and the the harmful substances released into the environment are relaxation of the process, the production of Motor contained in atmospheric air near highways. Air pollution Vehicles is constantly growing. On average, each family with the internal combustion engine emissions of cars has 1-2 cars. As a result of the dense location of the the connection between the location and the plane of the people mainly in the cities, transportation of the entire horizontal road surface and prevents the release of territory of the city is provided, and as a result of this, pollutants into the atmosphere from the car and Road the outflow of harmful substances into the environment complex[1,5,7]. According to the results of the analysis, occurs. Some of these substances accumulate on the the high-speed type of motor vehicles and the changing road surfaces, others rise into the air and accumulate in density of the road climate conditions also play an the atmosphere, falling with precipitation and polluting important role in the location of the lanes on the soil and water. The increase in the concentration of toxic roadside. Cars work on fuel consisting of a large number substances by cars in the courtyards and corridors of of petroleum products, which, when released into the buildings with a direct proximity of motorways to atmosphere, cause damage to the environment. Most of residential buildings is considered to be in places where them work on gasoline and diesel engines this type of people live. That is why atmospheric air pollution fuel is prepared as a result of oil refining and does not remains a pressing problem at the moment. The way burn completely in the engine as a result of which to solve this problem is that the introduction of a new completely non-combustible harmful substances are technology should establish its operation in such pushed into the environment. 1-the picture shows the technologies as the replacement of gasoline-powered connection of the light car's uglerod oxide emissions to engines with gas or other types of fuels to electric- the speed of its movements. powered engines, or the replacement of other alternative types of carbon dioxide gases that go out into the Figure 1. Dynamics of pollution of atmospheric air with vehicles 37","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Figure 2. Dynamics of the release of pollutants from motor vehicles Table 1. Shows the dynamics of changes in harmful substances 2005-2016 years Definitio-n 2005-y 2006-y 2007-y 2008-y 2009-y 2010-y 2011-y 2012-y 2013-y 2014-y 2015-y 2016-y SO2 135 130 107 93 84 84 75 66 56 47 38 29 NOx 200 204 202 199 195 194 191 188 185 182 179 177 NH3 175 183 186 193 203 212 218 224 230 236 242 248 HM\u041b\u041e\u0421 144 141 138 138 141 139 134 130 125 121 116 112 CO 594 580 573 568 594 576 560 544 527 511 494 478 PM2,5 PM10 16 17 18 17 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 32 22 23 25 24 27 28 18 29 30 31 32 32 La quantit\u00e0 di rifiuti durante il movimento e la 17,87-20,4%; produzione collarilg'i - 11,02 - 11,41%; manutenzione dei veicoli a motore \u00e8 distribuita come produzione di materiali per la manutenzione e la riparazione - 1,8-2,06%. segue: movimento dei veicoli - 66,57-68,91%; ispezione di manutenzione (MOT) e riparazione di automobili - References: 1. Abdulmaxammedov B.B. Shahar yo\u02bblovchi transportini rivojlantirish muammolari va yechimlari \/\/O'zbekistonda fanlararo innovatsiyalar va ilmiy tadqiqotlar jurnali. \u2013 2022. \u2013 \u0422. 1. \u2013 \u2116. 8. \u2013 \u0421. 459-463. 2. \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0430\u044e\u043c \u0420.\u041d., \u042d\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0410.\u0410., \u041d\u0443\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0411. \u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0445 \/\/ \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438. \u2013 2018. \u2013 \u2116. 2. \u2013 \u0421. 12-16. 3. \u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443c\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410.\u0412., \u0410\u0440\u0433\u0443c\u04b3\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0412.\u041a., \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0421.\u0410. \u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0441\u04b3\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u0433. \u0418\u0440\u043a\u0443\u0446\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043c \/\/ \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0440\u043a\u0443\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f: \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435. 2013. \u21162. \u0421. 47-56. 4. \u041c\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0423., \u0422\u0443\u0445\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u041c., \u0420\u0430\u0445\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0411. \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d- \u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u00bb. \u2013 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e, 2022. \u0412\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a 129, \u2013 \u0421. 12-17. www.t-nauka.ru 5. \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0410.\u0420., \u041d\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0414., \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0413.\u0424. \u0412\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443 \/\/\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430. \u2013 2017. \u2013 \u2116. 10. \u2013 \u0421. 6-9. 6. \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0432, \u041d., \u042d\u0448\u0430\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0432, \u0410., \u0410\u0440\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0411., \u0410\u0440\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0416., \u0422\u0443\u0445\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432, \u0413., & \u041d\u0438\u0448\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0411. (2016). \\\" Technical and economic assessment of efficiency of measures on regulation of traffic on mountain roads\\\", Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering. India, 29 February. 38","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. 7. \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0410.\u0420. \u0414\u0438\u0437\u0435\u043b \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u0430\u0437 \u0451\u049b\u0438\u043b\u0493\u0438\u0441\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u049b\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0448 \u043c\u0443\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438. \u042e\u049b\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u049b\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e\u049b \u0445\u045e\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u044f\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0448 \u0432\u0430 \u0443\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0444\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0448 \u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448. \u041c\u0430\u0432\u0437\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0441\u0438. \u0413\u0443\u043b\u0431\u0430\u04b3\u043e\u0440.2017.86-93 \u0441\u0442\u0440. 8. Normirzayev A.R., Egamberdiyev B.S., Mekhmonaliyev I. Development of transportation system control system using geoformation technologies \/\/\u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c. \u2013 2021. \u2013 \u2116. 4-1. \u2013 \u0421. 245-247. 9. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0421.\u0410. \u0421\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 (\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0433. \u041a\u0438\u043b\u044c) \/\/ \u0418\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0440\u043a\u0443\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430. \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f: \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u043e \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435. 2015. \u211613. \u0421. 131-149. 10. Normirzayev A.R., Azimjanov S.O., Yusupjonov M.O. Establishment of intercity passenger transportation system \/\/ \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c. \u2013 2021. \u2013 \u2116. 5-1. \u2013 \u0421. 362-364. 11. \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0410.\u0420. \u0412\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442-\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442. 2019. \u041d\u0422\u0416 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0418\u0422\u0418. \u0422\u043e\u043c 4. \u21163. 248-254 \u0441\u0442\u0440. 12. \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0432.\u0410., \u0423\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432.A., \u0421\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432.A. \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0436\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0430\u0444\u0432\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438. \u201c\u0417\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0448\u043b\u0430\u0431 \u0447\u0438\u049b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0438\u0448 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u0432\u0430 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441 \u0442\u0435\u0436\u0430\u043c\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448 \u043c\u0443\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u201d \u043c\u0430\u0432\u0437\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u0425\u0430\u043b\u049b\u0430\u0440\u043e \u0438\u043b\u043c\u0438\u0439-\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0436\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d. 3-4 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 2018 \u0439\u0438\u043b, \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0436\u043e\u043d. 2018 \u0433. 146-148 \u0441\u0442\u0440. 13. \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0410., \u041d\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410., \u041c\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0416. \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0432\u0443 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u041c\u0422\u0410 \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \/\/ Teacher academician lyceum at Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute Uzbekistan, Tashkent city ARTISTIC PERFORMANCE OF THE CREATIVITY OF RUSSIAN. \u2013 2018. \u2013 \u0421. 515. 14. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u042f. (2021). \u0414\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440: \u0410\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0439\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0431\u0435\u043a \u041c\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447, \u0434-\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a; \u0417\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430: \u0410\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0443\u043b \u041c\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434. \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a; \u0427\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0438, 80. 15. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0418.\u0410 \u041d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0437\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0410.\u0420. \u0412\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u00abIssues of modern education in the condition of globalization Collection international scientific conference\u00bb. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f. 2017. \u0422\u043e\u043c 2. \u0421\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b 115-121 16. \u0421\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041c.\u0412., \u0414\u0435\u043c\u044c\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0412.\u0421., \u0414\u044f\u0440\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0420.\u0410., \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0410.\u0421\u04b2. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u044f\u0437\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0432 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430 \/\/ \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u04b3\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. 2008. \u21167. \u0421. 29-31. 17. \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0425., \u0422\u0443\u0445\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u041c., \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0493\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0417., \u0418\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0436\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041d. \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u00bb. \u2013 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e, 2022. \u0412\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a 129, \u2013 \u0421. 9-11. www.t-nauka.ru 18. \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0425., \u0422\u0443\u0445\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u041c., \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0493\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0417., \u0418\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0436\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041d. \u041e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u00ab\u0422\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430\u00bb. \u2013 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e, 2022. \u0412\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a 129, \u2013 \u0421. 9-11. www.t-nauka.ru 39","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. DESIGNING OF PARKING LOTS AROUND SOCIO-ECONOMIC OBJECTS IN THE SOFTWARE OF PTV VISSIM Turatov Bekzod Teacher of Department of Transport Logistics Jizzakh polytechnic institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh E-mail: [email protected] Azizbek Nishonov Teacher of Department of Transport Logistics Jizzakh polytechnic institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh E-mail: [email protected] \u041f\u0420\u041e\u0415\u041a\u0422\u0418\u0420\u041e\u0412\u0410\u041d\u0418\u0415 \u041f\u0410\u0420\u041a\u041e\u0412\u041e\u041a \u0412\u041e\u041a\u0420\u0423\u0413 \u0421\u041e\u0426\u0418\u0410\u041b\u042c\u041d\u041e-\u042d\u041a\u041e\u041d\u041e\u041c\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0425 \u041e\u0411\u042a\u0415\u041a\u0422\u041e\u0412 \u0412 \u041f\u0420\u041e\u0413\u0420\u0410\u041c\u041c\u0415 PTV VISSIM \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0411\u0435\u043a\u0437\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043a \u041d\u0438\u0448\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043a ABSTRACT Today, with the rapid pace of urbanization, there is an increase in mobility between regions due to improved living standards. This, in turn, increases the demand for transport. As a result, urban centers in many developed and developing countries are facing congestion. Nowadays, along with the widespread use of private vehicles among the population, the efficient use of existing parking lots is one of the important issues. The article analyzes the level of impact of roadside dwellings on road capacity using the capabilities of the PTV Vissim software and discusses the effectiveness of the use of intelligent systems in the use of parking lots. \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e, \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c, \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u044b \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0441 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430- \u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a. \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b PTV Vissim \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a. Keywords: PTV Vissim, parking, level of service, intelligent transport systems. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: PTV Vissim, \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430, \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Main part to prevent accidents. However, there are always oppor- tunities for positive change, that is, to get out of the risk As a result of population growth and living stand- situation and minimize the negative effects. However, ards, there is an increase in traffic on the roads of our this is a short-term, quantitative solution to the problem, country. Even though vehicles are now equipped with which cannot be completely eliminated, as the number modern technology, driving is still dangerous. Accidents of cars on the roads will continue to grow over the years. are more likely to occur in city centers and on highways Therefore, an intelligent transport system can solve this with heavy traffic. The system depends on many ele- problem qualitatively, using the achievements of science ments, and if nothing is done about it, it will be difficult and technology. __________________________ \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: Turatov B., Nishonov A. DESIGNING OF PARKING LOTS AROUND SOCIO-ECO- NOMIC OBJECTS IN THE SOFTWARE OF PTV VISSIM \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 : \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2022. 6(99). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/13991","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Intelligent transportation systems are an important introduction of these systems, unlike the standard part of a smart city. It makes full use of intelligent tech- method of building new highways, is a useful, effective nology, Internet products. Allows to systematize and ex- way to solve this problem. The role of ITTs in increasing pand the scope of application of the transport system [1]. road capacity is significant, but the erratic placement of vehicles on the roadway by drivers has a negative impact The introduction of intelligent transport can lead to on addressing these issues and ensuring road safety. a comprehensive improvement of socio-economic inter- Therefore, the establishment of modern car parks in cit- ests in several areas, including its advantages [2]: ies, the use of ITT in their activities is a topical issue and will lead to more efficient use of parking resources and \u2022 Save time on the road, reduce driver labor and bring significant economic, social and environmental traffic congestion; benefits. The use of intelligent transport systems and computer software in the management of parking lots \u2022 Reduces the damage caused to the environment can reduce the demand for parking lots by 20-40% and by transport; contribute to the efficient use of parking space and driver comfort. Transport and urban planning interact. \u2022 reduction of road infrastructure construction Co-development is important and it should also include costs. several objectives, in particular car and parking manage- ment. As a result, it increases road throughput effi- With the growth of automation in large cities, the ciency, reduces stops and conflict points, and increases need for the introduction of intelligent vehicles will in- revenue. crease [3]. In foreign countries, the cost of parking varies de- An intelligent transportation system (ITT) is a com- pending on the time and location. This means that it is plex engineering structure that is an innovative approach more expensive in large cities than in small towns, more to modeling transport systems and managing traffic expensive in neighborhoods in business districts, and flows. Maximizing the use of the transport network will more expensive during the day than at midnight .With increase the efficiency and safety of the transport pro- the rapid personalization of vehicles, many cities are cess, further increase the level of convenience for suffering from a lack of parking spaces. This is a mis- transport users and drivers, as well as provide prompt match between supply and demand for parking spaces. access to emergency medical care. As a result, consum- This is one of the most common problems with cars on ers are provided with a greater level of information and the subway. This disparity is partly due to inefficient security, as well as the level of interaction between the par- land use planning and incorrect calculation of space re- ticipants of the movement. In developed countries such quirements in the early stages of planning. as the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and China, these technologies were widely used in transpor- Today, the urban population is \u2248 4.4 billion (55% in tation management 20-30 years ago. cities). By 2050, it is projected to reach 20 7 billion (68% in cities) and it will account for about 65% of de- Several methods have been proposed by experts to veloping countries and 88% of developed countries. address the above problems [4]: This leads to an increase in the number of cars. \u2022 construction and expansion of extensive road in- The number of vehicles owned by individuals in Uz- frastructure; bekistan (according to the State Statistics Committee as of January 1, 2021) was 2,955,295 [4], an increase of \u2022 Intensive use of ITT in traffic optimization and 14.5% compared to 2020 (Figure 1). management. In foreign experiments, it is necessary to use an in- tensive approach to solving the transport problem. ITT is an important, efficient and safe way to increase traffic flow on highways. The United States Government is ac- tively developing and supporting the ITT. Because the Vehicle growth rate over the years (2020 va 2021 y) 4000000 2000000 0 2021 light vehicle lorry bus 2020 mikrobus private transport 2020 light vehicle lorry bus mikrobus private transport 2021 2338221 142644 4825 7197 4334 2767126 168810 5711 8518 5130 Figure 1. Vehicle growth rate in recent years (2020 and 2021) 41","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. It is understandable that such a growth rate of parking spaces). The main indicators in the analysis of transport is expected to become the most pressing issue the object are the time spent by the driver to search for a in the future. The problem of parking in cities and towns place to park the vehicle, the average level of congestion, is actually the demand for parking (the number of cars the average number of cars parked in the parking lot dur- in need of parking) and the supply of parking spaces ing the day (Figure 2), (Figure 3). (sufficient for cars in need of parking) the number of Number of traffic flows on the 1st side of Alisher Navoi Street (by days and hours of the week) 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 7:08 8:09 9:10 10:11 11:12 12:13 13:14 14:15 15:16 16:17 17:18 18:19 19:20 20:21 21:22 yakshanba shanba juma payshanba chorshanba seshanba dushanba Figure 2. Number of traffic on the 1st side of Alisher Navoi Street Alisher Traffic flow on Navoi Street Side 2 (by days of the week, by hours) 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 7:08 8:09 9:10 10:11 11:12 12:13 13:14 14:15 15:16 16:17 17:18 18:19 19:20 20:21 21:22 yakshanba shanba juma payshanba chorshanba seshanba dushanba Figure 3. Number of traffic on the 2nd side of Alisher Navoi Street The traffic speed of this street was studied as a result comparative analysis of the results obtained in a non- of practical observations, and the effect of the vehicles residential condition at the roadside. Once we have the parked on the side of the street in the current situation current data, we get results from the program, even if on the traffic level was studied. Using the PTV vissim there are no parking lots on the side of the road, and program to obtain indicators such as congestion, wasted compare it with our current results. The following is a time, delay time, and the amount of harmful gases emit- diagram of the non-residential drawing in the program ted into the environment as a result of vehicles parked (Figure 4) and the results obtained in the non-residential on the side of the road. and as a test we can observe a condition. 42","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Figure 4. Drawing of A. Navoi Street in Termiz without housing in PTV Vissim program Analyzing the results, we can see that the current At the same time, the stagnation of vehicles on the level of road maintenance is equal to LOS F, and without road has a significant negative impact on the environ- settlements, this figure will improve to LOS B. When ment due to the release of harmful gases into the atmos- we obtain the results of one hour of practical observation phere. According to a study conducted in this area, we of the peak time of this area in the current state of resi- can observe the emission of harmful gases in this area in dential and non-residential as a test on the street, the pro- an hour in the current state of 13,808 COx (grams), and gram includes the average length of the queue, number in the non-residential state - 3,878 COx (grams). An- of vehicles, average delay time, harmful gases, fuel we other important aspect of the transport sector is fuel con- can see a significant difference between indicators such sumption. Naturally, the search for accommodation as consumption. For example, the difference between prolongs travel time and, as a result, wastes fuel. From the average lengths of the queue in the two cases was the above results, it was found that in the study area, the 128 meters. One of the most pressing problems in cities fuel consumption in the non-residential condition is 142 today is congestion. From this figure we can clearly see liters less than in the residential area on the side of the how interconnected the problems of congestion and street. parking area. In conclusion, this article examines the extent to To avoid congestion, we need to make full use of which the problem of congestion, which is currently the the road's capacity. According to the results obtained in most pressing issue for both developed and developing the residential and non-residential condition on the side countries, is related to parking. Conflicting points of of the street, in the absence of housing on the side of the cars parked and parked on the side of the road were an- road can carry 2080 cars more than in the current situa- alyzed. According to the above-mentioned analysis, the tion. It turned out that the two cases differed by almost parking lots along the A.Navoi Street will be tightened 15 minutes compared to the average delay time of cars. by the installation of a curfew on the side of the road for a certain period of time. References: 1. Yue jian-ming, Lin pileu. Analysis on the integration and development of China's intelligent transportation industry and Internet of things technology. Productivity research, 5th issue, 2012. 2. Hui Jie Yang\/ Xi'an Intelligent Transportation System Construction Platform Research\/ https:\/\/creativecom- mons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/ Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 8th International Congress of In- formation and Communication Technology, ICICT 2019. 3. Zhankaziev S., Gavrilyuk M., Morozov D., Zabudsky A. Scientific and methodological approaches to the development of a feasibility study for intelligent transportation systems\/ https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/. Thir- teenth International Conference on Organization and Traffic Safety Management in Large Cities (SPOTSIC 2018). 4. AASHTO, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Washington, D.C., 1994. 43","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. METHOD OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTRODUCTION OF A MULTI-LEVEL ESU DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM SELF-PROPELLED NARROW-GAUGE POWER STATION Shoxrux Yakubbekov Teacher Namangan Engineering Construction Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Yusufkhon Abduvaliev Student Namangan Engineering Construction Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan Doston Holdorov Student Namangan Engineering Construction Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan Jakhongir Sobirjonov Student Namangan Engineering Construction Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan Alisher Olimov Student Namangan Engineering Construction Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan \u0421\u041f\u041e\u0421\u041e\u0411 \u042d\u041a\u0421\u041f\u0415\u0420\u0418\u041c\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0410\u041b\u042c\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0418\u0421\u0421\u041b\u0415\u0414\u041e\u0412\u0410\u041d\u0418\u042f \u0412\u041d\u0415\u0414\u0420\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042f \u041c\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e\u0423\u0420\u041e\u0412\u041d\u0415\u0412\u041e\u0419 \u0421\u0418\u0421\u0422\u0415\u041c\u042b \u0414\u0418\u0410\u0413\u041d\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0418\u041a\u0418 \u042d\u0411\u0423 \u0415\u043a\u0443\u0431\u0431\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0428\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0443\u0445 \u0422\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0440 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u042e\u0441\u0443\u0444\u0445\u043e\u043d \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0425\u043e\u043b\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0436\u043e\u043d \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0436\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0416\u0430\u0445\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0438\u0440 \u0421\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0431\u0436\u043e\u043d \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u041e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0440 \u041c\u0430\u0445\u043c\u0443\u0434\u0436\u043e\u043d \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d __________________________ \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: METHOD OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH INTRODUCTION OF A MULTI-LEVEL ESU DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM SELF-PROPELLED NARROW-GAUGE POWER STATION \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438: \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. Yakubbekov S. [\u0438 \u0434\u0440.]. 2022. 6(99). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/13886","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. ABSTRACT In this article, the achievement of the set goal is discussed, and the results of the experiment are used to test theoretical developments and substantiate diagnostic effects on the control of the state of the internal combustion engine. \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. Keywords: ECM, ICE, vehicle, combustion engine, adapter, diagnostic parameter, engine diagnostic. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u042d\u0411\u0423, \u0414\u0412\u0421, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c, \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440, \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The purpose of the experimental studies is to check To ensure the uniformity of the experiment, objectivity and refine theoretical developments on the multi-level and compare ability of the results obtained, the remain- system of ESM diagnostics. ing values of the experimental ICE with distributed fuel injection are provided unchanged. During the entire re- Achieving this goal requires completing the follow- search cycle, the following conditions were observed: ing work steps: all experimental test data are brought to atmospheric conditions as close as possible to normal: air tempera- \u2022 Development of specific experimental research ture293 K (+20 \u00b0C);barometric pressure B = 101.3 kPa methods; (760 mmHg); water vapor pressure 1.2 kPa; fuel temper- ature at the input to the motor power supply system \u2022 Selection and development of technical diagnostics t=+20 \u00b0C \/ 66, 61\/. tools, equipment and devices for recording output in- dicators; Other restrictions are reflected in the developed private methods. Based on the previously presented \u2022 Carrying out each of the stages of experimental multi-level engine diagnostics system with ECM, a tech- research according to the developed private methods; nological process diagram is developed, as shown in Figure 1.1(4) \u2022 Determination of the limit values of diagnostic parameters; The assessment of complex indicators includes obtain- ing data on the state of the internal combustion engine \u2022 Verification of the adequacy of theoretical devel- based on power, fuel consumption and environmental opments. indicators. A portable PC with the standard program \\\"Motor Tester\\\" is installed in the car and connected via The obtained results of the experiment are used to test an RS-232 cable and an adapter to the on-board diagnos- theoretical developments and justify diagnostic conditions tic pad. The adapter is powered by the car mobile battery. for monitoring the state of the internal combustion en- The connection diagram of the PC to the vehicle is gine ECM(3). shown in Figure 1.2.(6) The measuring instruments used for this purpose must provide an accuracy of 0.2-0.3 of the value of the tolerance field of the controlled parameter. The standard program \\\"Motor Tester\\\" is prepared for testing and connected to the vehicle system in accordance with the rules set out in the operating instructions. 45","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Figure 1. Engine diagnostics technology with EECS 46","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Figure 2. Connection diagram of the PC to the vehicle (7) The assessment is made when driving in accelera- A flowchart for getting information from the engine tion mode with the throttle fully open in 3rd gear on a is shown in Figure 3.(2) horizontal section with an asphalt-concrete surface. Ini- tial conditions: the speed corresponds to 40 km \/ h, the crankshaft speed is 1000 rpm. Figure 3. \u0411\u043b\u043e\u043a-\u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f Variables obtained with the vehicle in driving mode are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Display variables of the \\\"BOSCH M l,5.4\\\" , \\\"BOSCH M1.5.4 N\\\" and \\\"JANUARY 5.1\\\" blocks used in calculations(8) Code Bosch Bosch Units of Note M1.5.4 M1.5.4 N measurement, COINJ Data is rec- FAVAL \u2022 \u2022 Injection time correction factor Tp\/min orded and FREQ \u2022 \u2022 Air\/fuel ratio l\/100km viewed at any FUELPK \u2022 \u2022 Crankshaft rotation frequency given time JAIR \u2022 \u2022 Specific instantaneous fuel consumption Kg\/h JSPEED \u2022 \u2022 Mass air consumption Km\/h THR \u2022 \u2022 Vehicle speed \u2022 \u2022 Throttle position % 47","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Figure 4. View of the received data from the \\\"Motor Tester\\\" program (9) Further processing of data obtained from the stand- fuel efficiency and ecology\\\" developed by the author, ard program \\\"Motor Tester\\\" is performed manually by presented in Appendix A, to obtain the values Ne, gof ne, g e,, the operator in the \\\"Write down\\\" mode. In this mode, by P\u044d\u043a\u043e\u043b depending on the speed of rotation of the crank- moving the visor, you can view the values of seven di- shaft. This program provide number of fixed values used agnostic parameters simultaneously at any time. The ob- for calculation, which are shown in Table 1.2(5) tained data are entered into the program\\\" Power, specific Table 2. Accepted values for calculating complex indicators Designation m\u0430 g Ga fo i Cx Fx Utr \u03b4 \u0572tr Kg m\/s2 H - Dimension 1370 - Hc2\/m4 M2 - - - numerical meaning 9,81 13439 0,017 0 0,339 1,965 1,357 1,142 0,89 Data on atmospheric conditions is also entered into The performance and economic parameters of inter- the program, so that the obtained parameters can be nal combustion engines depend on environmental pa- compared with each other. The program outputs param- rameters such as pressure, humidi ty\u0440\u0430, and ambient air eter data in the form of tables and graphs(1). temperature. GOST 14846-69 and GOST18509-73 reg- ulate the standard conditions given in the general meth- odology(10). References: 1. Adashboyevich M.J., Qoviljanovich I.S., Abduvali o\u2019g\u2019li I.H., & Xabibullaevich X.U. (2021). Modern Technology Of Surface Hardening Applied To Parts Of The Car. NVEO-NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS Jour- nal| NVEO, 2673-2676. 2. Azimov Q.X, Darabov M, Sayfuddinova R.A \u041e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445. -\u0422.: TADI, 2009.-132 p. 3. Bozorov B.I. \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044a \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432. -\u0422.: TADI, 2005. \u2013 104 \u0441. 4. Sarvar I. (2021). Application of Intelligent Systems in Cars. International Journal of Innovative Analyses and Emerg- ing Technology, 1(4), 78-80. 5. Sarvar I., & Zokirxon M. (2021). ROAD TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS WITH PARTICIPATION PEDESTRIANS. Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, (5-6 (86)), 62-65. 6. \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0428.\u041e. \u0423., \u0412\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u041c.\u041c. \u0423., \u0411\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0410., & \u0425\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0439\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0410.\u041e. \u0423. (2022). \u0421\u041f\u041e\u0421\u041e\u0411\u042b \u0423\u0421\u0422\u0420\u0410\u041d\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042f \u0418\u0417\u041b\u0418\u0428\u041d\u0415\u0419 \u0412\u0418\u0411\u0420\u0410\u0426\u0418\u0418 \u041f\u0420\u0418 \u0420\u0410\u0411\u041e\u0422\u0415 \u0410\u0412\u0422\u041e\u041c\u041e\u0411\u0418\u041b\u042c\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u0414\u0412\u0418\u0413\u0410\u0422\u0415\u041b\u0415\u0419 \u0412 \u0421\u0410\u041b\u042c\u0422\u041e- \u0412\u041e\u041c \u041f\u041e\u041b\u041e\u0416\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0418. Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, (2-3 (95)), 5-7. 48","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. 7. \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0428\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0443\u0445 \u041e\u0445\u0443\u043d\u0436\u043e\u043d \u0423\u0433\u043b\u0438, et al. \\\"\u0421\u041f\u041e\u0421\u041e\u0411\u042b \u0423\u0421\u0422\u0420\u0410\u041d\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042f \u0418\u0417\u041b\u0418\u0428\u041d\u0415\u0419 \u0412\u0418\u0411\u0420\u0410\u0426\u0418\u0418 \u041f\u0420\u0418 \u0420\u0410- \u0411\u041e\u0422\u0415 \u0410\u0412\u0422\u041e\u041c\u041e\u0411\u0418\u041b\u042c\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u0414\u0412\u0418\u0413\u0410\u0422\u0415\u041b\u0415\u0419 \u0412 \u0421\u0410\u041b\u042c\u0422\u041e\u0412\u041e\u041c \u041f\u041e\u041b\u041e\u0416\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0418.\\\" Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 2-3 (95) (2022): 5-7. 8. \u0418\u043c\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421.\u041a., \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0428.\u041e., \u0420\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0436\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0410., & \u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0414.\u0418. (2021). \u0423\u0427\u0410\u0421\u0422\u0418\u0415 \u041e\u0411\u0429\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0412\u0415\u041d- \u041d\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0418 \u0412 \u041e\u0411\u0415\u0421\u041f\u0415\u0427\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0418 \u0411\u0415\u0417\u041e\u041f\u0410\u0421\u041d\u041e\u0421\u0422\u0418 \u0414\u0412\u0418\u0416\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042f. \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c, (5-1), 939-942. 9. \u0418\u043c\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0421.\u041a., \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0428., & \u041c\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0445\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0417.\u0422. (2021). \u041f\u0420\u0418\u041c\u0415\u041d\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0415 \u0418\u041d\u0422\u0415\u041b\u041b\u0415\u041a\u0422\u0423\u0410\u041b\u042c\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u0421\u0418\u0421\u0422\u0415\u041c \u0412 \u0410\u0412\u0422\u041e\u041c\u041e\u0411\u0418\u041b\u042f\u0425. \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0443\u043c, (5-1), 933-938 10. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u042f., \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0428.\u041e. (2021). \u0414\u0410\u0422\u0427\u0418\u041a \u0423\u0420\u041e\u0412\u041d\u042f \u0422\u041e\u041f\u041b\u0418\u0412\u0410. \u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0443\u043c: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, 12 (93), ISSN : 2311-5122 80-82. 49","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. TRANSPORT, MINING AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING NOMENKLATURE OF FREIGHT IN TRANSPORTATION ISSUES OF VEHICLES Behzod Mustafoev Assistant, Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh E-mail: [email protected] Shoxista Xamdamova Assistant, Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh E-mail: [email protected] \u041d\u041e\u041c\u0415\u041d\u041a\u041b\u0410\u0422\u0423\u0420\u0410 \u0413\u0420\u0423\u0417\u041e\u0412 \u0412 \u0422\u0420\u0410\u041d\u0421\u041f\u041e\u0420\u0422\u041d\u041e\u041c \u0412\u041e\u041f\u0420\u041e\u0421\u0415 \u0422\u0420\u0410\u041d\u0421\u041f\u041e\u0420\u0422\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u0421\u0420\u0415\u0414\u0421\u0422\u0412 \u041c\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0411\u0435\u0445\u0437\u043e\u0434 \u0424\u0430\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043a \u0425\u0430\u043c\u0434\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0428\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0417\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043a ABSTRACT The article deals with the issues of loading of vehicles, the nomenclature of cargo in transportation, the organization of transport and the optimal management of the problem based on its theory only through the analysis of transport pro- cesses and systems. \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043e\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c. Keywords: organization of transportation, vehicles, loading, loading in transport, nomenclature, routing. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0438, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442, \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ It is known that transport plays an important role in To address these issues, material resources, material our economy and in all spheres of our social life in its flows, technological processes of loading and unloading, stability and development. The smooth and efficient op- maintenance and repair of vehicles in general, transport eration of transport systems plays an important role in systems as a whole, their interdependence, their interde- the growth of our economy and the improvement of the pendence, to ensure the smooth and continuous operation living standards of the population. of transport systems. In order to solve such problems, Problems of transportation organization and optimal it is expedient to compare the processes in the transport management can be solved only on the basis of his the- system from an economic or mathematical point of view. ory by analyzing transport processes and systems. Opti- For example: Whether the evaluation of the perfor- mal management of transport systems, ensuring their mance of transport systems depends on the quantitative effective operation requires the organization of transport indicators of economic indicators or on time criteria. systems, the processes of transport systems, methods of However, in the analysis of the performance of transport their management and optimization, the selection of the systems, it is very difficult to organize this process as a most effective measures. whole and develop a mathematical model. To do this, it __________________________ \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: Xamdamova S.Z., Mustafoev B.F. NOMENKLATURE OF FREIGHT IN TRANSPORTATION ISSUES OF VEHICLES \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 : \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2022. 6(99). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/13911","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. is necessary to correctly determine the technical and Routes that ensure that the target function does not technological parameters (indicators, dimensions, crite- exceed the required values are considered rational ria) of the structure of interconnections in all links in the routes, and routes that provide the best of the achieved process of system operation. other driving factors and values are considered optimal routes. human factors will need to be taken into account. The issues of loading of vehicles determine the no- For example: We do not know in advance what the menclature, size and placement scheme of cargo during weather will be like in the organization of the transport transportation. The complexity of the problem increases process, traffic congestion on the roads, or the number when it is necessary to take into account the conditions of vehicles of other carriers arriving at the places of of combining loads (especially for dangerous goods), loading and unloading, etc. It can be seen that the exist- the sequence of loading, the continuity of consignments ing information uncertainties in the operation of the sys- of cargo in a single document, in addition to the volume tem, conflicts between partners, various factors and mass of cargo. As a target function, as a rule, the affecting the operation of the system, etc., by creating revenue from transportation is maximized: mathematical models of integral relationships in the transport process in finding the optimal options for plan- The following conditions ning the operation of transport systems. optimization of transport systems is carried out through several areas of the load shall not exceed the dimensions (location) mathematical modeling. of the vehicle, the dimensions of the container or other container, as well as the established standards of load Routing of gross freight and traffic capacity in terms of length, width and height of the load. In this case, the tariff for transportation of type i i. Routing means finding such schemes of inter-point traffic so that the length of the unladen road is kept to a The issues of scheduling arise in the maintenance of minimum and the given freight plan is fulfilled. This re- technological processes of manufacturing enterprises in quires the development of an optimal plan of unloaded the performance of transportation on time according to flights using economic-mathematical methods, the de- a specific technology, loading and unloading of vehicles in velopment of a joint plan of loaded and unloaded flights, large warehouses and terminals, passenger transportation. the creation of freight routes. The minimum number of vehicles used, downtime, and the revenues and costs associated with these indicators The issue of routing traffic and traffic will be to se- serve as indicators that determine the quality of traffic lect a rational or optimal scheme for the movement of schedules. cargo or passengers between the last number of points. In such cases, data on the required volumes of transporta- tion, descriptions of used vehicles and transport network, terms of delivery, time constraints, costs are used as primary data. The target function to be minimized is the sum of the product of the volumes of traffic and the coefficient of weight c, which can be used as a weight factor of the distance traveled by the vehicle, the cost of transportation, transportation time, and so on. 51","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Figure 1. Events, activities and processes The issues of planning the use of labor resources and Images of objects are called models, the process of technical resources in the transport node are addressed creating them is called modeling, and their appropriate in the optimization of general and special resources for use is called model research (model experiment, numer- each type of transport in order to reduce the stagnation ical test, model observation), and use in practice is called of all types of resources, increase the efficiency of the model practice. transport node. The main direction of solving such prob- lems is to coordinate the schedules of all types of transport, The model presents a system that serves as a means taking into account their technical and technological of obtaining information about another system. Both characteristics, direct or reloading of goods in warehouses, systems can be material (material) or abstract (abstract). etc. Therefore, models are divided into material and abstract models, as well as intermediate groups between these The issues of planning the work of transport enter- types of models. prises relate to the transport activities (transportation planning) and operational activities of enterprises (tech- Material models reflect the original by establishing nical inspections and maintenance, staffing). The target a certain similarity between them. The following three function is the total cost of using labor and technical types of similarity are distinguished: physical (direct) resources, which should be minimized. similarity, in which the model recreates the organized process by preserving the organized properties. This Models and modeling could be, for example, scale models of vehicles; The study of systems of different natures faces the indirect similarity is manifested in the form of cor- problem of how to reflect them, as well as how to use respondence or closeness between the model of the orig- them in cognitive activities and practical activities. The inal and the model of the abstract models; object is recorded in terms of language, represented on paper with drawings, graphs, photographs, equations Abstract models are created using thinking. and formulas, as well as models, mechanisms, devices. There are internal abstract models that reflect the mech- Songra uses these descriptions for scientific research anism of thinking and ultimately expressed in language (e.g., observations, experiments) or in practical activities. constructions, and external abstract models designed for teamwork. In turn, external abstract models are subdivided 52","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. into irrational (e.g., theatrical performances) and lan- Dynamic models mimic how a system behaves in guage models that can be expressed both in natural lan- time and allow us to study how the system works over a guage and in a specific character form. In the next group, given time range or to predict how it will perform in the mathematical models play an important role in technical future. Such models use the concepts of event, process, research, where the model provides a mathematical rep- activity. An event is a change in the state of a system in resentation of the modeling object. which an event occurs in an instant. In the interval be- tween the two events, the model remains unchanged. A Simulation modeling of transport systems process is a sequence of activities that are logically or technologically linked to a single goal. Activity is the Imitation modeling is a type of mathematical mod- elementary work of moving a system from one state to eling in which the image of the model is given in the another. The activity begins with an event and ends with form of algorithms for the interaction of the elements of an event (Figure 1). the system being modeled. The algorithms used allow to simulate how both system elements and the system as a In short, the issues of planning the use of labor and whole behave, as well as to determine the required pa- technical resources at the transport hub are addressed in rameters of system performance. the optimization of general and special resources for each type of transport in order to reduce the stagnation Imitation modeling can be determinant or stochas- of all types of resources, increase the efficiency of the tic, static, or dynamic. transport hub. The main direction of solving such prob- lems is to coordinate the schedules of all types of In stochastic static models, the values of the initial transport, taking into account their technical and techno- probabilistic parameters are generated using a random logical characteristics, direct or reloading of goods in number sensor, after which the values of the other pa- warehouses, etc. rameters are determined by the given functional connec- tions. Multiple adaptation of the model allows you to collect statistics on the parameters of the model and thus determine its statistical characteristics. Reference: 1. \u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u0423\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0435. \u041f\u043e\u0434.\u0440\u0435\u0434. \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444. \u0413.\u0410. \u0422\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e.\u2013 2-\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434., \u0434\u043e\u043f. \u2013 \u041c.: \u042e\u041d\u0418\u0422\u0418-\u0414\u0410\u041d\u0410, 2005. \u2013 439\u0441.[in Russian]. 2. \u041b.\u0411. \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 1999 \u0433. 196 \u0441\u0442\u0440. .[in Russian]. 3. \u041a\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0421.\u0425., & \u041d\u0438\u0448\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u041e. \u0423. (2021). \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0445. Academic research in educational sciences, 2(3).[in Uzbekistan]. 4. \u041a\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0421. (2021). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c-\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u00ab\u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u00bb. InterConf. [in Uzbekistan]. 5. \u0422\u043e\u0493\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0425. (2021). \u0414\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0444\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0431 \u0443\u043c\u0443\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0431\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u045e\u049b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0448 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0448. Academic research in educational sciences, 2(3). [in Uzbekistan]. 6. \u042e.\u041c. \u041d\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0448. \u041a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 \u042e\u041d\u0418\u0422\u0418 1997\u0433. [in Russian]. 7. \u0416.\u0420. \u041a\u0443\u043b\u043c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0438 \u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0416. 2013\u0433. [in Uzbekistan]. 8. \u049a\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0421. (2021). \u0422\u0430\u044a\u043b\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043e\u04b3\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0442\u0430\u044a\u043b\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0451\u0440\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0444\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0448 \u043c\u0443\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0438. Academic research in educational sciences, 2(2). [in Uzbekistan]. 9. \u0418\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0424.\u0418., & \u041d\u043e\u0440\u049b\u0443\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u042f. (2021). \u042e\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u044a\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0431 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0448 \u0436\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0451\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0448\u049b\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0448 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438. Academic research in educational sciences, 2(1). [in Uzbekistan]. 53","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. TECHNOLOGY OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS OF THE TEXTILE AND LIGHT INDUSTRY UNIFICATION OF GARMENT PARTS Nigora Tosheva Senior Lecturer, Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] \u0423\u041d\u0418\u0424\u0418\u0426\u0418\u0420\u041e\u0412\u0410\u041d\u0418\u0415 \u0414\u0415\u0422\u0410\u041b\u0415\u0419 \u0428\u0412\u0415\u0419\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u0418\u0417\u0414\u0415\u041b\u0418\u0419 \u0422\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0445\u0438\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442. \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u0411\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430 ABSTRACT The process of unification and typification must be carried out in production in order to increase productivity, reduce the time spent on the production of a product, and improve its quality. In turn, this requires the introduction of small mechanized complexes. The typification of the final assembly processes has a number of advantages compared to existing processes provided by high-performance equipment. \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438- \u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0422\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. Keywords: unification, typification, technological process, nomenclature, mechanized complex, organizational op- erations, semi-finished product . \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430, \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441, \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Unification is the choice of the optimal number of production of clothing require the unification of individ- sizes and types of products, services and processes de- ual parts and main components, their design and pro- signed to meet basic needs. Usually, unification is aimed cessing technology, which , in turn, makes it possible to at eliminating diversity, that is, it leads to the uniformity reduce the process of manufacturing a new model of of technical characteristics, product documents and products. As a result, this process helps to simplify the means of communication. The stage preceding unifica- manufacturing technology of the product and requires the tion is the choice of standard products and standard pro- use of small mechanized means and modern equipment. jects - typification. For example, a number of unified details of a men's Unification is the reduction of permissible elements shirt include: and solutions, that is, a widespread and effective method of bringing to uniformity. Unification is one of the types 1. Main details: shelf, back, sleeve. of systematization and is aimed at placing objects orga- 2. Details dependent on the main details: collar and nized into a certain system that is convenient for use, in cuffs. a constant order and sequence [1]. 3. Details independent of the main details: pockets, flaps, straps and shoulder straps[2]. Unification of products in the design process - re- The unification process helps to increase the pro- peated repetition of some parts, assemblies and surface duction of products and the serialization of operations. shapes in the design. As a result, production becomes cheaper and production time is shortened. The degree of unification of the prod- Unification in the technological process means a re- uct is determined through a system of constant indica- duction in the range of equipment and devices involved tors. Unification in design facilitates the further in the production process of products, the use of the improvement of this product and facilitates its adapta- same materials. New methods for the unification of mass tion to new conditions. __________________________ \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: Tosheva N.M. UNIFICATION OF GARMENT PARTS \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 : \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2022. 6(99). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/13831","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. The range of garments is very wide. Each year, gar- 3. The organizational form of assembly operations, ment factories produce millions of pieces of products, i.e. transitions (workflow, transfer of semi-finished with many models produced in several sizes, heights and product between workplaces, etc.) widths . Each product is assembled in processes that dif- fer from each other in the degree of mechanization and The typification of the final assembly processes has automation, the form of organization of flows, the con- a number of advantages compared to existing processes centration of output of products of one type, and other provided with highly efficient equipment: features. For each individual process, it is necessary to develop a production technology, select the necessary 1. It becomes possible to organize a technological equipment and fixtures, which require additional costs. sequence for processing a product, which increases the Therefore, in order to use complex mechanization, it is efficiency of not only those operations in which new necessary to identify such products and processes that equipment is involved, but also provides for an increase are more common than others, which will serve as the in the productivity of other types of work. Increasing the basis for reducing the number (unification) of products accuracy of the connection makes it possible to partially and types of processes that are common and characteris- reduce the operations for determining the seam allow- tic of the clothing industry (typing) [4]. To fully identify ance and collecting dimensions. Carrying out operations the capabilities of the equipment of the technological for processing a part without the formation of ledges or complex ( increasing labor productivity, reducing the with their formation in a certain amount makes it possi- cost of production, improving its quality), a change in ble to reduce WTO operations. Along with this, the the design of garments, the technology of their manufac- movement of the semi-finished product in the stream in ture and the forms of organization of production lines suspension also reduces the operation of the WTO. has a special effect. Therefore, when creating ways for the effective use of a complex of equipment, unification 2. It creates the possibility of using standard tech- should be carried out not only by a simple reduction in nological processes, combining a separate type of high- the design options for garments, but it is also necessary performance equipment and using high-performance to take into account technological processes. equipment when loading, It is advisable to consider the 3rd degree of typing 3. When developing a typical technological pro- and unification of garments: cess, it is possible to reduce the time spent on the per- formance of auxiliary work through the use of special 1. The final technological processes of assembling transport systems and organizational devices. a permanent type of garments, 4. It serves as a nomenclature for providing com- 2. Technological indivisible operations in the as- plex-mechanized lines with the necessary equipment sembly process, and the basis for determining the need for typification of technological operations that make up a typical techno- logical process [3]. References: 1. Abdullaeva G.S. STUDY OF DYNAMIC ANTHROPOMETRY FOR MAKING CLOTHES FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 : \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2022. 2(95). 2. Nurillayevna T.Z., Barotovich O.S., Djurayevna T.G., Muxiddinovna T.N., & Abduformonovna A.F. (2021). Research of Foot Sizes of Younger School Children for the Purpose of Identification of Static Deformations. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 4723-4741. 3. Sayfullayeva D.A., Tosheva N.M., Nematova L.H., Zokirova D.N., & Inoyatov I.S. (2021). Methodology of using innovative technologies in technical institutions. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 7505-7522. 4. Sharifovna T.Z., Kizi T.M. K., Khikmatovna N.L., Ramazonovna E.M., Narzullaevna A.M., & Kizi K.S. N. (2020). Opportunities for the development of creative abilities of the future teacher and student. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(12), 103-107. 5. Tosheva N.M. INFORMATION ABOUT UZBEK WOMEN'S NATIONAL CLOTHES \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 : \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2022. 4(97). 6. Tosheva N., & Abdullaeva G. (2022). THE CONCEPT OF \\\"INNOVATION\\\" AND TYPES OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES. Scientific progress, 3(3), 586-589. 7. \u041c\u0438\u0440\u0445\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041c.\u0410., & \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0413.\u0428. (2022). \u0413\u0415\u041e\u041c\u0415\u0422\u0420\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0415 \u041e\u0421\u041d\u041e\u0412\u042b \u041e\u0420\u041d\u0410\u041c\u0415\u041d\u0422\u041e\u0412 \u2013 \u0413\u0418\u0420\u0418\u0425\u041e\u0412. Scientific progress, 3(3), 612-615. 8. \u0422\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041d.\u041c. (2016). \u041d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439, (7), 181-183. 9. \u0422\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041d.\u041c. (2016). \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0448\u0432\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d. \u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439, (7), 178-181. 10. \u0422\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041d.\u041c. (2020). \u041f\u0420\u0418\u041c\u0415\u041d\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0415 \u0417\u041e\u041b\u041e\u0422\u041e\u0428\u0412\u0415\u0419\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u0418 \u0412\u042b\u0428\u0418\u0412\u0410\u041b\u042c\u041d\u042b\u0425 \u0423\u0417\u041e\u0420\u041e\u0412 \u0412 \u0414\u0418\u0417\u0410\u0419\u041d\u0415 \u0421\u041e\u0412\u0420\u0415\u041c\u0415\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0419 \u041e\u0414\u0415\u0416\u0414\u042b. In \u0414\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0439\u043d, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0418\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0412\u0410\u0426\u0418\u0418-2020) (pp. 287-290). 11. \u0422\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041d.\u041c., & \u0425\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041d.\u0428. (2015). \u0417\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0448\u0432\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0445\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439, (9), 1302-1306. 12. \u0422\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u041d.\u041c., \u0422\u0443\u0445\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0417.\u0428., & \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0413.\u041e. (2014). \u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b\u0439, (8), 878-879. 13. \u0423\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0412.\u042d. (2022). \u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0437\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432. Universum: \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438, (1 (80)), 13-15. 55","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF DICTIONS OF TWO LAYER KNITTED TEXTILE FABRICS FROM COTTON AND POLYESTER YARN Lazizbek Uralov Basic doctoral student of Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Kurbanali Kholikov Professor of Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Umarjon Melibaev Candidate of technical Sciences, docent Namangan Institute of engineering and technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan Dilafruz Vakhobova Basic doctoral student of Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan \u041a\u041e\u041c\u041f\u041b\u0415\u041a\u0421\u041d\u0410\u042f \u041e\u0426\u0415\u041d\u041a\u0410 \u041f\u041e\u041a\u0410\u0417\u0410\u0422\u0415\u041b\u0415\u0419 \u0414\u0412\u0423\u0425\u0421\u041b\u041e\u0419\u041d\u041e\u0419 \u0422\u0420\u0418\u041a\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0416\u041d\u041e\u0419 \u0422\u041a\u0410\u041d\u0418 \u0418\u0417 \u0425\u041b\u041e\u041f\u041a\u041e\u0412\u041e\u0419 \u0418 \u041f\u041e\u041b\u0418\u042d\u0424\u0418\u0420\u041d\u041e\u0419 \u041f\u0420\u042f\u0416\u0418 \u0423\u0440\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u041b\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a \u0421\u043e\u0439\u0438\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0425\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u0423\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0436\u043e\u043d \u0425\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434. \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0434\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0412\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0444\u0440\u0443\u0437 \u0413\u0430\u0439\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d ABSTRACT The article used a complex assessment method to determine the quality of two-layer knitted fabric samples made of cotton polyester yarn. As a result of the analysis of the complex assessment diagram and histogram of the quality indicators of the studied samples, variant III of double-layered knitted fabric of cotton and polyester yarn was found to be the best option. \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0445\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044d\u0444\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0438. \u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 III \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0436\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0445\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044d\u0444\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0438. __________________________ \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF DICTIONS OF TWO LAYER KNITTED TEXTILE FABRICS FROM COTTON AND POLYESTER YARN \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 : \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. Uralov L.S. [\u0438 \u0434\u0440.]. 2022. 6(99). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/13972","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Keywords: raw materials, technology, products, polyester, complex, analysis, properties, diagram, physico-mechan- ical, polygon, radius-vectors. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u0441\u044b\u0440\u044c\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044d\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437, \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e- \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0433\u043e\u043d, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0443\u0441-\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ In the production of knitted goods in the country, A photo of the proposed knitwear is shown in Figure 1. enterprises use mainly local raw materials, mainly cot- The pattern of the two-layer knitted fabric of cotton ton yarn. The technological capabilities of modern knit- and polyester yarn differs from each other by the pattern ting machines installed in joint ventures are not fully of the stitches used to attach the layers and the sequence used. Therefore, to make full use of the capabilities of of reports. knitting machines installed in joint ventures, efficient In order to study the effect of changes in the reports use of local raw materials, expand knitted products, knit- and the sequence of throwing the yarn on the new wear that can meet the requirements of competitive, structure of double-layered knitted fabric woven from high-quality, domestic and foreign markets to replace cotton and polyester yarn on the basis of glad and press imports production is one of the current problems. two Technological parameters and physical and mechanical properties of 5 variants of layered knitted In order to solve the above-mentioned problems and patterns were determined and analyzed experimentally take full advantage of the technological capabilities of on modern equipment installed in the laboratory for knitting machines installed in knitting enterprises, meth- testing textile-knitted patterns at the Namangan Institute ods for obtaining double-layered backed knitted fabrics of Engineering and Technology. of a new structure have been developed. The above-mentioned technological parameters of the two-layer backed knitted fabric of the new structure of Five variants of double-layered knitted fabric made cotton and polyester yarn showed that the volume densities of cotton and polyester yarn were woven on a 26-class of the fabric are relatively low compared to the base double-loop needle knitting machine manufactured by fabric (Option I), 131.6 mg \/ cm3 from 143.05 mg \/ cm3. Taiwanese company WELL KNIT [1]. As the amount of press rings in the knitted fabric increases, the bulk density of the knit decreases (Figure 2). Our cotton and polyester yarn double-layered back- ing knitwear was made using 20-ply cotton yarn and 300D polyester yarn. The report of the double-layered knitted fabric of cotton and polyester yarn consists of glad and press rows. I variant II variant 57","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. III variant IV variant V variant Figure 1. Photo of the new structure of the two-layer backed knitted fabric From the above analysis of the physical and knitted fabric has a positive effect due to the use of press mechanical properties of the two-layer backed knitted tissue in the two-layer backing. (Figure 2). fabric, it was found that the air permeability of the 58","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Physico-mechanical properties of two-layer back tissue Table 1. Parameters Sample 1 Versions Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 2 Sample 3 20 tex 20 tex Cotton Cotton Back layer 20 tex 20 tex 20 tex thread thread Front layer 20 tex 20 tex Cotton thread Cotton thread Cotton thread Cotton Cotton thread thread Types of threads, 20 tex 20 tex 20 tex linear density 54,4 84,4 151 232 Cotton thread Cotton thread Cotton thread 208 171 67 136,1 weft 59,2 66,3 Polyester 300 D 29,55 223,9 Air permeability V (sm3\/sm2\u2219sek) 262 311 51,8 26,3 20,5 259 660 425 14,2 30,7 Interruption power R (N) along 72,9 67,75 813 73,7 79,5 width 108,1 27 87,65 85,8 69,3 9,4 9,4 35,85 Stretch to break L (%) along -27,7 17,6 23,8 4 4 width 90,6 90,6 23,5 6 5 127,7 82,4 76,2 26,5 36,5 Irreversible deformation \u03b5\u043d (%) along 2 76,5 width 1 5 3 4 40 5 Reversible deformation \u03b5\u043e (%) along 45,4 37,8 width The shrinkage of the fabric \u041a along (%) width Friction resistance I (thousandth circle) Technological parameters of double-layered knitted fabric Table 2. Parametres Versions Sample 5 20 tex cotton yarn Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 20 tex cotton yarn Back layer 20 tex cotton 20 tex cotton 20 tex cotton 20 tex cotton yarn yarn yarn yarn 1,1 Thread type, linear 1,1 20 tex cotton 20 tex cotton 20 tex cotton 20 tex cotton 0,69 densities Front layer yarn yarn yarn yarn 0,73 45 weft Polyester 300 D 45 68 Ring step A (mm) Back layer 0,91 0,96 0,89 0,89 72 0,81 3,7 Front layer 0,94 0,94 0,89 4 210,1 Row height B (mm) Back layer 0,76 0,73 0,6 0,60 1,59 0,67 132,1 Front layer 0,71 0,74 0,58 56 17,9 61 11,9 Horizontal density Back layer 53 52 56 82 74 Rg 55 3,58 (number of rings) Front layer 53 56 3,13 Vertical density Back layer 65 0,73 86 Rv (number of rings) Front layer 70 0,74 82 Ring strip length L Back layer 4,35 3,46 3,2 (mm) Front layer 3,81 3,56 2,83 Knitted surface density Ms (gr \/ m2) 261 254,9 309 279 Knitting thickness T (mm) 1,74 1,79 2,16 2,12 Volume density \u03b4 (mg\/sm3) 150 142,4 143,05 131,6 Absolute volume relief \uf044\uf064 (mg\/sm3) - 7,6 6,95 18,4 Relative relief \uf071, % - 5,06 4,6 12,3 59","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. A number of factors that shape the structure and The construction of a complex evaluation polygon properties of the fabric must be taken into account to on the quality indicators of a two-layer backed knitted determine the best options for a two-layer backed fabric consists of a series of joining of points separated knitted fabric derived from glad and press fabrics. by radius-vectors describing each property. Therefore, a method for constructing a complex evaluation diagram and a comparison histogram of two- At the same time, the most economical technology, layer knitted fabric indicators was selected to compare which allows you to produce high quality products, will the experimental results obtained (Figures 2-3). have maximum space. Physico-mechanical and technological indicators of tissues are shown in 1,2-th tables. The area of a polygon is calculated as the sum of the area of a triangle, where the radius vectors divide the The complex diagram is constructed in such a way polygon into triangles. that its largest contour shows the best quality of the knit- ted fabric produced, i.e. the closer the contour is to the The area of each triangle is determined by the fol- outer line, the higher the quality of the knitted fabric and lowing formula: obtained the area of the polygon is so large. S = 1 \uf0d7 a\uf0d7b \uf0d7sin\uf061 , % (1) The indicators under analysis are those that have a 2 significant impact on the physico-mechanical and hy- gienic properties and save valuable raw materials. Sur- Here: a, b-radius vectors forming a triangle, a is the face and volume densities, the proportion of reversible angle between the radius vectors. and irreversible deformations, and the penetration are among such indicators. The value of the surface area obtained from the complex evaluation diagram is expressed by a comparative histogram of the quality indicators of knitted fabrics. . Figure 2. Diagram of a complex assessment of the quality of two-layer backed knitted fabric -variant I -variant II -variant III -variant IV -variant V The results of a complex diagram and comparative and household knitwear, as the shape, hygienic and air histogram on the quality of two-layer backed knitted permeability properties of this fabric have been noted. fabric showed that the variant III of the knitted fabric consisting of 20 tex cotton yarn and 300 D polyester New types of knitted fabrics based on mixed fabrics comparative histogram (3- picture) (2104 mm2) was found with different consumption of raw materials, physical to be the best option. It is advisable to use it for domestic and mechanical properties and consumer properties to create a new range of high quality knitted products using 60","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. the presented tissue structure formation methodology was created [2, 3, 4, 5] . Figure 3. Comparative histogram of quality indicators of two-layer backed knitted fabrics As a result of the analysis of the diagram and histo- of the double-layered knitted fabric was found as the gram of the complex evaluation of the quality indicators best sample and recommended for production. of the studied samples, it was determined that variant III References: 1. Senthil Kumar B., Ramachandran T. Influence of knitting process parameters on the thermal comfort properties of eri silk knitted fabrics. Fibers and Textiles in Eastern Europe Volume 26, Issue 5, 47-53p. (2018). 2. Kholikov K.M; Zhuraboev A.T; Shogofurov Sh.Sh; Abduvaliev D.M. (2020) Comprehensive assessment of the two-layer knitwear quality. The Way of Science. 2020. \u2116 1 (71). http:\/\/scienceway.ru\/f\/the_way_of_science_no_1_71_ january. pdf#page=24 3. Jurabayev N., Shogofurov S., Kholikov K., & Meliboev U. (2021). Study of the fabric structure influence on the physical-mechanical and technological properties of knitted products. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 304, p. 03030). EDP Sciences. 4. Shogofurov Sh. Sh., Kamalova I.I., Xolikov K.M. (2021). Study of the Effect of Changes on the Technological and Physical-Mechanical Properties of Knitting in a New Structure. Engineering, 13(6), 287-299. 5. Shogofurov Sh.Sh., Xolikov Q.M. (2021). Research of pattern in a new structure knitting fabrics. In \u042d\u041a\u041e\u041d\u041e\u041c\u0418\u041a\u0410. \u0421\u041e\u0426\u0418\u041e\u041b\u041e\u0413\u0418\u042f. \u041f\u0420\u0410\u0412\u041e (pp. 26-28). 61","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. FOOD TECHNOLOGY METHODS OF OPTIMIZATION OF THE FRUIT DRYING PROCESS Shokir Issaqov Assistant Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute (JizPi) Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh E-mail: [email protected] \u041c\u0415\u0422\u041e\u0414\u042b \u041e\u041f\u0422\u0418\u041c\u0418\u0417\u0410\u0426\u0418\u0418 \u041f\u0420\u041e\u0426\u0415\u0421\u0421\u0410 \u0421\u0423\u0428\u041a\u0418 \u0424\u0420\u0423\u041a\u0422\u041e\u0412 \u0418\u0441\u0441\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0428\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438 \u045e\u0493\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u0414\u0436\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043a ABSTRACT In recent years, to maximize the nutritional value and taste of food, the technology of production of dried fruits in accordance with the requirements of market conditions should provide a certain economic efficiency. When choosing a product for drying, it is necessary to consider not only the large amount of dry matter in it, but also the varieties that are rich in physiologically valuable substances, vitamins and carbohydrates. \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u043a\u0443\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e- \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0444\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435- \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0445\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438- \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438. Keywords: productivity, cost, optimization, balance, water molecules, heat flux, wavelength, irradiance. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u0431\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0441, \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b, \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Research in recent years has focused on improving ing the relative humidity of the drying agent; by in- drying methods to maximize the nutritional value and taste creasing the relative velocity of the affected phases; de- of products, as well as ensuring high process efficiency. watering and freezing, blasting, dispersing, foaming, etc. No. PP-3077 of June 21, 2017 of the President of using combined power transmission and various techno- the Republic of Uzbekistan \\\"On measures to further sup- logical processes. port local exporting organizations and improve foreign The main indicator is the profit from dried economic activity\\\", \\\"On further liberalization of foreign fruits.The benefit is determined by the price of dried trade and entrepreneurship No. PQ-3351 of November fruit, the cost of the finished product and productivity. 3, 2017 \\\"On measures to support the subjects of In order Equipment efficiency: to ensure the implementation of the Resolution No. PQ- 3377 of November 6, 2017 \\\"On additional measures to F = f (N, TN, Ub), U \uf0b3 Ubelgilangan, support\\\" the technology of production of dried fruits in accordance with the requirements of market conditions N = Nbelgilangan should ensure economic efficiency. Research in recent years has focused on maximizing the nutritional value Here, U is productivity, N is price. and taste of products, as well as improving drying meth- The main indicator is cost (TNb): ods that ensure high process efficiency. Significant in- tensification of heat and mass transfer is typical of TNb \u2192 min modern drying methods, which can be achieved in a va- riety of ways: by enlarging the contact surface between To dry the fruit, the main focus should be on the cost the product to be dried and the drying agent; by reduc- components (costs of the technological system). Costs (X) are energy costs (Xe), depreciation costs (Xa), service personnel (Xp) and other (Xb) costs. __________________________ \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: Issaqov S.A. METHODS OF OPTIMIZATION OF THE FRUIT DRYING PROCESS \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438: \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2022. 6(99). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/13885","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Xa = Ye1 \u2219 Xj + Ye2 \u2219 For the construction of buildings In addition, a \\\"fruit and air\\\" system is formed. In it, Xe = Hissing - Hashing the moisture in the dried fruit is in equilibrium in the air: a) air; b) moisture and other compounds. Here, Xa is the depreciation charge; Xj is the cost of the equipment; Functional condition 5: The chemical composition of For the construction of buildings - the cost of con- the dried fruit is taken into account. It looks at the amount struction of buildings; of sugar, vitamins, water, trace elements and proteins. Xe - energy costs; Heating - heating costs; In it: G\u2192Gnom., Gvitamin \u2192 max, W \u2192 W desig- Htashish - transportation costs. nated, Gmik. Must be \u2192 max. The problem of optimizing the drying process of fruits is reflected in the reduction of technological costs. The solution of the problem is determined by ob- In solving this problem, it is advisable to consider serving the temperature limit in the process: t \u2192 t is set the optimization of functional cases. to \u2192 650S. Functional case 1: In this case, the apparatus for dry- ing the fruit is studied by itself. The analysis shows that energy consumption de- Functional condition 2: In this case, the process of pends on the following parameters: layer thickness, initial processing of fruits and IR-convective drying is shape, heating element, its geometric location, the distance studied. The issue of optimization focuses on reducing between the fruit and the irradiator. processing time and energy costs. The values of the above factors were determined by Q1 = \uf0f2 Npred. \u2219 d \uf074 \u2192 min i Q2 = \uf0f2 Nsushka\u2219 d \uf074 \u2192 min. mathematical processing of the results. For example, in ensuring a uniform distribution of heat flow and loss of Here: Q is the total work done moisture from the fruit, the heat flux density q = 0.9-1.5, the distance from the surface of the fruit to the irradiator Then, Q = (Q1 + Q2 )\u2192 min N = 0.10-0.20 m, layer thickness 3 -10 mm, product tem- perature 55-650S, heat flux density in the pulse-pause Functional state 3: The process of heating, conveyor zone q = 25-30, wavelength \uf06c = 1.1 mkm, wavelength and fruit processing is studied. This involves the even for energy absorption of water molecules in accelerating transfer of energy to the surface of the fruit. moisture loss \uf06c = 2.8 mkm. Function 4: Reflectors are considered. In this case, Influence of initial treatment with IR, OYC the uniform distribution of light, the shape of the reflec- and IQ-OYC on the process of mass transfer tor, the choice of height are considered. Considering that the initial treatment accelerates the 1) The IR heating element is considered. In this drying process, we plan to implement this method with case, the appropriate element for the wavelength of IR- IR, IR and IR-IR rays. The two-stage drying process is rays is selected. The optimum wavelength is 2.8 \u03bcm. called cascade drying. The essence of the initial pro- cessing is a short-term processing with a strong energy 2) The elements of the conveyor are considered. flow of 15-20 times more than necessary in the selected In this case, the element that ensures the maximum inci- method. Short-term processing is carried out in multi- dence of IR rays is selected. stage, increasing, continuous and decreasing modes of ex- posure. 3) Fruits are considered. Many criteria can be noted: a) maximum moisture loss W \u2192 15-19%; The output of the dry product depends on the amount b) the quality of the fruit should be as high as possible of dry matter in the initial product. But dry matter is pri- K \u2192 max; marily a carcass composed of minerals and klechatka. c) processing time is small. To ensure the high qual- Proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, ity of dried fruits, the temperature of the fruit should not etc., dissolved or chemically bound water remain in the exceed the specified value; D \u2192 max; dW \/ dh\u2192 min; dried matter. where D is the diffusion coefficient. When choosing a product for drying, consider only the varieties that contain large amounts of dry matter, and more physiologically valuable substances, vitamins and carbohydrates. References: 1. Douglas J. Arent, Alison Wise, Rachel Gelman. The status and prospects of renewable energy for combating global warming \/\/ Energy Economics, Volume 33, Issue 4, July 2011, Pages 584-593. 2. Bahrus D. Solar drian drying \/\/ Crops and soils. -\u21164 (30). - P. 14-15. 3. Lowand T.A. Solar catined drues \/\/ Solar energy. - \u2116 4. -P. 32-36. 4. Niles P.W., Carnegie E.J., Pohl J.G., Cherne J.M. Design and performance of an aircollector for indusrial croop dehydration \/\/ Solar energy. - \u21161 (20). -P.19-23. 5. Norkulova K.T., Iskandarov Z.S., Jumaev B.M. Issledovanie kombinirovannoy sushilnoy ustanovki. International Scientific Conference Innovation Tashkent 2016. P. 96-97. 6. Bala B. et al. Solar drying of pineapple using solar tunnel dryer Renewable Energy, 2003. Vol. 28. p. 183-190. 7. Safarov J.E., Sultanova Sh.A., Jumaev B.M. Texnologicheskiy protsess proizvodstva sushenyx lekarstvennyx trav. \/\/ Vestnik TashGTU, \u21162. 2015. S.164-167. 8. Kholdorov Bakhodir Baratovich, Irmatov Otabek Saidovich, Issaqov Shokir Allaberdi o\u2019g\u2019li, Sadullaev Jasur Mansur o\u2019g\u2019li. Drying products with infrared rays. \u00abUniversum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438\u00bb 5(98). \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 2022. 63","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. PROCESSING POMEGRANATE JUICE WITH PECTINASE FERMENT AGAINST COLLOIDAL TURBIDITY TECHNOLOGY Zilola Madaminova Assistant Namangan Institute of engineering and Technology, Department of \u201cFood technology\u201d Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Sevinch Sadriddinova Student, Namangan Institute of engineering and Technology Department of \\\"Food Technology\\\" Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Bakhtiyor Mekhmonov Student, Namangan Institute of engineering and Technology Department of \\\"Food Technology\\\" Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail:[email protected] \u0422\u0415\u0425\u041d\u041e\u041b\u041e\u0413\u0418\u042f \u041e\u0411\u0420\u0410\u0411\u041e\u0422\u041a\u0418 \u0424\u0415\u0420\u041c\u0415\u041d\u0422\u041e\u041c \u041f\u0415\u041a\u0422\u0418\u041d\u0410\u0417\u041e\u0419 \u041f\u0420\u041e\u0422\u0418\u0412 \u041e\u0421\u0412\u0415\u0422\u041b\u0415\u041d\u0418\u042f \u0413\u0420\u0410\u041d\u0410\u0422\u041e\u0412\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0421\u041e\u041a\u0410 \u041c\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0417\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0422\u043e\u0445\u0438\u0440\u0436\u043e\u043d \u043a\u044b\u0437\u044b \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u00ab\u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u0421\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0447 \u0428\u0443\u0445\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0436\u043e\u043d \u043a\u044b\u0437\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0435\u0445\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0411\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0438\u0451\u0440 \u0418\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0436\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0433\u043b\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u00ab\u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0433. \u041d\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d ABSTRACT Through our article, we are now giving information on how to increase the clarity of the juice by processing it with pectinase ferment against natural colloidal turbidity in juices. Pectinases are one of the important and inexpensive en- zymes of the industrial sector, especially in the fruit juice industry, which is an excellent enzyme that helps to clear and stabilize juices with high yields. Since pectinases are produced in the process of natural ripening of fruits, we also chose this enzyme for our experiment. \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0444\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b- \u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043c\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430. __________________________ \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: Madaminova Z.T., Sadriddinova S.S., Mexmonov B.I. PROCESSING POMEGRANATE JUICE WITH PECTINASE FERMENT AGAINST COLLOIDAL TURBIDITY TECHNOLOGY \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 : \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2022. 6(99). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/13928","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Keywords: pomegranate juice, colloidal, pectinase fermenti, sentiraphu, bringing to the pulp state, splitting, incuba- tion process, filtration, extraction. \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u043a, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u043e\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u044d\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0443, \u0434\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0437\u0433\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0449\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0438\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0431\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f, \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ In order to fully assess, characterize and compile the tion of these enzymes in various potential areas. Pecti- quality indicators of fruit juice according to standard re- nases are gaining global attention as biological catalysts quirements - normative tables, normative documents for in many industrial processes. These elements are used in goods, equipment, research methods, materials, reagents the processing of agricultural and agro-industrial waste. and equipment were used. We used pomegranate juice In many processes, such as the production of fruit juices, to conduct a lab. With the help of normative documents, clarification, increasing the stability of juices and nec- the exact amount of materials and reagents needed to as- tars, the production of high-density fruit juices and con- sess the quality of pomegranate juice was determined. centrates, the purification of juice is also used pectinase enzyme. As a result, today pectinases are becoming one Methods of stabilization of pomegranate juice of the promising enzymes of the trade sector. With pec- tinase ferment, fruit pulp is also processed. With the ad- Stabilization against metal turbidity this is mainly dition of pectinases, the viscosity of the fruit juice of a cauterizing nature; at all stages of the production of decreases, the pressing of the pulp improves, the jelly pomegranate juice, measures should be taken to prevent structure breaks down, and the fruit juice is easily ob- the connection of pomegranate juice with the metal sur- tained with high yields. face. If the amount of heavy metals is excessive in pom- egranate juice, trilon B, by processing with citric acid, it We buy fully ripe pomegranate fruit from the local is necessary to reduce the amount of metal. market without any visual defects. The berries were washed and rinsed with running water, only the outer When stabilizing against galloid turbidity, it is nec- peel was removed and grinded using a laboratory mixer essary to avoid excessive saturation of pomegranate for 2-3 minutes to obtain a homogeneous fruit concentrate. juice with proteins, polysaccharides and heavy metals, Then the seeds were separated from the pulp. as much as possible. On the basis of optional measures, we okleykalayka pomegranate juice with the help of gel- To inactivate the natural enzymes of the extracted atin, fish clays and bentonite substances. And in radical pomegranate juice, we pasteurize it at 85\u00baC for 3 measures, we treat pomegranate juice with enzyme minutes and then cool it to 40\u00baC. To increase the yield preparations. and clarity of fruit juice, the experience of enzymatic processing optimization with 20 g pulp, each experiment On the basis of experiments, we developed a tech- is conducted at a constant 20\u00baC temperature (2, 2.5, 3, nology of treatment with pectinase ferment against 3.5 mg \/ 20g pulp) at a concentration of different fer- ments, variable incubation time (30, 60, 90, 120 and 160 colloidal turbidity in pomegranate juice minutes). After the end of enzymatic processing, in a water bath, heat the juice to a temperature of 90\u00baC for 5 Ferments are one of the important tools in the mod- minutes, the enzyme in the sample is inactivated. ern food industry, they simplify many intermediate pro- cesses during the processing of food. The main part of Determination of the recovery and acidity industrial enzymes belongs to different groups. The of the juice clarity most important group of nutrients from them are pecti- nases, which are used in the fruit and vegetable pro- The juices separated from the pectinase-treated cessing industry. For the first time, pectinase was used pomegranate pulp are centrifuged at a speed of 2,000 in 1930 year for the preparation of wine and fruit juices rpm for 10 minutes and the natural substances are col- (Oslen, 2000). Pectinases are one of the most important lected. The muslin is spread on a glass funnel, filtered and inexpensive enzymes of the industrial sector, espe- through a cloth and the juice is collected as a clear juice. cially in the fruit juice industry, which is an excellent Juice yield is estimated as a percentage of the initial pulp enzyme that helps to clear and stabilize juices with high yield. Juice yield is then calculated according to the fol- yields. Pectinases have a high molecular weight, and lowing formula: charged acidic glycoside macromolecules convert com- plex polysaccharides in plant tissues into simple mole- The weight of fresh juice cules with extraordinary specificity, that is, catalytic Juice yield % = ---------------------------------- x 100 strengthen. Pectinases are produced in the process of natural ripening of fruits. It decomposes polygalac- Sample weight turonic acid into monogalacturonic acid by opening gly- coside bonds. The softening of the cell wall and the increase in the yield of juice extract from fruits are car- ried out during this process. Fungal pectinases are mainly extracellular, they are polygalacturonase. Pecti- nase Aspergillus sp is produced by several fungi. These are important in improving the properties of pectinases, commercializing industrial production and the applica- 65","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. Evaluation of the clarity of juice Through tables 1 and 2, we can see that the entlarents increased the recovery of the juice with increased con- With the help of a spectrophotometer, the sharpness centration and incubation time. The profitability of pom- of the juice was determined by measuring the conduc- egranate juice was significantly higher with pectinase tivity in % at a wavelength of 660 nm. Distilled water concentration and increased incubation time. The results was used as a blank. We looked at the percentage trans- showed a significantly higher yield of pomegranate juice mittance as a measure of the clarity of the juice and cal- (180 and 3,5%) using 20 mg \/ 59,74 g pulp concentrate culated all the values of each variable, the standard error for 74 minutes of incubation. of the means using a computer program; tickling statis- tical analysis of all experimental data using Microsoft Excel. Table 1. Optimize the concentration of ferments in pomegranate juice and the incubation time. Rate of recovery (dressing) (%w \/ w) Enzyme concentration Duration of treatment with industrial pectinase, minutes \/% mg \/ 20g pulp 30 60 90 120 180 2.0 2.5 70.5 69.5 70 70.5 71 3.0 3.5 70 71.5 71.5 72 72 71.5 72 72 73.5 73.5 72 72.5 72.5 74.5 74.5 Table 2. Optimization of enzyme concentration and incubation time in pomegranate juice Clarity (% T) Enzyme concentration Duration of treatment with industrial pectinase, minutes \/% mg \/ 20g pulp 30 60 90 120 180 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.8 4.0 2.0 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.3 2.5 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.3 4.3 3.0 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.7 3.5 Conclusion was separated into the system, and the sharpness was due to the expanding of the connection between the en- From the results, it is possible to know that with an zyme and the substrate. Thus, through this study, we increase in the incubation time of 20-3.5 mg of pulp in have achieved economic efficiency while increasing the 120-180 minutes 400 C for 12 grams of pulp, it was ob- profitability and clarity of juice during pectinase treat- served that the yield of the juice increased, as well as the ment in pomegranate juice industry. It should also be juice treated with the enzyme was more pronounced. taken into account that pectinase ferment is isolated Due to the fact that the cleavage of pectin led to a de- from secondary raw materials of natural products in the crease in the ability to retain water, the yield of juice in industry. processing with ferments increased, so that free water References: 1. Samsonov G.V. Ion exchange and sorption of organic substances. L., \\\"Nauka\\\", Leningrad. department, 1969. - 335 p. 2. Rizaev N.U., Yusupbekov N.R., Yusipov M.M. Fundamentals of optimization of extraction and ion-exchange technology. Tashkent: \\\"Teacher\\\", 1975. - 228p. 3. Rizaev N.U. Production of organic substances from their extracts by adsorption. - Tashkent, \\\"Nauka\\\", 1965. - 236 p. 4. Korolkov N.M. Theoretical foundations of ion-exchange technology. Riga, \\\"Liesma\\\", 1968. -293 p.\/\/ 5. Ion exchange and ionometry: Interuniversity. collection \/\/ Ed. B.P. Nikolsky. - L .: Publishing House of Leningrad State University, 1976. 6. Ergozhin E.E., Menligaziev E.Zh. Polyfunctional ion exchangers \/\/ Academy of Sciences of the KazSSR, Institute of Chemistry. Sciences.-Alma-ata: Nauka, 1986. -302 p. 7. Kokotov Yu.A. and other Theoretical foundations of ion exchange. - L .: Chemistry. Leningrad. Department, 1986. \u2013 280 s. 8. Soldadze K.M., Kopylova V.D. Complexing ion exchangers (complexites). - M. Chemistry, 1980. - 336 p. 9. Karasharly Aliya Soltan kyzy. Fundamentals of storage and waste-free technology for processing pomegranate fruits: Abstract of the thesis. \u2026 dr. tech. Sciences. - M., 1984. - 44 p. 10. Mansurov P.Kh. Extraction of organic hydroxy acids from plant materials using the method of cleaning the extract with ion exchangers: Author's abstract ... cand. tech. Sciences. - Tashkent., 1966. - 18 p. 66","\u0414\u041b\u042f \u0417\u0410\u041c\u0415\u0422\u041e\u041a","\u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b UNIVERSUM: \u0422\u0415\u0425\u041d\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0415 \u041d\u0410\u0423\u041a\u0418 \u2116 6(99) \u0418\u044e\u043d\u044c 2022 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 7 \u0421\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u041c\u0418: \u042d\u041b \u2116 \u0424\u0421 77 \u2013 54434 \u043e\u0442 17.06.2013 \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u041c\u0426\u041d\u041e\u00bb 123098, \u0433. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0434\u043e\u043c 5, \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441 1, \u043a. 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.7universum.com \u041e\u0442\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b-\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 \u00abAllprint\u00bb 630004, \u0433. \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a, \u0412\u043e\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c, 3 16+","UNIVERSUM: \u0422\u0415\u0425\u041d\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u0418\u0415 \u041d\u0410\u0423\u041a\u0418 \u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0435\u0436\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 2013 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u042f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0412\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a: 6(99) \u0418\u044e\u043d\u044c 2022 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 8 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430 2022","\u0423\u0414\u041a 62\/64+66\/69 \u0411\u0411\u041a 3 U55 \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440: \u0410\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0430\u0439\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0431\u0435\u043a \u041c\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447, \u0434-\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a; 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\u0420\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430, \u0434-\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a; \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447, \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0434. \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a; \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0418\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430, \u0434-\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a; \u0423\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0439\u0440\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447, \u0434-\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a; \u042e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447, \u0434-\u0440 \u0444\u0438\u0437.-\u043c\u0430\u0442. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a; Tengiz Magradze, PhD in Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering. U55 Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438: \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b. \u2013 \u2116 6(99). \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 8. \u041c., \u0418\u0437\u0434. \u00ab\u041c\u0426\u041d\u041e\u00bb, 2022. \u2013 32 \u0441. \u2013 \u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0447. \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b. \u2013 http:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/category\/699 ISSN : 2311-5122 DOI: 10.32743\/UniTech.2022.99.6-8 \u0423\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c: \u041e\u041e\u041e \u00ab\u041c\u0426\u041d\u041e\u00bb \u0411\u0411\u041a 3 \u00a9 \u041e\u041e\u041e \u00ab\u041c\u0426\u041d\u041e\u00bb, 2022 \u0433.","\u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 4 4 Papers in english 4 Chemical engineering 12 TEMPERATURE MODE OF VACUUM FREEZE DRYING Mirolim Abdullayev 15 Mirabbos Yo\u2019ldoshev 20 ANALYSIS OF THE AMOUNT OF SEDIMENT IN POMEGRANATE JUICE Zilola Madaminova 20 Sevinch Sadriddinova Baxtiyor Mexmonov 22 OBTAINING HIGH-SILICON ZEOLITES FROM KAOLIN 22 Ikromjon Mamadoliev 24 Davlatjon Ochilov Normurot Fayzullayev Electrical engineering APPLICATION OF A SQUIRREL-CAGE ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR IN WIND POWER TURBINES FOR AUTONOMOUS POWER SUPPLY TO CONSUMERS IN JIZZAKH REGION Alisher Boliev Energy industry ANALYSIS OF POWER LOSSES IN 0,4 kV DISTRIBUTION LINES LOCATED IN RURAL AREAS Orzikul Nurullaev THE INFLUENCE OF ORIENTED DEFORMATION ON DEEP LEVEL IMPURITIES AND RADIATION DEFECTS IN SILICON AND ZINC Nomanjan Sultanov Zokirjan Mirzajonov Fahriddin Yusupov","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. PAPERS IN ENGLISH CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TEMPERATURE MODE OF VACUUM FREEZE DRYING Mirolim Abdullayev Assistant of the Department of Refrigeration and Cryogenic technique, Tashkent State Technical University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Mirabbos Yo\u2019ldoshev Master of the Department of Refrigeration and Cryogenic technique, Tashkent State Technical University Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] \u0422\u0415\u041c\u041f\u0415\u0420\u0410\u0422\u0423\u0420\u041d\u042b\u0419 \u0420\u0415\u0416\u0418\u041c \u0412\u0410\u041a\u0423\u0423\u041c\u041d\u041e\u0419 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u041b\u0418\u041c\u0410\u0426\u0418\u041e\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0419 \u0421\u0423\u0428\u041a\u0418 \u0410\u0431\u0434\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c \u041c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0419\u0443\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0431\u043e\u0441 \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0430\u0444\u0444\u0430\u0440 \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440 \u043a\u0430\u0444\u0435\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0423\u0437\u0431\u0435\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442 ABSTRACT The energy saving trend is reflected in all processing industries, including food production. In this regard, this article discusses the process of freeze-drying fruits at temperatures of moisture removal from -5 to -30 \u00b0 C, corresponding to the depth of vacuum in a laboratory dryer, as well as various modes of operation of the refrigerator and vacuum pump, in order to find the optimal mode of lyophilization. Prior to freeze-drying, fruits were cut into slices, then frozen under conditions of forced convection in the same chamber where sublimation occurs at a temperature of \u201330\u00b0C. C. The temperature at the final drying stage is 35\u201338 o C. The final moisture content of the dried fruits was 2\u20132.2\u200a%. Lowering the sublimation temperature from -5 to -30 o C leads to an increase in the drying time from 9 to 20 hours. It is noted that lowering the sublimation temperature from -5 to -30 o C leads to an increase in total energy consumption. At a sublimation temperature of \u20135 o C, the specific power consumption is 2\u20132.2 kWh\/kg of removed moisture. When the sublimation temperature drops to \u201330 o C, this indicator increases to 3.8\u20134.2 kWh\/kg of removed moisture. The ways of reducing the specific energy consumption for vacuum freeze drying by changing the mode are shown. \u0410\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0422\u0410\u0426\u0418\u042f \u0422\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0438- \u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0412 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u20135 \u0434\u043e \u201330 \u043e \u0421, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043b\u044c- \u043d\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043b\u0435\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0414\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0444\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u043c\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u201330 \u043e \u0421. \u041f\u043e \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 __________________________ \u0411\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: Abdullayev M.M., Yo\u2019ldoshev M.M. TEMPERATURE MODE OF VACUUM FREEZE DRYING \/\/ Universum: \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 : \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d. \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d. 2022. 6(99). URL: https:\/\/7universum.com\/ru\/tech\/archive\/item\/13935","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u20135\u2026 \u201330 \u043e \u0421. \u0422\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 35\u201338 \u043e \u0421. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 2\u20132,2\u200a%. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u20135 \u0434\u043e \u201330 \u043e \u0421 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0441 9 \u0434\u043e 20 \u0447. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u20135 \u0434\u043e \u201330 \u043e \u0421 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u20135 \u043e \u0421 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 2\u20132,2 \u043a\u0412\u0442\u2219\u0447\/\u043a\u0433 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u201330 \u043e \u0421 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e 3,8\u20134,2 \u043a\u0412\u0442\u2219\u0447\/\u043a\u0433 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434- \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0430. Keywords: vacuum freeze drying, temperature conditions, energy consumption \u041a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430: \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u044b, \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044b. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction AO - dependence of saturated vapor pressure over ice on temperature (sublimation temperature depend- Freeze drying is the removal of moisture from fro- ence on pressure) OK - dependence of saturated vapor zen materials by sublimation (sublimation) of ice, i.e., pressure over liquid on temperature (boiling temperature its direct transition to a vapor state, bypassing the liquid dependence on pressure) OB - dependence of ice melting phase. temperature on pressure O - triple point (three phases coexist : ice, water, steam) K - critical point (the distinction This process can be carried out in natural conditions. between gas and liquid disappears)\u041e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b Some materials are freeze-dried outdoors during the winter frosts. However, the sublimation of ice at atmospheric Quality is one of the main indicators of the effec- pressure under natural conditions is very slow. tiveness of the technological system. It is the result of an interconnected dynamic change in regime parameters In industrial dryers, an increase in the intensity of and thermophysical properties of processing objects [2, ice sublimation is achieved, usually by reducing the 3]. The quality level of each specific product can be as- pressure above the material. During the main dehydra- sessed based on dozens of local indicators. tion, the material is in a frozen state, so the microstruc- ture and properties of the material are preserved to the On fig. Figure 2 shows the calculated dependence maximum extent [1]. Sublimation-dried products retain of the change in the quality level \u0394 of dry material at their original volume and easily absorb moisture during different dehumidification temperatures. From fig. 2 it hydration; color, aroma, content of vitamins and other follows that the quality of the product will be the higher, components change little. Properly packaged, they will not the lower its temperature during drying, and, consequently, deteriorate when stored for a long time under normal the rate of decomposition determined by this temperature, storage conditions (at uncontrolled temperature and as well as the shorter the residence time of the product humidity). at this temperature. This is a general, fundamental regu- larity based on generally accepted relationships of Moisture in the vapor state can be removed from the changes in the properties of thermolabile biological ob- product by phase transformations: a) liquid - steam jects under various temperature effects on them [4\u20137]. (thermal drying) or b) solid phase - steam (freeze-drying). The conditions for the implementation of each of these drying processes are visible from the phase equi- librium diagram for water in the coordinates of vapor pressure - temperature (Fig. 1). Figure 1. P-T water chart Figure 2. Calculated dependence of the complex quality index (as a percentage of the maximum level) on the temperature of the \u201cice-steam\u201d phase transition 5","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. However, for practical use, specific numerical val- the quality of the dried material, obtained using a subli- ues obtained in relation to dryers used in industrial pro- mation unit. This plant is of periodic operation, with duction are of interest. The paper presents the results on conductive heat supply and a capacity of up to 3 kg of changes in regime parameters, energy consumption and raw material\/drying cycle. The general view of the in- stallation is shown in fig. 3. Figure 3. schematic diagram and real view of the installation 1-chamber, 2-control panel, 3-chamber temperature sensor, 4-feed temperature sensor, 5-cover and sight glass, 6-vacuum release valve, 7-vacuum pump, 8-expressor valve, 9-compressor , 10-condenser, 11-heater, 12-evaporator The computer control system of the plant allows to Conclusions automatically maintain the set pressure in the drying The results obtained allow us to draw important conclusions for industrial production. chamber by gradually turning on two vacuum pumps of 1. Drying at lower and lower sublimation tempera- different capacities and opening\/closing the vacuum tures leads to an increase in total energy consumption. valves on the suction line. The set temperature of the de- For example, at a sublimation temperature of \u20135 o C, the specific power consumption is 2\u20132.2 kWh\/kg of re- sublimator is provided by the operation of the refrigera- moved moisture. When the sublimation temperature drops to \u201330 o C, this indicator increases to 3.7\u20134.2 tion machine in the start-stop mode and the kWh\/kg of removed moisture. Numerical values are ob- tained on the basis of real measurements of consumed corresponding setting of the expansion valve. The ob- electricity in a laboratory stand. jects of drying were apples, pears. Prior to freeze-drying, 2. In the practice of industrial production of subli- mated products from vegetable raw materials, the ra- fruits were cut into slices, then frozen under conditions tional range of sublimation temperatures is considered of forced convection in the same chamber where subli- to be the temperature range corresponding to the inflec- mation occurs at a temperature of \u201330\u00b0C. C. The tem- tion on the curve of dependence of the proportion of fro- perature at the final drying stage is 35\u201338 o C. The total zen moisture on temperature. In our example, this temperature range is from -9 to -16 o C. In this area, the duration of the process and the duration of the sublima- crystallization of free moisture and moisture with low tion stage were recorded by the change in temperature in the layer of dried raw materials. Another reliable sign of the completion of the entire drying cycle was the cessa- tion of pressure increase in the chamber when the vac- uum valves on the suction line were closed. The total duration of the drying cycle varied within 9\u201320 h. The final moisture content of the dried samples was 2\u20132.2\u200a%. 6","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. binding energy ends, and the solidification of moisture 4. When creating large-scale industrial production with high binding energy begins, the amount of which of freeze-dried products with a wide range of processed in most plant origin products is not large. raw materials, it is advisable to immediately provide for the use of several types of drying devices. 3. An increase in the duration of drying leads to a proportional decrease in the amount of finished dry products per unit of time. Reference: 1. \u0413\u0443\u0439\u0433\u043e \u042d.\u0418., \u0416\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041d.\u041a., \u041a\u0430\u0443\u0445\u0447\u0435\u0448\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u042d.\u0418. \u0421\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u2014 \u041c.: \u041f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, 1966. 357 \u0441. 2. \u041f\u0430\u043d\u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0412.\u0410. \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439. \u0412 2-\u0445 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0445. \u041a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 2, \u2014 \u041c.: \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0421, 2009. 800 \u0441. 3. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u0421.\u0422., \u0428\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432 \u0410.\u0421. \u041c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u043a\u0443\u0443\u043c- \u0441\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432. \/\/ \u0412\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0439. 2016. \u2116 3. \u0421. 56\u201360. DOI: 10.20914\/2310-1202-2016-3-56-60 4. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u041b., \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0417. \u0417\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u2014 \u041c.: \u041f\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, 1978. 608 \u0441. 5. \u042d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0421\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0430 21. [\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441] \u2014 http:\/\/chem21.info\/info\/1154685\/ 6. Stephan P., Schaber K. Thermodynamik: Grundlagen und technische Anwendungen Band 1: Einstoffsysteme. 19 Auflage. \u2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. 566 p. 7. Stephan P., Schaber K. Thermodynamik: Grundlagen und technische Anwendungen Band 1: Einstoffsysteme. 19 Auflage. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. 566 p. 7","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. \u0421\u0422\u0410\u0422\u042c\u042f \u0423\u0414\u0410\u041b\u0415\u041d\u0410 \u041f\u041e \u0417\u0410\u041f\u0420\u041e\u0421\u0423 \u041f\u0420\u0410\u0412\u041e\u041e\u0411\u041b\u0410\u0414\u0410\u0422\u0415\u041b\u042f 8","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. \u0421\u0422\u0410\u0422\u042c\u042f \u0423\u0414\u0410\u041b\u0415\u041d\u0410 \u041f\u041e \u0417\u0410\u041f\u0420\u041e\u0421\u0423 \u041f\u0420\u0410\u0412\u041e\u041e\u0411\u041b\u0410\u0414\u0410\u0422\u0415\u041b\u042f 9","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. \u0421\u0422\u0410\u0422\u042c\u042f \u0423\u0414\u0410\u041b\u0415\u041d\u0410 \u041f\u041e \u0417\u0410\u041f\u0420\u041e\u0421\u0423 \u041f\u0420\u0410\u0412\u041e\u041e\u0411\u041b\u0410\u0414\u0410\u0422\u0415\u041b\u042f 10","\u2116 6 (99) \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c, 2022 \u0433. \u0421\u0422\u0410\u0422\u042c\u042f \u0423\u0414\u0410\u041b\u0415\u041d\u0410 \u041f\u041e \u0417\u0410\u041f\u0420\u041e\u0421\u0423 \u041f\u0420\u0410\u0412\u041e\u041e\u0411\u041b\u0410\u0414\u0410\u0422\u0415\u041b\u042f 11"]