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№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. ANALYSIS OF THE AMOUNT OF SEDIMENT IN POMEGRANATE JUICE Zilola Madaminova Assistant Namangan Institute of engineering and Technology, Department of food technology Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Sevinch Sadriddinova Student Namangan Institute of engineering and Technology Department of \"Food Technology\" Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] Baxtiyor Mexmonov Student Namangan Institute of engineering and Technology Department of \"Food Technology\" Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] АНАЛИЗ КОЛИЧЕСТВА ОСАДКА В ГРАНАТОВОМ СОКЕ Мадаминова Зилола Тохиржон кызы ассистент Наманганский инженерно-технологический институт, кафедра пищевых технологий Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Садриддинова Севинч Шухратжон кызы студент Наманганский инженерно-технологический институт факультет «Технология пищевых продуктов» Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Махмонов Бахтиёр Икромжон о’Гли студент Наманганский инженерно-технологический институт факультет «Технологии пищевых продуктов» Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze the amount of sediment in pomegranate juice and improve the quality of today's fruit juice. The article consists of separating the sediment from the juice or extract by centrifuging the juice or extract by preheating it in a water bath and determining the sediment mass of the sediment according to the fruit and vegetable products. АННОТАЦИЯ Эта статья направлена на анализ количества осадка в гранатовом соке и улучшение качества современного фруктового сока. Статья состоит в отделении осадка от сока или экстракта путем центрифугирования сока или экстракта путем предварительного нагревания его на водяной бане и определения массы осадка по плодоовощной продукции. Keywords: pomegranate fruit, pomegranate juice, sediment content, centrifuge tube, pipette, water bath, filter paper, analytical balance, test tubes. Ключевые слова: плоды граната, гранатовый сок, содержание осадка, центрифужная пробирка, пипетка, водяная баня, фильтровальная бумага, аналитические весы, пробирки. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Madaminova Z.T., Sadriddinova S.S., Mexmonov B.I. ANALYSIS OF THE AMOUNT OF SEDIMENT IN POMEGRANATE JUICE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13866


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Pomegranate is one of the fruits that were known to remaining liquid. After 10 minutes, traces of liquid re- mankind thousands of years ago and were consumed for maining on the walls of the test tube are carefully re- medicinal purposes. At present, pomegranate fruit is grown moved with strips of filter paper without shaking the in different regions of the Republic and pomegranate sediment. The precipitated test tubes are weighed on an juice is produced again. In order to develop the pome- analytical balance. When using centrifuge tubes with a granate industry, to open branches of the pomegranate capacity of 10 cm3, sediment is obtained in two stages: Association in all regions of the Republic, to organize first, 10 cm3 of test product is placed in each tube and specialized farms and to assist representatives of the weighed. The tubes are heated, centrifuged, carefully private sector engaged in this activity, production of drained and weighed. Another 10 cm3 of the test product pomegranate fruit and juice was launched at agrofirms is added to the same test tubes and weighed again. of Fergana pomegranate and Mindonabad agro-industry and farmer farms in Fergana region. Now active in- After heating, hold the tubes upside down on filter volvement of foreign investments, foreign specialists paper for 10 minutes to drain the liquid from the centri- and consultants in pomegranate cultivation processes, fuged sample, remove any liquid residue from the walls, study of their experience and wide introduction of ad- and pull the tubes together with the remaining sediment. vanced technologies into the sphere are being estab- All weighing is done with an error of no more than lished. In the experiment, the pomegranate consists in 0.0001 g. The mass fraction of sediment is calculated as separating the juice or extract from the sediment by cen- a percentage, according to the following formula, trifugation with preheating it in a water bath and deter- mining the sediment deposition mass according to Here GOST 8756.9-78 fruit and vegetable products. m0 is the mass of the empty test tube, g; M1 is the mass of the test tube with sediment, g; A method for the determination of sedimentary m2 is the mass of the product, g. rocks in fruit and berry juices and extracts The result is an error of up to 0.01%. The arithmetic mean of the four parallel determina- Thoroughly mix the prepared juice or extract sam- tions is taken as the final result, with a difference of no ple, pipette 25 cm3 into each of the four centrifuge tubes, more than 10%. If the difference between any two par- then place the test tubes in a water bath with the juice, allel determinations exceeds 10%, all tests are repeated heat to 85 to 90 ° C and keep at this temperature for 3 and the final result is the arithmetic mean of the eight min. The tubes with the juice are centrifuged and centri- determinations. fuged at 8000 rpm for 20 minutes. The tubes are then removed, carefully drained into a centrifuge, and the tubes are placed upside down on filter paper to drain the Calculation of the norm of time for instrumental indicators of the quality Table 1. of pomegranate juice \"determination of sedimentary rocks\" Total Process name Lead time Standby Sample time Time Number Sediment detection method: 0,1 0,1 Sample preparation - - Sample selection 0,1 -1 0,1 Test preparation: 0,1 0,1 - dry centrifuge tubes are pulled 0,1 -1 0,1 - Mix the juice - juice nature of about 150 cm 0,1 - 0,1 Test: 0,1 - 0,1 with a pipette of 25 cm each 0,3 -1 0,3 placed in a water bath 0,3 1 0,3 - heated to 85 - 90 ºC 0,1 1 0,1 - Centrifuge for 20 minutes 0,2 1 0,2 - test tubes are removed 0,2 1 0,2 -The tubes are placed on the reverse side of the filter paper 0,1 1 0,1 - In 10 minutes. removed with filter paper strips 0,5 1 0,5 - Sediment pipes are pulled 2,4 1 2,4 - is calculated according to the formula 1 Total: 1 1 13


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Conclusion quality of pomegranate juice. In the experiment, the amount of sediment and extract of pomegranate juice In summary, the physicochemical parameters of the was preheated in a water bath by centrifugation to sepa- range of pomegranate juice and concentrate were ana- rate the sediment from the juice or extract, and the sedi- lyzed at the level of international standards and require- ment mass was determined according to the fruit and ments. Technological factors that may affect the quality vegetable products and the desired results were ob- of pomegranate juice have been studied. Research has tained. been conducted to determine, evaluate and improve the References: 1. Eshmatov F.Kh., Dodaev K.O., Khasanov Kh.T. Processing of pomegranate fruits for juices and concentrates. Zh-l \"Beer and drinks\". M.: Pishchepromizdat LLC, No. 2, 2005. - S. 46-47.// 2. Schobinger U. Fruit and berry and vegetable juices. -M.: Light and food industry, 1982. -472 p.// 3. Samsonov G.V. Ion exchange and sorption of organic substances. L., \"Nauka\", Leningrad. department, 1969. - 335 p. 4. Rizaev N.U., Yusupbekov N.R., Yusipov M.M. Fundamentals of optimization of extraction and ion-exchange tech- nology. Tashkent: \"Ukituvchi\", 1975. - 228p.// 5. Rizaev N.U. Production of organic substances from their extracts by adsorption. - Tashkent, \"Nauka\", 1965. - 236 p. 6. Korolkov N.M. Theoretical foundations of ion-exchange technology. Riga, \"Liesma\", 1968. -293 p.// 7. Ion exchange and ionometry: Interuniversity. collection // Ed. B.P. Nikolsky. - L .: Publishing House of Leningrad State University, 1976. 8. Ergozhin E.E., Menligaziev E.Zh. Polyfunctional ion exchangers // Academy of Sciences of the KazSSR, Institute of Chemistry. Sciences.-Alma-ata: Nauka, 1986. -302 p. 9. Kokotov Yu.A. and other Theoretical foundations of ion exchange. - L .: Chemistry. Leningrad. Department, 1986. - 280s. 10. Soldadze K.M., Kopylova V.D. Complexing ion exchangers (complexites). - M. Chemistry, 1980. - 336 p. 14


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. OBTAINING HIGH-SILICON ZEOLITES FROM KAOLIN Ikromjon Mamadoliev Assistant, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand E-mail: [email protected] Davlatjon Ochilov Teacher, Academic lyceum Of Samarkand State Medical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand E-mail: [email protected] Normurot Fayzullayev Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of Polymer Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Samarkand State University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand E-mail: [email protected] ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ВЫСОКОКРЕМНИСТЫХ ЦЕОЛИТОВ ИЗ КАОЛИНА Мамадолиев Икромжон Илхомидинович ассистент, Самаркандского государственного медицинского института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Самарканд Очилов Давлатжон Хуррамович преподаватель, Академический лицей Самаркандского государственного медицинского университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Самарканд Файзуллаев Нормурот Ибодуллаевич д-р техн. наук, профессор, кафедра химии полимеров и химической технологии, Самаркандский государственный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Самарканд ABSTRACT Extraction of high-silicon zeolites (HSZ) from kaolin \"Qarnab ota\" was carried out on the technology \"Sol-gel\" with the participation of various organic compounds (templates). For this purpose, crystals were formed by adding hexameth- ylenediamine and an alcohol fraction to the liquid glass (29% ������������������2, 9% ������������2������, 62% ������2������) as ������������(������������3)3 ∙ 9������2������ template. At the end of the crystallization process, the solid phase was separated from the solution using a Büchner funnel. It was dried in the ShSU-m1 drying cabin to 120 ℃. And to lose the template, the SNOL30/1100 muffle furnace was heated at 550 ℃ for 8 hours. With the increase in the silicate modulus of HSZ, not only did the total specific surface area and porosity correspond to micro-and mesopores, but also increased the surface area and the volume. АННОТАЦИЯ Извлечение высококремнистых цеолитов (ВКЦ) из каолина «Карнабота» проводили по технологии «Зол- гель» с участием различных органических соединений (темплатов). Для этого формировали кристаллы путем добавления к жидкому стеклу (29% ������������������2, 9% ������������2������, 62% ������2������) в качестве темплата ������������(������������3)3 ∙ 9������2������ гексаметилендиамина и спиртовой фракции. По окончании процесса кристаллизации твердую фазу отделяли от раствора с помощью воронки Бюхнера. Высушивали в сушильном шкафу ШСУ-м1 до 120 ℃. А для потери темплата прогревали в муфельную печь (SNOL30/1100) при 550 ℃ в течение 8 часов. Рентгенофлуоресцентный анализ образцов элементного и оксидного содержания (масс., %) ВКЦ, в которых кристаллизация каолина проводилась в течение 8-9 часов. С увеличением силикатного модуля ВКЦ увеличивались не только общая удельная поверхность и пористость, соответствующие микро- и мезопорам, но и площадь поверхности и объем. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Mamadoliev I., Ochilov D., Fayzullayev N. OBTAINING HIGH-SILICON ZEOLITES FROM KAOLIN // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13909


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Keywords: Qarnab ota, Sol-gel, template, kaolin, specific surface area, surface area, micro and meso pores. Ключевые слова: Карнаб ота, Зол-гель, темплат, каолин, удельная поверхность, площадь поверхности, микро- и мезопоры. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction products with improved technological parameters and physicochemical and mechanical properties. One of the Today, among the technologies for purification of promising directions to solve this problem is to oil and natural gas from water vapour and sulfur introduce nano dispersed components into raw materials compounds, the adsorption processes of drying and using these nanotechnology advances [7]. purification using zeolites with high absorption properties at low partial pressures, selectivity of Experimental Part adsorption of polar substances, etc. play an important role [1,2,3]. Their disadvantage is the loss of activity of High-silicon zeolites (HSZ) from kaolin \"Qarnab adsorbents in a relatively short period when there are ota\" were made on the technology \"Sol-gel\" with the large amounts of thiols in the purified gas (up to 500 participation of various organic compounds (templates). mg/m3) [4]. Therefore, the creation of a new generation High-silicon zeolites were synthesized in a stainless of silica gels with a large volume of pores and steel autoclave at 175-200 ℃ for 6 days according to the mechanical strength and their application independently following method. The initial reaction mixture was pre- or in combination with zeolites in the drying and pared by rapid mixing with the addition of hexameth- purification of oil and natural gas from sulfur compounds, ylenediamine and an alcohol fraction as an ������������(������������3)3 ∙ in this regard, the research and development of such a 9������2������ template to a liquid glass (29% ������������������2, 9% ������������2������, process is a topical issue [5,9]. There are a large number 62% ������2������). At the end of the crystallization process, the of bentonite deposits in the country, and the demand for solid phase was separated from the solution using a bentonite and its products is growing in various Büchner funnel and dried for 12 hours in a drying oven industries, such as agriculture, machinery, chemical and at ShSU-m1 to 120 and fired at 550 ℃ in a SNOL petrochemical industries, and construction. In this 30/1100 muffle furnace for 8 hours to lose template. For regard, based on the creation of modern technologies for the decathionization of the resulting high-silicon zeo- the processing of low-quality bentonite raw materials, it lite, 10 g of zeolite was treated with the addition of 100 is necessary to obtain products with improved g of 25% ammonium chloride. The solution was held technological parameters and physicochemical and in a water bath at 90-100 ℃ for 2 hours with constant mechanical properties. One of the promising directions stirring. Then the sediment (NH4+/zeolite) was filtered, to solve this problem is to introduce nano dispersed washed with distilled water, dried and burnt for an hour components into raw materials using these at 550 ℃. Then the cationized zeolite powder was nanotechnology advances [6,7,8]. Demand for bentonite pressed and analysed. and its products is growing in various industries where they are used, such as agriculture, machinery, chemical Results and Discussion and petrochemical industries, and construction. In this regard, on the basis of the creation of modern Kaolin has a layered structure, consisting of technologies for the processing of low-quality bentonite tetrahedral and alumina-oxygen octahedral layers of raw materials, it is necessary to obtain products with repetitive silicon-oxygen. When kaolin is heated to 550- improved technological parameters and physicochemical 600 ℃, it turns into amorphous metakaolin, and above and mechanical properties. One of the promising 925 ℃ it turns into a defective aluminium-silicon spinel directions to solve this problem is to introduce nano in the crystalline state. When the temperature is raised dispersed components into raw materials using these to 1050 ℃, the following changes occur: nanotechnology advances [10]. Demand for bentonite and its products is growing in various industries where  2Al2Si2O5 OH 4 556000 C 2Al2Si2O7  4 H2O they are used, such as agriculture, machinery, chemical and petrochemical industries, and construction. In this kaolin metakaolin regard, based on the creation of modern technologies for the processing of low-quality bentonite raw materials, it 2Al2Si2O7 9259500C Si3 Al4O12  SiO2 is necessary to obtain products with improved technological parameters and physicochemical and metakaolin spinel mechanical properties. One of the promising directions to solve this problem is to introduce nano dispersed 3Si3 Al4O12 10500C2Si2 Al6O13  5SiO2 components into raw materials using these nanotechnology advances [1,7,10]. it is necessary to obtain products with spinel mullite cristobalite improved technological parameters and physicochemical The chemical composition and texture and mechanical properties. One of the promising directions characteristics of samples of Nurobot kaolin and to solve this problem is to introduce nano dispersed synthesized HSZ (elements and oxides) are shown in components into raw materials using these Figures 1 and 2 (analysis of X-ray fluorescence nanotechnology advances [10]. it is necessary to obtain spectrometry). 16


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Figure 1. X-ray fluorescent results of samples of chemical composition (mass,%) of HSZ synthesized by crystallization of kaolin \"Qarnab ota\" for 8 hours Table 1. Chemical composition of HSZ (mass,%) synthesized by crystallization of \"Karnab ota\" kaolin for 8 hours Component Result Unit Detection limit Al2O3 19 mass% 0,0682 SiO2 81 mass% 0,017 [Intensity] Element line Intensity(cps/μA) BG intensity(cps/μA) Measuring condition Al-Kα 3,60248 0,45173 Low-Z Si-Kα 48,08134 0,24949 Low-Z Result Unit 14,4 mass% Detection limit Component 61 mass% 0,0517 Al 4,65 mass% 0,0127 Si ND mass% 0,059 K 4,9 mass% Na 13,6 mass% 0,0382 Ca 0,0713 mass% 0,0018 Fe 0,0316 mass% 0,0039 Mn 1,35 mass% 0,0006 Zn 0,0124 Ti Figure 2. X-ray fluorescence analysis of samples of HSZ oxides (mass,%) for 9 hours crystallization of \"Karnab ota\" kaolin 17


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Table 2. Analysis of samples of HSZ oxide content (mass,%) by crystallization of kaolin \"Qarnab ota\" for 9 hours Component Result Unit Detection limit mass% 0,0609 Al2O3 17,2 mass% 0,0143 mass% 0,0306 SiO2 69,6 mass% 0,0221 mass% K2O 2,47 mass% 0,0081 mass% 0,0009 CaO 2,82 mass% 0,0018 MgO ND Intensity(cps/μA) BG intensity(cps/μA) 3,69886 0,45502 TiO2 0,869 49,23903 0,24893 0,47517 0,09365 Fe2O3 7,03 0,07997 0,46481 0,80453 0,11619 MnO 0,0313 0,58645 0,09405 0,1055 0,11278 [Intensity] 34,89019 0,06255 Measuring condition Element line Low-Z Al-Kα Low-Z Si-Kα Mid-Z K-Kα Mid-Z K-Kβ1 Mid-Z Ca-Kα Mid-Z Ti-Kα Mid-Z Mn-Kα Mid-Z Fe-Kα In subsequent experiments, experiments were performed to determine the surface area of synthesized zeolite samples. Texture characteristics of freshly prepared and heat-treated HSZ Table 3. Parameters Freshly prepared 700 ℃ 760 ℃ 800 ℃ Balanced Specific surface area, m2 / g 207,6 198,8 198,5 184,8 89,8 0,065 The volume of the pore, cm3 / g 0,165 0,156 0,156 0,146 42,4 Microactivity,% 90,3 87,5 85,2 84,85 The results of the analysis of the data in Table 3 ������−λ show that with the increase of the silicate modulus of HSZ, not only the total specific surface area and porosity Here ������ = ������ ������������ , Q-λ- adsorption heat but also the surface area and volume, which corresponds to micro-and mesopores, increases. Adsorption testing Г  1 KR C0  in the equilibrium model allows to determine the maxi- Г Г C0 mum amount of adsorbed substance and to calculate the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption in the low- ������, ������ - Parameters of the redmix –Peterson equation temperature range. It is accepted to determine the ad- There is a link between the equilibrium coefficient sorption equilibrium using the experimental construc- of adsorption and the change of adsorption enthalpy and tion of adsorption isotherms. In the literature, it is Entropia as follows: common to express adsorption using Langmuir and Freundlich models: Sадс Hадс Kадс  e R  e RT Г  KL C0 ; Г  KF  Con ; Г  KL C0n ; Comparative Surface-Surface determination of Г 1 KL C0 Г 1 KL C0n solid samples. The comparative surface-surface of kao- lin and the high-silicon zeolites obtained based on it was C / C0  1  k 1 calculated by the method of Branauer-Emmet-Taylor Г C Г  kC 0 (BET), which according to the following equation: Г 1  C  C0  18


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. 1  1  C 1  P fired at 550 ℃ for 8 hours. The decanted zeolite powder w ( P0 1) Wm C Wm C P0 was then pressed into a tablet and made into granules. The chemical composition and texture characteristics of P samples of Nurobot kaolin and synthesized HSZs (elements and oxides) were analyzed by X-ray Where W-P/P0 is the mass of gas absorbed at abso- fluorescence spectrometry. The results were presented. lute pressure, Wm - is the mass of substance adsorbed on the surface coating to form a monolayer; С- adsorbents The chemical composition of the synthesized HSZ are BET constants indicating the value of the adsorbate samples was studied by mass%, changes in heating and interaction, representing the dependence of the first ad- texture characteristics of zeolites (total specific surface sorption layer on the adsorption energy. The method area and volume of pores, surface area, volume, Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BCH) was used to determine crystallization conditions and physicochemical the distribution of porridges by volume and size. properties of samples corresponding to micro-and mesopores). Data will be provided on a scheduled basis. Conclusion The comparative surface calculation was performed by the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) method, and the High-silica zeolites (HSZ) were prepared from gel calculation of the distribution of pores by size was soil from \"Karnab ota\" kaolin of Nurabad district of performed by the BJH (Barreett-Jouner-Hallend) Samarkand region, which was chemically treated. method. A technological scheme for the synthesis of Several technological processes have been carried out to high-silicon zeolite from natural raw materials has been prepare HSZ. The resulting high-silicon zeolite was developed. To do this, modified zeolite catalysts were treated with 25% ammonium chloride for decantation prepared by ingestion of certain salts or acids. and washed several times in distilled water and then References: 1. Fayzullayev N.I. et al. Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of the catalytic oxycondensation reaction of methane // Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences. – 2019. – №. 5-6. – С. 62-68. 2. Ibodullayevich F.N., Ilkhomidinovich M.I., Bo’riyevna P.S. Research of sorption properties of high silicon zeolites from bentonite //ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. – 2020. – Т. 10. – №. 10. – С. 244-251. 3. Ilkhomidinovich M.I. Study of the sorption and textural properties of bentonite and kaolin //Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences. – 2019. – №. 11-12. – С. 33-37. 4. Mamadoliev I.I., Fayzullaev N.I. Optimization of the activation conditions of high silicon zeolite // International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. – 2020. – Т. 29. – №. 3. – С. 6807-6813. 5. Mamadoliev I.I., Khalikov K.M., Fayzullaev N.I. Synthesis of high silicon of zeolites and their sorption properties // International Journal of Control and Automation. – 2020. – Т. 13. – №. 2. – С. 703-709. 6. Mamadoliyev I. Synthesis of high-silicone zeolites //Збірник наукових праць ΛΌГOΣ. – 2020. – С. 16-20. 7. Копылов А.Ю. и др. Современныежидкофазные методы сероочистки газового сырья // Известия высших учебных заведений. Химия и химическая технология. – 2010. – Т. 53. – №. 9. – С. 4-8. 8. Лютоев А.А., Смирнов Ю.Г., Ивенина И.В. Извлечение эмульгированных примесей нефти из воды при помощи высокодисперсных частиц магнетита //Защита окружающей среды в нефтегазовом комплексе. – 2014. – №. 4. – С. 40-45. 9. Серых А.И. Формирование, природа и физико-химические свойства катионных центров в каталитических системах на основе высококремнеземных цеолитов //Изв. дисс. док. – 2014. – С. 6. 10. Файзуллаев Н. и др. Каталитическая дегидроароматизация нефтянного попутного газа //Збірник наукових праць ΛΌГOΣ. – 2020. – С. 122-126. 19


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING APPLICATION OF A SQUIRREL-CAGE ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR IN WIND POWER TURBINES FOR AUTONOMOUS POWER SUPPLY TO CONSUMERS IN JIZZAKH REGION Alisher Boliev Teacher, Jizzakh polytechnical institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh E-mail: [email protected] ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ КОРОТКОЗАМКНУТОГО АСИНХРОННОГО ГЕНЕРАТОРА В ВЕТРОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ ТУРБИНАХ ДЛЯ АВТОНОМНОГО ЭНЕРГОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЕЙ ДЖИЗАКСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ Болиев Алишер Мардиевич преподаватель, Джизакский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, Джизак ABSTRACT Today, synchronous generators are widely used in the electric power industry to generate electricity. Synchronous generators are mainly effective at generating high power electricity. However, the use of low power synchronous generators is not the best option. Due to the large dimensions of the synchronous generator and the problem of the excitation current and its regulation, the use of this type of generator in low power wind turbines is impossible. Today, asynchronous generators are widely used in small wind turbines. Their small size and weight allow them to be used in low-power wind turbines. АННОТАЦИЯ Сегодня синхронные генераторы широко используются в электроэнергетике для вырабатывания электро- энергии. Синхронные генераторы в основном эффективны при выработке электроэнергии большой мощности. Однако использование синхронных генераторов малой мощности не является оптимальным вариантом. Из-за больших габаритов синхронного генератора и проблемы тока возбуждения и его регулировки исполь- зование этого типа генератора в ВЭУ малой мощности невозможно. Сегодня асинхронные генераторы широко используются в ветроустановках малой мощности. Небольшие размеры и масса позволяют использовать их в маломощных ветрогенераторах. Keywords: synchronous generators, wind turbines, asynchronous generators. Ключевые слова: синхронные генераторы, ВЭУ, асинхронные генераторы. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Today, synchronous generators are used to generate There are several advantages to using capacitors in electricity for various purposes. However, the use of induction generators. For example, the speed of power synchronous generators for small wind turbines is not generation time, the complexity of technical require- recommended. Asynchronous generators are widely ments, and so on. However, there are a number of disad- used in low-power autonomous wind turbines. Asyn- vantages, for example, the capacitor can only operate at chronous generators come with a squirrel-cage, phase, a pre-calculated load limit, and so on[2]. and also a hollow rotor. Recent studies show that effective use of low-speed According to the method of excitation, generators wind energy, development of new types wind turbines are distinguished with capacitive, as well as with inverter and their adaptation to regional conditions will have sig- excitation. Disadvantages of capacitive excitation of nificant results. Wind characteristics of the wind in a asynchronous generators are in the difficulty of adjusting particular region for the efficient use of wind turbines: the parameters of the output voltage. However, battery air consumption, its kinetic energy, driven generators capacitors, differ in a simple design, reliability, lack of contacts [1]. In asynchronous generators, ������ = ������������2 (1) capacitors are used for the excitation system to generate electricity. 2 __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Boliev A. APPLICATION OF A SQUIRREL-CAGE ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR IN WIND POWER TURBINES FOR AUTONOMOUS POWER SUPPLY TO CONSUMERS IN JIZZAKH REGION // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13994


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. When finding an air mass, take a ball of parallel or The power of the turbine generator is proportional cylindrical dimensions: to the wind speed in third degree. Therefore, when the speed changes over a wide range, energy losses occur in ������ = ������������2 = ������������������2 = ������������������3 (2) generators due to low efficiency at low loads, and in asynchronous generators, in addition, large reactive cur- 22 rents that must be compensated. To eliminate this disad- vantage, turbines use two generator with rated powers of Surface of a precision wind turbine that obstructs turbines. In light winds the first the generator is turned the flow air looks like this: off. In some turbines, a generator provides also the abil- ity to operate the unit at low wind speeds at low speed ������ = ������������2 (3) with high duty cycle wind energy[4]. The choice of a turbine generator is influenced by three main factors: 2 1) Output power (kW), determined only by the The calculation of these parameters allows the use power inverter and does not depend on the wind flow, of existing energy wind and create a suitable wind pipe battery capacity. More of her called peak load. The out- design or optimize existing windpipe. According to this put power parameter determines the maximum number formula, power is calculated as follows: of electrical appliances that can be simultaneously con- nected to the power supply system. Impossible simulta- ������ = ������������������3������2 (4) neously consume more electricity than the capacity allows inverter. 8 To increase the output power, it is possible to sim- If we take the wind energy utilization factor ē = ultaneously connection of several inverters. 0.43-0.47, then power takes the form[3]: 2) Time of continuous operation in the absence of ������ = ������������2 ������ (5) wind or with weak wind is determined by the capacity of the battery (AB) and depends on power and duration 2060 of consumption. If the electricity consumption occurs rarely, but in large quantities, it is necessary to choose For an electric generator, 5 expressions are written an AB with large capacity . as follows: 3) The charge rate of the battery depends on the ������ = 0,5������ ������������2 ������3 (6) power of the generator itself. Also this figure depends on wind speed, mast height, terrain terrain. Generator electric power: The more powerful the generator, the faster the bat- ������ = ������������������������������ (7) teries will be charged, and this This means that battery power will be consumed faster. Where: ������������ - efficiency of the mechanical transmission of More a powerful generator should be taken if the the wind generator, wind at the installation site weak or consumers consume ������������ - efficiency of the generator. electricity constantly, but in small quantities[5]. References: 1. Sobol A., Andreeva A., USING AUTONOMOUS ASYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS IN WIND POWER PLANTS, The scientific heritage No 82 (2022). 2. Khudoyberdiev U., WIND ENERGY ANALYSIS FOR SELECTING WIND GENERATORS VERTICAL TYPE, Alleya nauki, 2022. 3. Khudoyberdiev U., AN ANALYSIS OF WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL FOR MICRO WIND TURBINE IN JIZZAKH REGION, UZBEKISTAN, Alleya nauki, 2021 4. Khudoyberdiev U., PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF AMORPHOUS MAGNETIC MATERIALS TO OPTIMIZE MAGNETIC LOSSES IN ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES, UNIVERSUM, 2022. 5. Е.А. Черноталова, Разработка ветровой электростанции для промышленного предприятия г. Тольятти, МАГИСТЕРСКАЯ ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ, Тольятти 2019. 21


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. ENERGY INDUSTRY ANALYSIS OF POWER LOSSES IN 0,4 KV DISTRIBUTION LINES LOCATED IN RURAL AREAS Orzikul Nurullaev Senior teacher Jizzakh polytechnical institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh E-mail: [email protected] АНАЛИЗ ПОТЕРЬ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГИИ В РАСПРЕДЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ЛИНИЯХ 0,4 КВ, РАСПОЛОЖЕННЫХ В СЕЛЬСКОЙ МЕСТНОСТИ Нуруллаев Орзикул Убаевич ст. преподаватель Джизакский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, Джизак ABSTRACT The 0.4 kV transmission line is the longest transmission line in the existing power system. Also, this transmission line is the main power grid that provides low voltage to local consumers. This will lead to significant technical and economic advances in detecting power losses in the transmission network and reducing power losses that occur during the transmission process. This article analyzes the power losses created by 0.4 kV low-voltage power lines in rural areas of the Jizzakh region (Uzbekistan). The economic consequences of electricity losses were also calculated on the basis of technical analyses. АННОТАЦИЯ ЛЭП 0,4 кВ является самой протяженной ЛЭП в существующей энергосистеме. Также эта ЛЭП является основной энергосистемой, обеспечивающей низким напряжением местных потребителей. Это приведет к значительному техническому и экономическому прогрессу в обнаружении потерь мощности в сети передачи и уменьшении потерь мощности, возникающих в процессе передачи. В данной статье анализируются потери мощности, создаваемые низковольтными линиями электропередачи 0,4 кВ в сельской местности Джизакской области (Узбекистан). Экономические последствия потерь электроэнергии также рассчитывались на основе технического анализа. Keywords: Transmission line, low-voltage power line, power losses, technical analysis, local consumers. Ключевые слова: ЛЭП, низковольтная ЛЭП, потери мощности, технический анализ, местные потребители. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The limited fuel and energy resources of the Earth of the performance indicators networks, analyze their lead to an ever deeper awareness of the need for the structure, identify foci, develop organizational and strictest saving of resources, their careful spending. This technical measures to reduce losses, to carry out their the problem is of paramount importance for all coun- rationing in power systems[1]. tries, both developed and in transition economy. The de- At present, the share of the cost of energy resources velopment of key sectors of the economy is based is a determining component in the value of tariffs for primarily on outstripping growth production of electri- housing and communal services. cal energy. However, in the process of transporting elec- trical energy along power grids, its losses are inevitable, Consider the components of actual electricity losses: which lead to additional combustion of fuel in power 1) losses due to physical processes occurring during plants and reduce network bandwidth. In connection the transmission of electricity are technical (their values obtained by calculation on the basis of the laws of electrical with this, the tasks calculation and especially optimiza- engineering or with the help of measuring instruments); tion of the level of electricity losses should be given the 2) losses associated with instrumental errors at most close attention. The magnitude of losses in electri- measurement (calculated on the basis of data on metrolog- cal networks can be significant (ten or more percent ical characteristics and modes of operation of devices); of useful supply), therefore, first of all, it is important 3) electricity consumption for own needs of substa- to objectively determine the losses of electricity gee. tions, necessary to ensure the operation of technological It allows you to evaluate the amount of losses as one __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Nurullaev O. ANALYSIS OF POWER LOSSES IN 0,4 kV DISTRIBUTION LINES LO- CATED IN RURAL AREAS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13993


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. equipment and service personnel (registered by meters 10 / 0.4 kV power grids. These power losses are esti- installed on auxiliary transformers)[2]. mated by the smallness of the voltage on these lines and the length of the distance. It is known that the power It is known that the power system consists of several dissipated in a conductor is, of course, directly propor- components, in particular, electrical networks of different tional to its length. The following table (table 1.) provides voltages. Low-voltage power networks are mainly used information on the length of existing low (10 / 0.4 kV) for power supply to the population. The highest power power lines in Jizzakh region [3]. losses in the power system also fall on low-voltage Table 1. Length of 10kV and 0.4 kV power lines in Jizzakh region № District name 10 kV power transmission line 0,4 kV power transmission line (length, km) (length, km) 1 Arnasay 2 Baxmal 190 138 3 Gallaorol 464 748 4 Dustlik 677 720 5 Sh.Rashidov 148 282 6 Jizzakh 760 617 7 Zarbdor 353 327 8 Zafarobod 350 298 9 Zomin 240 234 10 Mirzachul 820 702 11 Paxtakor 476 215 12 Forish 215 214 13 Yangiobod 738 514 14 Total 274 189 5705 5195 As can be seen from the table above, the length of where Ipi is the current uniformly distributed over low-voltage transmission lines is so large that the power the given i-th section of the network: losses generated in these transmission lines are deter- mined by the following expression: ������������������ =3������������������ ������������ (3) ∑������������=1 ������������ ������������ ������������������ = ���������������������������2��� ������������������������������ (1) As can be seen from equation 3, the uniform distri- bution of the current over the phases depends on the Where: length of the line. Electricity losses for the scheme of Ii - is the equivalent current one phase of the network one distribution line are determined by the expression: element between two branches circuit lines and attached at the end of the section; ������������ = ������������������������T (4) ki - network execution factor; kdg - coefficient taking into account additional Total power losses in all sections of the distribution power losses caused by unequal measured loading of line[4]: phases; ri - active resistance. ������������������=∑������������=1 ������������������ (5) The square of the equivalent current Ii define as follows: Voltage losses in sections of the line: ������������=31 ���������2���������+������������������ ������������������+���������2��� (2) ������������������ =������������������ ������������������ ������������ (6) References: 1. М.И. Фурсанов, Определение и анализ потерь электроэнергии в электрических сетях энергосистем, Минск 2006. 2. В.Н. Васильев, Определение потерь мощности и электроэнергии в городских электросетях на этапе проекти- рования, Известия ТулГУ. Технические науки. 2014. 3. Электронный ресурс: http://jizzaxhetk.uz 4. О.Г. Широков, Т.В. Алферова, А.А. Алферов, С.Л. Прусаков, оценка потерь электрической энергии, вызванных несинусоидальными режимами, при расчете небалансов системных подстанций 10 кв, Вестник ГГТУ им. П.О. Сухого №1, 2015. 23


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.99.6.13898 THE INFLUENCE OF ORIENTED DEFORMATION ON DEEP LEVEL IMPURITIES AND RADIATION DEFECTS IN SILICON AND ZINC Nomanjan Sultanov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Fergana Polytechnic Institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Ferghana Zokirjan Mirzajonov Candidate of Technical Sciences, Fergana Polytechnic Institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Ferghana Fahriddin Yusupov Assistant, Fergana Polytechnic Institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Ferghana E-mail: [email protected] ВЛИЯНИЕ НАПРАВЛЕННОЙ ДЕФОРМАЦИИ НА ГЛУБОКИЕ ПРИМЕСИ И РАДИАЦИОННЫЕ ДЕФЕКТЫ В КРЕМНИИ И ЦИНК Султанов Номанжон Акрамович д-р техн. наук, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, Фергана Мирзажонов Зокиржон канд. техн. наук, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, Фергана Юсупов Фахриддин Тожимамат угли ассистент, Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, Фергана ABSTRACT The tensosensitivity of deep levels of radiation defects (RD) and impurity atoms has been investigated by DLTS method. The high sensitivity ( 100 - 150 meV/GPa) has been found for level of RD (Ec - 0,33 eV) to orientational defor- mation. The energy of ionization of the others levels investigated depends on pressure weakly. The tensosensitivity of levels of E- and K-centers is increases after annealing, but simmetry and others parametrs of centers do not change. АННОТАЦИЯ Методом DLTS исследована тензочувствительность глубоких уровней радиационных дефектов (РД) и при- месных атомов. Обнаружена высокая чувствительность (100 - 150 мэВ/ГПа) уровня RD (Ec - 0,33 эВ) к ориента- ционной деформации. Энергия ионизации остальных исследованных уровней слабо зависит от давления. Тензочувствительность уровней Е- и К-центров после отжига увеличивается, но симметрия и другие параметры центров не изменяются. Keywords: tensosensitivity, defects, spectroscopy, impurity atoms, oriented strain, annealing, A-centre, center symmetry. Ключевые слова: тензочувствительность, дефекты, спектроскопия, примесные атомы, ориентированная деформация, отжиг, А-центр, симметрия центра. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Sultanov N.A., Mirzajonov Z., Yusupov F. THE INFLUENCE OF ORIENTED DEFOR- MATION ON DEEP LEVEL IMPURITIES AND RADIATION DEFECTS IN SILICON AND ZINC // Universum: техни- ческие науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 6(99). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13898


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Introduction. Determination of the atomic state of oriented deformation, has been used for the study of DL an impurity or intrinsic defect that forms deep levels relatively recently [2]. In this work, the effect of pres- (DL) in the forbidden band is of great interest for the sure P on the properties of the A center in silicon was physics of local states in semiconductors. A decrease in measured. The effect of uniaxial deformation on the pa- the lattice symmetry under uniaxial deformation, in the rameters of other DL in silicon has been relatively presence of defects located asymmetrically in the lattice, poorly studied. The dependence of Ea on the value of can lead to anisotropic change in their parameters, which hydrostatic pressure has been studied in more detail. Ta- does not coincide with the anisotropy of the semicon- ble 1 shows the literature data on the results of measur- ductor, and to the splitting of multiply degenerate energy ing the average coefficient of tensosensitivity ������ = levels [2;4]. The symmetry of the defect can be deter- ������������⁄∆������ for some centers with PG [3,4,5]. mined from the results of measuring the shift in the en- ergy position Ea of the DL and its splitting under The aim of this work was a preliminary study of the uniaxial deformation. influence of oriented deformation on the parameters of DLs formed by radiation defects (RD) and impurity at- Oriented deformation is used to study the optical, oms in silicon. electrical and paramagnetic properties of semiconduc- tors and local centers. In recent years, non-stationary ca- Samples and methods of measurement. For the pacitive spectroscopy - NCSDL - has found wide preparation of samples, silicon of the SEP-5 and SHB- application for the study of centers with DL. This 10 grades with a resistivity ������ = 5 and 10 Ohm.cm, re- method has a high sensitivity and makes it possible to spectively, was used. NCSDL measurements carried out study low concentrations of DL centers, including non- with the help of deposited Schottky barriers showed that paramagnetic centers and nonradiative recombination in the initial silicon the total concentration of DL did not centers. However, the NCSDL method, combined with exceed ⁓1011cm-3 (Fig. 1, curve 1) Table 1. Impurity level № Impurity Level, eV ������, Literature 1S meV / GPa /4/ 2 Se Ec- 0,59 /6/ 3 Te -20 /5/ 4 Au Ec- 0,32 /3/ Ec- 0,52 -17 5 Pt Ec- 0,30 -21 /6/ Ec- 0,37 -18 Ec- 0,19 -12 Ev+ 0,35 -9 0,5 Ec- 0,54 -15 Ev+ 0,62 Ec- 0,235 -6 Ec- 0,49 -24 Ev+0,32 -28 -14 Silicon alloying with metals was carried out by dif- K and a source intensity of 3,4∙1012kV / cm2.c. The irra- fusion at temperatures of 1000 - 1200 ° C for 4-8 hours, diation dose Φ did not usually exceed 1∙1018kV / cm2, because, at a higher Φ, the base was compensated and it followed by rapid cooling (quenching). Before diffu- became too high resistance for measuring the NCSDL [8]. sion, the crystal surface was thoroughly cleaned [6]. Af- ter diffusion, a 50 - 100 μm thick layer with a high The NCSDL spectra were measured in the constant- capacitance mode using the setup described in [6]. Its diffusant content was removed from the surface of the absolute sensitivity is 102 pF, the ratio of the voltage re- cording times t2/t1=3, the gating windows varied within samples and the plates were cut into samples with di- 0.5 - 500 ms, the diode voltage usually did not exceed mensions of 1x1x6 or 1.5 x 1.5 x 6 mm3 . 10 V. The long sides of the samples were oriented along Typical NCSDL spectra of n- and p-Si after irradia- tion and annealing are shown in Fig. 1 and 2. The pa- the (111), (110) and (100) axes. On one of the sides of the rameters of some RDs are given in Table 2 and are in good agreement with the literature data [5-7]. samples, Schottky barriers were created by depositing Au on n-Si or Sb on p-Si. In some cases, p – n junctions Uniaxial deformation was created using a lever sys- tem, which in its design was almost similar to that de- were used that were created by diffusion prior to doping scribed in [2]. The system used made it possible to create of silicon with centers with DL. Samples for studying the RD had the same dimen- sions and orientation. Both Schottky barriers and diffu- sion p ~ n junctions were used as rectifying contacts. Si was irradiated with γ-quanta of the 60Co isotope at 300 25


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. a pressure of up to 4 GPa with a sample area of 1 mm2. In fig. 3 shows a typical NCSDL peak measured in this To measure the NCSDL spectra, the sample together mode. The change in Еa was estimated from the temper- with the holder was cooled to the temperature of liquid nitrogen. The sample was heated to 300 K rather slowly - ature shift of the NCSDL peak: in about an hour. The temperature T was measured with a copper - constantan thermocouple. ∆������������ = ������������ (0) − ������������(������) = ������������ (0) (������������12 − 1) = ������������ (0) ∆������ ������ The sensitivity of most of the investigated DL to uniaxial deformations turned out to be relatively low, where Ea (0) and Ea (P), T1 and T2 are the ionization and to determine the effect of pressure P on the ioniza- energies of the DL and the temperature of the maxima tion energy Ea of the level, measurements were carried of the peaks at P = 0 and P> 0, respectively. out in the switching mode: with a slow change in T, the pressure was changed from P = 0 to the maximum value. Figure 1. Spectra of NCDL n-Si before irradiation (curve 1), after irradiation up to Ф= 1·1018 см-2 (2) and after heat treatment at 250° for 20 minutes (3) Figure 2. NESGU spectrum of irradiated p-Si (Ф= 1·1018 см-2) before (curve 1) and after (curve 2) annealing at 250° C for 20 minutes If the DL had a high sensitivity to pressure and there by changing the gating windows. The accuracy of deter- was a noticeable shift of the NCSDL peaks at P> 0, then mining ∆Ea in this case was of the order of ± 0.02 eV. the level parameters were determined in the usual way 26


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. Figure 3. Typical view of the NCSDL peak (K ⁓ center before HT) with the commutation method of measurement. Curve 1 – experimental dependence, 2,3 – interpolated curves at P=0.3 GPa and P = O, respectively Measurement results and discussion. Radiation The L center has a high tensosensitivity, and at P> defects in n-Si. Immediately after irradiation in p-Si, a 0.4 GPa, the NCSDL peaks are split in all crystallo- series of RDs with DLs are formed (Fig. I, curve 2). The graphic directions. Figure 5 shows, as an example, the tensosensitivity of the A- and E-centers was investigated dependence of the NCSDL peak in the (111) direction in detail. The rest of the RDs had a low concentration on P. More details of the dependence of the NCSDL and for them Ea and the electron capture cross sections peaks on P are given in [7]. Comparison with the theory [1] ������n were determined only at Р = 0: Еa = 0.23, 0.3, 0.37, shows that, apparently, the L - center has rhombic and 0.53 eV from the bottom of the conduction band and, ������n =2∙10-16, 4∙10-15, 4∙10-16 and 3∙10-13 cm2, respectively. symmetry. A-center. After irradiation, the A center with Еa = Radiation defects in p-Si. Immediately after p-Si ir- Еc - 0.17 eV dominates in n-Si diodes, because the orig- radiation, several RD levels appear in the lower half of inal silicon was obtained by the Czochralski method and had an oxygen concentration of ������������������ ≃ 2 ∙ 1017������������−3. the band gap (Fig. 2, curve I). The tensosensitivity of the The A-center had a high sensitivity to mono pressure. In K-center was investigated in detail. The amplitudes of fig. 4 shows the dependence of the NCSDL peak for this the other peaks were small to determine β with sufficient center on P in the (100) and (111) directions, and in Ta- accuracy, and for these levels Ea and the capture cross ble. 2 - β values obtained in this work and in work [2]. section of holes ������n were determined at P = 0: Ea= 0.2 and 0.48 eV from the top of the valence band, ������n =7∙10-16 The results of both works are in good agreement with and 2∙10-13, respectively. each other. Impurity levels. Zinc forms in silicon two acceptor L- center. Annealing the irradiated samples at 250 ° C states with Еa = Ev + 0,28 and Еv+ 0,62 eV, which are for 20 minutes leads to a decrease in the concentration attributed to one zinc atom at the sites, as well as a DL with Еa = Еc - 0.47 eV, which is associated with zinc of all RDs. In particular, the concentration of the A-center decreases from 1,5∙1014 to 1∙1013 cm-3 . atoms at interstices [10-13]. As a result of annealing, a new RD is formed, called Upon deformation, the NCSDL peaks of all zinc levels the L-center, with a concentration of the order of shift to lower T, but these displacements are small. The 1∙1013 cm-3. The width of the NCSDL peak associated isotropic change in Ea of the acceptor states Ev + 0.28 and with this center corresponds to a DL with a fixed ioniza- tion energy and at Р=0 Еa =Еc - 0,33 eV. The electron Ev + 0.62 eV confirms the assumption that zinc atoms capture cross section, determined from the Arrhenius associated with these DL are located in the sites of the line, is of the order of 4,6∙10-16 cm2. The nature of the silicon lattice. Small values of β show that zinc at the L-center is debatable and, possibly, it is a divacancy- sites behaves like a shallow acceptor impurity despite oxygen complex [7]. With further annealing, the con- the large absolute value of Ea. centration of the L-center decreases and the field of Platinum. With diffusion alloying, platinum forms heat treatment (HT) at 350°C for 2 hours, its concentra- in silicon acceptor Еc - 0.26 eV and donor Еv + 0.36 eV levels [9], as well as level Еc - 0.53 eV. In p-Si, acceptors tion becomes below the sensitivity limit of the setup. prevail, in p-Si - donors. Under uniaxial compression, 27


№ 6 (99) июнь, 2022 г. the NCSDL peaks of all levels are shifted insignifi- splitting occurs under the action of oriented deformation. cantly. In silicon doped with vanadium, chromium, Ea of other investigated DL depends much weaker on P. nickel, and sulfur, the effect of uniaxial compression on It is of interest to change the tensosensitivity of E and Ea was investigated only in the (111) direction. K-centers after low-temperature treatment. In this case, neither the parameters of the center (the NCSDL peak does Conclusion. Thus, of the investigated DL created not shift along the temperature axis) nor its symmetry by RDs and impurity atoms, only the levels of the A and change. L centers have a noticeable tensosensitivity and their References: 1. Kaplyanski A.A: Splitting of bands in the spectra of cubic crystals subjected to oriented deformation. OPT.and spectr. Moscow, Russia, 1961,vol-10,pp 165-172. 2. Lamp C.D., Farmer J.W., Meese J.M.,-Rev. Sci. In-str., 1984, v. 55, N.2, p. 210-212. 3. Polyakova A.L.: Deformation of semiconductors and semiconductor devices. Moscow, 1979,168 p. 4. Sultanov N.A., Rakhimov E.T., Mirzajonov Z,: Effect of orientation strains on deep levels of impurities and radiation defects in silicon. Fergana, Uzbekistan, scientifical and technical jornal, 2018, vol-3; pp. 45-54. 5. Султанов Н.А., et al. \"СВОЙСТВА УРОВНЕЙ СКАНДИЯ В КРЕМНИИ.\" Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences 1.11 (2021): 379-385.Sultanov N.A., Ekke V., Effect of orientation strains on deep levels of impurities and radiation defects in silicon 6. Lebedev A.A., Sultanov N.A : piezocapacitance spectroscopy of radiation defects in p-Si. Moscow, ФТП, 1987, vol-21, pp.149-151. 7. Lebedev A.A., Sultanov N.A., Ekke V : Study of the influence of γ-irradiation on the spectrum of deep levels in silicon doped with zinc. Moscow, ФТП, 1987, vol-21, pp.18-22. 8. Sultanov N.A., Lebedev A.A.: Influence of oriented strain and γ-irradiation on platinum levels in silicon. Moscow, ФТП, 1988, vol-22, pp.16-21. 9. Kittler M.; Yu X.; Mchedlidze T.; Arguirov T.; Vyvenko O.F.; Seifert W.; Reiche M.; Wilhelm T.; Seibt M.; Voß, O.; et al. Regular dislocation networks in silicon as a tool for nanostructure devices used in optics, biology, and electronics. Small 2007, 3, 964–973. 10. Sultanov N.A., et al. \"Photoluminescence spectra of silicon doped with cadmium.\" Scientific-technical journal 4.3 (2021): 22-26.Kittler, M.; Mchedlidze, T.; Arguirov, T.; Seifert, W.; Reiche, M.; Wilhelm, T. Silicon based IR light emitters. Phys. Stat. Sol. C 2009, 6, 707–715. 11. Mchedlidze T.; Kittler M. Investigation of defect states in heavily dislocated thin silicon films. J. Appl. Phys. 2012, 111, 053706. 12. Nurmatov O.; Rahmonov T.; Sulaymonov Kh.; and Yuldashev N. (2020) \"Phototenzoelectric properties of polycrys- talline films of chalcogenides of cadmium and zinc, produced by portional evaporation in vacuum,\" Euroasian Journal of Semiconductors Science and Engineering: Vol. 2 : Iss. 5 , Article 10. 13. Юлдашев Н., & Маматов О. (2021). ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФОТОВОЛЬТАИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ПОЛИКРИ- СТАЛЛИЧЕСКИХ ПЛЕНОК CdTe, CdTe:In С ГЛУБОКИМИ УРОВНЯМИ. InterConf, (41). вилучено із https://ojs.ukrlogos.in.ua/index.php/interconf/article/view/8814 14. Султанов Номанжан Акрамович, Эрмат Тожиматович Рахимов, and Зокиржон Мирзажонов. \"ФОТОЛЮМИ- НЕСЦЕНЦИЯ И ЕМКОСТНАЯ СПЕКТРОСКОПИЯ КРЕМНИЯ, ЛЕГИРОВАННОГО ЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ S, Se, Te.\" Известия Ошского технологического университета 3 (2019): 40-45. 15. Султанов Н.А., et al. \"ВЛИЯНИЕ ОРИЕНТАЦИОННОЙ ДЕФОРМАЦИИ НА ГЛУБОКИЕ УРОВНИ ПРИМЕСЕЙ И РАДИАЦИОННЫХ ДЕФЕКТОВ В КРЕМНИИ.\" ЕВРАЗИЙСКИЙ СОЮЗ УЧЕНЫХ (ЕСУ) 46 (2019). 28


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ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК


ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК


Научный журнал UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ № 6(99) Июнь 2022 Часть 8 Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ: ЭЛ № ФС 77 – 54434 от 17.06.2013 Издательство «МЦНО» 123098, г. Москва, улица Маршала Василевского, дом 5, корпус 1, к. 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.7universum.com Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качеством предоставленного оригинал-макета в типографии «Allprint» 630004, г. Новосибирск, Вокзальная магистраль, 3 16+


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