tech-2023_02(107)

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. the engine with significant fuel economy, improvement of its dynamic parameters and characteristics, reduction of the emission of toxic substances with exhaust gases. Figure 1. Classification of electronic engine control systems For further analysis, it is advisable to take into ac- operating conditions by connecting electronic diagnostic count the classification of injection systems according to equipment without dismantling the hardware compo- several main features currently used and proposed by nents from the car. Budko Yu.I. The proposed classification does not ex- haust all possible options, but covers all systems practi- Fuel supply systems have the following properties cally used at present. that must be taken into account when developing meth- ods and diagnostic tools: Light fuel injection systems can be classified as fol- lows. At the place of fuel supply: 1) adaptive self-learning for fuel supply regulation is a process that continues throughout the life of the car; • direct injection systems; • injection systems into the intake tract. 2) the fuel supply system of the engine with injec- According to the method of fuel supply: tion contains elements that provide for the operation of • cyclic feeding systems; interfaces made with pretentious accuracy, which im- • continuous injection systems. poses increased requirements for fuel purity; By type of fuel metering units: • systems with plunger pumps; 3) the fuel pump supplies fuel to the fuel ramp, • systems with electromagnetic nozzles; where the fuel pressure in the system is maintained in • systems with fuel pressure regulator. the range of 284-325 kPa. The excess fuel is returned to Modern research has shown that further improve- the gas tank. Therefore, the connections of the fuel sys- ment of fuel efficiency while significantly reducing the tem elements must be reliable and carefully monitored level of toxicity of engines with fuel injection can be during maintenance; achieved by using distributed injection - injection with fuel supply at a strictly defined time of the working cy- 4) the electric fuel pump is cooled by fuel, so turn- cle of each cylinder. At the same time, economic con- ing it on, in the absence of fuel in the tank, leads to rapid siderations force us to look for ways to simplify and overheating and breakdown of the electric fuel pump; reduce the cost of mass injection equipment that pro- vides a level of toxicity and fuel efficiency due to current 5) all diagnostic work should always begin with a legislation, which is quite achievable for systems with \"DIAGNOSTIC CIRCUIT CHECK\"; group fuel injection. The use of electronic control devices ensures the 6) if the ambient temperature is below zero, not stability of the configured program and makes it possi- starting the engine may be caused by the presence of wa- ble to quickly and accurately check the settings under ter in the fuel; 7) contamination of the fuel drain wire can lead to increased pressure in the fuel ramp and further damage to the fuel pressure regulator. Taking into account the above-listed properties will allow optimizing the technological process and the diag- nostic tools being developed. 70

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. References: 1. Makhmudov A., Nishonov F. ROAD TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS WITH PARTICIPATION PEDESTRI- ANS //Академические исследования в современной науке. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 17. – С. 236-244. 2. Mannonov J. et al. ELECTRONIC ENGINE MANAGEMENT DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM SELF-PROPELLED NARROW-GAUGE POWER STATIONAND METHOD OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHINTRODUCTION// International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education.-2022.-№.6-14.-1929-1930 3. Sarvar I. (2021). Application of Intelligent Systems in Cars. International Journal of Innovative Analyses and Emerging Technology, 1(4), 78-80. 4. Sarvar I., & Zokirxon M. (2021). ROAD TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS WITH PARTICIPATION PEDESTRIANS. Universum: технические науки, (5-6 (86)), 62-65. 5. Sarvar I., Abdujalil P., Temurmalik A., & Jahongir K. (2021). ОPERATING CONDITIONS OF TRUCKS AND THE SAFETY OF THE TRANSPORT PROCESS. Universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)),42-45 6. Sarvar I., Azizbek N., Behzod S., & Raxmatillo R. (2021). RESEARCH OF ADHESION STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE EPOXY MATERIALS FILLED WITH MINERAL WASTE OF VARIOUS PRODUCTIONS. Universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)), 33-35. 7. Shohruh A. et al Cars Equipped with Intelligent Systems// Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. – 2022. – №. 15. – С. 3305 8. Tuychieva M.O., Soliyev R.X., Qaharova M.A., Mannonov J.A. (2022). STEATITLY ELECTROCERAMICS MA- TERIALARINI OLISH UCHUN MAHALLIY HOMASHELARINING KIMEVIY VA MINERALOGI TARKIBI VA XOSSALARINI ORGANISH. Ta'lim fanlari bo'yicha akademik tadqiqotlar , 3 (4), 45-50. 9. Xakimjonovich S.R. et al. STUDY OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND ME- CHANICAL ACTIVITY OF MINERAL RAW MATERIALS IN PURCHASE OF SANITARY BUILDING PROD- UCT //Archive of Conferences. – 2022. – С. 57-61 10. Xakimjonovich S.R., Qoviljanovich I.S., Samarbekovich S.D. DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE COMPOSITIONS OF CERAMIC MASSES FOR THE PURCHASE OF SANITARY BUILDINGS ON THE BASIS OF LOCAL RAW MATERIALS WITH HIGH PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES // Archive of Conferences.–2022.– С. 62-69. 11. Абдуганиев Ш.О.У., Валиев М.М.У., Бойдавлатов А.А., & Худойбердиев А.О.У.(2022).СПОСОБЫ УСТРАНЕ- НИЯ ИЗЛИШНЕЙ ВИБРАЦИИ ПРИ РАБОТЕ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ В САЛЬТОВОМ ПОЛОЖЕНИИ. Universum: технические науки, (2-3 (95)), 5-7. 12. А.С. Полвонов, Д.С. Шотмонов, Н.А.У. Абдусаттаров Теоретические предпосылки повышения долговечности постелей коренных подшипников в зависимости от теплопроводности соединений- Universum: технические науки, 2019. 13. Бойдадаев М.Б. У., Мунаввархонов З.Т. У., Мадрахимов А.М., & Имомназаров С.К. (2021). ГИПСОСОДЕРЖА- ЩИЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ НА ОСНОВЕ МЕСТНОГО И ВТОРИЧНОГО СЫРЬЯ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ. Universum: технические науки, (3-2 (84)), 26-29. 14. Имомназаров С.К. и др. СИСТЕМА ПОДАЧИ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ, РАБОТАЮЩИХ НА ГАЗЕ //Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 5-4 (98). – С. 37-42. 15. Имомназаров С.К., Насриддинов А.Ш. КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОННЫХ СИСТЕМ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ДВИГАТЕЛЕМ //Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии. – 2022. – С. 34. 16. Имомназаров С.К., Абдуганиев Ш.О., Рахимжонов А.А., & Журабоев Д.И. (2021). УЧАСТИЕ ОБЩЕСТВЕН- НОСТИ В ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИИ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ДВИЖЕНИЯ. Экономика и социум, (5-1), 939-942. 17. Имомназаров С.К., Насриддинов А.Ш., & Мунаввархонов З. Т. (2021). ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫХ СИСТЕМ В АВТОМОБИЛЯХ. Экономика и социум, (5-1), 933-938. 18. Маннонов Ж.А. и др. ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННО- ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ И ВОПРОСЫ ИХ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 6-3 (99). – С. 43-47. 19. Полвонов А.С., Насриддинов А.Ш., & Имомназаров С.К. (2021). СВОЙСТВА ЗВУКОПОГЛОЩАЮЩИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ НА ПОЛИУРЕТАНОВОЙ ОСНОВЕ. Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии, 18. 20. Разоков А.Я., Абдуганиев Ш.О. (2021). ДАТЧИК УРОВНЯ ТОПЛИВА. Универсум: технические науки, 12 (93), ISSN : 2311-5122 80-82. 71

Научный журнал UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ № 2(107) Февраль 2023 Часть 5 Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ: ЭЛ № ФС 77 – 54434 от 17.06.2013 Издательство «МЦНО» 123098, г. Москва, улица Маршала Василевского, дом 5, корпус 1, к. 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.7universum.com Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качеством предоставленного оригинал-макета в типографии «Allprint» 630004, г. Новосибирск, Вокзальная магистраль, 3 16+

UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ Научный журнал Издается ежемесячно с декабря 2013 года Является печатной версией сетевого журнала Universum: технические науки Выпуск: 2(107) Февраль 2023 Часть 6 Москва 2023

УДК 62/64+66/69 ББК 3 U55 Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии: Горбачевский Евгений Викторович, канд. техн. наук; Демин Анатолий Владимирович, д-р техн. наук; Звездина Марина Юрьевна, д-р. физ.-мат. наук; Ким Алексей Юрьевич, д-р техн. наук; Козьминых Владислав Олегович, д-р хим. наук; Ларионов Максим Викторович, д-р биол. наук; Манасян Сергей Керопович, д-р техн. наук; Мажидов Кахрамон Халимович, д-р наук, проф; Мартышкин Алексей Иванович, канд.техн. наук; Мерганов Аваз Мирсултанович, канд.техн. наук; Пайзуллаханов Мухаммад-Султанхан Саидвалиханович, д-р техн. наук; Радкевич Мария Викторовна, д-р техн наук; Серегин Андрей Алексеевич, канд. техн. наук; Старченко Ирина Борисовна, д-р техн. наук; Усманов Хайрулла Сайдуллаевич, д-р техн. наук; Юденков Алексей Витальевич, д-р физ.-мат. наук; Tengiz Magradze, PhD in Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering. U55 Universum: технические науки: научный журнал. – № 2(107). Часть 6, М., Изд. «МЦНО», 2023. – 76 с. – Электрон. версия печ. публ. – http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/2107 ISSN : 2311-5122 DOI: 10.32743/UniTech.2023.107.2 Учредитель и издатель: ООО «МЦНО» ББК 3 © ООО «МЦНО», 2023 г.

Содержание 5 5 Papers in english 5 Transport 9 13 ASSESSMENT OF THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES' POWER 18 PLANTS US-ING THE BORT HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPLEX “BORT” Mohira Norbo‘tayeva 23 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ROLLING STOCK 23 Davronbek Shotmonov Sarvar Imomnazarov 29 DEVELOPMENT OF INITIAL DATA FOR ESTIMATING THE REMAINING LIFE OF RAILS 29 Khasan Umarov Jamshid Kadirov 31 ANALYSIS OF THE STRESSES RESULTING FROM VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL FORCES 31 ACTING ON THE WHEEL IN SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE Kurbonnazar Shokuchkorov 38 Rustam Rakhimov 41 Yadgor Ruzmetov Shukhrat Djabbarov 45 Rustam Yuldoshov 49 Technology of materials and products of the textile and light industry ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITY PERFORMANCE OF COTTON/POLYESTER MIXED YARN MADE BY RING SPINNING METHOD Shavkat Fayzullayev Shoira Maxkamova Allambergen Utepbergenov Batir Kojametov Food technology CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AMARANTH OIL AND ITS BENEFICIAL PROPERTIES Dilshod Shodiev Hojiali Qurbonov Chemical engineering EFFECT OF LIGHT LIQUID VELOCITIES ON HEAVY LIQUID DROPLET CRUSHING IN A BUBBLING EXTRACTOR Ikromali Karimov Khalimjon Rakhmanov SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX FORMING IONITES Firuz Ostonov Vokhid Akhmedov TECHNOLOGY AND STANDARDIZATION OF THE “PHYTIROL” TABLETS ON BASE OF IHPA, PREPARED FROM RICE FLOUR Aypashsha Tadjieva Saodat Sharipova Nargiza Karaeva Gulnora Rakhimova Oygul Rakhimova TECHNOLOGY OF EXTRACTION OF CUBIC RESIDUES BY THERMAL OXIDATION OF OIL SLUDGE Yakhyayev Nodir DEPRESSOR PROPERTIES OF THE PRODUCTS OF POLYMERANALOGICAL CHANGES OF LOW MOLECULAR POLYPROPYLENE Ikramjan Sapashov Sadriddin Fozilov Bobokhon Mavlanov Islambek Polatov

Electronics 53 FPGA IMPLEMENTATIONS OF NEURAL NETWORKS 53 Peter Safir 57 Electrical engineering 57 EXPLANATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT IN MILITARY VEHICLES ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICS 64 Jakhongir Ulashov Sherzod Eshquvvatov 64 Shirazi Misirov Erkin Khalimov 68 Nemadulla Makhmudov Rakhmat Turniyazov 71 Energy industry 71 ANALYSIS OF THE SMART GRID SYSTEM FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Nijat Mammadov Kubra Mukhtarova SOME RESEARCH QUESTIONS OF REACTIVE ENERGY COMPENSATION Najiba Pirieva Salmina Abdullaeva Power, metallurgical and chemical engineering EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL METHODS OF RESEARCH AND OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS MODES UNDER UNCERTAINTY CONDITIONS Sulton Amirov Kamalbek Turdibekov Dilshod Rustamov

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH TRANSPORT ASSESSMENT OF THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES' POWER PLANTS USING THE BORT HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPLEX “BORT” Mohira Norbo‘tayeva Assistant, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ОЦЕНКА ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО СОСТОЯНИЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ СИЛОВЫХ УСТАНОВОК ТЕПЛОВОЗОВ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ АППАРАТНО-ПРОГРАММНОГО КОМПЛЕКСА «БОРТ» Норбутаева Мохира aссистент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article presents a description of the devices and structure of the organization of monitoring the technical condition of a diesel generator set (DGU) of diesel locomotives, as well as the expediency of proactive diagnostics, which allows early detection of defects at the earliest stage of their development. The main functions of the hardware-software complex “Bort” are given. A description of the diesel locomotives that occur during the operation of a diesel generator plant (DGP) during operation is also presented. The analysis of modes of continuous monitoring of the technical condition of a diesel generator plant (DGP) was carried out. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье представлено описание об устройствах и структуре организации контроля технического состояния дизель-генераторной установки (ДГУ) тепловозов, а также обоснована целесообразность упреждающей диагностики, которая позволяет заблаговременно выявить дефекты на самой ранней стадии их развития. Приведены основные функции аппаратно-программного комплекса «Борт». Также представлено описание происходящих в процессе работы дизель-генераторной установки (ДГУ) тепловозов, при эксплуатации. Проведен анализ режимов непре- рывного контроля технического состояния дизель-генераторной установки (ДГУ). Keywords: diagnostics, diesel generator plant (DGP), modern methods, neural network module, locomotive. Ключевые слова: диагностика, дизель-генераторная установка (ДГУ), современные методы, нейросетевой модул, локомотив. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Improving the efficiency and reliability A modern locomotive is a technically complex, of locomotives requires regular monitoring of their renewable system, therefore its successful operation equipment during operation. With the introduction of depends on the implementation of a certain set of pre- modern microprocessor systems of on-board automation ventive and restorative measures aimed at maintaining and control, not only the implementation of an alarm and restoring the working condition, the working condi- system during critical operation of equipment, but also tion and the identified resource. effective methods of processing the obtained measurement One of the main directions is to increase the data, providing reliable prediction of changes in the operational reliability, resource and technical and technical condition of key equipment components, the economic indicators of locomotives, increase the issue of development is still relevant [1]. efficiency of the locomotive economy and reduce the operating costs of railways. This problem cannot be __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Norbo‘tayeva M. ASSESSMENT OF THE TECHNICAL CONDITION OF POWER PLANTS OF DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES USING THE HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPLEX “BORT” // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15047

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. solved without the introduction of modern locomotive time spent on preparation and diagnostics, which in many maintenance systems based on taking into account their cases are comparable to the time required to replace actual technical condition when planning locomotive the corresponding units [8]. Under these conditions, repair volumes. Technical diagnostic tools are a reliable it is usually impossible to perform regular periodic diag- source of information about the technical condition of nostics of the locomotive, which is necessary for a reliable operating locomotive systems[2]. assessment of its current technical condition. Improving the operational reliability, resource and The main tasks of diagnostics of rolling stock are to technical and economic indicators of diesel locomotives determine the current state and predict changes in the is one of the main directions of increasing the efficiency technical condition of locomotives depending on the op- of the locomotive economy and reducing the operating erating time [9]. To solve these problems, models can be costs of railways [3]. The solution to this problem is used that differ in methods of construction and applica- impossible without the introduction of modern locomotive tion, using artificial networks (IS) to assess the technical maintenance systems based on taking into account their condition of modern rolling stock. An innovation in the lo- actual technical condition when planning the volume of comotive industry is the hardware and software com- repairs [4-6]. In recent years, considerable attention has plex “Bort” designed to monitor the thermal condition been paid to the introduction of diagnostic tools and of diesel generator sets of locomotives and fuel con- equipment during operation. To date, the main efforts are sumption [10]. aimed at the development and implementation of such high-tech devices in enterprises and facilities of the The hardware and software complex “Bort” has railways of the CIS countries [7]. such basic components as (Fig.1): Unfortunately, early experience in the operation of • Main display module such technologies shows that the expected significant • Additional display module reduction in the cost of maintenance and repair of loco- • Network Router motives is not always achieved due to the significant • Secure Calculator module Figure 1. The main components of the hardware and software complex “Bort” The above components, together with the on-board • Marking of the driver's work shift for display neuromodule, provide the locomotive with auto guidance, at the customer's workplaces video surveillance, an automatic driver vigilance system and radio equipment. In turn, the onboard neuromodule • Easy integration with the existing locomotive video has such key functions as (Fig. 2): registration system • Driver vigilance control • The possibility of implementing other video ana- • Recognition of the driver's actions based on the lytics tasks for the technological requirements of the analysis of a minimalistic human skeleton customer [11] Figure 2. Example of the neural network algorithm in the task: “Driver vigilance control” 6

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. The data about the locomotive is combined on the as well as overlaying data on speed, coordinates. In monitor of the interface of the hardware and software addition, it is possible to introduce energy-optimal complex “Bort”. With the help of data on the monitor, driving of the train in automatic mode and the adviser you can find out in time about the reception of ALSN mode modeled using artificial intelligence. An algorithm signals, determining the speed and location of the for assessing the technical condition of diesel generator locomotive, about the need to apply emergency braking, sets (DGS) of diesel locomotives using the hardware and about registering data inside the cab and along the way, software complex “Bort” (Fig.3). Figure 3. Algorithm for assessing the technical condition of diesel generator sets (DGS) of diesel locomotives using the hardware and software complex “Bort” As can be seen, the onboard hardware and software • determination of coordinates on the ground; complex “Bort” (APC “Bort”) registers and analyzes • transmission of accumulated data via GPRS ra- the parameters of operation and accounting of diesel dio channel to an FTP server; fuel during the operation of locomotives, in addition, • creation of a statistical base for the formation of it continuously monitors the technical condition and a system of objective information on fuel consumption operating modes of diesel generator sets of locomotives. for train traction; Fuel is the main source of autonomous locomotives and • self-diagnosis of the status of sensors and modules for this automatic fuel accounting is an important aspect of the system [12-15]. during operation. With the help of the hardware and software complex, automatic control of the arrival and Conclusion consumption of fuel during the operation of the locomotive is performed and the determination of its Thus, it is shown that the control and diagnostics of unauthorized drains and transmission of registered data diesel generator sets (DGS) of diesel locomotives is one using a wireless channel (online mode) and a backup of the key aspects. Timely diagnostics of the diesel gen- wired channel. erator set (DGU) ensures traffic safety and reduces fuel consumption. For accuracy, the use of high-tech and In addition, the complex provides: high-tech technologies is a powerful and affordable tool • determination of the volume of fuel in the tank that can give reliable results in the technical diagnostics on the left and right side, l; of a diesel generator set (DGU). With the use of the Bort • calculation of the average fuel volume, l; hardware and software complex, it is possible to in- • calculation of the mass of fuel in the tank, kg; crease the efficiency and reliability of locomotives. • measurement of fuel temperature, ° C; With the help of the onboard hardware and software • determination of fuel density in the tank, kg/m3; complex “Bort” (APC “Bort”), it is possible to register • determination of the presence of raw water in the and analyze the parameters of operation and accounting fuel tank; of diesel fuel during the operation of locomotives, in ad- • recording of parameters on a time scale in a non- dition, it is possible to continuously monitor the tech- volatile memory device (locomotive status map and the nical condition and operating modes of diesel generator driver's personal card). sets of locomotives. • determination of the speed of the locomotive, km/h; 7

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. References: 1. Абдулазиз Ю.М. и др. Прогнозирование технического состояния дизель-генераторной установки (ДГУ) тепловозов с помошью аппаратно-программного комплекса «БОРТ» //Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – Т. 2. – № 9. – С. 573-579. 2. Хамидов О.Р. и др. Оценка технического состояния дизель-генераторной установки (дгу) тепловозов с помощью аппаратно-программного комплекса «БОРТ» //Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 4-5 (97). – С. 41-46. 3. Yusufov A.M. et al. Lokomotivlarning texnik holatini bort tizimi yordamida aniqlash //Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – Т. 2. – №. 9. – С. 600-605. 4. Khamidov O. et al. Evaluation of the technical condition of locomotives using modern methods and tools // E3S Web of Conferences. – EDP Sciences, 2023. – Т. 365. – С. 05004. 5. Khamidov O. et al. Remaining life of main frame and extension of service life of shunting Locomotives on railways of Republic of Uzbekistan //E3S Web of Conferences. – EDP Sciences, 2023. – Т. 365. – С. 05008. 6. Yusufov A.M. “O‘zbekiston temir yo‘llari” AJ lokomotiv parki tahlili //Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – Т. 2. – №. 11. – С. 251-258. 7. Yusufov A. O‘zbekiston respublikasi temir yo ‘llaridagi manevr lokomotivlarini tahlili va rivojlanish istiqbollari // Science and innovation. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. A8. – С. 943-950. 8. Хамидов О.Р. и др. Продлению остаточного ресурса главной рамы тепловоза серии ТЭМ2 с методом конеч- ных элементов (МКЭ) // Инновационные подходы, проблемы, предложения и решения в науке и образовании. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 1. – С. 148-153. 9. Хамидов О.Р. и др. Оценка остаточного ресурса главных рам маневровых тепловозов //Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 2-3 (95). – С. 59-62. 10. Хамидов О.Р. и др. Прогнозирование остаточного ресурса главной рамы и продление сроков службы манев- ровых локомотивов на АО “УТЙ” // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 4-5 (97). – С. 47-54. 11. Хамидов О.Р. и др. Виды повреждений несущих конструкций и технологические аспекты их возникновения // Инновационные подходы, проблемы, предложения и решения в науке и образовании. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 1. – С. 142-147. 12. Yusufov A.M.et al. Temir yo‘l tortuv harakat tarkibi issiqlik kuch qurilmalarini avtomatik boshqarish va diagnostika tizimi //Oriental renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. – 2022. – Т. 2. – №. 9. – С. 613-618. 13. Хамидов О.Р. и др. Оценка средних напряжений цикла в несущих рамах тепловозов на основе, конечно- элементного, расчета от статических нагрузок //Academic research in modern science. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 9. – С. 118-124. 14. Грачев В.В., Валиев М.Ш. Оценка технического состояния тепловозного дизеля по данным бортовой микропроцессорной системы управления // Известия Петербургского университета путей сообщения. – 2010. – №. 1. – С. 23-34. 15. Кодиров Н.С. и др. Разработка метода для определения динамической нагруженности узлов подвижного состава с применением неразрушающего контроля // Приборы и методы измерений, контроля качества и диагностики в промышленности и на транспорте. – 2022. – С. 98-105. 8

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ROLLING STOCK Davronbek Shotmonov Teacher, Namangan Engineering Construction Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan Sarvar Imomnazarov Teacher, Namangan Engineering Construction Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] ФАКТОРЫ ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ВЫБОР ПОДВИЖНОГО СОСТАВА Шодмонов Давронбек ст. преподаватель, Наманганский Инженерно-Строительный Институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган Имомназаров Сарвар преподаватель, Наманганский Инженерно-Строительный Институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT The main factor influencing the choice of the article of rolling stock and the transportation of goods is the choice of rolling stock (PS) and all items and materials from the moment they are accepted for transportation until delivery to the recipient are cargo. Almost the entire nomenclature of existing cargo is transported by PS. The type of vehicle used for transportation largely depends on the type of cargo. АННОТАЦИЯ Главным в факторах, влияющих на выбор статьи подвижного состава и транспортировку грузов, является выбор подвижного состава (ПС) и все предметы и материалы с момента принятия их к транспортированию и до сдачи получателю являются грузами. ПС перевозится практически вся номенклатура существующих грузов. От вида груза в значительной степени зависит тип используемого для перевозок ПС. Keywords: structures, transportation, partitioning, rolling stock (RS), perishable, movement in icy conditions, snow drifts, snowfalls and blizzards. Ключевые слова: строительство, транспорт, перегородки, подвижной состав (ПС), скоропортящиеся грузы, движение в гололедных условиях, снежные заносы, снегопады и метали. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction the PS are called the features of transportation, deter- mined by various combinations of transport, road and One of the main things in the transportation of climatic factors. For each operating condition, certain goods is the choice of rolling stock (PS). The choice of types of PS are rational and their design features are an efficient car for the transportation of goods over long appropriate, ensuring the highest utilization rates.: and short distances can be solved by comparing several cars of different types and models with each other in the 1) type of cargo; same conditions of transportation, compare their tech- 2) the volume of traffic and its division; nical and operational characteristics. 3) transportation distance; 4) conditions of loading and unloading and storage; The basis of the choice should be ensuring the safety 5) climatic conditions; of goods in combination with the fullest use of the vehicle's 6) type of routes and organization of transportation. cargo capacity and an acceptable cost of transportation. 7) delivery time. The scheme for selecting the type of PS for cargo External factors, i.e. the conditions in which the rolling transportation. stock is operated, have a direct impact on the choice of the type and brand of PS. The operating conditions of __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Shotmonov D.S., Imomnazarov S.Q. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ROLLING STOCK // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15056

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. The scheme of the choice of rolling stock Below of consumption of goods; changes in consumer charac- these factors are considered in more detail: teristics of goods over time; availability, capacity and equipment of equipment; cost of goods, etc. 1) type of cargo; All items and materials from the moment they are A typical example of the dependence of commodity accepted for transportation until delivery to the recipient consignment on the conditions of consignment is the are cargo. Almost the entire nomenclature of existing retail food supply chain \"Virga\". Commercial enterprises goods is transported by PS. The type of cargo used for that do not have a sufficient number of refrigeration transportation depends to a large extent on the type of units or sell food at home will have to order batches of such PS, PRM and technology of transportation. perishable products that are guaranteed to be sold within The main factors that are taken into account when the time allotted for the sale of the product. classifying goods: 1. Method of loading and unloading (piece, bulk and 3) transportation distance; bulk) The distance of transportation directly affects the These loads are accounted for by volume and weight. production of PS. With an increase in mileage, the output 2. Conditions of transportation and storage (usual in ton-kilometers increases and the amount of cargo and specific). transported in tons decreases. PS of different carrying The usual goods are those that do not require special capacity, transporting cargo over the same distance, conditions and can be transported on board cars. perform different transport work. Specific cargoes require special measures for the So, at long distances it is advisable to use a PS with safety and security of transportation. For example, per- increased load capacity. In addition, depending on the ishable, heavy loads, long, dangerous and oversized. range of transportation, the requirements for the PS may 3. The possibility of using the load capacity of the PS. change in terms of its traction and speed qualities. 4. Their safety during transportation. 4) conditions of loading and unloading and storage; 5. The degree of danger during loading, unloading The conditions of loading and unloading of the PS can and transportation. be varied. They depend on the type of cargo, the constancy During loading, unloading and transportation, they of the location of loading and unloading points, the are divided into 4 groups: availability of well-maintained access roads, the size of Group 1 – low-risk cargo cargo turnover, the degree of mechanization of loading Group 2 – dangerous goods in size and unloading operations and the type of mechanisms Group 3 – dusty or hot cargo used. Group 4 – especially dangerous goods. The applied PS must be adapted to the performance 2) the volume of traffic and its division; of operations by the mechanisms installed at the points The size of the cargo is determined by the shipper of departure and destination. and depends on the production technology (formation The analysis of this factor of operating conditions of cargo), the time it is filled with economically justified allowed us to conclude that it is necessary to use rolling stocks in storage and temporary storage. stock equipped with an open side platform. The volume of the batch also depends on the condi- This will ensure the convenience of loading and un- tions of consumption of the cargo in the batch. The main loading and reduce the downtime under cargo operations. of these conditions include: the volume and unevenness 5) climatic conditions; Climatic conditions have a significant influence on the choice of PS. Figure 1. Climatic conditions So, to protect cargo from atmospheric phenomena and the safety of its movement in icy conditions, snow (rain, snow, wind, dust, sun), special body structures are drifts, snowfalls and blizzards are of particular im- needed. In this Figure 1, we can see the climatic condi- portance. tions in polar climatic zones. Important operating condi- tions are the ability to ensure the quick readiness of the 6) type of routes and organization of transportation. PS for action, cabin heating. Here, the patency of the PS The route type is the main element used to establish communication between senders and recipients of cargo 10

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Figure 2. Classification of cargo transportation routes 7) delivery time; of product delivery are of paramount importance. Along If the customer needs a short delivery time, to PS with the consistently high quality of products, compliance should choose the type of fast, the prices are high. with the actual delivery dates officially declared is one If there is no delivery time limit, it is useful to choose a of the competitive advantages in the market. An important more economical type of delivery. factor is the classification of cargo transportation routes, For any company, the route transportation of cargo not even the nominal delivery time, but its compliance. of individuals is an important factor: pendulum, ring and assembly and delivery (both production and trade) terms References: 1. Adashboyevich M.J. (2019). PEDAGOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF FORMATION OF CREATIVE COMPETENCE IN INNOVATION PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY OF TEACHERS OF FUTURE PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Sciences Vol, 7(10). 2. Makhmudov A., Nishonov F. ROAD TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS WITH PARTICIPATION PEDESTRIANS // Академические исследования в современной науке. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 17. – С. 236-244. 3. Makhmudov Avazbek, Nishonov Farhod. (2022). ROAD TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS WITH PARTICIPATION PEDESTRIANS. ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN MODERN SCIENCE, 1(17), 236–244. 4. Mannonov J. et al. ELECTRONIC ENGINE MANAGEMENT DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM SELF-PROPELLED NARROW-GAUGE POWER STATIONAND METHOD OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHINTRODUCTION// International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education.-2022.-№.6-14.-1929-1930 5. Sarvar I. (2021). Application of Intelligent Systems in Cars. International Journal of Innovative Analyses and Emerg- ing Technology, 1(4), 78-80. 6. Sarvar I., & Zokirxon M. (2021). ROAD TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS WITH PARTICIPATION PEDES- TRIANS. Universum: технические науки, (5-6 (86)), 62-65. 7. Sarvar I., Abdujalil P., Temurmalik A., & Jahongir K. (2021). ОPERATING CONDITIONS OF TRUCKS AND THE SAFETY OF THE TRANSPORT PROCESS. Universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)),42-45 8. Sarvar I., Azizbek N., Behzod S., & Raxmatillo R. (2021). RESEARCH OF ADHESION STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE EPOXY MATERIALS FILLED WITH MINERAL WASTE OF VARIOUS PRODUCTIONS. Universum: технические науки, (6-5 (87)), 33-35. 9. Tuychieva M.O., Soliyev R.X., Qaharova M.A., Mannonov J.A. (2022). STEATITLY ELECTROCERAMICS MATERIALARINI OLISH UCHUN MAHALLIY HOMASHELARINING KIMEVIY VA MINERALOGI TARKIBI VA XOSSALARINI ORGANISH. Ta'lim fanlari bo'yicha akademik tadqiqotlar , 3 (4), 45-50. 10. Xakimjonovich S.R. et al. STUDY OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND ME- CHANICAL ACTIVITY OF MINERAL RAW MATERIALS IN PURCHASE OF SANITARY BUILDING PROD- UCT //Archive of Conferences. – 2022. – С. 57-61 11. Xakimjonovich S.R., Qoviljanovich I.S., Samarbekovich S.D. DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE COMPOSITIONS OF CERAMIC MASSES FOR THE PURCHASE OF SANITARY BUILDINGS ON THE BASIS OF LOCAL RAW MATERIALS WITH HIGH PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES //Archive of Conferences.–2022.– С. 62-69. 11

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. 12. А.С. Полвонов, Д.С. Шотмонов, Н.А.У. Абдусаттаров Теоретические предпосылки повышения долговечности постелей коренных подшипников в зависимости от теплопроводности соединений- Universum: технические науки, 2019. 13. Бойдадаев М.Б. У., Мунаввархонов З.Т. У., Мадрахимов А.М., & Имомназаров С.К. (2021). ГИПСОСОДЕРЖА- ЩИЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ НА ОСНОВЕ МЕСТНОГО И ВТОРИЧНОГО СЫРЬЯ В УЗБЕКИСТАНЕ. Universum: технические науки, (3-2 (84)), 26-29. 14. Имомназаров С.К. и др. СИСТЕМА ПОДАЧИ АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ, РАБОТАЮЩИХ НА ГАЗЕ //Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 5-4 (98). – С. 37-42. 15. Имомназаров С.К., Насриддинов А.Ш. КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОННЫХ СИСТЕМ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ДВИГАТЕЛЕМ //Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии. – 2022. – С. 34. 16. Имомназаров С.К., Абдуганиев Ш.О., Рахимжонов А.А., & Журабоев Д.И. (2021). УЧАСТИЕ ОБЩЕСТВЕН- НОСТИ В ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИИ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ДВИЖЕНИЯ. Экономика и социум, (5-1), 939-942. 17. Имомназаров С.К., Насриддинов А.Ш., & Мунаввархонов З.Т. (2021). ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫХ СИСТЕМ В АВТОМОБИЛЯХ. Экономика и социум, (5-1), 933-938. 18. К.С. Нарзуллаев, Д.С. Шотмонов, А.Ш. Насриддинов Современные методы получения нефти из битуминозного песка- Международный журнал прикладных и …, 2016 19. Маннонов Ж.А. и др. ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННО- ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ И ВОПРОСЫ ИХ ЛОГИСТИЧЕСКОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 6-3 (99). – С. 43-47. 20. Полвонов А.С., Насриддинов А.Ш., & Имомназаров С.К. (2021). СВОЙСТВА ЗВУКОПОГЛОЩАЮЩИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ НА ПОЛИУРЕТАНОВОЙ ОСНОВЕ. Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии, 18. 21. Разоков А.Я., Абдуганиев Ш.О. (2021). ДАТЧИК УРОВНЯ ТОПЛИВА. Универсум: технические науки, 12 (93), ISSN : 2311-5122 80-82. 12

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. DEVELOPMENT OF INITIAL DATA FOR ESTIMATING THE REMAINING LIFE OF RAILS Khasan Umarov Candidate of Technical Sciences, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Jamshid Kadirov Magistracy, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent РАЗРАБОТКА ИСХОДНЫХ ДАННЫХ ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ОСТАТОЧНОГО РЕСУРСА РЕЛЬСОВ Умаров Хасан Кобилович канд. техн. наук, доцент, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Қодиров Жамшид Зулфиқор ўғли магистр, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT Methods for developing preliminary data for estimating the remaining life of rails are presented. Determining and estimating the remaining life of rails is of great importance in the development of preliminary data. АННОТАЦИЯ Представлены методы получения исходных данных для оценки остаточного ресурса рельсов. Определение и оценка остаточного ресурса рельсов имеет большое значение при разработке исходных данных. Keywords: rail, initial data, diagnostics, cracks and spalls, vertical wear, lateral wear, wavy wear Ключевые слова: рельс, исходные данных, диагностика, трещины и выкрашивания, вертикальный износ, боковой износ, волнообразный износ. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. It is necessary to have a single Object of research. Statistics on rail defects were generalized database that allows predicting the process obtained from the Tashkent Railway. The total distance of changes in the technical condition of rails. In addition, of the Tashkent railway is 265 km, of which 73 km are without such information, the economic-mathematical single-track and 123 km are double-track. model cannot work. During the operation of the railway, which is determined by the working time of the trans- Development initial data. In 2021, the number of ferred tonnage, measured in million gross tons, the pro- defective rails on the railway in the distance of the Tash- cesses of corrosion, wrinkling, decay, fatigue, etc. kent railway is presented in Fig. 1. The most common inevitably occur on the rails. Under the influence of rail defects include cracks and chipping, as well as ver- these factors, various defects are formed. A rail defect is tical, lateral and wavy wear. Damaged rails are generally usually understood as a deviation from its geometrical divided into defective and acutely defective, depending on parameters or specified standards of strength, failure to the degree of danger. On the basis of data from various comply with which leads to a loss of performance under sources, the average correlations of the development of specified operating conditions [1-4]. defects in the missed tonnage were constructed. Cracks and chipping of the metal on the surface of the rail head Based on the results of track monitoring, preliminary usually occur after the warranty tonnage is exceeded due data is collected to estimate the remaining life of the to the accumulation of local non-metallic strength or the rails. As mentioned above, it is based on the data carried lack of fatigue strength of the ferrous metal. out by the \"126-diagnostic laboratory\" of the \"Railway monitoring and diagnostics\". __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Umarov K., Kadirov J. DEVELOPMENT OF INITIAL DATA FOR ESTIMATES RE- MAINING LIFE OF RAILS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14991

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Number of removed rails, 120 Other pcs 100 80 60 40 20 0 Cracks and Vertical wear Lateral wear Wavy wear chipping Rail defect type Figure 1. Number of defective rails One of the factors affecting the development of de- Figure 1. shows the average curve of the development fects on the rails, taking into account the tonnage of this of cracks and metal crushing, depending on the tonnage section, the initial data is taken from the section between transferred on a flat section of the railway. Saryogoch - Keles stations. Because the tonnage of this section is large. It is known that the import and export Figure 2 shows that the curve steepens after passing goods of Uzbekistan to China and South Korea pass around 100 million tons of gross cargo. This graph con- through this section by rail. In addition, transit cargo from firms the constant growth of individual contact fatigue China and South Korea to Central Asia is delivered cracks in the rail during operation until reaching thresh- to the Keles station in Uzbekistan via the Saryogoch old values, which depends on the initial stiffness of the station in Kazakhstan [5, 6]. Another factor affecting rails and increases with its decrease. It should be consid- the development of rail defects is the curvature and slope ered that the greatest danger is the merging of several in- of the railway tracks. 200 mln. to service the new R65 rail clined cracks, which can later form a single longitudinal made at the factory. ton. marked as gross. If we analyze crack proportional to the width of the railhead. A newly the development of rail defects in European and US coun- formed crack can change its direction of development tries, 1100-1400 mln. ton. we see that it serves up to and lead to the formation of a transverse fatigue crack. gross [7-11]. Rail head wear, mm 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 Missed tonnage, mln tons Figure 2. The average dependence of the development of cracks and crushing on the transferred tonnage (on a flat part of the railway track) 14

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Vertical wear occurs when the strength of the rail- Figure 3 shows that the smaller the radius of the curve, head metal does not match the conditions of the pressure the stronger the development of this defect. The reasons exerted on it by the wheels of the rolling stock. In the for the appearance of lateral erosion are due to the in- metal, significant corrosion damage cracks appear, crease in the angles of the wheel ridges on the side of which can then become a catalyst for the formation of the rails (due to the violation of the normal compliance longitudinal vertical cracks. of the wheel moving to the curved sections of the railway track), as well as the low erosion resistance of the iron Figure 3 shows the average curve of the development metal of the rail ridges. In addition, due to insufficient of the vertical erosion of the railhead as a function of the distribution of the side face of the railhead, side erosion missed tonnage. Figure 3 shows that the vertical erosion may occur. developed more slowly in the straight sections of the rail. Rail head wear, mm 1,4 1,2 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 Missed tonnage, mln tons straight section R>800 м R=400-800 м R<400 м Figure 3. The average dependence of the development of the vertical deflection of the rail head on the transferred tonnage (on a flat part of the railway track) Figure 4 shows that on straight sections of the railway Figure 4 shows the average curve of the development of line, thrusts are generated that increase as the tonnage the side erosion of the railhead as a function of the tonnage passed increases. In addition, the smaller the radius of missed. the curve, the stronger the development of this defect. 4 Rail head wear, mm 3 2 1 0 40 60 80 100 0 20 R<400 м Missed tonnage, mln tons -1 R>800 м R=400-800 м straight section Figure 4. The average dependence of the development of side erosion of the railhead on the transferred tonnage (on a flat part of the railway track) 15

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. In some sections of the railway, undulating erosion Figure 5 shows the average curve of the dependence occurs frequently and is usually formed on curves. The of the development of the undulating erosion of the rail- reason for this defect is the displacement of locomotive head on the transferred tonnage in one section of the rail- wheels (for example, on curves due to different lengths way track (on a straight section of the railway). of outer and inner threads). In addition, the cause of the defect may be a factory defect caused by vibration in the railway straightening machines. Rail head wear, mm 3 2,5 200 400 600 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 0 Missed tonnage, mln tons Figure 5. The average dependence of the development of wave-shaped deformation of the railhead on the tonnage missed (on a straight section of the railway) Conclusions 2. The analysis shows that the curvature of the road is of great importance for the development of wear on 1. The creation of predictive models and therefore the rails. The smaller the radius of curvature, the greater the values of indicators of the remaining life of rails the intensity of the development of wear on the rail. is based on two types of data: In curves, lateral erosion develops faster than vertical erosion. 1) based on monitoring results only; 2) in addition to the measurement results, the opinions of experts qualified in this field are used in the diagnostic wagon. References 1. Mirabdullayevna M.O. Diagnostics of the Roadbed // International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies. – 2020. – С. 41-43. 2. Rustamovich, Khalfin G. \"Clamping Force of Intermediate Fasteners and Their Determination.\" JournalNX, vol. 7, no. 05, 2021, pp. 233-236, doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/ETJHF. 3. Mauzhuda Muzaffarova, Ozoda Mirzakhidova, Shukhrat Makhamadzhanov. IMPROVEMENT OF TRACK MAN- AGEMENT // Universum: technical sciences: electron. scientific. journal. 2022. №12-3 (105). DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.14668. 4. Khalfin G.A. RESEARCH OF RUNNING RESISTANCE TO LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT OF RAILS ON JSC\" ZBEKISTON TEMIR YULARI\" //Journal of Tashkent Institute of Railway Engineers. – 2020. – Т. 16. – №. 2. – С. 14-19. 5. Umarov Xasan, Botirov Otanur THE ROLE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THE ANGREN-PAP RAILWAY LINE IN THE PLANS OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS // Universum: технические науки. 2021. №6-5 (87). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-role-of-construction-of-the-angren-pap-railway- line-in-the-plans-of-international-transport-and-economic-relations (дата обращения: 31.01.2023). 6. Umarov Xasan, Botirov Otanur ASSESSMENT OF THE DECISION-MAKING IN JUSTIFICATION OF STRENGTHENING THE CAPACITY OF RAILWAYS IN UZBEKISTAN UNDER CONDITIONS OF UNCER- TAINTY AND RISKS // Universum: технические науки. 2022. №5-11 (98). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/arti- cle/n/assessment-of-the-decision-making-in-justification-of-strengthening-the-capacity-of-railways-in-uzbekistan- under-conditions-of (дата обращения: 31.01.2023). 7. Kakharov Z.V. Railway construction for high-speed roads // Universum: technical sciences: electron. scientific. journal. 2022. 5(98). DOI - 10.32743/ UniTech.2022.98.5.13691. 16

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. 8. Kakharov Z.V., Eshonov F.F., Kozlov I.S. Determination of the values of energy constants of materials during crushing of solids //News of the St. Petersburg University of Railway Transport. – 2019. – Vol. 16. – No. 3. – pp. 499-504. DOI: 10.20295/1815-588Х-2019-3-499-504. 9. Mauzhuda Muzaffarova, Ozoda Mirzakhidova, Shukhrat Makhamadzhanov. MONITORING OF SLEEPERS OF THE BF70 TYPE ON THE RAILWAYS OF UZBEKISTAN TEMIR YULLARI JSC // Universum: technical sciences: electron. scientific. journal. 2022. 12(105). DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.105.12.14790. 10. E.S. Bondarev Forecasting the Technical Condition of Rails Based on Statistical // The Siberian Transport University Bulletin. – 2021. – Vol. 59. – No. 4. – pp. 499-504. DOI 10.52170/1815-9265_2021_59_55. 11. Kh U. Mathematical model for forecasting freight flows between Ferghana valley and other regions of Uzbekistan // Philosophical Readings XIII. – 2021. – Т. 4. – С. 1318-1328. 17

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. ANALYSIS OF THE STRESSES RESULTING FROM VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL FORCES ACTING ON THE WHEEL IN SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE Kurbonnazar Shokuchkorov Assistant, Department of wagons and wagon economy, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Rustam Rakhimov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Department of wagons and wagon economy, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Yadgor Ruzmetov Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of wagons and wagon economy, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Shukhrat Djabbarov Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of wagons and wagon economy, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Rustam Yuldoshov Assistant Department of wagons and wagon economy, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent АНАЛИЗ НАПРЯЖЕНИЙ ОТ ВЕРТИКАЛЬНЫХ И ГОРИЗОНТАЛЬНЫХ СИЛ, ДЕЙСТВУЮЩИХ НА КОЛЕСО, В ПРОГРАММЕ SOLIDWORKS Шокучкоров Курбонназар Салим ўғли ассистент, кафедра вагоны и вагонное хозяйства, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Рахимов Рустам Вячеславович д-р техн. наук, профессор, кафедра вагоны и вагонное хозяйства, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Рузметов Ядгор Озодович канд. техн. наук, доцент, кафедра вагоны и вагонное хозяйства, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: ANALYSIS OF THE STRESSES RESULTING FROM VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL FORCES ACTING ON THE WHEEL IN SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Shokuchkorov K. [и др.]. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14996

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Джаббаров Шухрат Батирович канд. техн. наук, доцент, кафедра вагоны и вагонное хозяйства, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Йўлдошов Рустам Мадамин ўғли ассистент, кафедра вагоны и вагонное хозяйства, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT In this article, the formulas were used to calculate the vertical and horizontal forces acting on the wheel of a freight car. Using the Solidworks program, a 3D wheel model was built according to GOST 10791-2011, the forces calculated from the modeling section were applied to the rolling surface, and the results were entered in the table. During the service life of the wheel, it is rotated 5 times according to the calculated rate, and with each revolution, the stress value in the calculated field changes. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье по формулам рассчитывались вертикальные и горизонтальные силы, действующие на колесо грузового вагона. С помощью программы Solidworks была построена 3D-модель колеса по ГОСТ 10791-2011, силы, рассчитанные по разделу моделирования, были нанесены на поверхность качения, а результаты занесены в таблицу. В течение срока службы колеса его проворачивают 5 раз по расчетной норме, и при каждом обороте значение напряжений в расчетном поле меняется. Keywords: tread surface, slider, uneven rolling, wheel. Ключевые слова: поверхность катания, ползун, неравномерный прокат, колесо. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction falling on the rolling surface and its linear dimensions. As we all know that there are many types of drivetrain The wheel is affected by vertical and horizontal wheel disc, in this work we will only do the calculations forces (Fig. 1), and these forces are divided into static by putting the force values according to the calculation and dynamic types. When finding these forces, the diagram below for flat disc all-round wheel. The value loaded or unloaded condition of the wagon is taken into of forces is calculated using the formulas of table 1 given account 1. The calculation drawing below shows the in the norm. cross section of the wheel and the direction of the forces . Figure 1. Design scheme of a wheel from the Standards for the calculation and design of wagons 19

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. This drawing shows the vertical P and horizontal Q slippery and uneven rolling. The value of the forces acting forces on the wheel, its linear dimensions and the in the case of this failure is calculated using the formulas calculation zone. The forces acting on the wheel vary in presented in Table 1 below 2. different values depending on the defects of its rolling surface. When we find the forces, we consider 3 types of When we calculate the forces acting on the wheel, failure states of the wheel rolling surface: non-defective, we consider the weight of the axle as 23.5 tons 3. Table 1. Formulas for determining the parameters of the load distributions acting on the wheel Wheel rolling surface condition Formulas for determining mathematical expectation root-mean-square deviation Without defects Vertical load ������p̅ 3=5,915·102·v·m1/2 Slider ������̅1=0,621 P Uneven rental ������2̅ =0,856 P ������̅3=0,533+14,252·102·v·m1/2 Horizontal load Regardless of the state ������=3,78·10-3·υ·P SQ j = 2,457·10-3υ·P * note: vertical static loads from the wheelset on the rails, kN P=Po= 230 – laden P=Pn= 60 – empty m = 1797 kg – mass of unsprung parts per wheel pair; υ = 25 m/s (90 mm(h)) – design speed. Using the formulas presented in the table, the values These calculated forces are based on GOST 10791- of the vertical and horizontal forces acting from the 2011 in Solidworks was placed on the rolling surface of wheel to the rail were calculated for the loaded and un- the drawn wheel using the simulation section (Fig. 2) loaded condition of the wagon. and the stress values in the calculated zone were ob- tained. Figure 2. The stress state of a wheel with a tapered disc with a minimum rim thickness and uneven rolling The stress value generated by each force application during the average service life, depending on the types and was depicted in this form and the average value was sizes of faults in it 4. After each direction, the value taken and transferred to Table 2. The thickness of the of the voltage in the calculation zone increases. spare part of the rolling stock wheel is directed 5 times 20

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Table 2. Mises stresses in the design zone of the wheel arising during the service life Average von Mises stress in the calculated zone j Wagon Active loads Proportion of wheel of the wheel at n turning, MРа: condition movement, λ n=0 n=1 n=2 n=3 n=4 1 Р1=142,83 kN 0,2514 45 50 55 57 60 2 laden Р2=196,88 kN 0,045 55 60 65 72 77 3 Р3=273,8 kN 0,0036 75 85 90 100 110 4 Р1=37,26 kN 0,1676 10 11 12 15 16 5 empty Р2=51,36 kN 0,03 15 18 19 21 22 6 Р3=182,7 kN 0,0024 50 55 60 70 75 7 0,2514 8 laden Р1 =142,83 kN 0,045 48 53 60 64 59 9 Q=21,7 kN 0,0036 10 0,1676 60 70 78 82 92 11 empty Р2 =196,88 kN 0,03 12 Q=21,7 kN 0,0024 80 90 100 110 120 Р3=273,8 kN 10 12 15 17 18 Q=21,7 kN 15 19 21 22 24 Р1 =37,26 kN Q=5,67 kN 55 60 67 73 76 Р2=51,36 kN Q=5,67 kN Р3=182,7 kN Q=5,67 kN The Mises stress in the calculation area was ob- When the wheel is loaded without a defect, only the tained as a result of applying the forces when the wheel vertical force is calculated, a force of 142.8 kN acts on is directed to the minimum limit according to GOST and it, and the stress change in the calculated field under the the change of forces. influence of this force was prepared using the results ob- tained from the Solidworks/simulation program. 70 50 55 57 60 2 3 4 5 60 50 45 40 30 20 10 0 1 Figure 3. Wheel subjected to a vertical force of 142.8 kN on the wheel voltage change in the calculation zone These values increased due to the reduction and the highest value was observed when the wheel was of the thickness of the wheel rim as a result of turning, loaded and rolled unevenly. 21

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. References: 1. Norms for the design and calculation of railway cars with a gauge of 1520 mm of the CIS countries.- 1996.-S. 289-292. 2. Y.O. Ruzmetov, K.S. Shokuchkorov, In Vol. 1 No. 6 (2021): Journal of Advanced Research and Stability. 3. Yakushev A.V. The results of calculating the safety factor of the Conical Disc Wheel of the freight car using Mathcad Science. - 2014. No. 5. - S.1-11. 4. Shokuchkorov K., Ruzmetov Y., Raximov R., Yoldoshov R. Analysis method for assessing the strength of freight wagon wheels: international conference on advance research in humanities, applied sciences and education. 5. Abduvakhobov M.E. & Gultoraev S.M. (2018). Traction qualities of the railway section kattakurgan-navoi with die- sel traction. In Smart Energy in Transport and Industry (pp. 191-196). 6. Kurbonnazar Sh., Yadgor R., Rustam R. and Rustam Y. (2022). Method of analysis for assessing the strength of wheels of freight cars. Conference, 171-182. 22

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. TECHNOLOGY OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS OF THE TEXTILE AND LIGHT INDUSTRY ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITY PERFORMANCE OF COTTON/POLYESTER MIXED YARN MADE BY RING SPINNING METHOD Shavkat Fayzullayev PhD, Department of Spinning technology, Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Shoira Maxkamova PhD, Department of Spinning technology, Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Allambergen Utepbergenov Department of Spinning technology, master student, Tashkent Institute of Textile and Light Industry, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Batir Kojametov Trainee teacher Karakalpak State University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus E-mail: [email protected] АНАЛИЗ КАЧЕСТВЕННЫХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ХЛОПКО-ПОЛИЭСТЕРОВОЙ СМЕШАННОЙ ПРЯЖИ КОЛЬЦЕВОГО СПОСОБА ПРЯДЕНИЯ Файзуллаев Шавкат Раимович канд. техн. наук, Ташкентский институт Текстильной и лёгкой промышленности, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Махкамова Шоира Фахритдиновна PhD, Ташкентский институт Текстильной и лёгкой промышленности, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Утепбергенов Алламберген Даулетбай угли магистр, Ташкентский институт Текстильной и лёгкой промышленности, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Кожаметов Батыр Тохтарбай угли Учитель-стажер, Каракалпакский государственный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус __________________________ Библиографическое описание: ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITY PERFORMANCE OF COTTON/POLYESTER MIXED YARN MADE BY RING SPINNING METHOD // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Fayzullayev S.R. [и др.]. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15015

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. ABSTRACT In the research work, an analysis of the unevenness and change in the mechanical properties of yarn s as a result of mixing synthetic fibers into natural fibers was illuminated cotton-polyester mixed yarn s the yarn was prepared in three different (70/30%, 60/40% and 50/50%) proportions, and 20 Tex yarns were spun in the ring spinning method. With the help of Uster® Tester 6, Uster® Tensojet 4 devices, the results of the unevenness of the yarn by mass, thin and thick places , the number of NEPS, the specific tensile strength, the work on the break, the elongation at the break, the tensile strength were determined. However, the Uster® test showed that while an increase in the proportion of polyester fibers in mixed yarns would lead to a decrease in yarn unevenness indicators, there was an increase in the specific elongation strength, elongation at the break, and elongation strength values of the yarn. Cotton/polyester 50/50% in mixed yarns, unevenness indicators were the lowest, and mechanical performance recorded the highest result. АННОТАЦИЯ В исследовательской работе приводится анализ неровноты и изменения механических свойств хлопково- полиэстеровой кольцевой пряжи линейной плотностью 20 текс, выработанной из смеси синтетических и нату- ральных волокон в трех различных соотношениях (70/30%, 60/40% и 50/50%). С помощью приборов Uster® Tester 6, Uster® Tensojet 4 были определены показатели неровноты пряжи по массе, количество утонений, утолщений и непсов, разрывная нагрузка пряжи, работа на разрыв, удельная разрывная нагрузка, удлинение при разрыве. Результаты испытаний на Uster® показали, что увеличение доли полиэстеровых волокон в смесовой пряже при- вело к снижению показателей неровноты пряжи, а также увеличились значения удельной разрывной нагрузки, удлинения пряжи при разрыве. Самый низкий показатель неровноты и высокие показатели механических свойств хлопко-полиэстеровой пряжи были зафиксированы в варианте с соотношением волокон 50/50%. Keywords: yarn quality, mixed yarn, unevenness, polyester fiber. Ключевые слова: качество пряжи, смешанная пряжа, неровнота, полиэстеровое волокно. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. The unevenness and mechanical indicators Turkey [11] and by Efiyopia scientists viloft/ properties of the yarns can be improved by mixing dif- polyester, cotton-tencel and cotton-promodal mixed yarns ferent types of fibers. The properties of the mixed yarn by ring spinning method, compared the structural, phys- also affect the strength, hygroscopicity, thermal insula- ical and mechanical properties of compact and Vortex tion and other properties of the fabric. Mixed yarns are yarns. Viloft fiber mixed yarns mixed with polyester ring spinning, vortex and aerodynamic spinning meth- showed a high result in terms of breaking strength, and ods, and various research works are being carried out in when mixed with cotton, there was a decrease in yarn the praise of the study of the mixing theory and proper- unevenness CVm% [12-13]. An improvement in specific ties of yarns. shear strength and toughness performance was achieved when the vilofit fiber ratio reached 33% in the viloft/cotton The purpose of the research work. For local en- mixed yarn spun by the annular and rotor method [14-15]. terprises, the purpose of the research work was to de- velop yarn in new assortment mixed in existing In addition to polyester to cotton fibers, bamboo and technolagies by mixing chemical fibers into local raw modal fibers were mixed and yarn quality indicators materials in the production of high-strength products for were studied. According to him R.Sawmya, N. Vasugi weaving from a mixture of cotton and polyester fibers and others bamboo/cotton and bamboo/polyester 80/20, 67/33, 50/50, 33/67, and 20/80, made a series of mixed Literature review. According to the results of Jan- yarn s in proportions and compared their unevenness uary-April 2022 of the textile and sewing and knitting and physical properties [16-17], Rashel Hawlader, Samara industry, a total of more than 438 thousand tons of cot- Islamic Nishi, etc. The result was a 50/50 cotton/modal ton fiber were mastered by the enterprises of the indus- mixed yarn, showing much better properties than a try. The volume of production in the industry increased 50/50 cotton/viscose mixed yarn [18-19]. by 113% and reached 79.9 trillion soums, and the estab- lished plan (74.4 trillion soums) was fulfilled Method and materials. Experimental studies were by 107.8%. [1]. The quality performance of yarn spun from carried out in the laboratory of the Tashkent Institute of a mixture of polyester/cotton, polyester and viscose Textile and Light Industry, where where from semi-fin- fibers to ring spinning machine parameters is particularly ished products prepared at the “Osborn” enterprise from affected by the optimum stretch parameters yarn quality a mixture of cotton and polyester, samples of yarn with [2-3]. In polyester / cotton mixed yarns, the lengthening, a linear density of 20 tex (Ne 30/1) were produced in elongation strength of mixed yarns increased and un- three ratios of 70/30%, 60/40% and 50/50%. the uneven- evenness, the number of NEPS and the decrease in ness properties of cotton/polyester mixed yarns are ob- pubescence was achieved when the polyester ratio in- tained BAKAN TEX enterprise, on the equipment of creased [4-7]. The mechanical properties of spun yarns Uster ® Tester 6 and mechanical properties Uster ® depend on the difference in the length and diameter of the Tensojet 4 Tests for 3000 m yarns at a speed of 400 fibers (linear density) and the spinning conditions [8-9]. m/min. The properties of the fibers used in scientific re- search are shown in Table 1, the proportion of mixture Viloft is an artificial fiber obtained by processing components, mechanical and unevenness indicators are natural cellulose [10] viloft/cotton mixed yarns quality shown in Table 2. 24

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Properties of cotton and polyester fibers Table 1. Fiber properties cotton polyester Linear density of fiber, dtex 1,86 1,64 Fiber length (mm) 32 38 Tenacity, cN/tex 33,9 53,14 Elongation of a fiber, % 8,1 18,3 Table 2. Mechanical and physical properties of cotton/polyester blended yarn Mixing ratios Mechanical indicators Unevenness indicators Tenacity Yarn The length- Yarn Uneven- Thin Thick Number break places of neps of Cot- Polyester, of the yarn, Work ening of the breaking ness of places of of yarns B-work +50% yarn s ton, % % Rkm [cNsm] strands Force strands by strands - [pcs/km] +200% [pcs/km] [cN/tex] at the break B-Forse, mass CVm 50% is Elong [sN] [%] [pcs/km] 70 30 15,57 541,74 6,64 306,51 14,75 2,5 171,5 258,5 60 40 18,78 752,23 7,29 352,23 14,24 1,5 131 263,5 50 50 19,28 953,07 9,16 379,59 13,09 0,5 70,5 142,5 Analysis of results. In order for the mixed yarn to be a decrease of 30% when the proportion of polyester less and more uniform in mass unevenness, the mixture increased from 40% to 3.45% while the unevenness of must have equal the thinness, length and proportions the yarn by mass decreased by 8% when the proportion of cotton and polyester fibers. In Figure 1, there was of polyester reached 50%. Figure 1. Unevenness of strands by mass CVm [%] Figure 2. Thin places of strands -50% [pcs/km] In Figure 2, thin places of the yarn decreased by Thick places of mixed yarn are shown in Figure 3. 40% when the polyester ratio increased from 30% to Thin places of yarn decreased by 23.61% when the 40%, while the cotton/polyester proportion decreased by polyester ratio increased from 30% to 40%, while a 50/50% in the mixed yarn by 66.66%. In other words, decrease of 46.18% was observed when the polyester the uniformity of properties of polyester fibers, such as proportion reached 50%, recording the best result. thinness and length, leads to an improvement in the index of unevenness in yarn s with a high polyester ratio. 25

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Figure 3. Thick places of yarn Figure 4. Number of NEPS of yarn +50% [pcs/km] +200% [pcs/km] Quality indicators of mixed yarn by number of There was a decrease in the number of NEPS of mixed NEPS are shown in Figure 4.the number of NEPS in- yarn s by 45.92% when the polyester share reached 50%. creased by 2% when polyester ratio increased from 30% to 40% bunung cause dead fibers and defects in structure In Figure 5, the quality indicator of cotton/polyester processes such as cleaning and dusting, cleaning and mixed yarns by comparative breaking strength was mixing increase the number of NEPS in cotton. Therefore, 20.61% improved when the polyester ratio increased increasing the proportion of cotton in the mixture leads from 30% to 40%, while the highest performance on the to an increase in the number of knots on the yarn [20]. comparative breaking strength of mixed yarns fell to 50/50% yarn. Figure 5. The specific breaking strength Figure 6. Yarn break Work B-work [sNsm] of the yarn Rkm [sN/tex] increased from 30% to 40% and increased by 26.69% In Figure 6, we can see that the quality indicator for when the polyester share has reached 50%. the work of cotton/polyester mixed yarns in interruption has improved by 38.85% when the polyester share has 26

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. 9,16 379,59 352,23 10 7,29 400 9 350 306,51 300 8 6,64 250 7 200 150 6 100 50 5 0 4 50/50 3 50/50 B-Forse 60/40 70/30 2 60/40 Cotto/polyester 1 70/30 0 Elong. % Cotton/polyester Figure 7. The lengthening of the strands Figure 8. Yarn breaking Force at the break is Elong B-Forse, [sN] In Figure 7, the quality indicator for the lengthening of the yarn , thin and thick places , a decrease in the of mixed yarns in discontinuity was observed to improve values \\ u200b \\ u200bof the number of NEPS. by 9.78% in the polyester share range from 30% to 40%, increasing by 25.65% when the polyester share reached • In terms of mechanical properties, the values of the 50%. specific tensile strength of the yarn , the tensile strength, the work of the yarn on the break and the elongation The quality indicator for the breaking strength of at the break have increased. mixed yarns is shown in Figure 8. while the breaking strength of the yarns increased by 14.91% when the • It was found that the quality performance of yarn polyester share increased by 30% to 40%, the highest made of cotton/polyester blend in a 50/50% ratio is su- result on the breaking strength of mixed yarns was perior to 70/30% and 60/40% mixed yarn. observed to come up to 50/50% yarn and increase by 7.76% with an indicator of 379.56 sN. Thus, through the high physical and mechanical properties of polyester fibers, the ability to replace other Conclusion. Based on the above experimental study, types of fibers, the possibility of application in a mixture the following conclusions were drawn. Increasing the with cotton fiber, to provide quality indicators of mixed amount of polyester in the composition of mixed yarn s: yarn that meet the general requirements of consumers, increase the export potential, the possibility of increasing • an increase in the proportion of polyester fiber the competitiveness of cotton/polyester mixed yarn pro- in mixed yarn s has been achieved by the uneven mass duction shows the References: 1. 2022 results of textile, clothing and knitwear industry of Uzbekistan; https:// https://uzts.uz/en/press-releases/ 2. Mohammad Hatamvand, Seyed Abbas Mirjalili, Saeid Fattahi, Tariq Bashir, Mikael Skrifvars. Optimum Drafting Conditions Of Poliester And Viscose Blend Yarns // Autex Research Journal, - Vol. 17, No 3, September 2017. – pp. 213-218. 3. Shahriar Raian, Md. Humayun. A Pairwise Comparison Of Cotton-Poliester Blend Yarn’s Characteristics Produced With Varying Percentage Of Poliester By Analytical Hierarchy Process// International Journal Of Scientific & Technology Research Volume 9, February 2020. – pp. 4790 – 4793. 4. Faizullaev Sh.R., Rahmatullinov F.F., Kozhametov B.T., Tuhtabaeva O.K. Vliyanie sootnosheniya smesi volokon hlopok/poliester na kachestvo pryazhi // International scientific review. – Boston. USA. March 11-12, 2022 – pp. 6 – 8. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-sootnosheniya-smesi-volokon-hlopok-poliester-na-kachestvo-pryazhi. [in Russian] 5. Kozhametov B.T., Faizullaev Sh.R., Rahmatullinov F.F. Analiz svoistv pryazhi iz smesi hlopkovih i himicheskih volokon // Universum: tehnicheskie nauki. – №5-6 (98), 2022.– pp.13-18 URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/analiz- svoystv-pryazhi-iz-smesi-hlopkovyh-i-himicheskih-volokon. [in Russian] 6. Faizullaev SH.R., Mahkamova Sh.F. Issledovanie vliyaniya dolevogo soderzhaniya komponentov v smesi na poroki vneshnego vida hlopko-poliesterovoi pryazhi //Universum: tehnicheskie nauki. – №.4-3 (85), 2021. – pp. 14-16 [in Russian] 7. Rajapov O., Fayzullaev Sh., Makhkamova Sh. Transportation of chemical fibers and investigation of the process of chemical fiber carding in the unit of the licker-in carding machine //Transportation Research Procedia. – Т. 63, 2022. – pp. 2796-2802 27

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. 8. Zhang K., Xu D. and Zhu Z. Octenylsuccinylation of cornstarch to improve its sizing properties for Poliester/cotton blend spun yarns// Fibers and Polymers. – №15, 2014. – pp. 2319–2328. 9. Turmanov I., Allaniyazov G., Kozhametov B. Issledovanie tehnologicheskih svoistv volokon hlopka, otobrannih iz raznih zon semeni //Problemi nauki. – №. 5 (53), 2020. – pp. 16-18. [in Russian] 10. Viloft. A new dimension of comfort: https://kelheim-fibres.com/viloft/ 11. Musa Kilic, Ayşe Okur. The properties of cotton-Tencel and cotton-Promodal blended yarns spun in different spinning systems// SAGE JURNALS. – January 1, 2011. – pp. 156-172. 12. O.Demiryürek, D.Uysaltür. Statistical Analyses and Properties of Viloft/Poliester and Viloft/Cotton Blended Ring- Spun Yarns// Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. -103(1), 2014. – pp. 22-27. 13. K.A. Ramasamy, G. Nalankilli & O.L. Shanmugasundaram. Properties of cotton, tencel and cotton/tencel blended ring- spun yarns// Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. – 39(3), 2014. – pp. 322 – 325. 14. Moghassem A.R., Fakhrali A. Comparative study on the effect of blend ratio on tensile p roperties of ring and rotor cotton-Poliester blended yarns using concept of the hybrid effect// Fibers Polym. – 14, 2013. – pp 157–163. 15. Namiranian R, Etrati SM, Najar SS. Investigation of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fine Poliester/ Viscose-Elastic Composite Rotor-Spun Yarn// Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 19 (6), 2011. – pp. 28-33 16. R.Sowmya, N.Vasugi Raaja & C.Prakash. Investigation of Relationship Between Blend Ratio and Yarn Twist on Yarn Properties of Bamboo, Cotton, Poliester, and its Blends, Journal of Natural Fibers. – 14/2, 2017. – pp. 228-238. 17. C. Prakash, G. Ramakrishnan, C.V. Koushik. Effect of Blend Ratio on the Quality Characteristics of Bamboo/ Cotton Blended Ring Spun Yarn// FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe. – Vol. 19, No. 6 (89) 2011. – pp. 38-40. 18. Rashel Hawlader, Samara Islam Nishi, MD. Nasir Uddin, Mohammad A. Potential Approach to Analyze the Optimum Characteristics of Cotton/Modal & Cotton/Viscose Blended Yarn// Global Journal of Research In Engineering. - Volume 18 Issue 2, 2018. – pp. 9 – 12. 19. Subrata Kumar Saha1, Jamal Hossen1 and Masudur Rahman. Effect of Blend Ratio on Cotton-modal Blended Ring-spun Yarn Quality with Varying Modal Fibre Percentage // Journal of Textile Science & Engineering. - Volume 10:1, 2020. – pp. 1-3. 20. Paluanov Baxtiyar, Pirmatov Abdumalik, Muxtarov Jurabek, Kojametov Batir Investigation of mechanical pressing and baling // Universum: tehnicheskie nauki. №3-7 (96), 2022. – pp. 19-23. 28

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. FOOD TECHNOLOGY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.107.2.15067 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AMARANTH OIL AND ITS BENEFICIAL PROPERTIES Dilshod Shodiev Assistant of the Department of Food Technology, Fergana polytechnic institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Hojiali Qurbonov Student of the Department of Food Technology, Fergana polytechnic institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ АМАРАНТОВОГО МАСЛА И ЕГО ПОЛЕЗНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА Шодиев Дилшоджон Абдуложон угли ассистент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Курбонов Хожиали Алижон угли студент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT Scientific and popular literature sources on the chemical composition and natural medicinal properties of the oil obtained from the medicinal plant amaranth are analyzed, and scientific information on the biological, chemical nature and nutritional properties of the oil of the amaranth plant is given. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье приведены и проанализированы научные и популярные литературные источники о химическом составе и природных лечебных свойствах масла, полученного из лекарственного растения амаранта, а также приведены научные сведения о биологической, химической природе и питательных свойствах масла растения амаранта. Keywords: amaranth, chemical composition, macroelement, microelement, heavy metals, amaranth oil, squalene, pharmaceuticals. Ключевые слова: амарант, химический состав, макроэлемент, микроэлемент, тяжелые металлы, амарантовое масло, сквален, фармацевтика. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Amaranth (Amaranthus L) is also one of the plants pigments, lipids, microelements such as B, K, Ba, Fe, Ni. containing a large amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, Also, the protein content in amaranth leaves is up to 15%, minerals and many other biologically active compounds. most of which are essential proteins [2]. [1]. Amaranth seeds contain 28-35% of the essential The amaranth plant is grown in many countries amino acids of proteins, with a high content of which around the world. This plant is used as a technical, orna- they contain amino acids such as phenylalanine, lysine, mental, fodder and food product. isoleucine and tyrosine. Amaranth seeds contain up to 7.9% lipids, 2.7-4.3% phospholipids, 3.1-6% sterols, Flowers, seeds, stems and leaves of amaranth differ 83% triglycerides. The triglycerides in amaranth seeds from other related plants in their high nutritional value contain unsaturated and saturated free fatty acids such and richness in trace elements and organic substances. as myristin, palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. It can be seen that amaranth seeds contain biologically Amaranth leaves contain pectins, ascorbic acid, pol- yphenols, flavonoids, vitamins (A, C, E), betacyanine __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Shodiev D., Qurbonov H. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AMARANTH OIL AND ITS BENEFICIAL PROPERTIES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15067

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. active components, high nutritional value, amaranth oil cancer and cardiopulmonary diseases. While the squalene contains iron, phosphorus, potassium, vitamins B1, B2, required for the pharmaceutical industry is derived from groups E and D, phospholipids, phytosterols. Oils are the liver of sharks and whales, these substances are pre- widely used in the food industry, which allows the use sent in large quantities in amaranth oil (8% in amaranth, of food additives derived from amaranth seeds in the 0.7% in olive oil), and this oil has the necessary properties. field of functional nutrition. medicinal properties for human health. When science is aware of the presence of phytosterols and other sub- Amaranth seeds serve as a source of oil and squalene. stances, attention to amaranth oil increases dramatically. While the squalene required for the pharmaceutical Amaranth oil contains more unsaturated fatty acids than industry is obtained from the liver of sharks and whales, saturated fatty acids. Vitamin E in the form of tocopherols the high content of these substances in amaranth oil in fats has an antioxidant effect, has the ability to lower (8%) and the presence of phytosterols and other blood cholesterol levels. The oil also contains rutin and substances with medicinal properties necessary for vitamin P, has antimicrobial and fungicidal properties [6]. human health. It is known to science that after this, attention to amaranth oil increases sharply. Amaranth oil Currently, amaranth oil is used to treat oncological contains 77% unsaturated fatty acids, 50% of which are and cardiovascular problems, coronary disease, cleanse linoleic and linolenic acids. [3]. Vitamin E in the form of the body of radionuclides, salts of heavy metals, infectious tocopherols in fats has an antioxidant effect, has the ability diseases, herpes, psoriasis, vitiligo, neurodermatitis, to lower blood cholesterol levels. The oil also contains eczema, atopic dermatitis, gastrointestinal ulcers, diabetes rutin and vitamin P, has antimicrobial and fungicidal mellitus, liver diseases , urogenital inflammation, properties. In our study, amaranth oil was added atherosclerosis, anemia, beriberi, tonsillitis, hypertension, to salads at the rate of 5 ml daily for 20 days in the diet etc., and is widely used as a tool that dramatically in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. The results showed increases immunity. Amaranth oil of high quality in veg- a significant increase in hemoglobin in the blood [4]. etable and animal oils is twice as superior to oblepix oil in all respects, and this quality is useful in the complex Among the many properties of squalene, it should treatment of radiation sickness. be noted that it is a derivative of vitamin A, which, during the synthesis of cholesterol, turns into 7- Amaranth oil in medicine in the biosynthesis dehydrocholesterol, its biochemical analogue, which, of cholesterol; cleansing the body of radionuclides, salts under the action of sunlight, exhibits radioprotective of heavy metals; infectious diseases, herpes, psoriasis, properties and produces vitamin D. In addition, vitamin vitiligo, neurodermatitis, eczema, atopic dermatitis, A is well absorbed when dissolved in squalene. Since gastrointestinal ulcer, diabetes mellitus, liver disease, squalene is a natural component of the sebaceous glands urinary tract infections, atherosclerosis, anemia, beriberi, of the human body, it has the ability to be easily tonsillitis, hypertension, oncological and cardiovascular absorbed by the body and accelerates the flow of diseases are widely used in problem solving. Dramatically nutrients into cosmetics. In the human body, squalene is improves immunity, is an unsurpassed remedy in the fight needed as an antitumor, antimicrobial fungicide, and it against anemia. is the lack of oxygen that causes tissue damage, aging, the formation and growth of tumors. It is squalene that It is also noteworthy that after extracting the oil from is a necessary remedy as a solution to this problem [5]. the seeds of this plant, the prospect of obtaining pectin from the remaining waste as a high-quality biologically Squalene can be used in cosmetics, in the production active additive is very high. of steroid hormonal preparations for the prevention of References: 1. Dilshodjon S., Hojiali Q. IMPORTANCE OF FOOD COLORINGS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY //Universum: тех- нические науки. – 2022. – №. 11-8 (104). – С. 23-25. 2. Dilshodjon S., Hojiali Q. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE BODY //Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 12-7 (105). – С. 32-35. 3. Шодиев Д.А.У., Курбонов Х.А.Ў. Перспективы использования пищевых добавок в пищевой промышленности // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 5-7 (98). – С. 24-26. 4. Шодиев Д.А. Значение биологических количеств микроэлементов растениями //Formation Of Psychology And Pedagogy As Interdisciplinary Sciences. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 9. – С. 297-301. 5. Шодиев Д.А. У., Расулова У.Н. К. Значение амарантового масла в медицине // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 1-2 (94). – С. 69-72. 6. Шодиев Д.А., Нажмитдинова Г.К. Пищевые добавки и их значение // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 10-3 (91). – С. 30-32. 30

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.107.2.14997 EFFECT OF LIGHT LIQUID VELOCITIES ON HEAVY LIQUID DROPLET CRUSHING IN A BUBBLING EXTRACTOR Ikromali Karimov Doctor of technical sciences,(DSc), Professor, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan Fergana Khalimjon Rakhmanov Assistant, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan Fergana E-mail: [email protected] ВЛИЯНИЕ СКОРОСТИ ЛЕГКИХ ЖИДКОСТЕЙ НА ДРОБЛЕНИЕ КАПЕЛЬ ТЯЖЕЛОЙ ЖИДКОСТИ В БАРБАРТНОМ ЭКСТРАКТОРЕ Каримов Икромали Тожиматович д-р техн.х наук., профессор, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Рахмонов Халимжон Тошпулатович ассистент, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT In the article, the crushing of heavy liquid into droplets depending on the hole sizes of the heavy liquid discharge pipe and the light liquid concentration in the experimental device of the bubble extractor in the state where gas is not supplied to the mixing zones is studied. Compared to a single drop the volumetric surface diameters of the droplets were determined. As a result, by studying the crushing of heavy liquid into droplets and their size distribution when gas is introduced into the apparatus, it is possible to determine the degree of crushing of heavy liquid into droplets at liquid and gas velocities. Because the degree of crushing is important in determining the efficiency of mass transfer АННОТАЦИЯ В статье исследовано дробление тяжелой жидкости на капли в зависимости от размеров отверстий патрубке отвода тяжелой жидкости и скорости легкой жидкости в случае отсутствия подачи газа в зоны смешения в экспериментальном установке барботажного экстрактора. Для каждого режима определено дробление капель и их распределение по размерам и объемно-поверхностного диаметра капель относительно отдельных капель. В результате, изучая дробление тяжелой жидкости на капли и распределение их по размерам при вводе газа в аппарат, можно определить степень дробления тяжелой жидкости на капли при скоростях жидкости и газа. Это играет важную роль в определении эффективности массообмена Keywords: gas velocity, liquid velocity, mixing zone, droplet diameter, distribution, proportion, volume surface diameter, mixing time, surface tension, viscosity, density. Ключевые слова: скорость газа, скорость жидкости, зона смешения, диаметр капель, распределение, доля, объемный диаметр поверхности, время перемешивания, поверхностное натяжение, вязкость, плотность. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction mixing process for performing extraction processes in the \"liquid-liquid\" system. In this regard, the use of \"Scientific research is being carried out to create compressed gas energy, which is chemically inert to new designs of highly efficient extractors, to increase liquids, the improvement of drop crushing mechanisms the contact surface of liquid phases and to speed up the __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Karimov I.T., Rakhmanov K. EFFECT OF LIGHT LIQUID VELOCITIES ON HEAVY LIQUID DROPLET CRUSHING IN A BUBBLING EXTRACTOR // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14997

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. and mass exchange models according to the physico- made of fiber material that absorbs heavy liquid is chemical properties of liquid phases, the reduction and installed in it. Slots 16 are formed in order to ensure the stability of extractant consumption in the device stages, flow of the heavy liquid, which has been quenched, to the reduction of the number of stages, high-performance the next step when the pipes 4 are installed on the metal and energy-efficient, compact, special attention is barriers 2. Metal meshes 17 and 18 are installed in the being paid to the creation of new types of extractors upper part of the central section of the holes in the gas capable of extracting different liquids [1,4,7]. distribution nozzle 5 and the holes in the tubes 12 installed in the barriers 2 to further crush the bubbles Research object coming out of these holes. A special hole 14 is opened along the diameter from the lower part of the center of Based on the above requirements, we invented a new the hole 13, which is opened in the pipelines 4 that construction of a multi-stage filter bubble extractor[2,3]. transmit gas to the ring channel, and a cover (filter) 15 Below is the construction and principle of operation of made of fiber material that absorbs heavy liquid is the invented apparatus [2]. installed in it. Slots 16 are formed in order to ensure the flow of the heavy liquid, which has been quenched, to The structure of the extractor is as follows. The the next step when the pipes 4 are installed on the extractor body 1 is divided into separate mixing and barriers 2. Metal meshes 17 and 18 are installed in the settling stages by means of barriers 2. Mixing devices upper part of the central section of the holes in the gas are made of inner 3 and outer 4 concentric nozzles, and distribution nozzle 5 and the holes in the tubes 12 installed the barrier is installed in 2. The nozzles 3 are installed in the barriers 2 to further crush the bubbles coming out on the barriers 2 in such a way that their lower parts 5 of these holes. A special hole 14 is opened along the protrude from under the barriers 2 and serve as gas diameter from the lower part of the center of the hole 13, distribution nozzles through the holes 6 on the side which is opened in the pipelines 4 that transmit gas to walls. Also, heavy liquid discharge pipes 7 are installed the ring channel, and a cover (filter) 15 made of fiber on the barrier 2. Holes 8 are opened in the lower parts of material that absorbs heavy liquid is installed in it. Slots 16 these pipes. The upper part of the pipe 7 is closed with a are formed in order to ensure the flow of the heavy cap 9. The cap 9 has a lower 10 and an upper hole 11. liquid, which has been quenched, to the next step when Gas pipelines 12 are installed on barrier 2. The top of the pipes 4 are installed on the barriers 2. Metal meshes 17 these pipes is closed, and holes 13 are opened on its side and 18 are installed in the upper part of the central section walls for the release of inert gas. through these holes, the of the holes in the gas distribution nozzle 5 and the holes nozzles of the inert gas mixing devices go to the annular in the tubes 12 installed in the barriers 2 to further crush channel between 3 and 4. A special hole 14 is opened the bubbles coming out of these holes. along the diameter from the lower part of the center of the hole 13, which is opened in the pipelines 4 that transmit gas to the ring channel, and a cover (filter) 15 Figure 1. Multi-stage bubble extractor scheme Figure 2. Overview of the experimental device The extractor works as intended. Light liquid (LL) and the liquid phases are further crushed and intensively enters the manifold 3 through the gas distribution nozzle 5. mixed. After mixing the liquids, this part of the gas is Heavy liquid (HL) flows through the holes 8 of the pipes 7 collected in the gas cushion under the barrier 2. to the same nozzles. The mixture of liquid phases moving together from bottom to top in the pipe 3 enters the gas At the same time, the rest of the inert gas, the gas distribution nozzle 5 in the form of a bubbling inert gas bubbles coming out of the holes 13 opened in the gas bubble through the holes 6, and rises to the top in the transmission pipes 12, are further crushed in the small- metal mesh 17 with small holes installed above the hole, sized metal mesh 18 installed on top of these holes, and are discharged into the ring channels between the 3 32

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. and 4 nozzles. This part of the inert gas in the form of a It takes into account the stable flow of the liquid phases bubble moving from the bottom to the top in the annular in the internal bubble tube and the ring channel. The sizes channels passes through the stream of the liquid mixture of the holes 13, which transmit gas to the ring channel, moving from the top to the bottom. In this transition, are determined by the condition of equal distribution of it rapidly mixes the flow of liquid phases and accumulates inert gas according to the pressure difference between in the gas cushion under the barrier 2 s. In the process of the two holes. The size of the holes of the metal grid 17 the light liquid flowing through the hole 14 formed in the is selected up to 4 times the size of the holes 6, and the lower part of the nozzle 4 and the fibrous material (filter) size of the holes of the metal grid 18 is selected up to 2 15 covered with it, the heavy phase drops with small times the size of the holes 13. It takes into account the particles that join it are caught in the fibrous material stable flow of the liquid phases in the internal bubble (filter) and as a result of their mutual integration, they tube and the ring channel. turn into large drops and begin to sink under the influence of gravity and inertial forces. The light liquid, For experimental studies, a pilot device of this which is purified from the heavy liquid, continues to inventive multi-prong bubble extractor was constructed move to the top. Drops of heavy liquid settle in the lower (Fig. 2). In this device, the processes of crushing heavy part of the annular channel formed by nozzles 3 and 4 and liquid into droplets are being studied experimentally. flow out through the slits 16 in the lower part of nozzle 4 and form a homogeneous layer on the barrier 2. Such The results obtained installation of the pipe 4 on the barriers 2 ensures the maximum use of the volume of the annular channel, the Experimental studies \"Farg‘onaazot\" JSC in passage of light liquid only through the holes 14 and the butylacetate liquid and model liquids. The purpose of fibrous material (filter) 15 covered with them. The slots 16 the experimental study is to study the process of in its lower part ensure the movement of heavy liquids crushing into droplets at variable liquid velocities during only. The size and number of holes 6 in the gas distribution the flow of heavy liquid through the holes of the discharge nozzle 5 are determined depending on the value of the pipe without gassing the mixing zones of the apparatus gas cushion formed under the barrier 2. The sizes of the [5, 6, 8, 9, 10]. holes 13, which transmit gas to the ring channel, are determined by the condition of equal distribution of inert The droplet sizes of water droplets during extraction gas according to the pressure difference between the two washing of butylacetate liquid with water in the holes. The size of the holes of the metal grid 17 is selected experimental device and the droplet sizes of model up to 4 times the size of the holes 6, and the size of the liquids selected as heavy liquids were filmed and holes of the metal grid 18 is selected up to 2 times the photographed using a video camera. A mixture of size of the holes 13. It takes into account the stable flow carbon tetrachloride + benzene was taken as the model of the liquid phases in the internal bubble tube and the liquid selected as heavy liquid. The density of the ring channel. The sizes of the holes 13, which transmit mixture was created at ρd =1120 kg/m3. The density was gas to the ring channel, are determined by the condition determined using a hydrometer in laboratory conditions. of equal distribution of inert gas according to the The physical and chemical properties of industrial and pressure difference between the two holes. The size of model fluids are presented in Table 1. The mixture of the holes of the metal grid 17 is selected up to 4 times selected model liquids was colored with a chemical the size of the holes 6, and the size of the holes of the metal substance \"Dithizone\" powder (1,5-diphenylthiocorbazone grid 18 is selected up to 2 times the size of the holes 13. S12N2N4S) that gives color for clear visibility in video footage and pictures [4, 5]. Table 1. Physico-chemical properties of liquids Light phase Heavy phase   Liquids s s d d N/m - kg /m3 10-3 Pas kg/m3 10-3 Pas 0.0248 0.25 Butyl acetate-water 0.073 0.25 Water-carbon tetrachloride+ benzene 880 0.685 1000 1.00 1000 1.00 1120 0.72 Experiments were conducted in the following order. selected for each experiment in the ratio of 3:1, Q=0.07, In the first stage of the experiment, the gas transfer holes 0.9, 0.1 m3/h. These heavy liquid wastes were discharged to the internal and external mixing zones of the device were through holes d=1.0, d=1.5, d=2 mm in the heavy liquid closed. The light phase was supplied to the device with discharge pipe. At each fluid velocities, the process of a consumption of Qs=0.23,0.27,0.31 m3/h (Qs=0.04 m3/h crushing the heavy liquid flowing through the holes into step). In these liquid flows, the liquid velocity in the droplets was studied. The process of crushing the heavy internal mixing zone was wsi=0.051, 0.075, 0.11 m/s. liquid into droplets was filmed and photographed using Mixing time was tmesh=22,18,14 seconds. The proportion a Sanon EOS 700 D video camera. A 1 mm diameter wire of light and heavy liquids supplied to the device was was placed as a scale in the outer mixing zone to determine 33

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. the droplet sizes by comparison. Five photographs were at intervals through photographs. Examples of the resulting taken to determine droplet sizes at each fluid velocity. photographs are shown in Figure 3. At each stage of the At each stage of the experiments, the droplet sizes for experiments, the droplet sizes for the selected modes the selected modes were determined at intervals through were determined at intervals through photographs. photographs. Examples of the resulting photographs are Examples of the resulting photographs are shown in shown in Figure 3. At each stage of the experiments, Figure 3. the droplet sizes for the selected modes were determined wsi =0.051 m/s; d= 1mm wsi =0.051 m/s; d=1.5 mm wsi =0.05 m/s; d=2 mm Figure 3. A method for determining the sizes of dispersed phase droplets by modes 225÷270 droplet sizes were determined from the photographs taken for each stage of the experiments, and percentage values were found for their intervals. It was processed with the aid of a computer and graphs of the droplet size distribution were constructed (Figures 4, 5, 6). When hole size diameter d=1mm-const. 1. When light liquid consumption Ql=0.23 m3/s and heavy liquid consumption Qh =0.07 m3/s, t= 22 sec. 2. When light liquid consumption Ql =0.27 m3/s and heavy liquid consumption Qh =0.09 m3/s, t= 18sec. 3. light liquid consumption Ql =0.31 m3/s and heavy liquid consumption Qh =0.1 m3/s when, t= 14 sec. Figure 4. Size distribution graph of crushed droplets 34

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. When hole size diameter d=1.5 mm-const 1. When light liquid consumption Ql =0.23 m3/s and heavy liquid consumption Qh =0.07 m3/s, t= 22 sec. 2. When light liquid consumption Ql =0.27 m3/s and heavy liquid consumption Qh =0.09 m3/s, t= 18 sec. 3. When light liquid consumption Ql =0.31 m3/s and heavy liquid consumption Qh =0.1 m3/s, t= 14 sec. Figure 5. Size distribution graph of crushed droplets When hole size diameter d=2 mm-const. 1. When light liquid consumption Ql =0.23 m3/s and heavy liquid consumption Qh =0.07 m3/s, t= 22 sec. 2. When light liquid consumption Ql =0.27 m3/s and heavy liquid consumption Qh =0.09 m3/s, t= 18 sec. 3. When light liquid consumption Ql =0.31 m3/s and heavy liquid consumption Qh=0.1 m3/s, t= 14 sec. Figure 6. Size distribution graph of crushed droplets The next task was to determine the average volume- where d50 - 50%, is the droplet diameter corresponding surface diameter of the droplets during the change of the liquid speed without supplying gas to the apparatus. to the relative share which is determined by the following equation, µm; Average volume-surface diameter of the dropletcan be determined based on the following equation4.5, µm;  ( ) dmax = d50 d90 + d10 − 2  d90  d10 (3) ( )d502 dmax d 50 − d 90  d10 1+ a  e0.25 ( )dv.s = (1) where d90 and d10, droplet diameter corresponding to 90% and 10%, µm. where dmax is the maximum diameter of the droplet in the emulsion, µm; a and  are constant coefficients, Based on the results of experimental research, =0.725, and \"a\" can be found from the following we determine the volume-surface diameters of drops depending on water consumption modes and hole sizes. equation4.5; For line 1 in Figure 4; ( )a = dmax − d50 d90 = 5900 μm, d50 =3050 μm, d10 = 950 μm. d 50 (2) 35

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. When these values are put into equation (3), we get; And dv.s will be: dmax = [3050(5900+950)-2·5900  950] = dmax 3050 (30502 -5900·950) 1+ a  e0.25 = 7987 1+1.62  e0.250.7250.725 ( ) ( )dv.s = = = 9682500 = 2, 618 = 2806 m 3697500 where dmax is the maximum diameter of the droplet and dmax в=а d7thm9ea8xd7=ist7rmi9b8u7tioмnкмparameter. in the emulsion, µm; a and  are constant coefficients, We determine = 0.725, \"α\" is the distribution parameter, calculated above. a = dmax − d50 = (7987 − 3050) = 1,62 d50 3050 According to the results of the experiment, all calculations on lines 4, 5, 6 were carried out in this way and are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Distribution of droplet sizes by modes Dimensions d=1 mm hole d=1.5 mm hole d=2 mm hole lines lines lines d90, μm d50, μm 123 123 123 d10, μm 5900 5370 4790 6200 600 6300 6500 6450 6650 dmax, μm 3050 2600 2090 3400 3250 3600 3800 3700 3950 a 950 800 600 1150 1100 1250 1350 1300 1400 dv.s, μm 7987 7861 7712 8235 8125 8100 8360 8325 8295 1.62 2.02 2.69 1.42 1.5 1.25 1.2 1.25 1.1 2806 2380 1896 3145 2998 3340 3530 3433 3380 The experimental values obtained during the determination of the volume-surface diameters of the drops depending on the gas consumption were processed with the help of a computer and a graph was constructed (Fig. 7). 1- d=1 mm; 2- d=1.5 mm; 3- d=2 mm; Figure 7. The graph of changes in the volumetric surface diameter of droplets depending on the consumption of liquid 36

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. The resulting regression equations are as follows. of the bubble extractor was studied. For each regime, droplet crushing and size distribution were determined. y = -11375x + 5431.9 R² = 0.9986 Volumetric surface diameters of droplets relative to individual droplets were determined. As a result, an y = -8687.5x + 5174 R² = 0.9769 opportunity was created to determine the level of crushing of heavy liquid into drops at liquid and gas y = -2875x + 4197.2 R² = 0.9919 velocities by studying the crushing of heavy liquid into droplets and size distribution when gas is applied to the Summary apparatus. Because the crushing level is important in determining the efficiency of mass transfer. In the article, the crushing of heavy liquid into droplets depending on the hole sizes and light liquid concentrations of the heavy liquid discharge pipe in the state of no gas supply to the mixing zones in the experimental device References: 1. Алиматов Б.А., Садуллаев Х.М., Каримов И.Т., Хурсанов Б.Ж. Методы расчета и конструирования для пере- работки сложных гетерогенных систем «жидкость-газ-жидкость» / Монография. – Белгород: БГТУ, 2019. – 191с. 2. Алиматов Б.А., Каримов И.Т., Тожиев Р.Ж., Садуллаев Многоступенчатый барботажный экстрактор. Патент. № ИАП 06714 (Узбекистан). 2022. 3. Алиматов Б.А., Соколов В.Н., Саъдуллаев Х.М., Каримов И.Т. Многоступенчатый барботажный экстрактор. А.С. №1607859 (СССР) , БИ №43, 1990. 4. Каримов И.Т., Алиматов Б.А., Садуллаев Х.М., Хурсанов Б.Ж. Гетероген тизимларга ишлов берувчи барботажли экстракторларни саноатда қўллашнинг илмий-техник асослари/ Монография. – Фарғона: ФарПИ, 2021. – 226 б. 5. Каримов И.Т. “Разработка и применение в химической промышленности аппаратов для переработки гетеро- генных систем «жидкость-жидкость-газ»дисс.Д.т.н. Т.ТХТИ,2021.C-278. 6. Каримов И.Т. Барботажли экстракторнинг аралаштирувчи зоналари ўлчамларини аниқлаш усули //ФарПИ илмий-техника журнали. – Фарғона, 2005. – №2. –Б.111-114. 7. Кафаров В.В. Основы массопередачи. – М.: Высшая школа, 1983. – 439 с. 8. Каримов И.Т. Анализ результатов исследований по определению газовой подушки газораспределительного устройства барботажного экстрактора // Universum: технические науки. – 2019. – №. 10-1 (67). 9. Каримов И.Т., Алиматов Б.А., Рахмонов А.Х. Суюқлик фазаларини инерт газ билан аралаштирувчи экстракторда оғир суюқликни томчиларга майдаланиши ва ўлчамлар бўйича тақсимланиши // «Интернаука» Сборник статей по материалам XXX международной научно-практической конференции. Технические науки: проблемы и решения. - Москва, 2019.-№12(28)- С.76-86. 10. Tojimatovich, Karimov Ikromali, and Rakhmanov Abdukhalim Toshpulat Ugli. \"HYDRODYNAMICS OF HEAVY LIQUIDS IN A BUBBLING EXTRACTOR.\" International Journal of Advance Scientific Research 2.06 (2022): 91-99 рр. 37

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.107.2.15041 SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX FORMING IONITES Firuz Ostonov Doctoral student, Bukhara Engineering and Technology Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara. E-mail: [email protected] Vokhid Akhmedov Cand. of tech. sciences, Professor of the Department of Chemistry Bukhara Engineering and Technology Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara. E-mail: [email protected] СИНТЕЗ И СВОЙСТВА КОМПЛЕКСООБРАЗУЮЩИХ ИОНИТОВ Остонов Фируз Истамович докторант, Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара. Ахмедов Вохид Низомович канд. техн. наук, проф. кафедры химии Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара. ABSTRACT In this article, the sorption of Cu2+ ion to ionite synthesized on the basis of N-vinylmorpholine, acrylic acid and colloidal silica is studied. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье изучена сорбция иона Cu2+ ионитом, синтезированным на основе N-винилморфолина, акриловой кислоты и коллоидного кремнизола. Keywords: azobisisobutyronitrile, N-vinylmorpholine, acrylic acid, DFMA, copolymerization. Ключевые слова: динитрил азбисизомасляной кислоты, N-винилморфолин акрыловой кислоты, ДФМА, со- полимеризаця. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction electron-donor group, which has the property of metal sorption due to donor-acceptor bonds. Such ionites sorb Nowadays, ionites are widely used as a modern and metals as a result of interaction with molecules and ions effective method of extracting non-ferrous metals from that hold empty orbitals and form a complex. The main wastewater. Cationites are mainly used for the extraction parameters of complex-forming ionites are sorption of metal cations. Depending on which ions of the ionite capacity, selectivity, stability constants and structure are exchanged with the environment, they can be divided of the complex. into the following groups: One of the methods that allows easy influence on 1) cationites - anionite and ionite containing an the composition, structure and properties of hybrid aniogenic group, which replace cations in the environment; sorption materials is sol-gel synthesis with inorganic and organic matrix. Products obtained by the sol-gel 2) anionites - cationite and ionite containing a cationic synthesis method are characterized by thermal stability group, which are exchanged with anions; and high mechanical strength. Polymer compounds with nitrogen atoms in their macromolecule allow not only to 3) ampholytes are ionites containing cationic and increase the high efficiency of metal separation, but also anionic groups, and under specific conditions, both to improve the technical properties of hybrid materials. cationic and anionic functions. In the process of extracting d-metals from wastewater, it is carried out with the help of ionites that have the __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Ostonov F.I., Akhmedov V.N. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF COMPLEX FORMING IONITES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15041

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Polymer molecules can interact to form three- complex-forming hybrid ionites were synthesized and dimensional structures in space. Branched structures their sorption properties were studied. can also be formed during polymerization or from macromolecules. Three-dimensional structured meshes Materials and methods are obtained on the basis of welding, solidification, vulcanization reactions. Crosslinking of macromolecules The process of copolymerization of N- can occur due to the connection of two active groups in vinylmorpholine (N-VM) and acrylic acids (AA) was their composition. Monomers or oligomers containing carried out in the presence of dinitrile azobisisomoic an active group act as a crosslink (bridge) of acid at a temperature of 60 °C for 6 hours in a DMFA macromolecules. Molecules involved in conjugation solution. The process of radical solomerization takes place must be polyfunctional or at least bifunctional or possess at the expense of vinyl groups. After the copolymerization an active double bond that is capable of polymerization. process, the product was subjected to two precipitations, treated with colloidal silica (CS), and then dried to In addition to functional groups, the operational a constant mass under vacuum. The resulting white properties and selectivity of ionite depend on its ionite solid was washed with distilled water and dried structure and functional groups. Based on the above, in a drying oven to constant mass. Figure 1. IR spectrum of the synthesized VM-AA-CS composition ionite The sorption activity of the synthesized sorbent the flask with a watch glass, the mixture was left in the for d-metal ions was determined by the static method. dark for 5 minutes (to complete the reaction). After that, It was studied in relation to the Cu2+ ion in hydrochloric it was titrated with sodium thiosulphate solution, the acid solutions, in such solutions the metal exists in the titration was carried out in the presence of starch form of an acidocomplex. Ionite mass - 0.025 g solution (5 ml), the precipitate and the solution acquired (accuracy of 0.0002 g) was measured and filled with a light yellow color when mixed. An excess of one drop copper sulfate solution with concentration - 1-7 mg/ml of sodium thiosulphate solution causes the blue color of until volume - 50 ml and left for 3 hours. After the end the liquid to disappear and reappear after a certain time, of the experiment, the composite was separated from the indicating that the titration is nearing completion. The solution by filtration, and the filter was washed with titration rate is slowed down and continued until no distilled water. Then the concentration of Cu2+ ions color appears. When the solution turns copper iodide remaining in the solution was determined. 15 ml of a color, the titration is complete. To obtain an accurate 20% solution of KI, 2 ml of 2 N sulfuric acid and an result, the titration was repeated 2-3 times and the results aliquot (25.00 ml) of the test solution are poured from were averaged. the graduated cylinder into the titration flask. Covering 39

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Figure 2. Adsorption kinetics of Cu2+ ions in the tested sorbent material samples As can be seen from the graph 1, the sorption of cop- Conclusion per ions increases with time according to the laws. In the ionite consisting of VM-AA-CS, it is observed that an- The influence of the concentration of monomers on other copper forms an internal complex due to the hy- the radical copolymerization reaction in the presence of drogen of the hydroxyl group in colloidal silicon sol, and DAA of N-VM and AA was studied. From the obtained the sorption of copper takes place in a small amount results, it was known that the optimal concentration for compared to nickel and aluminum. the copolymerization reaction of N-VM and AA under constant conditions is 0.90:0.10. A composite sorbent material with a high sorption capacity was obtained with the presence of nitrogen-retaining copolymer and colloidal silica. References: 1. Сипкина Е.И. Гибридные композиты на основе азотсодержащих гетероциклических низко- и высокомолеку- лярных соединений и диоксида кремния. Авто. Дисс. Иркутск − 2017 г. 2. Остонов Ф.И., Ахмедов В.Н. Гибридные композиты на основе морфолина. // Меж. Конф.-Руминия, Бухарест. 20.11.2020 г. С. 38-42. 3. Остонов Ф.И., Ахмедов В.Н. Винилморфолин иштирокида гибрид полимер композит олиш //Рес. Конф. Бухра. 4-5 декабр. 2020 г. С.406-406. 4. Ахмедов В.Н., Остонов Ф.И., Дўстов Ҳ.Б. Получение модифицированных акриловых соединений на основе соединений кремния // Развитие науки и технологий. 2021. № 2. С. 24-30. 5. Остонов Ф.И., Ахмедов В.Н. Производство новых видов гибридных композитов // Научный вестник Наманганского государственного университета. 2021 № 9. С. 44-49. 40

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. TECHNOLOGY AND STANDARDIZATION OF THE “PHYTIROL” TABLETS ON BASE OF IHPA, PREPARED FROM RICE FLOUR Aypashsha Tadjieva Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor, Tashkent pharmaceutical Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Saodat Sharipova Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor, Tashkent pharmaceutical Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Nargiza Karaeva Assistant, Tashkent pharmaceutical Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Gulnora Rakhimova Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor, Tashkent pharmaceutical Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Oygul Rakhimova Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Associate Professor, Tashkent pharmaceutical Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ И СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИЯ ТАБЛЕТОК «ФИТИРОЛ» Таджиева Айпашша Джаббаровна канд. фарм. наук, доц., Ташкентский фармацевтический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Шарипова Саодат Турсунбаевна канд. фарм. наук, доцент, Ташкентский фармацевтический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Караева Наргиза Юлдаш кизи ассистент, Ташкентский фармацевтический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Рахимова Гулнора Рахим кизи канд. фарм. наук, доц., Ташкентский армацевтический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: TECHNOLOGY AND STANDARDIZATION OF THE “PHYTIROL” TABLETS ON BASE OF IHPA, PREPARED FROM RICE FLOUR // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Tadjieva A.D. [и др.]. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14877

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Рахимова Ойгул Рахим кизи канд. фарм. наук, доц., Ташкентский фармацевтический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT “Phytirol” consists of phytin and dimedrol substances mixture. Phytin is a complex organic preparation of phosphorus containing mixture of calcium and magnesium salts of different inositphosphoric acids mainly inosithexaphosphoric acid and which is broadly used in medical practice. For the first time the scientifically motivated composition and technology of the tablets has been recommended on base of the study of technological characteristics of “Phytirol” substance. It has been established that qualitative and quantitative parameters of the “Phytirol” tablets appropriate to State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIII requirements. АННОТАЦИЯ «Фитирол» состоит из смеси веществ фитина и димедрола. Фитин – комплексный органический препарат фосфора, содержащий смесь кальциевых и магниевых солей различных инозитфосфорных кислот, в основном инозитгексафосфорной кислоты, широко применяемый в медицинской практике. На основе изучения технологи- ческих характеристик субстанции «Фитирол» впервые рекомендован научно обоснованный состав и технология таблеток. Установлено, что качественные и количественные показатели таблеток «Фитирол» соответствуют тре- бованиям ГФ РФ XIII. Keywords: technological characteristics, tablet mass, physic-mechanical parameters of the “Phytirol” tablets. Ключевые слова: технологические характеристики, масса таблетки, физико-механические показатели таблеток «Фитирол». “Phytirol” consists of phytin and dimedrol sub- diameter 1000 mkm and powdered. The model tablets stances mixture. Industrial source of raw material for have been prepared from different granulated tablet phytin manufacturing (production) is rice bran, from masses on manual hydro press. Description, toughness which after its preliminary fry phytin is isolated by ex- on break and disintegration of model tablets has been traction method. Phytin is a complex organic prepara- tested [4, 6]. The results obtained have shown that the tion of phosphorus containing mixture of calcium and “Phytirol” tablets of following composition: Phytin-0,25 magnesium salts of different inositphosphoric acids g, dimedrol-0,05 g, starch -0,0465 g and calcium stearat- mainly inosithexaphosphoric acid and which is broadly 0,0035 g (average weight of the tablets – 0,35 g) are the used in medical practice [5]. Pharmacological research most optimum. The rest batches of the tablets appropri- of “Phytirol” has shown that preparation possesses ex- ate to State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation pressed antihistaminic action, low toxicity and it does XIII requirements neither on height or on toughness or not influence essentially upon behaviorox animals. This on disintegration [1]. The technological process of the work is dedicated to development of technology and “Phytirol” tablets preparation consists of the following standardization of the “Phytirol” tablets. stages: preparation of substances, missing of starch and Technological properties of substances mixture calcium stearat through strainer (the strainer № 32, SS named “Phytirol” have been studied according to meth- ods described in literature [2, 3] with the aim of scien- (State standard) 4403-77), preparation (obtaining) of tific motivation of auxiliary substances added to tablet mass. The phytin and dimedrol has been mixed in composition of the tablets which are presented in tabl.1. mixer. Duration of the mix is 15-20 minutes. Then, the The results have shown that tablet mass possesses non mass has been moistened by 5% starch solution (paste). positive technological properties. This indicates that there is a need for the introduction of auxiliary sub- Mass has been dried in dry closet at the temperature 60- stances to composition of the tablets and undertaking of 700С and the dry granulation has been conducted in uni- the humid granulation method. Several batches of the versal granulator. Granulated mass has been powdered tablets have been prepared from tablet masses contain- in mixer by mixture of the remained amount of potato ing in their composition different amount of disintegra- starch and calcium stearat. After studying of technolog- tion and connecting substances for selecting of the ical characteristics of powdered granulated mass (tabl.1) optimum correlation between “Phytirol” and auxiliary it has been pressed by means of tablet machine as tablets substances. Each batch has been wet by 3, 5 and 7% with average mass 0,35 g. Mass has been pressed satis- starch solution to get of the optimum humid mass. The factorily, does not adhere to press form. The “Phytirol” humid mass has been dried in dry closet at the tempera- tablets were used for analysis, prepared in production ture not more 700С to remain optimum moisture. Dried conditions in laboratory of Open join-stock Company masses have been granulated through strainer with hole \"Uzhimfarm\" (\"Uzchemfarm\") named after K.S. Is- lambekova. 42

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Table 1. “Phytirol” substances mixture and tablet mass technological properties study results Measurement Obtained results unit Name of parameters Mixture Tablet mass mkm (phytin and dimedrol) Composition of fraction: 2,09 - 1000 + 500 kg/s 10-3 1,74 26,85 - 500 + 250 kg/m3 18,34 18,93 - 250 + 125 N 61,21 35,41 - 125 17,10 16,72 Pour ability - 1,51 3,79 ±0,60 - Bulk (pour) density % 1,43 Ability for pressing 269,0 610,0±28,80 Coefficient of: a compaction 67,5 80,80 ± 4,10 ability for pressing Remaining moisture 3,20 2,40 ±0,28 2,30 1,90 ±0,58 10,20 11,0 ±0,40 Tablets physic-mechanical parameters were deter- mined on methods, described in literature [4, 6]. The results of determination are presented in tabl.2. Table 2. Results of determination of “Phytirol” tablets physic - mechanical (qualitative) parameters Qualitative parameters Measurement Analysis results Unit Description - White colour tablets with imperceptible dots, Identity even edge Correlation of the height to diameter - Deviation from average mass % Appropriates % 32,70 ± 3,06 0,35 ± 2,70 Disintegration min 7-8 oughness on: % 99,39 ± 0,60 - a detrition 74,29 ± 3,26 - a break 75% 94,67 ± 2,64 Dissolution, not less Quantitative contents of phytin g±% 0,1018 ± 0,88 Data given in tabl.1 and 2 indicates that all series (accurately weighed sample) of pulverized tablets is (batches) of the experimental tablets appropriate to the dissolved in 4 ml 1 mol/l solution of hydrochloric acid in State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIII re- measured flask with capacity 200 ml, the obtained so- quirements [1]. lution is diluted with water to 120 ml, 25 ml of 5% copper sulphate solution and 10 ml of sodium acetate solution The qualitative analysis. 0,1 g powder of pulverized is exactly added and the volume of solution is carried tablets is dissolved in 1,5 ml of nitric acid, 1 g of ammo- to the point (mark) with water and mixed. In 5 minutes nium nitrate and 3 ml of ammonium molybdate solution liquid is filtered through dry filter (SS (state standard) is added to obtained solution; the white (precipitate) 122026-76) rejecting the first 25 ml of filtrate (filtered sediment falls out (the phosphates). liquid). 100 ml of filtrate (filtered liquid) is transferred (carried) into flask with grounded stopper, 2 g of potassium 0,6 g powder of pulverized tablets is shaken for iodide is added and mixed and left for 10 minutes. Iodine 3 minutes with 15 ml of water and the obtained solution obtained as a result of reactions is titrated with 0,1 mol/l is filtered through paper filter (SS (state standard) sodium thiosulphate solution (the indicator -a starch). 122026-76). Filtrate (filtered solution) gives the typical Parallel control experiment is conducted. reaction on chlorides [4]. The quantitative determination (Assay). The deter- mination of phytin. Approximately 0,65 g powder 43

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. The content of the phosphoric anhydride in one tab- b - average mass of the tablet, g; let in gram (X) is calculated by formula: a - accurately weighed sample of preparation, g. 1 ml of 0,1 mol/l sodium thiosulphate solution cor- where: (V-V0) - a difference between volumes of titrant responds to 0,00782 g of P2O5 which must be not less expensed for titration of control (reference) and test so- 0,0926 g in one tablet. The method is tested on 5 series lutions; (batches) of the tablets. Results of the quantitative deter- mination of phytin are statically processed and presented in table 3. Table 3. Results of the quantitative determination of phytin in “Phytirol” tablets Sample mass, g Obtained results % Metrological feature 0,6500 G 41,09 f =4, t (Р 95, f) = 2,78 0,1027 0,6501 0,1015 40,60 X = 0,1018 0,6486 0,0990 39,60 S2= 0,3·105 0,6502 0,1030 41,20 S= 0,0016 0,6484 0,1026 41,04 Sх = 0,72·103 X = 0,002 Xўр.= 0,89·103 х % = 1,96 х % = 0,88 Data given in tabl.3 indicate that the relative (per- exceed permissible deviation norms (rates) for the cur- centage) error of the phytin quantitative determination methods at confidential probability equal to 0,95 and rent method of the analysis. number of experiments equal to 5 was 0,88 % and did not Thereby, proposed production technology of “Phytirol” tablets provides the obtaining of finished products with good quality. References: 1. Государственная фармакопея Российской Федерации XIII издание М., 2015.-Том.II.- С.154 2. Егошина Ю.А., Поцелуева Л.А., Галиуллина Т.Н. //Современные вспомогательные вещества в таблеточном производстве. Учебно-методическое пособие по фармацевтической технологии для иностранных студен- тов.–2003. - Казань. –– 15с. 3. Закирова Р.Ю., Рахимова Г.Р., & Мирзохидова И.М. К. (2022). Разработка технологии таблеток «Карарги- нат». Universum: технические науки, (4-8 (97)), 49-55. 4. Ищенко В.И. Методические указания по выполнению лабораторных работ по промышленной технологии лекарственных средств: Учебное пособие /В.И. Ищенко. Витебск, изд-во ВГМУ. 2003.214 с. 5. Машковский М.Д. // Лекарственные средства. 16-е изд – М., 2021. 6. Рахимова О.Р. К., Мадрахимова М.И., Адизов Ш.М., Рахимова Г.Р. К., & Хандамов Б.Н. У. (2021). Изучение физико-химических и технологических свойств субстанции пирозалина гидрохлорида. Universum: техниче- ские науки, (9-2 (90)), 22-25. 44

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. TECHNOLOGY OF EXTRACTION OF CUBIC RESIDUES BY THERMAL OXIDATION OF OIL SLUDGE Yakhyayev Nodir Doctoral student, Bukhara Engineering and Technology Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ КУБОВЫХ ОСТАТКОВ ТЕРМИЧЕСКИМ ОКИСЛЕНИЕМ НЕФТЕШЛАМОВ Яхяев Нодир Шарифович докторант, Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT This article describes the process of oil sludge preparation in detail. The technological scheme of the thermooxidation of oil sludge and the sequence of its description are clearly presented. Physico-mechanical characteristics of the samples of cube residues obtained by thermooxidation of oil sludge were presented. The resulting cube residues allowed to use as a secondary bitumen to replace construction and road bitumen. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье подробно описан процесс подготовки нефтешламов. Наглядно представлена технологи- ческая схема термоокисления нефтешламов и последовательность ее описания. Приведены физико-механические характеристики образцов кубовых остатков, полученных термоокислением нефтешламов. Полученные кубовые остатки позволили использовать в качестве вторичных битумов для замены строительных и дорожных битумов. Keywords: oil sludge, cube residue, secondary bitumen, construction bitumen, road bitumen, disposal, thermal oxi- dation, absorber. Ключевые слова: нефтешлам, кубовый остаток, вторичный битум, строительный битум, дорожный битум, утилизация, термическое окисление, поглотитель. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. The share of oil bitumen in the total Research method. In order to study the possibility volume of oil refining products in the world is 3-4%. of obtaining commercial oil products on the basis of NSh, At the moment, about 110 million tons of bitumen are a pilot experimental laboratory device for the processing produced annually in more than 70 countries of the of oil sludge was developed and prepared (Fig. 1). world. According to analysts, the global annual demand for bitumen in 2021 will exceed 120 million tons, which One of the main problems encountered during the is 59%. In 2010, the USA (29.22%), China (9.38%) and experiment is foaming of the oil slurry during Japan (6.59%) were among the top three consumers dewatering. This foaming occurs under the layer of viscous of petroleum bitumen [1,2]. oil product due to the fact that water is at a temperature of 107-125 oС in the lower part of the apparatus [5]. In the years of independence, the consumption of petroleum bitumen in Uzbekistan has increased signifi- In order to minimize foaming, oil slurries are cantly, which is due to the implementation of large projects supplied with air using a compressor. In the device, first for the construction of new highways, a sharp increase of all, it is necessary to dewater the samples of oil sludge in the reconstruction and repair of highways. highways one after another, that is, it is aimed at extracting the leading to cities are no exception [3]. water contained in the oil sludge as much as possible. Depending on the amount of water in the composition, It should be noted that there is an increasing trend oil sludge samples differ from each other. in oil bitumen production in the countries of Central, South and East Asia. Production of bitumen products in A periodic experimental device consists of: the joint venture of \"Fergana Oil Refinery\" LLC and • oxidation cube; \"Jharkurgan Oil Refinery\" in our republic. Based on the • air supply and control system to the oxidation cube; needs of our Republic, these enterprises produce road, • system for cleaning gaseous substances construction, roofing bituminous products and special (absorbers). brands of bitumen [4]. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Yakhyayev N. TECHNOLOGY OF EXTRACTION OF CUBIC RESIDUES BY THERMAL OXIDATION OF OIL SLUDGE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15058

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. 1- motor-reducer; 2- holding place; 3- bearing support; 4- mixer shaft; 5, 9, 13- faucet; 6- air pipe; 7- shell containing an electric coil; 8- cube holding support; 10- nozzle for receiving cube residue; 11- mixer; 12th body; 14, 15- absorbers; 16- hatch; 17- shaft hardener; 18- clutch. I- sending air using a compressor; II- sending light components to the gas meter; III- taking samples of the finished product, i.e. finished cube residue Figure 1. Experimental device for thermal oxidation of oil sludge The amount of substances required for the use of the To process oil sludge at atmospheric pressure, they experimental device [9]: are heated in a cube to the temperature of azeotropic water distillation: 107-125 °C (depending on the 1) To get a 60 gram cube: Raw material (Oil sludge) - 100 g; Diesel fuel (for 1 absorber device) – 40 g; Air composition of the oil sludge), then separation of the consumption - 8 l/min. light components of the separated oil waste begins at 150-178 °C [6]. 2) To get 100 grams of secondary road bitumen: Cube residue (CR) – 73 g; Technical sulfur (TS) – 15 g; Research results and discussion. In order to test the Soapstock - 12 g; Air consumption - 8 l/min. residual cubes, whose physical and mechanical properties 3) To get 100 grams of secondary construction meet the requirements of GOST 33133-2014, which can bitumen: Cube residue (CR) – 88 g; replace road construction bitumen, samples were sent to Technical sulfur (TS) – 4 g; Soapstock - 8 g; Air the Central Laboratory of the Fergana Oil Refinery and consumption - 8 l/min. the parameters listed in Table 1 were obtained [7]. Table 1. Physico-mechanical characteristics of the samples of cubic residues obtained from thermal oxidation of oil sludge BOR Name of the indicator 100/130 1-CR 2-CR 3-CR 4-CR 5-CR 6-CR 7-CR 8-CR Test GOST metho 1. Needle penetration depth, 0.1 mm: 131 at 25 ºС 33133-2014 45 at 0 ºС 38 2. Softening temperature for the ring 101-130 138 133 55 85 43 127 129 GOST and ball,°С 28 48 59 - 58 33136 3. Extensibility at 25 °C, sm, not less: 45 35 41 72 3,2 at 25 ºС -15 38 - 32 34 at 0 ºС 230 7 42 93 48 50 GOST 4. Brittle temperature, at °С, 33142 5. Flash point, °C, not lower 70 59 61 11 65 8 72 69 GOST 6. Change in softening temperature 4,0 3,3 3,5 - 33138 after heating, at °С -20 -17 -18 - 230 230 230 240 3,7 - 4,5 4,2 7 77- -19 - -22 -20 GOST 33143 230 245 240 235 GOST 33141 7 - 7 7 GOST 33140 46

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. As seen in Table 1, samples 7 and 8 CR gave good Based on the indicators of the 3rd and 6th CR performance. But based on the above table 1, we samples, it can be concluded as follows. These samples selected the 7th CR sample. Because sample 8 contains meet the standard requirements of GOST 6617-2021 on less petroleum hydrocarbons and asphaltenes in the the physical and mechanical properties of construction middle layers, we recommend preparation of high- bitumen and were recommended for use in construction quality asphalt concrete mixture as sample 7 works [10-11]. corresponds to the physical and mechanical properties of road bitumen. Oil sludge thermal oxidation process is carried out as follows [8]: 1-oxidizing cube; 2,3-screw pumps; 4-compressor; 5.6-refrigerator condenser; 7,8,9,10,14,15,16 valves; 11-electric heater; 12-water condensate collection capacity; 13. Sludge light fraction collection capacity.I-raw materials (oil slurry); II-water; Fractions separated from III-slurry composition (125-360 ºС); IV gases; Sending the V-thermoxidized cube residue to the modification reactor; Air delivery to the VI-modification reactor Figure 2. Scheme of domestic oil sludge thermal oxidation technology Thermooxidation process of oil sludge. In the is cooled to a temperature of 25-30 0С from the top of thermooxidation cube shown in Fig. 2, the oil slurry is the oxidizing cube through the valve 7 - condenser - first dried by evaporation from residual moisture, the condenser 5, and the water condensate collection clear fractions of oil are separated, and it is intended for capacity 12 is collected. The period of sending the thermooxidation. It is intended to accelerate the aqueous condensate of the separated vapors to the separation of residual moisture and volatile collection capacity lasts up to 2-3 hours, depending on components by increasing the temperature and blowing the experimental data, depending on the type of sludge air. The oxidation cube is a hollow cylindrical vessel being processed. During the drying process of raw made of steel St3 with a diameter of 2.5 m, a height of 8 materials, when it is visible from the observation hatch m and a volume of 20 m3. for vaporization, an electric that water vapor has formed foam on the surface of the heater is installed inside the oxidation cube to provide heated slurry, in order to eliminate it and to ensure the the necessary temperature for thermooxidation. maximum separation of the components separating at Oxidation cube is loaded in the amount specified in 1, i.e., 107-125ºС, through the air nozzles located at the bottom 850 (3500 for secondary road bitumen) kg of oil slurry of the thermooxidation cube, using compressor 4, through at 107-125ºС and light fractions (360ºС) in order to obtain the valve 16 - 10 minutes every half hour during which secondary construction bitumen. In this case, according air is pumped. The temperature is heated up to 360 ºС to the composition of the raw materials, it is desirable using an electric heater 11 in order to extract the that the level of the slurry loaded into the oxidation cube components of light fractions of oil in the dehydrated oil occupies 1⁄3 to 1⁄2 of the total height of the oxidation slurry. In the process of heating, valve 7 is closed, and cube. To remove the residual moisture in the slurry and continuous air blowing with the help of compressor 4 hydrate it, the oil slurry is first heated to a temperature begins to accelerate the boiling of heavy hydrocarbons of 107-125ºС through a 1.5 kW heater installed inside and to carry out partial thermal oxidation. Due to the the oxidation cube. In this case, as a result of heating up high temperature (150-178 ºС), vaporized hydrocarbons to 125ºС, the residual moisture in the form of water vapor from the upper part of the oxidation cube 8 - through 47