tech-2023_02(107)

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. the valve - cooler - condenser 6 are cooled to 45-50 ºС cube 1, is kept for another 15 hours, in order to continue and are collected in the capacity for collecting the light the thermooxidation with the air supplied by the fraction of sludge 13. Condensed droplets are captured compressor 4. Then, from the cubic part of the oxidation through shutters located in the collection capacity of the cube 1, through the valve 10, the thermally oxidized oil light fraction of the slurry, and the light components, i.e. sludge, that is, the cube residue, is sent to the gaseous substances, are sent to the gas collection system modification reactor 25 by means of the pump 3. IV. Evaporation of heavy hydrocarbons and partial evaporation of raw materials takes up to 5-6 hours at Summary. Based on the results obtained in the 360 ºС depending on the type of slurry. Condensate thermal oxidation pilot plant of oil sludge, 35-40% loss separated from the slurry, consisting mainly of was separated as light components. The physico- hydrocarbons that make up the solar fraction, is collected mechanical properties of the samples of cubic residues in the capacity of collecting the light fraction of the obtained by thermal oxidation of oil sludge were slurry 13. 12 and 13 are released from the valves 14 and compared with the requirements of GOST, and the samples 15 in the lower parts of the collecting tanks, so that of cubic residues 3,6,7,8 were obtained and gave good the excess amount of the mixture is at the required level indicators. The resulting cube residues allowed to use as in the tank. The partially oxidized sludge, dewatered and a secondary bitumen to replace construction and road cleaned of heavy hydrocarbon vapors in the oxidation bitumen. References: 1. Мирзиёев Ш.М. Указ № УП-4954 от 14 февраля 2017 года «О мерах по дальнейшему совершенствованию системы управления дорожным хозяйством». 2. Боборажабов Б.Н. Состав и создание технологии модифицирование битумов и получение на их основе ком- позиций для покрытия дорог. Диссертация доктора философии (PhD) тех.наук. – Ташкент. 2021. -113 с. 3. Негматов С.С., Джумбаев А.Б., Аблокулов А.А., Иноятов К.М. Новая перспективная технология использова- ния минералов в асфальтобетонных покрытиях автомобильных дорог. //композиционные материалы. – Таш- кент, 2004. №4. –С. 49. 4. Розенталь Д.А., Сыроежко А.М. Изменение свойств дорожных битумов при контактировании с минеральным наполнителем // Химия и технология топлив и масел. – 2000. -№4. – С. 41-43. 5. Пивсаев В.Ю., Кузнецова М.С., Самсонов М.В., Ермаков В.В., Никульшин П.А., Пименов А.А., Пимерзин А.А., Быков Д.Е. Рекуперация дизельной фракции нефтешламов путем вовлечения в процесс глубокой гидроочистки для получения ультрачистых дизельных топлив // Нефтехимия. - 2013.-Т.53.3 3.-С.185-192. 6. Пат 2159218 РФ, МПК С04В26/26, C08L95/00 Способ получения серобитумного вяжущего / Щугорев В.Д.; Журавлев А.П.; Герасыаш В.И.; Коломоец B.H.; патентообладатель ОАО «Газпром» ООО «Астраханьгазпром». - № 2000102780/03; заявл. 03.02.2000; опубл. 20.11.2000. 7. ГОСТ 33143-2014. Битумы нефтяные дорожные вязкие. Стандартинформ. - 2015. - 12 с. 8. Yakhyayev Nodir., Raximov Bekzod., Alikabulob Shukhrat., Shukurullayev Botir. Liquid-Phase Separation of oil sludges in the field of centrifugal forces using a deemulgator. The USA Journal Volume 03 Issue 07-2021. Page: 12-17. 9. Яхяев Н.Ш., Мухторов Н.Ш., Шомуродов А.Ю. “Нефтшламларини оксидлашда куб қолдиқ аралашмани олиш” Academic Research in Educational Sciences VOLUME 2 | ISSUE 12 | 2021 ISSN: 2181-1385 Scientific Journal Impact Factor (SJIF) 2021: 5.723. бет 728-733. 10. Яхяев Н.Ш., Мухторов Н.Ш. “Нефт шламларидан иккиламчи битумларни олиш”, “Фан ва технологиялар тараққиёти” журнали” 2022, 5-сон, 128-134 бет. 11. Tilloev, L., & Dustov, K. (2021, September). Fractional composition of the waste yellow oil. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 839, No. 4, p. 042080). IOP Publishing. 48

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.107.2.15034 DEPRESSOR PROPERTIES OF THE PRODUCTS OF POLYMERANALOGICAL CHANGES OF LOW MOLECULAR POLYPROPYLENE Ikramjan Sapashov Post-doctoral student, Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology, The Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Sadriddin Fozilov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Bukhara Engineering and Technology Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara Bobokhon Mavlanov Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor, \"Technology of Chemical Gas Processing\", Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara Islambek Polatov Student, Karakalpak state university named after Berdakh, Republic of Karakalpakstan, Nukus ДЕПРЕССОРНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА ПРОДУКТОВ ПОЛИМЕРАНАЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ НИЗКОМОЛЕКУЛЯРНОГО ПОЛИПРОПИЛЕНА Сапашов Икрамжан Яумытбаевич докторант, Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Фозилов Садриддин Файзуллаевич д-р техн. наук, проф., Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Мавланов Бобохон Арашович канд. хим. наук, доц., «Технология химической переработки газа», Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Полатов Исламбек Оразалы улы студент Каракалпакского государственного университета имени Бердаха, Республика Каракалпакстан, г. Нукус АННОТАЦИЯ В сообщении приведены сведения о синтезе депрессорных присадок, применяемых на дизельных топливах и оказывающее ингибирующее действие на них. Присадки синтезированы из полипропиленового порошка при интервале температур 85-900C. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: DEPRESSOR PROPERTIES OF THE PRODUCTS OF POLYMERANALOGICAL CHANGES OF LOW MOLECULAR POLYPROPYLENE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Sapashov I. [и др.]. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15034

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Также обсуждается литература по окислению полиолефинов и приводятся способы получения присадок. По результатам исследования синтезированные присадки оказали сильное ингибирующее действие на дизельное топливо, при этом предельная температура фильтруемости 0.2% дизельного топлива была снижена от -7 0C до -16 0C, а температура застывания от -13 0C до -26 0C. ABSTRACT The report provides information on the synthesis of depressant additives used on diesel fuels and has an inhibitory effect on them. Additives are synthesized from polypropylene powder at a temperature range of 85-900C. The literature on the oxidation of polyolefins is also discussed and methods for producing additives are given. According to the results of the study, the synthesized additives achieve a strong inhibitory effect on diesel fuel, while the threshold filtration temperature of 0.2% diesel fuel was reduced from -7 0C to -16 0C, the pour point from -13 0C to -26 0C. Ключевые слова: полипропилен, порошок, депрессор, присадка, полимераналогичные превращение, олигомер, полимер. Keywords: polypropylene, powder, depressant, additive, polymer analogous transformation, oligomer, polymer. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. After the independence of the Re- was carried out at 105.5 0C for one minute. The low mo- public of Uzbekistan, extensive measures were taken to lecular weight atactic polypropylene-ethyl alcohol was develop technologies for the use of diesel fuel additives then separated from the high molecular weight portion and their production. Today, on a global scale, the fol- by reprecipitation from hexane, heptane, and ether solu- lowing works are being carried out on the development tions, followed by purification of catalyst residues. A of technologies for obtaining installations for diesel catalyst based on manganese (IV) oxide soaked in alu- fuels: creation of universal devices with a high useful minum oxide [2] was prepared according to a known efficiency and obtained on the basis of nanotechnologies method. Oxidation of atactic polypropylene oligomer for diesel fuels; obtaining depressor-dispersing com- was carried out under the following conditions: in the pounds that improve solidification properties of diesel presence of a catalyst in the amount of 0.5 %, the air fuels from secondary raw materials; scientific research speed for 1 g of raw material is 0.5 l/h. Oxidation is carried is being carried out in current areas such as their use in out in a heptane, nonane solution at a temperature of diesel fuels. 1400C for 6 hours. Depressor-dispersing powders are compositions Etherification of the oxidation product of atactic consisting of components with different functional polypropylene oligomer is carried out in the medium of groups. Depressor additives do not lower the filtration propyl and butyl alcohols, in the presence of a catalyst, limit temperature and solidification temperature of diesel at a temperature of 900C for 6 hours in a four-mouth round- fuel, and dispersing additives prevent the crystallization bottomed flask equipped with a Din-Stark apparatus, of n-paraffin’s in diesel fuel at lower temperatures. With until the release of water stops. the rapid development of techniques and technologies in our republic, issues of environmental protection are one The structure of the synthesized compound was de- of the most urgent problems in the oil and oil refining termined using an IRAffinity-1S (SHIMADZU) spec- industry. trometer. The production of the first polypropylene granules Results and discussion. The authors [3] analyzed in our republic was carried out with the launch of the the mechanisms of action related to the molecular structure \"Uz-Kor Gas Chemical\" LLC enterprise. This, in turn, of depressor compounds and the research results showing meets the domestic market's demand for polypropylene depressor effects in polymer chemistry. and contributes to the export potential. The product pro- duction process at \"Uz-Kor Gas Chemical\" JV LLC The additives that improve the low-temperature started as a test in 2015. In 2015, more than 54,900 tons properties of diesel fuel, which we are conducting theo- of liquefied hydrocarbon gas, more than 34,000 tons of gas retical research on, are used in diesel fuel, which con- condensate were produced, and more than 186,000 tons tains paraffin hydrocarbons in a dissolved state, and of polyethylene and polypropylene were shipped to the when the temperature drops below -50C, the paraffin hy- countries of Central and East Asia, CIS and Europe. drocarbons in the fuel without depressor additives crys- tallize and form precipitates. In recent years, in our Republic, several scientists have studied the synthesis of materials using internal raw Crystals block the fuel filter because their size is material bases, which are considered as waste products much larger than the filter holes. It is also possible to see of existing production processes [1]. cases where paraffin hydrocarbons stick to the internal walls of fuel engines and other parts of the fuel equipment, Objects and methods of research. The raw material which in turn causes the fuel to not flow normally into we selected is a secondary product of the polymer the engine, we can prevent these phenomena by adding production process at Uz-Kor Gas Chemical LLC. depressants [4]. At the beginning of the study, when we weighed the Tests of additives for diesel fuels [5] in the amount raw materials on the scale and checked them in the of 0.05-1.0% showed that it did not affect the solidification EVLAS-2M moisture analyzer, the moisture content temperature of diesel fuel at 240C, the filtration limit was 10.97% at a temperature of 1020C, complete drying temperature of 80C, and the clouding temperature of diesel fuel in summer, and the corresponding solidification 50

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. temperature at 190C and the filtration limit temperature fuel from 0.4 to 1.0% has almost no effect on the effec- of 190C in winter and lowering the turbidity temperature tiveness of depressant additives [6]. to 100C was determined based on experiments. We tested the depressor properties of the synthe- As a result of complex studies on the effect sized compound in laboratory conditions on diesel of nitrogen-, sulfur-, and oxygen heterocyclic compounds fuel obtained from unit 13 of the Bukhara Oil Refinery. on the low-temperature properties of fuels, it was deter- The test results are presented in the table below. mined that an increase in the amount of sulfur in diesel Table 1. Test results of depressor properties of synthesized oxidized polypropylene etherification product The name of the sample Additional Blurring Freezing Poir pount temper- Winter diesel mass. % temperature,0С temperature,0С ature,0С Fuel norm Diesel fuel without additives - -5 - 25 - 15 Diesel + additive - -4 - 13 -7 0.1 - 4 ± 0.01 - 18 ± 0.1 - 15 ± 0.02 0.2 - 5 ± 0.04 - 26 ± 0.3 - 16 ± 0.04 0.4 - 5 ± 0.03 - 27 ± 0.4 - 18 ± 0.02 From the obtained results, it can be seen that the de- molecular weight compound, so it can be considered copolymers of propylene with methyl acrylate. veloped depressor has a positive effect on the solidifica- tion temperature of diesel fuel when it is used in the Thus, as a result of polymer logical changes of pol- ypropylene oligomers based on the oxidation reaction, amount of 0.1-0.4 % in the fuel. etherification of polypropylene and oxidation products with lower alcohols, we obtained a depressor compound This can be explained by the fact that it is a low mo- containing an ether functional group with the depressant property of reducing the solidification temperature of lecular polypropylene containing complex ether groups, diesel fuel produced at the Bukhara oil refinery. its branched structure with a high molecular weight acts Conclusion. Data analysis [9] showed that polymeric materials are effective additives to achieve the above as a copolymer of polypropylene and methyl acrylate, requirements. It is known that many depressor com- pounds that reduce the solidification temperature of which is easily soluble in diesel fuel. diesel fuel contain complex ether groups. In the IK spectra of etherification products of Therefore, the compound we synthesized may exhibit moderate intensity, the absorption region of 1734 cm-1 the same depressor-dispersing properties. belongs to С=O-groups of aliphatic ethers, in the absorp- tion region of 2918 cm-1 it is related to the methylene As a result of the conducted research, the following group –CH2–O–C and the band with an absorption area can be concluded: It was found that polypropylene pow- of 2866 cm-1 is due to the symmetric vibration of the der, secondary waste of the Us yurtgaz chemical com- plex, can be used as a depressor-dispersant for fuels aliphatic -CH3 group. These results are confirmed by obtained from petroleum products. literature data [7-8]. Thus, the substances obtained by etherification of the oxidation products of polypropylene, according to IК spectroscopic studies, it is estimated that complex ether functional groups are formed in the molecules of this high References: 1. Фозилов С.Ф. Полимер чиқиндиларидан дизель ёқилғилари учун турғунлаштирувчи присадкалар олиш технологиясини яратиш. Автореферат докт.дисс...д.т.н.(DSc) 02.00.08. –Тошкент.-2017.-68 б. 2. Надиров Н.Н., Гафарова Н.А., Шестоперова В.Н.,nЛыкова Л.Ф.А. с. СССР № 621369 / // БИ № 32, от 22.07.78. 3. Pavel V. Ivchenko, Ilya E. Nifant’ev. Polymer Depressor Additives: Synthesis, Microstructure, Efficiency. Polymer Science Series A 60(5): 2018. 577-593. 4. Сапашов И.Я., Фозилов С.Ф. Полипропилен кукуни асосида дизель ёқилғилари учун қўндирмалар ишлаб чиқиш. Қорақлапоғистон минтақасида олий таълим ва илм-фан тараққиётида Қорақалпоқ давлат универститетининг ўрни: кеча, бугун, эртага (Қорақалпоқ давлат университетинг ташкил этилганлигининг 45 йиллигига бағишланади) мавсусидаги халқаро илмий-амалий анжуман материаллари тўплами. Нукус- 2022. 127 б. 5. Мавлонов.Ш.Б., Синтез депрессорной присадки на основе сополимеров стирола с алкилметакрилатов и их влияние на низкотемпературных свойств дизельного топлива.// Universum: технические науки. -Москва, 2022. - № 2(95). –С. 32-36. DOI-10.32743/UniTech.2022.95.2.1313. 6. Веретенникова Т.Н. Исследование и улучшение низкотемпературных свойств дизельных и печных топлив с использованием депрессорных присадок: дис. ... канд. техн. наук. М., 1980. 252 с. 51

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. 7. Олейника Э.Ф., Дехант И.И. и др. Инфракрасная спектроскопия полимеров /: Под ред.– М.: Химия, 1976. – 472 с. 8. Сильвестейн Р., Босхер Г., Маррил Т. Спектроскопическая идентификация органических соединений. – М.: Мир, 1977. – 590 с. 9. Pranab G., Moumita D. Study of the influence of some polymeric additives as viscosity index improvers and pour point depressants – Synthesis and characterization // Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 2014. V. 119. P. 52

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. ELECTRONICS DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.107.2.14945 FPGA IMPLEMENTATIONS OF NEURAL NETWORKS Peter Safir Bachelor of Science, The Azrieli College of Engineering in Jerusalem (JCE), Israel, Jerusalem РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ НЕЙРОННЫХ СЕТЕЙ НА БАЗЕ ПЛИС Сафир Петр Павлович бакалавр наук, Академический инженерный колледж Азриэли, Израиль, Иерусалим ABSTRACT In this article, I would like to discuss the implementation and using of neural networks on an FPGA[1] based system and also the topology of neural network deployment on FPGA, as well as the advantages of using FPGA-based neural networks over a CPU-based neural network. We will also discuss the requirements for neural networks deployed in an embedded system. Concluding with the advantages and disadvantages of the neural networks produced by the FPGA manufacturers as well as the advantages of using HLS[2] (High Level Synthesis) technology. And why SoC together with FPGA makes an ideal technological solution for embedded systems. We will also discuss which high-level programming languages will make it easier to develop neural networks on FPGA. АННОТАЦИЯ В этой статье я хотел бы обсудить реализацию и использование нейронных сетей на базе ПЛИС, топологию нейронных сетей на базе ПЛИС, а также преимущества использования нейронных сетей на базе ПЛИС перед нейронными сетями на основе обычных процессоров. Мы также обсудим требования к нейронным сетям, развернутым на встраиваемых системах. В заключение мы рассмотрим преимущества и недостатки нейронных сетей, выпускаемых производителями ПЛИС, а также преимущества использования технологии HLS (High Level Synthesis). Почему SoC вместе с ПЛИС являются идеальным технологическим решением для встраиваемых систем, а также обсудим, какие языки программирования высокого уровня облегчат разработку нейронных сетей на ПЛИС. Keywords: FPGA, HLS, embedded system, neural networks, SoC. Ключевые слова: ПЛИС, встраиваемые системы, нейронные сети, система на кристалле. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction huge computing power. The management of city streets, traffic, government needs and many other daily uses re- Neural networks have found applications in many quires the implementation of fast real-time neural net- areas, from noise filtering, to object classification. But works for the classification of objects captured on video the optimal requirements for neural networks are very high. cameras. The main use for image classification is to clas- The range of neural network applications is very wide, sify an image into a specific class. With the introduction from real-time object classification, to data processing of convolutional neural networks, the recognition of ob- on embedded systems. However, the deployment of neural jects on the image has improved significantly and in re- networks on FPGA and embedded systems has a number cent years has become almost indiscernible in quality to of problems which must be addressed such as limited looks more like the human vision. The quality of trans- computing power on a number of hardware platforms mitted video has also improved. However, of course, but also the absence of ready-made libraries, high costs massive computing power is required to process the in- of development and complexity of development. But is this finite flow of data. There are two types of stationary sys- true or not, and how much difficulty is there in developing tem, which receive power their from the network or the right system. In this article we attempt to figure it out generators and can process data using in cloud servers. and give an objective overview. The second type of device is what is known as an em- bedded system. These systems work on autonomous de- FPGA and embedded systems vices such as robots, piloted autonomous systems, and other devices where wire access is difficult. For such Modern video processing[3] and computer vision software is developing very fast, consequently, it requires __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Safir P. FPGA IMPLEMENTATIONS OF NEURAL NETWORKS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14945

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. systems, a specific requirements and characteristics an SoC (System on a Chip)[5]. An SoC system integrates must be defined, including the following: the electronic circuits of various computer components on a single integrated circuit (IC). FPGA and SoC is • Light weight design of the device installed. when both an FPGA and an ARM[6] software processor • Minimal power consumption, as the system is are co-located on a chip, which allows for combining the only powered by the in-built battery. power of a hardware parallel computing FPGA, and an • The ability to solve the problem with the amount ARM software processor combined. The ARM processor of FPGA heat generated. will use standard interfaces and protocols such as I2C, SPI, Because all data processing takes place within the UART, GPIO and many more. But the most important system using real time data gathering, an important re- thing is that by using ARM we can run code developed quirement is the need for powerful computing resources in C/C++ and Python which will reduce the start-up that use limited power consumption and cooling. costs of the project and simplify the programming time. GPUs[4] are used for data processing in neural net- Therefore, the SoC is most often used as the computing works[3], but for use in embedded systems, GPUs are model on embedded systems using neural networks. not usable due to several factors. Namely: And because an on-chip system includes both hardware • GPU cannot operate in extreme environments and software, it consumes less power, has better perfor- such as high temperature, high humidity and strong vi- mance, requires less space, and is more reliable than bration. multi-chip systems. • GPUs have very high power consumption, which is not appropriate for embedded systems. Employment of neural networks on FPGAs Feed • GPUs requires additional heat dissipation circuitry, forward artificial neural networks which is not always possible in the limited available space of embedded systems. What is a neuron? A neuron can be thought of as a To implement neural networks on embedded systems, function, it takes a certain value and returns one. it is better and more optimal to use FPGA, together with Figure 1. Neuron A neuron is connected to a series of signal connec- activation function. There are several neuron activation tions and its output forms one signal value, and this functions, ReLu, softmax, sigmoid, tanh value is transmitted to other neurons with which it is connected. All inputs to the neuron are evaluated taking 1 into account the weight of each connection. ������(������) = (������������������, 0) ������������������������, ������(������) = 1 + ������−������ ������������������������������������������ ������ A feedforward artificial neural network consists of several layers, namely: input layer, hidden layer and out- ������ = ∑ ������������������������������ = ������������1������1+������������2������2+������������3������3 put layer. In a feedforward artificial neural network each neuron of the current layer is connected to another neu- ������=1 ron of the next layer and so on. Forward propagation means that the input signal is distributed from input to Then the resulting value of E is substituted into output without any feedback. Thus, the input layer does some function F(x). not need to do anything, it just enables the connection to the neurons for the next layer. If there are any layers ������(������) = {������������,, ������ ≥ ������ found between the input layer and the output layer, they ������ < ������ are called hidden layers. Usually the number of neurons in the output layer corresponds to the number of classes What the function F(x) returns is the output of the of objects the neural network defines. neuron signal Y. The function F(x), is called the neuron 54

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Figure 2. Feed forward artificial neural network FPGA FPGA is even better at handling logical operations than operations where real numbers are involved. Therefore To implement neural networks in FPGA it is neces- we have to conclude that FPGA with its logical-hard- sary therefore to take into account the specifics of the ware platform is better for use in implemented binary hardware implementation. A neural network consists of neural networks because these networks use algorithms a huge number of parallel neurons, thus it is very im- to perform logical operations. Binary neural networks portant to maximize the parallel execution of simple op- allow for the implementation of neural networks on sys- erations during the hardware implementation phase. tems with limited resources. A large number of logical Usually, for maximal parallel computing, several CPUs elements allows us to build a lot of physical neurons are used which are combined together for solving one working in parallel, which communicate inside the task while operating in parallel with the other. In this FPGA. The communication channels between the logi- configuration, the working processors are independent, cal elements and the internal memory of the FPGA have and only communicate with each other via the agreed good speed characteristics. High frequency FPGA can communication channels. What is the is the main prob- be as much several gigahertz in some FPGA families. lem with this parallel architecture? Let us consider, us- Parallelism of hardware logic functioning with good in- ing an example: a 32 bit processor has an operating ternal and external communication channels contributes frequency of 400 MHz and 32-bit communication chan- to high computation speed for multiple neurons working nels with an operating data transfer rate of 40 MHz. In in parallel. To work with FPGA, the hardware descrip- this example, the communication channels with their tion languages HDL[8] are used. The most widespread slow data transfer actually slow down or even negate the of them are VHDL and Verilog. On the basis of these work of this configuration. It is a bit like observing road synthesized languages RTL[8] (Register Transfer Lerer) traffic, where there are a lot of road lanes on the road is created. The disadvantages of these languages are the and suddenly all of them converge into one road lane, complexity of the transfer of algorithms from high-level thus forming congestion leading to a giant traffic jam. languages such as C/C++ or Phyton. Manufacturers In this configuration bottleneck are channels communi- have therefore developed a new technology called HLS cation between the parallel processors. Therefore, what (High Level Synthesis) which allows the user to gener- happens is the usage of one CPU gives better results, ate RTL code from high-level languages such as C/C++. than the configuration using several CPUs with external This has made code development much easier and less communication channels between them. This problem time-consuming. There are HLS compilers available for can be overcome by FPGA because it contains a large hire that can generate code from high-level languages number of logical elements, sufficient for deploying a such as C/C++ or Phyton into RTL code, if required. The large number of parallel working neurons. At the same resulting code is not exactly optimal, but it is possible to time, the clock frequency of FPGA is very high which optimize it manually. allows neurons to calculate and operate functionality at high speed, and because neurons have internal separate Review of ready to use neural network implementa- communication channels inside the same FPGA, data tions transfer speeds between them is high and thus the prob- lem of \"traffic jam\", which is almost always present in Many FPGA vendors such as Xilinx and Intel provide parallel connected CPUs with external communication a ready to use solution for implementing neural networks channels, is resolved. The FPGA contains ready-made on FPGAs. For example, for embedded system PyNQ [9], DSP [7] (Digital Signal Processor) blocks. These blocks implemented on Xilinx`s FPGA has a ready-made open perform very fast operations with real time numbers but source code available for everyone to use. Similarly, the excellent project Finn [10] from Xilinx with open 55

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. source code allows you to run binary neural networks on single crystal. By the application of high-level lan- your FPGA. And Intel has also released their neural net- guages like C/C++ or Python with code generation in works software for use on their FPGA system called RTL you will reduce the time and simplify the neural OpenVINO which is also an open source project availa- network development. In summary, the increasing ble to all users. power of FPGAs allows them to be used not only for the implementation of simple controllers and interface units, Conclusion but also for digital signal processing, complex intelligent controllers and neural networks. The development of The use of FPGA for implementation of neural net- fast FPGAs with ultra-low power consumption opens up works enables you to increase the speed of signal pro- great opportunities for their use in mobile communication cessing, in contrast to the software implementation. systems, DSP and many other things. SoC are much Effective and efficient parallel hardware processing sig- more power efficient than stationary processors. The SoC nificantly reduces the processing time and increases the can be powered by batteries for a longer period of time, efficiency of the whole neural network. FPGA solves the making it the right choice for any embedded system. problem of data transfer speed between neurons inside a References: 1. Amos R. Omondi, Jagath C. Rajapakse. FPGA Implementations of Neural Networks 2006th Edition. Springer 2006. P. 87 – 121. 2. Roger Woods, John McAllister, Gaye Lightbody, Ying Yi. Fpga-Based Implementation of Signal Processing Systems, 2nd Edition. Wiley 2017. P. 56 -64. 3. Uwe Meyer-Baese. Digital Signal Processing with Field Programmable Gate Arrays (Signals and Communication Technology) 3rd Edition. Springer 2017. P. 27 – 87. 4. Charu C. Aggarwal. Neural Networks and Deep Learning. Springer 2018. P. 78 – 98. 5. Cem Unsalan, Bora Tar. Digital System Design with FPGA: Implementation Using Verilog and VHDL 1st Edition. McGraw Hill 2017. P. 45 – 67. 6. Volnei A. Pedroni. Circuit Design with VHDL, third edition. The MIT Press 2020. P. 89 – 112. 7. Pong P. Chu. RTL Hardware Design Using VHDL: Coding for Efficiency, Portability, and Scalability 1st Edition. Wiley-IEEE Press 2006. P. 38 – 49. 8. Steve Kilts. Advanced FPGA Design: Architecture, Implementation, and Optimization 1st Edition. Wiley-IEEE Press 2017. P. 89 – 101. 9. Ross K. Snider. Advanced Digital System Design using SoC FPGAs: An Integrated Hardware/Software Approach. Springer 2023. P. 34 – 89. 10. Frank Vahid. Digital Design 1st Edition. Wiley 2006. P. 48 – 67. 56

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EXPLANATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT IN MILITARY VEHICLES ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICS Jakhongir Ulashov Senior teacher of the Department of Natural and Scientific Sciences, Chirchik Higher Tank Command Engineering Educational Institution, Republic of Uzbekistan, Chirchik Sherzod Eshquvvatov Doctoral student of the Institute of Engineering Physics of Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand E-mail: [email protected] Shirazi Misirov Cand. those. Sciences., Professor of the Academy of Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Erkin Khalimov Associate Professor of the Department of Natural Sciences, Chirchik Higher Tank Command Engineering School, Republic of Uzbekistan, Chirchik Nemadulla Makhmudov Professor of the Department of Natural Sciences, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Academy of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Rakhmat Turniyazov Associate Professor of the Department of General Physics, Institute of Engineering Physics, Samarkand State University named after Sharof Rashidov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand ОБЪЯСНЕНИЕ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОГО ТОКА В ВОЕННЫХ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВАХ ПО ЗАКОНАМ ФИЗИКО-МАТЕМАТИКИ Улашов Джахонгир Зайниддинович старший преподаватель кафедры естественных и научных наук, Чирчикское высшее танковое командно-инженерное учебное заведение, Республика Узбекистан, г. Чирчик Эшкувватов Шерзод Нематуллаевич докторант Института инженерной физики Самаркандского государственного университета имени Шарофа Рашидова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Самарканд __________________________ Библиографическое описание: EXPLANATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT IN MILITARY VEHICLES ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Ulashov J.Z. [и др.]. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15069

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Мисиров Ширази Чориевич канд. тех. наук., профессор Академии ВС РУ, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Халимов Эркин Халилович доц. кафедры естественных наук, Чирчикское высшее танковое командно-инженерное училище, Республика Узбекистан, г. Чирчик Махмудов Немадулла Ахматович канд. физ. -мат. наук., профессор Академии ВС РУ, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Турниязов Рахмат Каюмович доц. кафедры общей физики Института инженерной физики Самаркандского государственного университета имени Шарофа Рашидова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Самарканд ABSTRACT This article discusses one of the problematic issues of our time, the problem of diagnosing the electrical equipment of machines serving in the military sphere, using the laws of physics and mathematics and finding its solution through a differential equation. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье рассматривается один из проблемных вопросов современности, задача диагностирования электрооборудования машин, несущих службу в военной сфере, с использованием законов физики и математики и нахождение ее решения через дифференциальное уравнение. Keywords: generator, rotor, technical service, electrical circuit, differential equation, electrical equipment. Ключевые слова: генератор, ротор, техническое обслуживание, электрическая цепь, дифференциальное уравнение, электрооборудование. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Today, diagnosis of electrical equipment of military One of the most global problems of the 21st century combat vehicles remains one of the important and prob- is energy and ecology. There is such an energy that no lematic issues. One of the most correct ways to solve this matter what kind of energy it is, it will definitely turn problem is to use the laws of physics and mathematics. into this energy again. It is characterized by ease of ob- taining electricity, environmental cleanliness, and ease On January 28, 2022, the Decree of the President of of use. In our country, this energy is being studied sci- the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 60, Annex 1, Section 7, entifically and practically by our scientists. The electri- Purpose 90, \"On further improvement of the combat fication of railways in our republic, the increase of readiness and training of the troops of the Ministry of underground, the construction of new power plants, and Defense and the training material and technical base\" the commissioning of joint solar power plants with for- fully explained. At the same time, in his speeches, our eign countries are clear examples of this. The urgency of honorable president, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief the matter is that in the leading transport and technical of the Armed Forces, Sh. Mirziyoyev has been and is universities operating in our republic, in scientific research saying that mathematics plays a key role in the develop- institutes, attention to the use of electrical equipment in- ment of all sciences, and that if young people learn stalled in cars and its diagnostics lags far behind devel- mathematics and physics well, they will be able to ac- oped countries. For example, although today's military quire any profession without difficulty [1]. combat vehicles are driven by internal combustion en- gines, 80-90% of the entire work process is due to elec- At the opening ceremony of the new building of the tricity. The main source of internal combustion engines Institute of Mathematics named after V.I. Romanovsky is petroleum products. By 2050, the demand for oil prod- of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, ucts on the surface of the earth will be very high and at our Honorable President, Supreme Commander-in- the same time it will decrease sharply, experts have re- Chief of the Armed Forces Sh. Mirziyoyev remembered peatedly emphasized. That is why the world's largest the words of a great academician and said: \"Any scien- companies maintain the position of oil products for their tific work will remain as thought without mathematics.\" Therefore, it is important to remember that mathematics own benefit. When petroleum products CO2 and H2O and physics have a special role in solving world prob- lems [2]. are burned and incompletely burned, CO exhaust gases 58

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. are released, destroying the entire ecology, and 21% of Figure 2. E-214 diagnostic tool the oxygen in the atmosphere is shared by humans and animals, as well as the rest of the world. These It's no secret that the diagnostic work of military changes are causing the temperature on our planet to combat vehicles in foreign countries is ahead of us. This rise. Therefore, we must fully equip the cars of the future is also shown by the devices listed above that are currently only with electrical equipment! in use. Although several presidential decrees have been is- Currently, electrical equipment is mainly taught sued to ensure the widespread development of electric through brief instructions from the designer, based on energy in all sectors, the projects of maintenance fleets information in technical documents. This leads to stere- of electric vehicles have not yet been standardized. For otyped uniformity and negatively affects the scientific this reason, service stations that service internal com- thinking of the learner (cadet). bustion engines are used. The operation process of elec- trical equipment of cars is so complicated that people do The object of the research is electrical equipment in- not perceive it through their senses: sight, hearing and stalled on military combat vehicles, and its subject is the smell. Only these processes are detected indirectly laws of physics and mathematical apparatus. The main through special devices, tools or modern electronic sensors. source of electricity in military vehicles is a generator. The purpose of the research is to diagnose electrical The battery acts as a source of electricity when the gen- equipment installed on all combat vehicles using univer- erator is underpowered or not working at all. If a current- sal mini electronic devices. E-108 (Fig. 1) [9] and EO-214 carrying conductor is introduced into a permanent mag- (Fig. 2) [9], which are currently used in diagnostics, are netic field, the magnetic (vector) lines of force starting useful models that are no less useful than devices in- at (N) north and ending at (S) south create an electric stalled in special machines. We need to train the electrical current in the conductor (Fig. 3) [7], [8]. equipment installed in combat vehicles with the help of scientifically based laws of physics and mathematical apparatus, approaching the limit of human knowledge [3]. Figure 1. E-108 battery tester Figure 3. Generation of electric current The mechanical device that rotates the rotor of mod- synchronous generator (due to magnetoelectric phenom- ern generators is the reason for the classification of the enon) creates an electromotive force [4]. The rotation generator. Generators: divided into heat generators, the speed of the shaft is expressed by the formula hydroelectric, wind, etc. In an internal combustion en- gine (since the combustion process is inside the engine), nv = 60 f (1). the mechanical energy (primary engine) generated by p the belt is fed to a generator (secondary engine), and this energy is usually produced by a single or three-phase 59

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. In this case, nv – the speed of rotation of the shaft an electric current, and (3) formula is a first-order differen- tial equation, the alternating current circuit consists only (when revolutions are expressed in minutes in mechan- ics, the main unit of time is multiplied by 60 converted of an inductive coil the connection between voltage (U L ) from rotaion/second to rotation/min), f - the vibration and current solves the problems of electrical safety through a very simple mathematical expression. These problems of electric energy 50Gs , and p - is a pair of poles. Since are reflected in vector diagrams or sinusoidal graphs [5]. combat vehicles are three-phase, one phase is formed in It's no secret that inductive coils or capacitors keep current in the circuit for a long time, even if it is the part of the circle divided into three parts from every disconnected from the source. The reason is that current and voltage are different in phase. 1200 ( 2 ). 3 The purpose of this information is to solve current and future problems. When applying Kirchhoff's I and II Since the magnet is cast on the shaft, the speeds laws for a complex branched electric circuit, it is important that the only way to evaluate the electric circuit is to con- of the shaft and the magnet are the same:v = m . struct a system of linear mathematical equations. When calculating such equations, experts use Gauss or Kramer Therefore, generators producing such current are called methods only when the number of unknowns and the number of equations are equal. The number of equations synchronous generators. The word \"generator\" means an when evaluating an electric circuit is determined by the exciter. The rotation speed of the shaft of three-phase formula У = Ш + Т −1. Here У - indicates the number of equations to be constructed, Ш - the number of grids, generators is equal to nv =1000 ayl , and three current Т - the number of nodes in the electric circuit. Of course, min electrical circuits are often branched, and the coefficients sources with the same period, energy, frequency, but of the unknowns are not integers or natural numbers, but are often in the form of decimal fractions. This makes different phases by 1200 are formed. it difficult to solve the system of equations. For this reason, due to the large number of equations (three or more) and  A = 0 sint, the fact that the coefficients of the unknowns are not whole or natural, we calculate the system of equations B = 0 sin(t  2 ), using programmed micro calculators based on standard 3 programs. A = 0 sin(t  4 ) (2) The role of the differential equations section of 3 mathematics in evaluating electric circuits is incomparable. Let's consider the following as an example.  = dФ = −L dI (3) dt dt 1) Given a simple unbranched electrical circuit (Fig. 4). EMF is the change of magnetic flux with time, the first-order time derivative of the magnetic flux produces Figure 4. A simple electrical circuit Let's apply Kirchhoff's II law for a closed electric coefficients, can be solved only in one way. The solution circuit: consists of the following sum: U =UR +UL +UC = its = ish + i (5) di 1 (4) dt C = I  R + L  +  idt = Un sin t its - total solution, ish - solving the homogeneous The complete solution of the equation (4), i.e., the part of the differential equation and i - particular solution solution of the differential equation with linear constant of the differential equation. 2) We solve the first-order differential equation for the electric circuit below (Figure 5). 60

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Figure 5. Simple electrical circuit L di + R i = E0 cost dt L di + R  i = 0 dt L di = −R  i dt di = − R  i dt L di = − R dt iL −Rt ln i = ln e L + ln C −Rt −Rt lni = lnC  e L  i(t) = C  e L i = A cost + B  sint di = − A   sint + B   cost dt L  (−A  sint + B   cost ) + R  ( A cost + B  sint ) = E0  cost B  L + R  A = E0  A = RB  A = E0  R − A  L  + R B=0  B =  = L2 2 + R2   L    E0  L  E0  L   B L2 2 + R2 L2 2 + R2 i(t) = C −Rt + L2 E0  R R2 cost + E0  L  sin t 2 + L2 2 + R2 e L t = 0 0=C + L2 E0  R C =− E0  R 2 + R2 L2 2 + R2 i(t) = − L2 E0  R −Rt + L2 E0  R cost + E0  L   sin t = 2 + R2 2 + R2 L2  2 + R2 e L = L2 E0 R2  −Rt + R  cost + L   sin t  2 +  −R .  e L  61

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. 3) We solve the following complex differential equa- u1 = L1 di1 + M di2 tion for an electric circuit (Figure 6).  dt dt u2 Figure 6. Simple electrical circuit = L2 di2 dt uL + uC = E E = 0 L di + 1  idt = 0 dt C di + 1  idt = 0 dt LC d 2i + 1 d idt = 0 LC dt dt 2 d 2i + 1 i = 0 dt 2 LC i(t) = et  2 + 02 = 0, 0 = 1, LC  =  +  j - complex number is the solution of the characteristic equation, i(t) = et (a cost + bsint ), where  = 0. i(t ) = e0  a cos 1 t + bsin 1 t   LC LC  = a2 + b2  a cos 1 t+ b sin 1 t  =  a2 + b2 LC a2 + b2 LC    =  cos cos 1 t + sin sin 1 t  = Acos (0t −  ) , A LC LC  where A = a2 + b2 is amplitude. To sum up, it is not a secret to anyone that today the diagnostic systems of the electrical equipment of mili- The abstraction of electric current indicates the tary vehicles do not meet the requirements of the time. importance of using a set of complex numbers in ap- Our main task now is to improve the existing diagnostic proaching the limits of human knowledge. This theory tools and create devices that meet the requirements of amazes any scientific researcher and calls for scientific the time. The results of the current research show that research. Therefore, the issue of updating existing diag- there is a need for a new device. Therefore, we are work- nostic structures requires a new era and new research in ing on creating a useful diagnostic model. this field. References: 1. Sh.Mirziyoyev. 2022-2026 yillarga mo‘ljallangan Yangi O‘zbekiston taraqqiyot strategiyasi to‘g‘risidagi 60-sonli farmoni [Decree №60 on the Development Strategy of New Uzbekistan for 2022-2026]. 2022 yil 28 yanvar. 2. Prezident Sh.Mirziyoyevning O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Fanlar Akademiyasi V.I.Romanovskiy nomidagi Matematika institutining yangi binosining ochilish marosimida so‘zlagan nutqi, 2019. 3. J.Z. Ulashov, N.A. Maxmudov, F.O. Omonov. Harbiy jangovar mashinalarning elektr va elektron jihozlarini og‘ir ekstremal sharoitlarda diagnostikalash va texnik xizmat ko‘rsatish [Diagnostics and maintenance of electrical and electronic equipment of military combat vehicles under severe extreme conditions]. Farg‘ona politexnika instituti. 2021 yil 26-27 noyabr. Respublika ilmiy-amaliy anjuman. 4. G.N. Mahmudov. Avtomobillarning elektr va elektron jihozlari [Electric and electronic equipment of cars]. Darslik. “NOSHIR” Toshkent 2011. – 304 b. 62

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. 5. Danov B.A. Sistemy upravleniya zajiganiem avtomobilnyh dvigateley [Automotive ignition control systems]. Kniga / M.: Goryachaya liniya-Telekom, 2005. – 184 s. 6. Yakovlev V.F. Diagnostika elektronnyh sistem avtomobilya [Diagnostics of electronic systems of the car]. Uchebnoe posobie / M.: SOLON-Press, 2003. – 272 s. 7. https://220volt.uz 8. https://micromir-nn.ru 9. https://www.joom.com/ru 63

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. ENERGY INDUSTRY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.107.2.14962 ANALYSIS OF THE SMART GRID SYSTEM FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Nijat Mammadov Laboratory assistant, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University Azerbaijan, Baku E-mail: [email protected] Kubra Mukhtarova Tutor, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University Azerbaijan, Baku АНАЛИЗ СИСТЕМЫ SMART GRID ДЛЯ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ ЭНЕРГИИ Мамедов Ниджат Сабахаддин лаборант, Азербайджанский Государственный Университет Нефти и Промышленности Азербайджан, г. Баку Мухтарова Кюбра Маммад тьютор, Азербайджанский Государственный Университет Нефти и Промышленности Азербайджан, г. Баку ABSTRACT Smart grid (smart power supply network) is an intelligent electrical grid in which there is a connection between all participants in the energy market, which is aimed at providing energy services, reducing costs and increasing efficiency, as well as integrating distributed energy sources, including RES. This article analyzes the smart-grid system for renewable energy. The advantages and disadvantages of this system are also considered. The article presents a diagram with the elements of this system, the relationship between these elements is considered. Smart meters in this system are considered. АННОТАЦИЯ Smart grid (умная сеть электроснабжения) является интеллектуальной электрической сетью, в которой имеется связь между всеми участниками энергетического рынка, которая направлена на предоставление энергетических услуг, уменьшение затрат и повышение эффективности, а также на интеграцию распределенных источников энергии, в том числе ВИЭ. В этой статье проводится анализ системы smart grid (умной сети) для возобновляемых источников энергии. Также рассматривается преимущества и недостатки этой системы. В статье приведена схема с элементами этой системы, рассмотрена связь между этими элементами. Рассмотрены умные счетчики в этой системе. Ключевые слова: ВИЭ, smart grid, эффективность, энергоснабжение, автоматизация. Keywords: RES, умная сеть, efficiency, energy supply, automation. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction communication technologies along with electrical Smart grids are power systems that use information grids. To implement the intelligent behavior of electrical and control technology, distributed processing, and as- networks, it is necessary to automate them using com- sociated sensors and controls to integrate the behavior munication and IT technologies. The term Smart Grid is and actions of users and other stakeholders and to effi- currently still a novelty in the field of energy. There are ciently provide a sustainable, economical, and reliable several definitions of a smart grid, but despite all of power supply. Smart Grid is not a device, application or them, there is a consensus among the properties that a network, it is a concept that uses information and modern electrification system should meet. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Mammadov N.S., Mukhtarova K.M. ANALYSIS OF THE SMART GRID SYSTEM FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14962

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. It: 2) resistance to natural disasters and deliberate at- 1) reducing the impact of production and distribution tacks, both physical and cybernetic, of energy on the environment due to more accurate pro- duction planning, the possibility of using renewable re- 3) ensuring power quality parameters, sources, decentralization of production, the possibility 4) monitoring of all important elements of the distri- of energy storage, bution network, reducing the likelihood of interruptions in the supply of electricity, 5) close cooperation with the electricity market. Figure 1. Smart Grid Concept As the share of renewable energy sources [1] The intrusion of renewable energy sources into the en- in electrical networks increases, so do the requirements, ergy landscape has markedly changed the energy flows in particular, for low-voltage networks. Low-voltage in the grid: now users not only consume, but also produce networks no longer only have the task of receiving and electricity through the same grid. Therefore, the flow of distributing electricity from distribution networks, but energy is now bidirectional. increasingly they also have the task of feeding decentral- ized generated electricity back into distribution networks. 65

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Figure 2. Smart Grid elements and their relationship Characteristics of smart power grids: Smart Grid is created by integrating communication 1) Full automation. It includes a digital monitoring technologies and automation existing in the energy sys- and control system, built-in sensors that monitor net- tem. Conventional electrical networks usually already work behavior and automatic recovery from failures. use information and control technologies to some extent. Provides real-time information on network load, power In smart power grids (Smart grid), these technologies are quality, outages, etc. being further developed. The main change at the end 2) Full integration of clients. Its essence is to pro- user level is the installation of smart meters. Their main vide consumers with digital meters with a two-way flow tasks are remote reading of data and the possibility of of information in real time, which allows you to create invoicing at prices that change over time [3]. price tariffs in accordance with the current situation in the network (the so-called \"smart electricity meters\"). Smart Meters - An electricity meter that records This allows customers to efficiently manage consump- electricity consumption at intervals of 1 hour or less and tion such as water heating, washing or recharging bat- reports this information at least once a day to the power teries. company for monitoring and control purposes. Smart 3) Adapt to different ways of power generation [2]. meters provide two-way communication between the The development of smart grids began mainly at the meter and the central system. Data transmission between time when smaller sources of electricity began to be con- individual network components takes place via tele- nected to the distribution system, the behavior of which phone modem, GSM, ADSL connections or other is difficult to predict. For example, solar and wind power means. This allows the development of more differenti- plants, gas microturbines and other decentralized power ated tariffs and hence more favorable price incentives generation technologies that enable consumers to gener- for household consumers (smart market). Unlike home ate electricity from their own resources and sell its sur- energy monitoring systems, smart meters can collect plus to the grid. data for remote reporting. 66

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. The consumer can realize cost advantages without Conclusion sacrificing convenience only if he also has devices that operate automatically, preferably during low fare times. The smart grid sends electricity from suppliers These are non-time-critical processes such as charging to consumers using bi-directional digital technology to electric vehicles, operating heat pumps, freezing, heat- manage consumer demand. This helps to save energy, ing (electric boilers) or washing dishes. For an electric- reduce costs, improve usability and transparency. Due to ity consumer, for example, this technology ensures that the fact that smart grids regularly send information an electric car will be charged when there is good access about electricity consumption, it is possible to regulate to cheap renewable electricity. Thus, wind energy can be power, for example, in power plants using conventional better used during hours when strong winds are blowing. fuels. Another example is control systems that automatically help industries shut down low-priority production pro- From the considered Smart Grid concept, it can be cesses when electricity prices are temporarily high. With seen that its advantages lie mainly in the field of reduc- night storage heaters and fixed night rates, this was al- ing electricity consumption and increasing the share of ready implemented decades ago, but modern systems renewable energy sources. It also allows the electrical can operate more flexibly and intelligently, which is es- network to work autonomously if necessary, increases pecially important for incorporating renewable energy the reliability of power supply under normal conditions sources [4,5]. and during natural disasters. References 1. Boyle G. Renewable Energy. — Oxford University Press, 2004. — 464 pp. 2. Mammadov N.S., “Selection of the type of electric generators for a wind electric installation”, UNIVERSUM journal, №9(102), pp. 65-67 doi: 10.32743/UniTech.2022.102.9.14234, Russia. 3. Mammadov N.S., Ganiyeva N.A., Aliyeva G.A., “Role of renewable energy sources in the world”, Journal of Renewable Energy, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vol 2,September 2022, pp.63-67, DOI:10.29103/jreece.v2i2.8779 https://ojs.unimal.ac.id/jreece/issue/view/359, Indonesia. 4. Mammadov N.S. «Применение двухскоростного (двухобмоточного) асинхронного генератора для ветроэлек- трической установки». Journal Internauka.August.2022.№28(251).DOI:10.32743/26870142.2022.28.251.344223 https://www.internauka.org/journal/science/internauka/251 5. Smart Grids — European Technology Platform for Electricity Network of the Future, 2005. 67

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.107.2.14966 SOME RESEARCH QUESTIONS OF REACTIVE ENERGY COMPENSATION Najiba Pirieva Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering, Associate Professor, Azerbaijan State University of Oil and Industry, Azerbaijan, Baku E-mail: [email protected] Salmina Abdullaeva Master of the Department of Electromechanics Azerbaijan State University of Oil and Industry, Azerbaijan, Baku НЕКОТОРЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ КОМПЕНСАЦИИ РЕАКТИВНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ Пириева Наджиба Мелик д-р филос. по техн., доцент, Азербайджанский государственный университет нефти и промышленности, Азербайджан, г. Баку Абдуллаева Салмина Ильгар магистр кафедры Электромеханика, Азербайджанский Государственный Университет нефти и промышленности, Азербайджан, г. Баку ABSTRACT The article deals with the transient process in the power supply system of industrial enterprises with stepwise regulation of capacitor units. A mathematical model of the switching process is proposed, based on the results of its calculation, it is recommended to configure relay protection and automatic control devices with capacitor banks. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассматривается переходной процесс в системе электроснабжения промышленных предприятий при ступенчатом регулировании конденсаторных установок. Предложена математическая модель коммутационного процесса, по результатам ее расчета рекомендовано настраивать устройства релейной защиты и автоматического регулирования конденсаторными батареями. Keywords: reactive power, automatic control, relay protection, capacitor banks. Ключевые слова: реактивная мощность, автоматическое регулирование, релейная защита, конденсаторные батареи. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The operating conditions of modern power supply present in the domestic practice of using CB. In general, systems require the widespread use of reactive energy the second direction is considered more promising. sources in industrial enterprises. Depending on the na- ture of the electrical equipment, the reactive load of in- The operating mode of the CB should ensure the dustrial enterprises can be up to 130% compared to the maximum reduction in electricity losses in the networks active load. The most common type of such sources at while maintaining the permissible range of voltage de- present are capacitor banks (СB) [1]. viations at the terminals of power receivers. However, at present, KBs often operate without autocontrol. In those At present, in world practice, one can observe two cases when auto control is provided, then such control trends in the use of parallel CB compensation in distri- parameters are implied as: load power factor, magnitude bution networks: a) as a means of compensating for re- and direction of reactive power. At the same time, it is active load currents; b) as the main means of voltage obvious that the reactive power deficiency can first of regulation. The first trend is inherent in the practice of all be identified by the effect of reducing the voltage most European countries and Japan, the second - the in the network. In this case, there is a need for an ad- United States and partly France. The first trend is mainly ditional inclusion of a reactive power source. When the __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Pirieva N.M., Abdullaeva S.I. SOME RESEARCH QUESTIONS OF REACTIVE ENERGY COMPENSATION // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14966

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. voltage level rises, it is necessary to turn off part of the For the load node we have: reactive power source [2,3]. Accordingly, capacitor units should consist of several sections: the main section ������������������������ = ������������������ + ������������������ ; ������������������������ = ������������������ + ������������������ (power is selected from the condition of an economi- cally feasible degree of reactive power compensation) As an example, an electromechanical transient pro- and additional sections (automatically switched on as cess was considered in a typical asynchronous load the voltage in the network decreases). Thus, control over power supply scheme, presented in the form of an equiv- the voltage mode in the network with an impact on the alent asynchronous motor of the VDD-170/34-12 type. CB is quite effective from the point of view of ensuring Capacitor units with additional sections are connected to the balance of reactive power, which should take place the load busbars with voltage U1 in parallel to the asyn- with acceptable mode parameters and, above all, with chronous motor. The main section of this capacitor bank acceptable voltage deviations. is designed to compensate up to 100% of the load reac- tive power in normal operation. The load is removed However, turning on and off the CB affects the op- from the busbars of the system with voltage U2 on eration of the relay protection (RP) of the network ele- xex.=2xtr, where xtr is the inductive reactance of the trans- ments due to current surges and its fluctuations in the former. network, and the operation of the CB auto device. The integration of this system of differential equa- In order to determine the value of starting currents tions was carried out by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta that are possible when additional sections of the CB are method. turned on, as well as the time delay of the controller, in order to prevent its operation during short-term changes The initial conditions were determined from the fol- in the controlled parameter, it is necessary to consider lowing system of equations for the steady state. For an the electromechanical transient process in a particular asynchronous motor, the following equations are valid: network. ������1������ = ������1������������������ − Ψ������������; ������1������ = ������1������������������ − Ψ������������; In a typical asynchronous load power supply circuit, presented in the form of an equivalent asynchronous 0 = ������2������������������ − Ψ������������������; 0 = ������2������������������ − Ψ������������������ electric motor (АM) connected to the voltage bus U1, which are connected through a network with a resistance Ψ������������ = ������������������������������ + ������������������������������; Ψ������������ = ������������������������������ + ������������������������������ xsv with a voltage bus U2 of an infinite power supply, an electromechanical transient process when additional Ψ������������ = ������������������������������ + ������������������������������ ; Ψ������������ = ������������������������������ + ������������������������������ sections of the CB connected in parallel to asynchronous motor, can be represented by the following equations in For capacitor installations, the equations will look the coordinates d and q. like: Transient process equations for AM: ������1������ = ������1������������������ + ������������ ������������������������ + ������������ ������������������������ − ������������ ������������������ − ������������ ������������������ ; 0 = ������������������������������ + ������1������; 0 = ������������������������������ + ������1������ ������������ ������������ ������1������ = ������1������������������ + ������������ ������������������������ + ������������ ������������������������ − ������������ ������������������ − ������������ ������������������ ; The external network mode is determined by the ������������ ������������ equations: 0 = ������2������������������ + ������������ ������������������������ + ������������ ������������������������ − ������������������ ������������������ − ������������������ ������������������ ; ������1������ = ������2������ + Ψ������������������; ������1������ = ������2������ + Ψ������������������ ������������ ������������ Ψ������������������ = ������������������.������������������������ ; Ψ������������������ = ������������������.������������������������ 0 = ������2������������������ + ������������ ������������������������ + ������������ ������������������������ − ������������������ ������������������ − ������������������ ������������������ ; Current balance in the load node: ������������ ������������ ������������ ������������������������ = ������������������ + ������������������ ; ������������������������ = ������������������ + ������������������ ������������ ������������������������ = ������������ − ������������ (������������������ ������������������ − ������������������ ������������������ ) The system of equations for the steady state was solved by the Gauss method. The voltage U1 on the load For a capacitor plant, the following equations are buses is monitored by an organ that reacts to a decrease valid: in voltage U1, for example, a voltage relay. The opera- tion of the machine having a relay characteristic is de- ������������1������ = ������������ ������������������ + ������1������ ; ������������1������ = ������������ ������������������ + ������1������ . scribed by the following expression: ������������ ������������ The mode of the external network connecting the load if ������1 ≤ ������1������������������ , then ������������������������. = ������������������������.Σ = ������������������������������.������������������������.������������������. ; with tires of infinite power is determined by the equations: ������������������������������.+������������������������.������������������. if ������1 ≥ ������1������������������, then ������������������������. = ������������������������������. ������1������ = ������2������ + ������������������. ������������������������������ + ������������������.������������������������ ; where ������������������������������. is the main section of the capacitor unit; ������������ ������������������������.������������������. − additional section. ������������������������������ ������1������ = ������2������ − ������������������. ������������ − ������������������.������������������������ It was assumed that U1min = 0.95 U1nom, and U1max = 1.05U1nom. 69

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. When analyzing electromechanical transients, it is operation of asynchronous motors that set in motion necessary to take into account that the additional section critical mechanisms on which the entire technological does not turn on instantly, but with a certain delay, process depends. which is determined by the delay time due to the action of the switching equipment, and the exposure time nec- 2. The solution of the proposed equations of the essary to detuning from short-term fluctuations in the electromechanical transient process for a specific power network and from the transient caused by the inclusion supply system will make it possible to determine all the of the previous sections of the condenser unit. mode parameters when one or another power of the ad- ditional section of the capacitor unit is turned on and, Conclusion accordingly, evaluate their effect on the operation of re- lay protection and select the response time of automatic 1. The use of capacitor units with additional sections devices of capacitor units. will improve not only the voltage quality, but also, in case of voltage dips in the system, to increase the stable References: 1. Zhezhelenko I.V., Saenko Yu.L. Kachestvo elektroenergii na promishlennix predpriyatiyax. –М.: Energoatomizdat, 2005. – 261 s. 2. Ivanov V.S. Sokolov V.I. Rejimi potrebleniya I kachestvo elektroenergii v sistemax elektrosnabjeniya promishlennix predpriyatiy. - M.: Energoatomizdat, 1987. - 336 s. 3. Karpov F.F. Kompensasiya reaktivnoy moshnosti v raspredelitelnix setax. M.: Energiya, 1975. - 184 s. 70

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. POWER, METALLURGICAL AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.107.2.15032 EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL METHODS OF RESEARCH AND OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS MODES UNDER UNCERTAINTY CONDITIONS Sulton Amirov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Kamalbek Turdibekov Candidate of Technical Sciences, Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Dilshod Rustamov Doctor of philosophy (PhD), Tashkent state transport university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНО - СТАТИСТИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ РЕЖИМОВ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ В УСЛОВИЯХ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТИ Амиров Султан Файзуллаевич д-р техн. наук, профессор, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Турдибеков Камалбек Хамитович канд. техн. наук, доц., Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Рустамов Дилшод Шавкатович д-р филос. (PhD), доц., Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The mathematical modeling issues of the electric power systems modes in conditions of inhomogeneities such as time drift of the main indicators are considered. In incomplete knowledge conditions of the mechanism of phenomena, mathematical modeling was carried out by experimental and statistical methods, namely: experiment planning was used. Also, optimization problems are considered, in particular gradient problems, including the \"steep ascent\" method, which is preceded by a local description of the response surface using a full or fractional factorial experiment. АННОТАЦИЯ Рассмотрены вопросы математического моделирования режимов электроэнергетических систем в условиях неоднородностей типа временного дрейфа основных показателей. В условиях неполного знания механизма явлений, математическое моделирование производилось экспериментально-статистическими методами, а именно: исполь- зовалось планирование эксперимента. Также рассмотрены оптимизационные задачи, в частности градиентные задачи, в том числе метод «крутого восхождения», которому предшествует локальное описание поверхности отклика с помощью полного или дробного факторного эксперимента. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Amirov S., Turdibekov K., Rustamov D. EXPERIMENTAL AND STATISTICAL METHODS OF RESEARCH AND OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS MODES UNDER UNCER- TAINTY CONDITIONS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15032

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. Keywords: time drift, electric power systems modes, experiment planning, mathematical models, electrical circuits. Ключевые слова: временной дрейф, режимы электроэнергетических систем, планирование эксперимента, математические модели, электрические цепи. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ One of the urgent tasks is to determine the optimal The main mathematical apparatus for processing the modes of power systems in the process of production, results of observations using experimental planning transmission and distribution of electric energy. At the methods is regression analysis, which consists in esti- same time, special attention is paid to the problems of mating the regression coefficients using the least squares optimal planning of short-term regimes in power systems method followed by statistical analysis of the resulting under conditions of uncertainty, taking into account polynomial model [2,4,5]: the probabilistic nature of the initial information. ������ ������ ������ With optimal planning of power system modes, the calculated parameters of electrical networks and loads ������ = ������0 + ∑ ������������������������ + ∑ ������������������������ + ∑ ������������������������������������������ + ⋯ (1) of power consumption nodes are used [1,3]. ������=0 ������>������ ������>������ To achieve the optimal mode, calculations should be carried out taking into account the probabilistic nature When planning an experiment, when studying the and partial uncertainty of the initial data on the loads of modes of power systems, one has to deal with inhomoge- the elements of electrical circuits. neities sources of a continuous type. These sources cause a continuous change in energy regimes – the drift of their Traditional methods are associated with an experi- output indicators over time and are expressed in the form ment that requires a lot of effort and money, since it is of additive drift, that is, the displacement of the response time-consuming and based on alternating variation of in- surface without its deformation, and the drift function dependent variables in conditions when other parame- itself has a fairly smooth character and can be represented ters tend to remain unchanged. by a polynomial of a low degree. In this case, there is no real possibility of a compre- ������ = ������(������1, ������2, … , ������������) (2) hensive study of the high quality of the elements of power systems and as a result, many decisions are made on During the planning an experiment under inhomo- the basis of incoming information, which is random. geneities conditions, in the general case, the results of Currently, two approaches for solving of modeling problems have been defined: deterministic and experi- observations Y (power balance, load, conditional fuel mental – statistical. In the case of a deterministic ap- proach, the solution of problems is preceded by a consumption, etc.) are an additive mixture of changes in comprehensive study of the process and, as usual, it is given in the form of some system of differential equations. the output f(x), caused by a vector of variable factors x of continuous or discrete drift Y(ω) caused by a vector Most of the real processes in the electric power in- of uncontrolled factors ω and some error ε with normal dustry are complex and are influenced by a large number of interrelated factors, and in this regard, the use of de- distribution: terministic methods is largely difficult. On the other hand, theoretical consideration is not able to take into ������ = ������(������) + ������(������) + ������ (3) account the whole variety of really acting factors, and therefore the theoretical mathematical model loses its The task is reduced to choosing a plan that is orthog- power to a greater extent when moving to real condi- onal to the identified drift and provides the best esti- tions. mates of the effects of the studied factors, regardless of the influence of drift. Under conditions of incomplete knowledge of the mechanism of phenomena, the problems of mathematical Experimental studies have established that the opti- modeling can be solved by experimental and statistical mization parameter Y – the consumption of conventional methods. fuel undergoes a time drift with properties close to lin- ear. In this regard, planning orthogonal to drift can be In this regard, mathematical methods of experiment obtained using a complete factorial experiment (CFE) at planning are becoming increasingly widespread in solv- two levels. ing problems related to the modes of operation of elec- tric power systems under conditions of uncertainty such For our case, the matrix of the complete factorial is as time drift of the main operating parameters of power given in Table 1. systems. 72

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. The matrix of the complete factorial Table 1. ������ No Drift vectors Р������ ������������������������ ������������������������ ������������������������ ������������������������������������ Р������ Р������ + + ++ + + 1+ + - - 2+ - - +- - - 3+ - + + 4+ + + -+ + - 5- + - + 6- - - -- - + 7- - + - 8- + -- - -+ + +- - ++ For represent N values of the linear drift, ������ = ������������������ 2������ The interrelation of the process parameters can be is necessary for the first N columns of such matrix: represented as: ������������������ = ������0������0 + ������1������1 + ⋯ + ������������������������ (4) ������ = ������������(������������, ������������); ������ = 1,2, … 4 (7) (5) where ������������ = ;∑������������=0 ������������ ������У������ (6) As a result of the lack of a priori information about the degree of the polynomial model of the process by ������ parameter Y, a linear mathematical model was developed at the first stage of statistical processing of experimental ������������−1 = 2������������ data accumulated according to type 24 СFE [6, 7]. By checking according to the F – Fisher criterion, its Equality (6) follows from the fact that the first inadequacy was established. The inclusion of interaction Chebyshev polynomial is ������1, used to represent a linear effects also did not give positive results. At the next combination of K first column vectors of the matrix 2������ stage, the implementation of the orthogonal plan, [2,6,7]. followed by the calculation and statistical analysis of the results obtained, allowed us to develop a mathematical Any of the remaining columns can be considered as model of conventional fuel consumption at a 5% a vector of the desired planning and the rule for obtain- significance level: ing planning orthogonally to linear drift can be formu- lated as follows: for N observations, make a CFE matrix ������ = 25.1 + 0,43������2 + 0.53������3 + 0.82������12 − 0.71������32 (8) and discard the first ������ = ������������������ 2������ columns in it. The remaining part of the matrix is the desired planning for For ������(2������) = 1.3 the calculated value of the Fisher cri- determining l≤N–L-1 coefficients of influence and terion Fr=2.5/1.3=1.92 is determined. With ������������������=10 and mutual influence on the output of controlled factors. ������������ = 25(2 − 1) = 25, we find ������������������������������������ = 2.27. Thus, equation (8) can be considered correct with a 95% con- By calculating the expansion coefficients, we can fidence probability [8]: check the drift linearity. If (6) is satisfied well enough, then the drift linearity is performed. (������������������������������ ˂������������������������������������) Significance evaluation of the mathematical coeffi- The power system with thermal power stations is cients model is carried out by the usual method accord- characterized by the presence of such uncontrollable ing to the Fisher criterion [3]. factors as fuel costs in thermal power stations, power balance in the power system, power at power stations, When constructing a mathematical model of the power flows in power transmission lines, etc. power systems operating parameters using the planned experiment methods, the issue of identifying the main All this leads to the fact that the output parameter Y parameters and their controllability becomes important. changes indefinitely over time. There is a time drift The research of the power systems regime processes, as of the power system characteristics. well as the analysis of a priori information contained in the practical experience of technologists and operators, Taking into account the time drift, the total time of allowed us to identify the main parameters that have a the experiment was reduced to a minimum. In order to significant impact on the course of the process and, determine under these conditions k=4 linear effects of thereby, determine the qualitative indicators [4,5]: the influence of controlled factors according to factor planning, a minimum of N= 8 experiments is required. ������1 – fuel outgoings in thermal power plants; With the time of one experiment ∆t=5-6 hours, the total ������2 – power balance in the power system; ������3 – powers at stations; ������4 – power flow in power transmission lines; Y is the consumption of conventional fuel at thermal power plants. 73

№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. time required for the entire experiment was Т=∆t∙N=48 value of the F-ratio, the significance of the coefficients ������������, a, as well as the presence of time drift were checked [10]. hours [9]. The analysis of the optimization method of power It was assumed that time drift in this interval could systems modes was carried out, which showed that they differ from each other in convergence, accuracy, and not differ much from the linear one. The absence of in- limitations. Gradient methods are the most accessible teractions of controlled factors was also postulated (the from the point of view of practical applicability. Gradi- ent methods of finding optimal solutions include the variation steps were chosen as little in order to neglect method of \"steep ascent\". The peculiarity of this method is that in this case, the movement along the gradient is pre- the interactions). ceded by a local description of the response surface us- ing a full or fractional factorial experiment. The search For evaluating the desired linear effects, it was de- for the optimum is carried out when moving from the cided to use the scheme of the experiment type 23 (Table starting point by simultaneously changing all the factors, 1), putting in it ������1 = ������2������3; ������2 = ������1������3; ������3 = ������1������2; ������4 = taking into account the product ������������ ∗ ������������ for each of them. ������1������2������3. Taking into account the magnitude of the step ε when choosing a step is necessary due to the fact that the magni- As a result of the experiment, eight values of opti- tude of the regression coefficients changes when the magnitude of the variation intervals changes. mization parameters were found, each of which had The \"steep ascent\" options were planned for the op- three repetitions. timization parameters ������1, ������2, ������3, ������4. The values of the linear model coefficients were cal- The local optimization results showed that simulta- culated using the usual factor planning formulas: neous solution of local optimization problems is impos- sible, since the criterion of one problem, for example, ������1 ������0 = ∑������������=0 У������ ; ������������ = ∑������������=0 ������������ ������У������ ; (9) conflicts with others, for example, ������2, that is, the optimal ������ ∑������������=0 ������������ ������ (10) solution according to one of the efficiency criteria, turns out to be unsatisfactory according to other criteria [11]. ������0 = ������0; ������������ = ∑������������=0 ������������ ������У������ ������ Analysis of local criteria has shown that it is necessary to establish certain requirements for optimal The values of the linear model coefficients calculated maintenance of the regime in electric power systems. by the results of the experiment turned out to be equal: Based on these requirements, a vector optimality ������0 = 76,41; ������1 = −0,27; ������2 = 2,72; ������3 = 3,34; ������4 criterion is proposed. = −0,7. ������������������������ = {(У2 − У02)2; (У3 − У03)2; (У4 − У04)2} = ������������������. The coefficients ������������ in the drift decomposition (������0 = ������0 = 76.41) calculated by formulas (10) are under restrictions ������1 ≥ ������1������; У5������ ≤ У5 ≤ У5������; ������������������ ≤ equal to: ������3 = 8.31 ≃ 2������2 = 8.42 ≃ 4������1 = 8.4. ������������ ≤ ������������������ Thus, the equation of the desired dependence where ������1������, ������5������, ������5������, ������������������, ������������������ are the upper and lower limits allowed by the technological regulations. for the encoded variables ������������, free from time linear drift, The ������������������������ function minimization can be implemented has the form: by a scanning method characterized by simplicity of cal- culations. To reduce the amount of calculations, we can ������ = 76.4 − 0.27������1 + 2.74������2 + 3.34������3 − 0.7������4 use an algorithm with a variable scan step. A variance analysis of this mathematical model is carried out. The total sums of squares of ������������������������������������������, are calculated, and the residual sums of squares of ������������������������������ are determined. Calculating the ratio of the effects variance to the residual variance and comparing them with the tabular References: 1. T.S. Gayibov, S.S. Latipov. To the optimal planning of power system modes in conditions of partial uncertainty of the initial information. Bulletin of TashSTU 2/2019. – pp. 88-94 (05.00 №16). 2. S Amirov, D Rustamov, N Yuldashev, U Mamadaliev, M Kurbanova. Study on the Electromagnetic current sensor for traction electro supply devices control systems// ICECAE 2021 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Sci- ence 939 (2021) 012009 р. 3. T.S. Gayibov, Sh.Sh. Latipov \"Optimization of electric power modes in conditions of interval uncertainty of initial information\". Problems of energy and resource conservation. Tashkent, No.3-4, 2019, pp. 203-209. (05.00.00, No.2) 4. Kotelnikov A.V. 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№ 2 (107) февраль, 2023 г. 7. Vasilyansky A.M., Mamoshin R.R., Yakimov G.B. Improvement of traction power supply of railways electrified with alternating current of 27.5 kV, 50 Hz. Railways of the world. 2002, No. 8 – pp. 40-46. 8. High-speed railway transport. General course; textbook in 2 volumes. I.P.Kiselyov et al. Moscow, 2014. Vol.1(308 p.) – Vol. 2 (372s.). 9. Dommel h.w., Tinney w.f. Optimal power flow solution.-IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-87, 1968, p. 1866-1876. 10. Hajdu L.P., Peschon w.i., Piercy D.S., Tinney w.f. Optimal load-scheduling policy for power systems. ieee Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-3, 1968, p. 784-795. 11. Happ H.H., Wirgau K.A. Optimal dispatch and voltage scheduling in power systems. Proc. Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems, 1981, p. 759-763. 12. Sasson A.M., Merrill H.H. Some applications of optimization techniques to power systems problem. Proc.IEEE, vol.62, 1974, p. 959-972. 75

Научный журнал UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ № 2(107) Февраль 2023 Часть 6 Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ: ЭЛ № ФС 77 – 54434 от 17.06.2013 Издательство «МЦНО» 123098, г. Москва, улица Маршала Василевского, дом 5, корпус 1, к. 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.7universum.com Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качеством предоставленного оригинал-макета в типографии «Allprint» 630004, г. Новосибирск, Вокзальная магистраль, 3 16+