tech-2022_05(98)

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH RECORDS DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.98.5.13776 FUNDAMENTAL STRATEGY OF THE METHOD OF ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL OF AUTOMATION AND TELEMECHANICS DEVICES Baratov Dilshod Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of Tashkent state transport university, Uzbekistan, Tashkent Elmurod Astanaliev Master’s student of Tashkent state transport university, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ МЕТОДИКА УЧЕТА И КОНТРОЛЯ УСТРОЙСТВ АВТОМАТИКИ И ТЕЛЕМАХНИКИ Дилшод Баратов Хамидуллаевич профессор Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Элмурод Астаналиев Турсунали ўғли магистрант Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article considers the consequence of practical promotion of the computerized process of operation of railway automation and telemechanics devices: signaling, centralization and interlocking; the factors of the automated-executive section of the scheme are indicated; a theoretical form is designed, a modern innovative procedure is improved and the project properties of the automatic method are illustrated. The formation of an automated structure is examined and the method of running this system is explained. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассматриваются последствия внедрения в практику компьютеризированного процесса работы устройств железнодорожной автоматики и телемеханики: сигнализации, централизации и блокировки; указаны коэффициенты автоматизированно-исполнительного участка схемы; разработана теоретическая форма, усовер- шенствована современная инновационная процедура и проиллюстрированы проектные свойства автоматиче- ского метода. Рассмотрено формирование автоматизированной структуры и объяснен метод запуска этой си- стемы. Keywords: centralization and blocking devices, windows architecture, date of installation, scheme, program. Ключевые слова: устройства централизации и блокировки, архитектура windows, дата установки, схема, программа. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Baratov D., Astanaliev E.T. FUNDAMENTAL STRATEGY OF THE METHOD OF AC- COUNTING AND CONTROL OF AUTOMATION AND TELEMECHANICS DEVICES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13776

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. The conventional process to automatize the comput- economy will have to dramatically growth the pace of erized form operation of project documentation is that modernization of industrial means in the coming years. computer software improvement is gradually forced to- Meanwhile, newly improved and improved domestic ward the background, as equal delicate alterations in the and foreign system of electrical centralization, auto- strategy of transportation and workflow base the neces- matic blocking, dispatcher centralization on a micropro- sity to reprogram the implementation and pass extra in- cessor foundation should be introduced. Simultane- terval and currency. An outcome, there is no time to ren- ously, it is compulsory to switch to new modern service ovate requests positioned on proceeding situations and automations. The operation is to introduce the mainte- qualifications of railway transport. Actively developing nance of appliances as much as probable due to techno- formations connected to initiative automation demand logical development, to decrease the likelihood of a neg- numerous trained personnel due to high labor intensity. ative impact of the human factor on the procedure of es- In addition, many qualified specialists in the field of au- tablishing the trouble-free operation of scientific indica- tomation are not growing fast enough [1,2,3,4]. tions and, as a consequence, train safety is ensured [5,6,7]. At present, several technological means have reached the end of their service life or are approaching The window construction of the computerized it (in indication projects, this is about a quarter of those method contains of three stages: program window, sys- in production). On purpose prevent further aging of de- tem login and window types (fig. 1). vices, workers of the automation and transmissions Login form Main form Adding a new shop New data Adding a new instrument Adding a new section Editing fixture View data View data tables of properties Section editing fixtures, selected section or station QR code Print Scan Preview Figure 1. Windows architecture of the automated system method In an automated control system, the user is the most Let us consider in more detail the main window of the important process. It plays the role of an indication of system, which is shown in fig.2. This window is logically input, output, search and grouping of material in relation divided into 5 parts: 1) the main window of the program, to appliances. Custom windows should be simple, clear, 2) the main menu of the program, 3) the toolbar, and also ergonomic [8,9]. 4) the main field of the program, and finally 5) the device display field (DMS), divided into categories. 15

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. 2 1 3 5 4 Figure 2. Main window Adding a new workshop and station for the automa- Icon - shows the main appliances of a distinct element. tion and transmission interspace is provided by the cor- responding functions. You can call the list from the con- Icon - shows replacement devices (before the 30-day text menu of the design diagram. A list of information period expires). about all the devices located at the station can be viewed in separate sections. There are several processes of the Icon - shows overdue (expired equipment) devices. method. One of them is a window for viewing expired fixtures [10,11,12]. Replacing an expired appliance is transported in the “Replacing apparatus” window, which indicates Basic view of the system, replaceable fixtures is the section, place, type, number, name accordingly the identified using the following icons: project, observation date, expiration period of device, appointment of removal, remaining service life and the Icon - shows all appointments of a particular element. sign of the appliance (fig. 3). Figure 3. Instrument replacement window In the general communication section, when a specific from the print dialog section. In this window, you can device is selected from a particular element, the panel configure print settings, preview [13,14]. displays instruction concerning the appliance (pat- tern, serial number, manufacturer, name in accordance Automated systems are also being developed in the with the project, location, replacement season, period of field of railway automation, as a result of scientific re- establishment, time of removal of the appliance). search all manual labor will be converted into an auto- mated system. This not only increases work efficiency In this window, you can explore for appliances that but also allows for safe control of devices. All data of are gathered in the database system. For example, in or- the devices is stored in an automated system and their der to find a device, select the “Search” tab, the label of status is constantly monitored. The automated system dis- the project is written in the textbook field. After clicking plays the data of the devices in the case of categories and the “Detect” button, the window shows the search re- automatically exchanges them in the database when they sults. Instrument reporting information can be printed are replaced. 16

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. References: 1. Astanaliev Elmurod., Baratov Dilshod. Functional support of the automated accounting system and control of devices in railway automation and telemechanics. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. Volume 6, Issue 3, pp. 8572-8580. 2. Astanaliev Elmurod, Baratov Dilshod. Raster and vector formats of electronic document of technical documentation. UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ: электрон. научн. журн. 2021. 7(88), pp. 35-37. URL: https://7univer- sum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/788, ISSN: 2311-5122, DOI:10.32743/UniTech.2021.88.7-3. 3. Gattullo M. et al. Towards Next Generation Technical Documentation in Augmented Reality Using a Context-Aware Information Manager //Applied Sciences. – 2020. – Т. 10. – №. 3. – С. 780. 4. Caponi A. et al. Exploiting patterns and templates for technical documentation //Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Document Engineering 2018. – 2018. – Pp. 1-9. 5. Astanaliev Elmurod., Baratov Dilshod. Minimization of the automatic machine structure process of accounting and control of railway automation and telemechanics devices. E3S Web Conf. XXII International Scientific Conference “Energy Management of Municipal Facilities and Sustainable Energy Technologies”. E3S Web of Conferences 244, 08024(2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124408024. 6. Astanaliev Elmurod. Formalization of electronic technical document management of railway automatics and telemechan- ics. International Journal of Engineering and Information systems (IJEAIS). Volume 4, issue 12. ISSN: 2643-640x, pp. 75-77, 2020 7. Zakoldaev D.A. et al. Computer-aided design of technical documentation on the digital product models of Industry 4.0 //IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. – IOP Publishing, 2019. – Т. 483. – №. 1. – Pp. 012069. 8. Astanaliev Elmurod. The formalization of the electronic document in railway automatics and telemechanics on the basis of simulation modeling. European Scholar Journal (ESJ). ISSN: 2660-5562. Volume 2. Issue 3, pp. 117-120, 2021. http://scholarzest.com/index.php/esj. 9. Barone S. et al. Automatic technical documentation of lithic artefacts by digital techniques //Digital Applications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage – 2018. – Т. 11. – p, e00087. 10. Astanaliev Elmurod. Software for electronic document management system of technical documentation on railway automation and telemechanics. A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal. ISSN: 2581-4230. Volume 7, issue 1, pp. 204-209, 2021. 11. Remme R., De Nijs T., Paulin M. Natural Capital Model: Technical documentation of the quantification, mapping and monetary valuation of urban ecosystem services. – 2018. 12. Astanaliev Elmurod., Baratov Dilshod. Functional features of the technical documentation control program. Interna- tional Journal on Orange Technologies (IJOT). Volume 3, issue 1, pp. 7-11. ISSN: 2615-7071. doi.org/10.31149/ijot.v3i1.1116. 13. Oevermann J. Semantic PDF Segmentation for Legacy Documents in Technical Documentation //Procedia Computer Science. – 2018. – Т. 137. – pp. 55-65. 14. Aguiar A. et al. The WTO Global Trade Model: Technical documentation. – WTO Staff Working Paper, 2019. – №. ERSD-2019-10. 17

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. COMPUTER SCIENCE, COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT AUTOMATION OF HIGH SPEED COMPUTER NETWORK CONTROL Olimjon Toirov Professor, DSc Head of the Department of Electrical Machines Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Dmitriy Bystrov PhD, assistant professor Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Ixtiyar Ismailov Master student Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Murodali Akberdiev Master student Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Avazmamat Xuramov Master student Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent АВТОМАТИЗАЦИЯ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ВЫСОКОСКОРОСТНОЙ КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЙ СЕТЬЮ Тоиров Олимжон Зувурович д-р физ.-мат. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой электрических машин, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Быстров Дмитрий Викторович канд. мед. наук, доцент, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Исмаилов Ихтияр Давлетмуратович магистрант, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Акбердиев Муродали Абдазимов магистрант, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент, г. Ахангаран __________________________ Библиографическое описание: AUTOMATION OF HIGH SPEED COMPUTER NETWORK CONTROL // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. Toirov O.Z. [и др.]. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13807

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Хурамов Авазмамат Эшполат угли магистрант, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT It is known, that questions of management of the traffic in high-speed computer networks are solved on MAC - a sublevel of model of interaction of local area networks which reports, as a rule, are realized by means of program automatic devices. Thus existing reports, responding a principle of construction of the open systems, suppose the certain opportunities of updating. The same opportunities are incorporated to the structures of formats of the frame of data and the operating frame. All this allows in the certain limits, without essential change of the standard to modify separate reports. Using this feature of the organization of reports, below is offered one of the mechanisms increasing of efficiency reports FDDI. АННОТАЦИЯ Как известно, вопросы управления трафиком в высокоскоростных вычислительных сетях решаются на МАС - подуровне модели взаимодействия локальных сетей, протоколы которого, как правило, реализуются с помощью программных автоматов. При этом существующие отчеты, отвечающие принципу построения открытых систем, допускают определенные возможности модификации. Те же возможности заложены в структуры форматов фрейма данных и операционного фрейма. Все это позволяет в определенных пределах, без существенного изме- нения стандарта модифицировать отдельные отчеты. Используя эту особенность организации отчетов, ниже предлагается один из механизмов повышения эффективности отчетов FDDI. Keywords: method of access, the frame, a format of the frame, a marker. Ключевые слова: способ доступа, кадр, формат кадра, маркер. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction which formats with the instruction of fields are resulted Transfer of the information to networks FDDI be- in figure 1. tween logic objects of a MAC-sublevel of various sta- tions it should be carried out in the form of the frame PMB NO UK AP АО INFO KPK КО SK а) PMB NO UK КО b) Figure 1. a) Format of the frame of FDDI data b) Format of the frame of a marker PMB - the preamble in the frame serves for an es- The field NO is an initial field of any frame (data tablishment of original synchronization of the receiver and a marker) and has two symbolical structure (IK). and should consist, at least, of 16 symbols Ш (idling). In a status of relaying of station can dynamically change Field UК defines type of the frame, length of fields length of a preamble according to concrete requirements AO and AP, and also operating functions of the frame, of synchronization. Each station should accept normally which format is represented on figure.2, and coding of the frame with a preamble from 12 and more symbols I. [1] field UK for various types of the frame of data and marker is resulted in table 1. CLFFZZZZ Figure 2. Format of field UK, where: C - bats of a class of the frame; L - bats of length of the address; FF - bats of a format; ZZZZ - bats of management Table1. CL Bats of field UK Type of the frame 0X FFZZZZ 10 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fictitious the frame 0X 0X 0 0 0 0 0 0 The general marker 1X 1X 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dialogue the frame 0 0 X X X X Frame of the dispatcher of station 0 0 1 1 1 1 The address of following station (АСС) 0 0 X X X X Frames UDS (MAC) 0 0 0 0 1 0 Malfunction (NS) 19

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. 1X0 0 0 0 1 1 The application of a marker (ZMK) XX 0 1 PXХ Х Frames ULZ 0 X 0 1 PПП П Frame ULZ for asynchronous transfer 1X0 1PРР Р Frames ULZ for synchronous transfer XX 1 0 PХХ Х It is registered for the developer XX 1 1 P Р Р Р It is reserved for the future standardization Field АP, AO are coded similarly to fields of frame The field CSS - control sequence of the frame serves UDS in local computer networks SHSD and KMD, and for detection of errors of transfer of the frame and super- also can be either short, or long. vises fields: UK, AP, AO, INFO also is calculated on the basis of a standard forming polynomial of 32-nd station. 2. HIGH SPEED TRAFIC CONTROL The field KO - the final terminator consists of two The field information (INFO) has parallel length symbols ТТ, in the frame of data - from one symbol T. which is limited by the maximal common length of the frame of 900 symbols, including four symbols of a pre- Field СК - a status of the frame consists of three and amble. The order of transfer of a field INFO is defined by more symbols R or S, and can come to an end T. The format logic objects UDS or ULZ, or the dispatcher of stations, of field СК is shown on figure.3. Three first symbolical and should not change during the transfer. positions Е, A and C fields СК are obligatory for each frame of data. [2] Figure 3. Format of field СК: E-bats « the error » is found out; A-bats « address is authenticated »; С-bats « frame is copied »; R-a symbol « a logic zero »; S-a symbol « logic unit » The station which is giving out in a ring the frame object of a MAC-sublevel and through it with dispatch- of data, installs symbol R in these positions. The station ers of other user's systems operates job of all network which has found out a mistake in the frame of data, iden- and in some limits adjusts character of loading and the tified АF as own address or copied the frame, establishes traffic in a network. With this purpose it is expanded, in in positions E, A and C symbol S. comparison with standard ISO 8802-5, a set of services and primitives, sold by them (table 2.)[3] Essential additional services are services and primi- tives, allowing on the basis of the certain temporary par- Primitives service as render a LLC-sublevel, and the ities to operate priority transfers. dispatcher of user's system. In the first case they partic- ipate in management of the logic channel, in the second Thus the important role is played by the dispatcher- - allow to ajust (reconfigure) management of access to subscriber of such system who cooperating with logic passing environment. Table2. Set of services and primitives, sold by them UDS_DATA confirmation This primitived stands out in ULZ in reply to primitive UDS_DATA inquiry, informing ULZ result of transfer of the frame UDS_NUMBER It is used for capture of a marker (reception of the rights of transfer) inquiry by logic object UDS to reduce a delay at subsequent data trans- mission ULZ DISP_UDS_INITIALIZA-TION_PROTOCOL in- Primitive has the local importance and is overloaded with quiry the dispatcher for change of parameters of report UDS during re- configuration a LAN. DISP_UDS_INTIALIZA-TION_PROTOCOL The dispatcher of station is informed that the inquiry confirmation « initialization of the report » is executed DISP_UDS_MANAGEMENT Primitive has the local importance and it is used by the dispatcher inquiry for management of work UDS DISP_UDS_CONDITION It is used to inform the dispatcher on mistakes or changes of a indication condition of logic object UDS. 20

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. The set of parameters of primitives are expanded in management of the dataflow in a network [2].The block appropriate way. So, for example, primitive UDS_DATA diagram of algorithm management of the dataflow is the inquiry contains following parameters: Value_UK(1); shown on figure.4 [5] Value_AP(1); SBD(1); Class service(1); Divider(1);…; Value_UK(I); Value_AP(I); SBD(I); Class service(I); At the certain divergence of the established size TTRT Divider(I); Class marker. .[4] As it is specified above, from user's system desirable the dispatcher initiates a the opportunity of updating is incorporated and in structure mode of adjustment of a network. With this purpose he of a field of management the frame in which for this pro- makes active procedure of adjustment of a ring, forming cedure reserves bats for developers and the future stand- inquiry about initialization of the report with the instruction ardization. of desirable parameters of management. In a network the mode of normal work and a mode Having entered logic object MAC - a sublevel the of restoration of work of a ring are stipulated, by means given inquiry by means of transmitter MAC - a sublevel of the last actually and adjustment of parameters of func- according to the report of restoration of a ring is passed tioning of network FDDI is carried out. following user's system [6]. The inquiry about initialization of the report, having acted on corresponding user's system The analysis of process of restoration of work of a ring is processed by receiver MAC - a sublevel. Then repeats to show, that with some additions and changes in work standard procedure of restoration the work of a ring. of the dispatcher of user's system it is possible to organize А inquity TRT Cal. =TTRT-TRT Timer=t No Cal cp Б cpTHT Yes No No Б cpTTRT/2 Yes Computing TTRT Transfer TTRT to all stations Initialization of a ring В Fig.4. The block diagram of algorithm of management of the dataflow 21

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. НАBЧEАGЛINО No End of procedure of B2 1 the application of a marker Yes End of procedure of Yes the application of a marker Reset Timer No Transfer of a marker No End of procedure of Data transmission the application of a А marker Б Yes 1 Data transmission Procedures of check of integrity of a ring КОEНNЕDЦ 2 Fig.4. The block diagram of algorithm of management of the dataflow 3. CONCLUSION connected with rivalry of user's systems, for an estab- lishment of time TTRT. To increase efficiency of a Thus, the mode of reorganization of a ring depending mode of restoration the work of a ring it is possible due on its status and intensity of streams can be realized. to formation on the basis of the reserved fields of man- Considering a standard mode of restoration of work of a agement of the frame. ring it is possible to read some delay of initialization References: 1. P. Cramton, R.R. Geddes, and A. Ockenfels, “Set road charges in real time to ease traffic,” Nature,vol. 560, no. 7716, p. 23, Aug. 2020. 2. Y. Wang, W.Y. Szeto, K. Han, and T.L. Friesz, “Dynamic traffic assignment: A review of the methodological advances for environmentally sustainable road transportation applications,”Transp. Res. Part B Methodol., vol. 25, pp. 1–25, 2018. 3. K. Saw, B.K. Katti, and G. Joshi, “Literature Review of Traffic Assignment: Static and Dynamic,”Int. J. Transp. Eng., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 339–347, Apr. 2015. 4. Q. Long, J.-F. Zhang, and Z.-M. Zhou, “Multi-objective traffic signal control model for trafficmanagement,” Transp. Lett., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 196–200, Apr. 2015. 5. M. Welzl, Network Congestion Control: Managing Internet Traffic. John Wiley& Sons Ltd., 2005. 6. Lim K.S., Deng R.H., Ranai K. Exact and approximate models obtain average throughput of the FDDI MAC protocol. - Part 1: Symmetric systems, computer communications volume number 2, February 1994. 22

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.98.5.13744 DEVELOPMENT OF A WIRELESS WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES Azamat Yusupov Head of the Department of Automation of machine building production, Andijan Machine Building Institute Uzbekistan, Andijan E-mail: [email protected] Fayzulloh Salohiddinov Master of Automation of machine building production Andijan Machine Building Institute Uzbekistan, Andijan E-mail: [email protected] РАЗРАБОТКА БЕСПРОВОДНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ МОНИТОРИНГА КАЧЕСТВА ВОДЫ ДЛЯ ВОДООЧИСТНЫХ СООРУЖЕНИЙ Юсупов Азамат Алиджонович заведующий кафедрой автоматизации машиностроительного производства, Андижанский машиностроительный институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Андижан Салохиддинов Файзуллох Фазлиддин угли магистр по автоматизации машиностроительного производства, Андижанский машиностроительный институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Андижан ABSTRACT In this article, a system for monitoring water quality parameters based on a network of wireless sensors has been developed to improve the accuracy of measuring water quality in real time. The results show that the required parameters of the measurement accuracy is respectively, the measurement error of temperature, pH and DO, and the Maximum error of the dissolved oxygen value is 1,9%, 2,6% and 3,1%. The whole system works stable and reliable. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье разработана система мониторинга параметров качества воды на основе сети беспроводных датчиков для повышения точности измерения качества воды в режиме реального времени. Результаты показывают, что требуемыми параметрами точности измерения являются соответственно погрешность измерения температуры, рН и растворенного кислорода, а максимальная погрешность значения растворенного кислорода составляет 1,9%, 2,6% и 3,1%. Вся система работает стабильно и надежно. Keywords: water quality monitoring, distributed wireless network, digital filtering algorithm, particle optimization algorithm; PID controller. Ключевые слова: мониторинг качества воды, распределенная беспроводная сеть, алгоритм цифровой филь- трации, алгоритм оптимизации частиц; ПИД-регулятор. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Water resources are important and the established regulatory standards and the water after the basis for the development of the national economy treatment can be used in reservoirs [1-4]. and are associated with the security and standard of liv- Software Development. Transmission Control ing of people. With the development of the economy of Center Base Station Programming The base station of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the improvement of peo- the transmission control center is responsible for send- ple's living standards, wastewater discharge is increas- ing data from the data collection terminal to the remote ing day by day, and the wastewater treatment industry is monitoring system and adjusting the water temperature, facing huge challenges. The process of wastewater treat- DO and pH according to the instructions sent by the re- ment is that the water after a certain treatment must meet mote monitoring system. After turning on the central __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Yusupov A.A., Salohiddinov F.F. DEVELOPMENT OF A WIRELESS WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13744

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. base station, each hardware port is initialized, and then Wireless network settings for data transfer. To the remote monitoring system is connected first [5]. ensure the efficiency and reliability of data transmission, Connection communication between the base station it is necessary to establish a data transmission and recep- center and the remote monitoring system can only be in- tion network between the data collection terminal and itiated by the base station of the transmission control the transmission control center, so that the base station center, and its connection process is as follows: the user of the transmission control center and the remote moni- enters the unique identification code of the base station toring terminal can determine which collection terminal of the transmission control center into the remote moni- to send data to, and determine the exact search for faulty toring system, waits for the central base station to send equipment in maintenance time. In order to achieve this its own unique identification code, and matches them, function, by pre-programming the rules for each wire- and the connection is established correctly, otherwise less transceiver module, a tag address is assigned, each the connection fails; After connecting to the remote time data is transmitted once to the tag address, the base monitoring system, the central base station starts trans- station of the transmission control center and the remote mitting data. In order to ensure the security of the sys- monitoring system through the docking of the received tem, the system is monitored [6-8]. data decoding, sender sensor address can be identified. For this purpose, National Instruments (NI) LabVIEW graphical programming is used. Using a graphical inter- face, users can query current and historical data through the monitoring system and set target standard water quality parameters. Figure 1. Block diagram of the base station software of the transmission control center 24

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Figure 2. Block diagram of the base station software of the the block diagram of the communication connection The remote online monitoring system consists Measurement of water quality parameters. To of a human computer interface (UI), a communication check the accuracy of measuring the water quality pa- module and a database (DB). The function of the user rameters of the designed system, the corresponding pa- interface is to provide users with a human-computer in- rameters of the same water body are measured simulta- terface, the communication module is responsible for neously by a standard device and the designed system, sending and receiving data, and the database is used to and two measurement results are compared. store the collected archive parameters. To save monitoring The table of test results shows: actual temperature 23.5°C, data for the system, you need to create a database [9-11]. measured value 23.8°C; Actual pH 7.2, Measured value NI provides LabVIEW with specific tools for connecting 7.2. Measured at 8.3 mg/L actual dissolved oxygen. to a database: connecting to a database; which is imple- The maximum measurement errors for temperature, pH, mented with this toolkit; connection between LabVIEW and dissolved oxygen are 2.1%, 1.3%, and 3.6%, respec- and the database. Install temperature tables, pH tables, and tively. dissolved oxygen tables in the database to store relevant data. To test the feasibility of the control method and the control accuracy of the system, 3 tests were carried out for temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen concentration. The test results for adjusting water quality parameters are shown in table 1. 25

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Control Options № Measuring Results Actual correction value Table 1. parameters Standard instrument before tuning Parameters measurement) / % Adjustment according of adjustment error time 24 to the standard 1. 27 20,38 1,9 0,73 2. 26,5 20 1,03 Temperature, °C 3. 5,4 20 20,36 1,8 0,98 pH, (increase) 1. 5,8 20 0,36 pH, (decrease) 2. 5,9 7,4 20,30 1,5 0,30 DO, (mg/l) 3. 9,4 7,4 0,28 1. 9,2 7,4 7,56 2,2 0,37 2. 9,7 7,7 0,47 3. 4,4 7,4 7,59 2,6 0,55 1. 5,2 7,4 1,8 2. 6,7 7,9 7,56 2,1 2,8 3. 7,9 3,3 7,9 7,88 2,4 7,57 2,3 7,57 2,3 14 3,1 8,13 2,9 8,12 2,8 Analysis of results. Thanks to a comparative analysis pH and dissolved oxygen, and the maximum error of its of the measurement results of a standard instrument and adjustment is 1.9%, 2.6% and 3.1%, respectively. Ad- the measurement results of the designed system, it can justing the speed and accuracy can meet the needs of the be seen that the error between them is very small, and wastewater treatment plant. The water quality results the measurement accuracy meets all standards. After show that the system can adjust and control various wa- setting the WAN data transmission stability, the data ter quality parameters, the adjustment speed is faster and collection terminal worked continuously for 72 hours, more accurate than the manual adjustment method, the and the data transmission was stable. Analysis of the ad- stability, accuracy and speed of the control system is bet- justment results can achieve the adjustment of temperature, ter than the traditional manual adjustment method. References: 1. СанПиН РУз № 0318-15. Гигиенические и противоэпидемические требования к охране воды водоёмов на территории Республики Узбекистан (O´zDSt 951-2011). 2. D.N. Muxiddinov, N.A. Yunusova, I.A. Daynovov. New methods for obtaining quality drinking water in a water treatment plant. // сhemical technology. Control and management. International scientific and technical journal 2020, №3(93) page. 10-14. 3. D.A. Muhammadieva, D.A. Hadjibaev, F.I. Erkabaev. Improving the electrochemical method of wastewater treatment. // Chemical technology. Control and management. International scientific and technical journal 2020, №3(93) page. 14-19. 4. M.I. Makhmudov, Z.E. Kuziyev, S.S. Nurov, S.S. Sidikov. Optimal ratio of primary and secondary clarifier characteristics in wastewater treatment plants.//Chemical technology. Control and management. International scientific and technical journal 2020, №4(94) page. 5-9. 5. Илюшина В.В. Современные методы очистки сточных вод // Современная техника и технологии. №2. 2017/02/12446. 6. Н.Л. Лопаева. Современные технологии очистки сточных вод. // Аграрное образование и наука. 2021. № 3. С. 6. 7. Денисов Сергей Егорович автоматизация и управление процессом биологической очистки сточных вод // Cyberleninka (cyberleninka.ru) 8. Цариковский А.И. вопросы автоматизации для процессов очистки технологических сточных вод // Современные наукоемкие технологии.2007. №6.С.49-50. 9. Е. Моисеева Проблемы очистки сточных вод // Cyberleninka (cyberleninka.ru) 10. А.Р. Азина, Э.Р. Бариева, Е.В. Серазеева. Усовершенствование технологии очистки сточных вод. // Вестник магистратуры. 2016. № 12-2(63). 11. Н.Р. Юсупбеков, А.А. Юсупов. Повышение точности измерения объема жидких продуктов в наклонных горизонтальных цилиндрических резервуарах. Universum: технические науки. 2021. 5(86). 39-43 ст. 26

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. ORGANIZATION OF LABORATORY WORK ON «NUMERICAL METHODS IN THERMAL PHYSICS» IN THE CONTEXT OF ONLINE EDUCATION Irina Berezovskaya Art. Lecturer at the Department of Thermal Physics and Technical Physics, Ph.D., KazNU them. al-Farabi, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty Maya Ryspaeva Art. Lecturer at the Department of Thermal Physics and Technical Physics, Ph.D., KazNU them. al-Farabi, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty Aruzhan Zhabaeva student of the department \"Thermal physics and technical physics\", KazNU them. al-Farabi, Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ЛАБОРАТОРНОЙ РАБОТЫ ПО ТЕМЕ «ЧИСЛЕННЫЕ МЕТОДЫ В ТЕПЛОФИЗИКЕ» В РАМКАХ ОНЛАЙН-ОБУЧЕНИЯ Березовская Ирина Эдуардовна ст. преподаватель кафедры «Теплофизики и технической физики», Ph.D., Казахский национальный университет им. аль-Фараби, Республика Казахстан, г. Алматы. E-mail: [email protected] Рыспаева Майя Жумабековна старший преподаватель кафедры «Теплофизики и технической физики», Ph.D., КазНУ им. аль-Фараби, Республика Казахстан, г. Алматы Жабаева Аружан Бериковна студент кафедры «Теплофизики и технической физики», КазНУ им. аль-Фараби, Республика Казахстан, г. Алматы E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT This study is devoted to the topical issue of efficient combustion of liquid fuels and the organization of laboratory work on the topic \"Numerical Methods of Thermal Physics\" as part of online training. The effect of Weber numbers on the processes of atomization and combustion of tetradecane was studied using the KIVA software package. The obtained results can be used to reduce costs in the development of fuels with certain characteristics that solve problems in the design of various technical devices, such as internal combustion engines, increase the efficiency of fuel combustion and reduce emissions. АННОТАЦИЯ Данное исследование посвящено актуальному вопросу эффективного сжигания жидких топлив и организации лабораторных работ по теме «Численные методы теплофизики» в рамках онлайн-обучения. Влияние чисел Вебера на процессы распыления и горения тетрадекана исследовали с помощью пакета программ КИВА. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы для снижения затрат при разработке топлив с определенными характери- стиками, решающих задачи при конструировании различных технических устройств, например двигателей внут- реннего сгорания, повышения полноты сгорания топлива и снижения выбросов. Keywords: numerical methods, computer simulation, KIVA-II, liquid fuel combustion, tetradecane, Weber number. Ключевые слова: численные методы, компьютерное моделирование, KIVA -II, горение жидких топлив, тет- радекан, число Вебера. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Berezovskaya I., Ryspaeva M., Zhabaeva A.B. ORGANIZATION OF LABORATORY WORK ON «NUMERICAL METHODS IN THERMAL PHYSICS» IN THE CONTEXT OF ONLINE EDUCATION // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13749

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Introduction combustion in the combustion chamber was studied. Weber's numbers ranged from 4 to 8, through 0.5. To date, KIVA-II is one of the computer programs that make it possible to study the flow of atomized liquid At a temperature of 300 K, liquid fuel is injected by numerical calculations, taking into account a number into the combustion chamber through a round nozzle lo- of phenomena that affect the combustion process in the cated in the middle of the lower part of the chamber. The combustion chamber [1, p. 265]. combustion chamber is a cylinder of 15 cm high and 2 cm in radius, filled with air at a temperature of 900 K In addition to fossil fuels, energy sources include and with the pressure of 32 bar. solar power, hydropower, wind power, and nuclear power. Energy produced on a large scale around the The chemical kinetics of the combustion process of world is obtained by burning fossil fuels. tetradecane is given below. Prolonged and intensive use of such limited re- 2C14H30 + 43CO2 → 28CO2 + 30H2O . sources results in: 1) the gradual depletion of these re- sources; 2) an increase in the concentration of harmful Tetradecane is an organic compound of the alkane substances in the atmosphere. Therefore, in our time it class. Tetradecane is found in petroleum products and is is necessary to look for ways to optimize the use of re- one of the components of diesel fuel. Under normal con- sources [2, p. 25]. ditions, the substance is a colorless, flammable liquid, insoluble in water, but soluble in non-polar solvents. The use of virtual laboratories solves many prob- lems in teaching students when it is difficult to obtain Research results the necessary equipment for research and when it is im- possible to work offline [3, p. 29]. Experiments on the study of the processes of injec- tion and combustion of liquid fuels at various values of The numerical simulation method also takes into ac- the Weber number correspond to the following results. count other phenomena, such as molecular transitions, non-small chain chemical reactions, radiation, and heat In Figure 1, tetradecane droplet sizes range from transfer. 1.02 to 7.65 µm. In this picture, one can see that the droplets are mainly collected at the bottom of the com- In this work, computational experiments on the bustion chamber. combustion of tetradecane were carried out and the in- fluence of high Weber numbers on its atomization and Figure 1. Radial distribution of tetradecane droplets at time t = 1.5· 10-4 s. at We = 4.5 28

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Figure 2. Radial distribution of tetradecane droplets at time t = 1.5· 10-4 s. at We = 6 If the Weber number value is 6, the liquid fuel at- temperature, as shown below. The combustion process omization is more efficient than the value shown in Fig- takes place in the combustion chamber, the radii of fuel ure 1, resulting in a higher and more intense combustion droplets range from 0.645 to 7.095 microns. Figure 3. Radial distribution of tetradecane droplets at time t = 1.5· 10-4 s. at We = 8 r (мкм) 10 9,68 9,5 6 6,64 9 8 8,5 8 7,5 7,65 7 6,5 4,5 We Figure 4. Dependence of the radius on the Weber number 29

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Analysis of fig. 3 shows that the tetradecane droplet As a result, as the Weber number increases, the in- size ranges from 0.442 to 6.2 µm. For Weber numbers ertial forces acting on the drops increase and deform the from 4 to 8, the drop sizes decrease. It can be seen in drops, leading to their destruction. Figure 4. Figure 5. Tetradecane fuel concentration distribution at time s. for We = 4.5 The fuel concentration is shown in fig.5. At the cur- burns more efficiently than at higher values of the We- rent value of the Weber number, the injection is less in- ber number. The fuel concentration ranges from 0.05 to tensive, and as shown in the following figures, the fuel 0.7 g/g. Figure 6. Tetradecane concentration distribution in fuel at time s. for We = 6 The combustion zone in Figure 6 increases, which The fastest combustion in the range of 0.03-0.06 g/g indicates the intensity of the combustion process. Fuel and the corresponding minimum fuel concentration are concentration values vary from 0.05 to 0.06 g/g. This in- shown in Figure 7. dicates that the fuel is burning faster than in the previous Figure 5. 30

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Figure 7. Time distribution of tetradecane concentration in fuel at time s. for We = 8 отын концентрациясы 0,116 0,1106 (г/г) 0,111 0,106 0,0991 0,101 0,0912 0,096 4,5 6 0,091 8 We Figure 8. Weber dependence on fuel concentration Fig. 9 shows the temperature distribution during of the combustion chamber and occurs at intense and combustion of tetradecane. Temperature values range high temperatures, reaching a maximum value of 1418 K. from 756 K to 1418 K. Combustion covers a large part Figure 9. Tetradecane temperature distribution at time s. for We = 4.5 (T, K) 31

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Figure 10. Tetradecane temperature distribution at time s. for We = 6 (T, K) Fig. 10 shows the temperature distribution during intense and occurs at high temperatures. The maximum combustion of tetradecane. The temperature varies from temperature range in this figure 10 is larger than in fig- 751 K to 1408 K. Most of the space of combustion ure 9 because of increased Weber number to 7 and im- chamber is involved in combustion. Combustion is also provements of the combustion characteristics. Figure 11. Tetradecane temperature distribution at time s. for We = 8 (T, K) Fig. 11 shows the temperature distribution during combustion of tetradecane. The temperature value varies from 758 K to 1421 K. 1425 1421,41 1420 1415 1418,41 T (K) 1410 1408,84 1405 6 4,5 We 8 Figure 12. Temperature dependence of the Weber number 32

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. The maximum temperature range in figure 11 is the characteristics of the combustion process with an in- largest compared to figures 9-10, moreover, it can be crease in the Weber number. seen in figure 12. This is due to the improvement in the Figure 13. Water vapor concentration at time s. for We = 4.5 Analyzing Figure 13, one can see that the concen- tration of water vapor takes values from 0.0013 to 0.019 g/g. Figure 14. Water vapor concentration at time s. for We = 6 Figure 14 shows that the concentration of water va- por takes values from 0.0012 to 0.0194 g/g. 33

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Figure 15. Water vapor concentration at time s. for We = 8 Analyzing Figure 15, one can conclude that with an Water vapor concentrations range from 0.0014 to increase in the Weber number, the areas of maximum 0.021 g/g. Figure 16 clearly shows that these values are concentration of water vapor decrease, since the amount the maximum values. of water, which is the product of the reaction, decreases with a more efficient combustion process. су буы коцентрациясы 0,0215 0,0199 0,0194 0,021 (г/г) 0,021 4,5 8 0,0205 6 0,02 We 0,0195 0,019 Figure 16. Dependence of Weber number on water concentration Conclusion. As a result of studying and analyzing the combustion chamber heats up to a maximum value the results of computational experiments, one can draw of 1422 K, and a small amount of water is formed. With the following conclusions: an increase in the Weber number above 8, no significant changes are observed. An increase in the value of the Weber number from 1 to 8 leads to: an improvement in the atomization of The results obtained in this work can be used to re- liquid fuel, a rise in the spread of drops in the space of duce the cost of developing fuels with certain character- the combustion chamber, an increase in the area occu- istics that solve the problems of designing various tech- pied by a temperature flame and temperature in the com- nical devices, such as internal combustion engines, in- bustion chamber also rises. creasing the efficiency of fuel combustion and reducing emissions. At the optimal value We = 8, the fuel burns com- pletely, while droplets reach a minimum size of 6.6 μm, References: 1. Витман Л.А., Кацнельсон Б.Д., Палеев И.И. Распыливание жидкости форсунками // пед ред. С.С. Кутателадзе. - М.: Государственное энергетическое издательство. −1962. − 265 c. 2. Злобин В. Г, Зверев Л.О. Повышение эффективности котельных установок на жидком топливе // Известия высших учебных заведений. Проблемы энергетики. −2020. −Т. 22., −№ 4. − 25 с. 3. Рахматов В.З. Виртуальные лаборатории в системе обучения студентов // Сборник научных трудов ДО- НИЖТ 2018. − №51. − 29 с. 34

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MACHINE SCIENCE ISSUES OF INFLUENCE OF THE CONTENT OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS IN WIRE ON THE PROPERTIES OF WELDED JOINTS Khudаykulov Nurulla Senior Lecturer, Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Payazov Mirgiyas Assistant, Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ВОПРОСЫ ВЛИЯНИЯ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ СЕРЫ И ФОСФОРА В ПРОВОЛОКЕ НА СВОЙСТВА СВАРНЫХ ШВОВ Худайкулов Нурулла ст. преподаватель, Ташкентский Государственный Технический Университет имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Паязов Миргияс ассистент, Ташкентский Государственный Технический Университет имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT In the article, the influence of the concentration of sulfur and phosphorus in the wire Св-08Г2С on the properties of welds welded in carbon dioxide is studied. Welding in a carbon dioxide environment is usually performed with Св-08Г2С wire. The standard limits the content of harmful impurities in it. The modern technical level of metallurgy makes it pos- sible to produce this wire with less sulfur and phosphorus. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье исследовано влияние концентрации серы и фосфора в проволоке Св-08Г2С на свойства швов, сваренных в углекислом газе. Сварка в среде углекислого газа, как правило выполняется проволокой Св-08Г2С. Стандарт ограничивает содержание вредных примесей в ней. Современный технический уровень отечественной металлургии позволяет выпускать эту проволоку с меньшим количеством серы и фосфора. Keywords: carbon dioxide, harmful impurities, seam durability, crystallization crack, phosphorus and sulfur content, manganese content. Ключевые слова: углекислый газ, вредные примеси, стойкость швов, кристаллизационная трещина, содержание фосфора и серы, содержание марганца. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Welding in carbon dioxide, as a rule, is performed phorus. In order to clarify the feasibility of such an in- with Св-08Г2С wire. ГОСТ 2246-60 limits the content crease in the purity of this material, in this work, the in- of harmful impurities in it to 0.03% S and 0.03% P. The fluence of the concentration of sulfur and phosphorus in modern technical level of domestic metallurgy makes it the Св-08Г2С wire on the properties of welds welded in possible to produce this wire with less sulfur and phos- carbon dioxide was studied. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Khudаykulov N., Payazov M. ISSUES OF INFLUENCE OF THE CONTENT OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS IN WIRE ON THE PROPERTIES OF WELDED JOINTS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13659

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Research methodology. The influence of sulfur Ст 3 δ =20 mm were butt welded with a V-shaped and phosphorus on the properties of the welds was stud- groove at an angle of 600. Welding was carried out on ied during automatic welding in carbon dioxide of steel an automatic machine in four or five passes until the Ст 3 using experimental wires of the Св-08Г2С type groove was filled. From the middle layers of the weld with different sulfur and phosphorus contents, manufac- metal, discontinuous specimens of type II and impact tured at the PWI. E.O. Paton. specimens of type IV (ГОСТ 6996-66) were cut out. The notch on the impact specimens was applied along To obtain wires with a low concentration of phos- the critical section from the side of the upper rollers. phorus, carbonyl iron was used in the smelting of ingots of steel Св-08Г2С. The amount of sulfur was reduced by Research results. The chemical composition of the electroslagmelting of ingots of this steel under AНФ – experimental wires and the results of testing the weld metal 7 flux. The content of sulfur and phosphorus was in- made with these wires for resistance to crystallization creased by introducing iron sulfide and Ferrophosphorus cracks are given in Table 1.For comparison, the compo- into the mixture of experimental melts. Seven batches of sition and test results of Св-08Г2С wire of industrial experimental wires with 0.007÷0.035% S and production (wire №.8) are also indicated there. 0.011÷0.037% P. At the same time, commercially man- ufactured Св-08Г2С wire was tested. The wires were Figure 1 shows the dependence of the resistance of tested when welding steel Ст 3 δ = 20 mm of the follow- the weld metal against crystallization cracks on the sulfur ing composition: 0.17% C, 0.44% Mn, 0.16% Si, 0.18% content in it. This dependence was obtained for welds P and 0.033% S. with 0.12-0.14% C, 0.30-0.40% Si and 0.90-1.10% Mn. It indicates a significant influence of the sulfur concen- The weld metal was subjected to chemical analysis, tration in the joints on their resistance to crystallization studies on resistance to crystallization cracks and me- cracks. So, with a decrease in the amount of sulfur in the chanical tests. Welding was carried out with wires with wire from 0.034 to 0.007%, the resistance of welds a diameter of 2 mm at direct current of reverse polarity against crystallization cracks more than doubles. in the mode: Iсв=400÷420 A, U=33÷35 V, Vсв=20 m/h, Qco2=1200 m3/h. Figure 1. Dependence of the resistance of the weld metal against crystallization cracks The resistance of welds against crystallization cracks was determined by a method based on the static on the sulfur content in it bending of butt specimens during welding [1]. Butt specimens were made from plates 160x120x20 mm in size with a beveled edge at an angle of 300 and a blunt- ness of 4 mm. Samples were collected without a gap us- ing tacks, welding was performed on a copper lin- ing.The maximum strain rate of the sample vкр at which cracks have not yet appeared was taken as the criterion for the resistance of welds to hot cracks. The presence of cracks was visually detected by the fracture of the seam. The effect of the phosphorus concentration in the wire on the mechanical properties of the weld metal was determined from the results of tests of tensile and impact specimens. For this purpose, plates made of steel Chemical composition of experimental wires Table 1. № wire Content, % ������кр, mm/min 1 С Мп Si Р S 2,93 2 0,10 0,034 3,62 3 0,12 1,79 0,92 0,037 0,025 4,00 4 0,12 0,023 4,53 5 0,08 1,86 0,89 0,035 0,022 4,53 6 0,12 0,021 4,83 7 0,11 2,13 1,00 0,022 0,008 5,91 8 0,11 0,007 4,00 0,09 1,93 1,00 0,011 0,019 2,00 1,20 0,018 1,95 1,20 0,022 2,11 0,92 0,012 1,72 0,88 0,021 36

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. The seams were welded on steel with a high sulfur carbon content in the metal. With a larger amount of content at (0.032%) in a mode that provides an increased carbon, a decrease in the sulfur concentration or an in- proportion of the base metal in the weld metal. Obvi- crease in the manganese content in the metal no longer ously, the effect of the sulfur concentration in the wire gives a positive effect [2]. on the resistance of the welds against solidification cracks can be even stronger if the proportion of the base In table. 2 shows data on the composition of the metal in the weld is reduced or steel with alower sulfur metal of multilayer welds welded with experimental content is used. However, it should be noted that all the wires. Tensile and impact samples were made from given data refer to welds with a small amount of carbon these welds to determine the effect of phosphorus con- (up to 0.14%). It is known that an increase in the ratio of tent on impact strength at various temperatures. Chips manganese and sulfur concentrations prevents the for- for chemical analysis were taken from the metal of im- mation of crystallization cracks only at a certain limiting pact samples after their testing. Table 2. The chemical composition of the metal of multilayer welds welded with experimental wires № wire Content, % 1 С Мп Si S Р 2 0,11 0,028 3 0,10 1,72 0,33 0,032 0,024 4 0,09 0,020 5 0,11 1,80 0,35 0,030 0,014 6 0,12 0,018 7 0,09 2,86 1,37 0,027 0,020 8 0,11 0,015 0,11 1,68 1,41 0,025 0,019 2,79 1,33 0,025 1,54 1,26 0,013 2,73 0,32 0,012 1,76 0,35 0,024 The mechanical properties of the metal of welds Figure 2. Dependence of the impact strength of multilayer welds on the content of phosphorus in them made with experimental wires are indicated in tab. 3. As can be seen, the phosphorus content within the studied limits, without significantly affecting the strength and ductility of the weld metal, significantly affects its im- pact strength. So, when welding with experimental wires №. 3-8, providing the content of P < 0.020% in the weld metal, the impact strength is much higher than when using wires №. 1 and 2, in which the concentration of this element is more than 0.020%. Phosphorus has a particularly strong effect on the impact strength of the weld metal at low temperatures. So, when welding with wires №. 4 and 7, which guarantee the phosphorus content in the weld metal is less than 0.015%, the impact strength at -70°C was 8.6 and 7.8 kg•m/cm2, respectively. According to this indicator, the seam was superior to the base metal. Figure 2 shows the dependence of the impact strength of multilayer welds on the concentration of phosphorus. As can be seen, the effect of phosphorus content on impact strength is greatest at low temperatures. So at -700 C and the presence of 0.018% phosphorus in the weld metal, the value of an < 3 kg•m/cm2. It should be noted that all data on the effect of phosphorus concentration on impact strength refer to welds with a low carbon content (up to 0.14%). As follows from, a decrease in the concentration of phosphorus increases the impact strength of the weld metal only when the carbon content is not higher than a certain limit [2] . 37

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Mechanical properties of the metal of welds made with experimental wires Table 3. № σв, σт, kg/mm2 δ, % ψ, % +200С аН , kg·m/sm2 -700С wire kg/mm2 7,4 00С -400С 0,55 2,4 8,9 6,4 6,3 1,0 1 53,0 37,4 26,6 5,4 14,7 5,9 6,4 4,3 64,8 14,7 10,2 6,7 8,6 2 57,2 38,6 28,1 62,3 14,4 13,3 9,7 1,0 65,0 13,5 15,0 8,7 1,1 3 54,0 37,2 38,9 62,7 14,4 10,4 7,3 7,8 60,8 13,4 13,2 9,4 1,2 4 57,6 40,3 26,4 60,8 11,5 8,0 5 55,3 38,9 28,9 6 62,6 40,6 26,3 7 60,0 42,7 26,3 8 58,3 34,3 28,3 Findings. 1. With a relatively low carbon content 2. Wire Св-08Г2С with a low content of sulfur and (up to 0.14%), a decrease in the amount of sulfur in the phosphorus (<0.02% S and <0.02% P) can be recom- welding wire significantly increases the resistance of the mended for welding critical metal structures in carbon weld metal against crystallization cracks. Reducing the dioxide. phosphorus content in the welding wire significantly in- creases the impact strength of the weld metal at low tem- peratures. References: 1. Podgaetsky V.V. Nemetallicheskiye vklyucheniya v svarnykh shvakh. - M.: Mashgiz, 1962. pp. 99-108. 2. Friedland L.A., Timofeev K.I. Ispytaniye staticheskim izgibom svarnykh shvov na sklonnost' k obrazovaniyu goryachikh treshchin // Avtomaticheskaya svarka. – 1985. № 2. - P. 56 - 61. 38

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.98.5.13667 THE METHOD OF GENERATING ADDITIONAL AIR POWER IN CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS AND ITS EFFECT ON WORK QUALITY Khudayarov Berdirasul Doctor of Technical Sciens, Professor Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Ajargul Mambetsheripova Head of the Department of Industrial Technology, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Republic of Karakalpakstan, Nukus E-mail: [email protected] N. Abdiganieva Student, Karakalpak State University after named Berdakh, Republic of Karakalpakstan, Nukus E-mail: [email protected] СПОСОБЫ СОЗДАНИЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОЙ ВОЗДУШНОЙ СИЛЫ В ЦЕНТРОБЕЖНЫХ АППАРАТАХ И ЕГО ВЛИЯНИЕ НА КАЧЕСТВО РАБОТЫ Бердирасул Худаяров д-р техн. наук, профессор Ташкентский институт инженеров ирригации и механизации сельского хозяйства, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Ажаргуль Мамбетшерипова Заведующий кафедрой Промышленных технологий, Каракалпакский государственный университет им. Бердаха, Республика Каракалпакстан, г. Нукус Абдиганиева Н. студент, Каракалпакский государственный университет им. Бердаха, Республика Каракалпакстан, г. Нукус ABSTRACT The object of research is the process of increasing the initial rate of flat application of mineral fertilizers by throwing them from the pneumomechanical apparatus. Because the aerodynamic properties of mineral fertilizer grains vary, after they are discharged from the centrifugal apparatus, a process of fractionation is observed according to the properties of the sails during free movement in the air. This process cannot be reversed with an existing decentralized disk apparatus. As a result, the possibility of improving the quality of mineral fertilizers on the field surface is limited. A new type of pneumomechanical apparatus scheme was developed, developed and field tests were carried out using a method of critical study of the technological processes of centrifugal apparatus in existing and patent information ma- terials and the combination of structural elements in a single working part and the rules of classical mechanics. A mathe- matical expression was derived and calculated that took into account the formation of additional airflow and the change in the relative velocity of the fertilizer grains relative to it under its influence. The centrifugal pneumomechanical device is designed to increase the initial speed by simultaneously performing two functions, the first - the throwing of mineral fertilizers, the second - creating an additional air flow and directing it behind the thrown fertilizer grains. The proposed centrifugal pneumomechanical apparatus ensures that component fertilizers of different sizes, shapes and densities are spread evenly over the field surface. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Khudayarov B., Mambetsheripova A., Abdiganieva N. THE METHOD OF GENERATING ADDITIONAL AIR POWER IN CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS AND ITS EFFECT ON WORK QUALITY // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13667

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. АННОТАЦИЯ Объектом исследования является процесс повышения начальной нормы плоского внесения минеральных удобрений путем выброса их из пневмомеханического аппарата. Поскольку аэродинамические свойства зерен минеральных удобрений различны, после их выгрузки из цен- тробежного аппарата наблюдается процесс фракционирования по свойствам парусов при свободном движении в воздухе. Этот процесс нельзя обратить вспять с помощью существующего децентрализованного дискового устройства. В результате возможности улучшения качества минеральных удобрений на поверхности поля огра- ничены. Разработана схема пневмомеханического аппарата нового типа, разработаны и проведены полигонные испы- тания методом критического изучения технологических процессов центробежного аппарата в существующих и патентных информационных материалах и совмещением конструктивных элементов в единой рабочей части и нормами классической механики. Получено и рассчитано математическое выражение, учитывающее образование дополнительного воздушного потока и изменение относительной скорости движения зерен удобрения относи- тельно него под его воздействием. Центробежное пневмомеханическое устройство предназначено для увеличения начальной скорости за счет одновременного выполнения двух функций, первая - разбрасывание минеральных удобрений, вторая - создание дополнительного воздушного потока и направление его за выбрасываемыми зернами удобрения. Предлагаемый центробежный пневмомеханический аппарат обеспечивает равномерное распределение по по- верхности поля составных удобрений разной крупности, формы и плотности. Keywords: mineral fertilizers, centrifugal pneumomechanical apparatus, additional air flow, initial velocity, fertilizer application. Ключевые слова: минеральные удобрения, центробежный пневмомеханический аппарат, дополнительный поток воздуха, начальная скорость, внесение удобрений. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction In the world practice, centrifugal disk, centrifugal pendulum, centrifugal rotor, centrifugal circular apparatus Taking into account the specific natural climate and are used for mass application of mineral fertilizers. soil conditions of the republic, grain is sown mainly in autumn. Feeding it begins in early spring. Taking into In world practice, for the mass application of mineral account the fertility of the soil and its other physical and fertilizers on the field surface, various types of centrifu- mechanical properties, the condition of the grain in the gal disk workpieces of different types have been devel- spring, 600-800 kg of ammonia, phosphorus and potas- oped [1,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. However, they are sium mineral fertilizers are applied per hectare. designed to sprinkle granular simple or complex fertiliz- ers. It is recognized that this type of workpiece does not All types of granular and crystalline mineral ferti- meet the agro-technical requirements when spraying mix- lizers, which are given to feed grain around the world, tures consisting of several simple mineral fertilizers, the are made by mass spraying. granules of which vary in shape, density and size [1,2,3,13,14]. The object of the study is to increase the initial ve- locity of mineral fertilizer grains in the flat distribution on Based on the above, the aim of the study was to im- the field surface by throwing them from the pneumome- prove the quality of work by spraying mineral fertilizers chanical apparatus and to analyze the results obtained. of different grain sizes with a centrifugal apparatus, af- fecting their initial velocity at the disc. Typically, the technological process of mass spray- ing of mineral fertilizers on the field surface with cen- The task of the study was to improve the technolog- trifugal devices is divided into three stages, each of ical process of the centrifugal apparatus by creating an which is analyzed separately. Among the processes, the additional air flow and to ensure a smooth application of free movement of the fertilizer grains in the air after be- fertilizers on the field surface. ing thrown from the centrifugal apparatus is more af- fected by the uneven scattering. 2. Bipolar transistor radiation degradation model This is because the grains of fertilizer are divided Conducted on the basis of 30 years of research and into fractions based on the coefficients of sail. This analysis of patent information and methods of analysis means that the ability to control the quality of mineral of the results and the rules of classical mechanics, de- fertilizers is a factor that does not depend on the techno- voted to the design and technological process of all types logical process of the centrifugal disk apparatus. There- of centrifugal disk apparatus for spraying mineral ferti- fore, the issue of influencing the initial rate of disposal lizers and their mixtures around the world. of fertilizer grains from the technological processes of the centrifugal disk apparatus and thereby reducing their In this case, the shape of the blades in the centrifugal uneven scattering is relevant to the study. apparatus for high-quality spraying of mineral fertilizers and their mixtures of different shapes, sizes and densi- 60-65% of all mineral fertilizers are applied to the ties and their placement on the disk, important elements soil by mass fertilization, which requires maintenance of in the design of additional air generating devices were the specified amount (100-1000 kg / ha) and strict ad- selected and combined into one working part. herence to the entire surface of the cultivated area. de- pending on. 40

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. 3. Comparative analysis of radiation hardness the long-distance fall of fertilizer grains with high vola- of the current mirrors on bipolar transistors tility coefficients and by this method ensuring the prox- imity or uniformity of the landing distance of different Many years of scientific, theoretical and experi- volatile fertilizer grains in the fertilizer [1,2,3, 14]. mental research have shown that the main reason for un- even application of mineral fertilizers of different According to the research conducted by the authors, shapes, sizes and densities across the field surface is that in order to increase the initial velocity of fertilizer grains mineral fertilizer grains break down into fractions dur- with a large volatility (sailing) coefficient from the disk, ing their movement in the air after being thrown from it is possible to direct additional air flow and ensure their the apparatus. As a result, fertilizer grains with a low disposal over longer distances [2,3,14]. volatility coefficient fall to the ground at a longer dis- tance, while those with a high volatility coefficient fall This requires that the technological work of the cen- to the ground at a shorter distance. As a result, small ag- trifugal apparatus is not limited to the application of gregates and large-sized fertilizers are sorted in the mid- mineral fertilizers, but also has the ability to generate dle of the working width of the unit. additional air flow at once, as well as theoretically and experimentally based. As a technical solution to these This means that if the mixture contains a large problems, a centrifugal apparatus was developed with amount of large-scale fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer improved technological work process and correspond- at the edge of the aggregate working width is denser than ing design (Fig. 1), [2,3,14]. at the middle, creating a basis for uneven spraying of the mixture on the components. It follows that it is possible The proposed centrifugal pneumomechanical appa- to solve the scientific and technical problem by ensuring ratus consists of a flat horizontal disc 1, logarithmic coil- shaped blades 2 fixed to the upper side, and devices for generating additional airflow 3 mounted on the lower side (Figure 1). б) Figure 1. a - diagram of the top view of the centrifugal pneumomechanical apparatus; b - computer graphics view of the proposed centrifugal pneumomechanical fertilizer. 1-flat disc; 2 shovels; 3.4 Air inlet and outlet holes of the device in accordance with Figure 1. Schematic of the proposed pneumomechanical fertilizer apparatus Flat disc with a diameter of 600 mm 1. The height relative movement of the fertilizer grains relative to it, of the paddles is 50 mm. At the bottom of the disc 1, on as well as the change in velocity, the authors obtained each paddle 2, is placed a device that generates one ad- the following expression, ditional air, respectively (Fig. 1 a, b).  0,48Vx 2 (1) From the moment when the mineral fertilizer grains x = k + x  are thrown from the pneumomechanical apparatus at the  ax  initial speed under the influence of centrifugal force, the d + 0,145 second phase of their movement, i.e. free movement in the air, begins. During this period, they begin to be af- where the distance traveled by the additional air stream fected by additional airflow. along the axis, m; In the second phase of the study, the following was axial velocity of additional air flow, m / s; accepted: - the force of the additional air flow is directed horizontally; - the velocity and direction of the air flow k - coefficient of air resistance; are the same on the cross-sectional surface of the outlet; - The initial velocities and directions of all fertilizer Vx - initial velocity of additional air flow, m / s; grains thrown from the shovels are the same. The addi- coefficient of turbulence of the α-flow, a = 0.07-0.14; tional air flow coming out of the outlet of the device, the x is the distance from the air outlet of the device, m; movement during which it expands in proportion to the distance to the hole, pushing the fertilizer grains in the d is the diameter of the outlet, d = 0.043 m2. air with it. Taking into account the distance-dependent (1) the “+” sign in the expression; The \"-\" sign is decrease of the additional air flow rate [4,5] and the used in cases. 41

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. (1) is an expression of the second order differential As can be seen from Figures 2 a, b, the initial veloc- equation, which was calculated by the following values ity of the fertilizer grain was 25 m / s, while after addi- in the Runge-Kutta-Felberg automatic step numerical tional air flow, its velocity was 42 m / s (Fig. 2 a), method: k = 0.184-0.265, Vx = 50.0-110.0 m / s; the in- 53 m / s (Fig. 2 b) and 70 m. / s (Fig. 2 c). This can be itial throwing velocity of the fertilizer grain is V0 = 25 explained by the fact that the force of the additional air m / s, the free fall acceleration is g = 9.8 m / s [1.14]. flow gives impetus to the fertilizer grains. From the anal- ysis of the graphs, it can be seen that over time the rate Under the influence of additional air flow, the initial of additional air flow decreases rapidly, while that of the velocity of the fertilizer grains at the outlet changes. This fertilizer grain is relatively slow. However, the fertilizer is because the value of the additional air flow velocity is grain had a significantly higher velocity than the initial on average 3-4 times higher than the velocity at the time velocity at the time of discharge from the pneumome- of application of mineral fertilizers from the apparatus, chanical apparatus. This is why their throwing distance and the directions of movement are also parallel. Based is large, which allows the machine to increase the working on the results of the calculations, Figure 2 shows the width. change in the velocity of the fertilizer grains under the influence of the additional air flow. Figure 2. Additional air flow and fertilizer grain 1, 2- additional air flow and fertilizer grain velocities respectively Figure 2. Graphs of change of fertilizer grain initial velocity at additional air flow rate 50 (a), 75 (b) and 100 m / s (c) Once the mineral fertilizer grains are released from Solve equation (5) with respect to time t and put it the effect of the additional airflow generated in the ap- in equation (2). For this paratus, the third phase of their movement begins. ch = ex + e−x ва ex = expx (6) In the third phase, it was assumed that the wind speed in the environment was less than 5 m / s. 2 Resistance of the medium to the fertilizer grain [4, Given that, the following expression was formed, 5, 6]. R = mkпu 2 (3)  yg   vу2  where m is the mass of fertilizer grain, kg; kp-fertilizer ex =  = ch gt (7) grain sailing coefficient, 1 / m; u is the relative velocity vу of the fertilizer grain, m / s. The equation of motion of fertilizer grains in the XOU coordinate system in a resistive (7) by performing mathematical operations on the environment is as follows [1,9,14]. expression, vу yg 2 yg 2 ln + 1 )t = v 2  ev 2 v у v0 gt ln(e у у −1 (8) v у2 x = (4) g g (8) Substituting the value of t into (3), y = vу2 ln ch gt (5) x = v 2 ln v0 ln e yg  2 yg −1   (9) g vу у  v у v2у  +1 e v2у g  where x is the distance traveled by the fertilizer grains (9) The initial velocities of the expression fertilizer along the axis, m; grains were calculated from the values v0 = 18–30 m / s, y = h - distance traveled by fertilizer grains along vu = 12 m / s, and g = 9.8 m / s2, and the connection the ou axis, m. graphs shown in Figures 3 and 4 were constructed. Vu is the volatile velocity of the fertilizer grain, m / s. 42

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Figure 3 shows a graph of the change in the distance traveled by the fertilizer grain depending on the volatile (critical) velocities. Figure 3. Dependence of the distance traveled by the grain of fertilizer on the critical velocity From Figure 3 it can be seen that the distance traveled large 1.5–15.5 m / s depending on their size, when the increases with the increase in the critical velocity of the volatile velocity is 8–10 m / s, the distance covered by fertilizer grain along the bubble curve. them is in the range of 8.6–11.2 m. This situation can be explained by the fact that the Figure 4 shows a graph of the change in the distance higher the volatility rate of the fertilizer grain, the less the effect of the environment that resists it. Considering traveled by the fertilizer grain depending on the initial that the volatile velocity of fertilizer grains varies in a velocity. Figure 4. Graph of the change in the distance traveled by the grain of fertilizer depending on the initial velocity It can be seen from Figure 4 that as the rate at which fertilizer grain is large, it can overcome the resistance the fertilizer grain enters the resisting medium increases, force exerted by the environment at a certain distance. it is observed that the distance covered by them in- creases in a view close to the bubble curve. This situa- tion is explained by the fact that the initial speed of the 43

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. 4. Conclusion mineral fertilizer grains and the direction is parallel, which allows to increase the initial velocity of fertilizer Based on the results of theoretical research, the fol- grains by 1.5-3.0 times. lowing conclusions were made: 3. Direct parallel flow of additional air flow in ac- 1. Improving the quality and application of mineral cordance with the trajectories of fertilizer grains in the air, fertilizers on the field surface by improving the working reducing the process of separation into different frac- process and design of the centrifugal disk apparatus, ie tions based on their aerodynamic properties, ensuring that by installing logarithmic shovels on the upper side and they fall to the same distance and, as a result, evenly a device that creates additional air flow at the bottom. sprayed. 2. The initial velocity of the generated additional air flow is 3.0-4.5 times greater than the initial velocity of References: 1. Xudayarov B.M. Increased uniformity of mineral deposits and mixtures of centrifugal-disc apparatus. Dis. k.t.n. avtoref.- Minsk, 1988, -16 p. 2. Khudayarov B.M., Mambetsheripova A.A. Substantiating parameters of advanced centrifugal apparatus // European science review.- Austria, 2018 №9-10 p.235-237. 3. Khudayarov B.M., Mambetsheripova A.A.Improving the technological process of the fertilizer from centrifugal fer- tilizer apparatus and setting the parameters // ACTA TTPU.-Tashkent, 2018. №3. R. 63-65. 4. Klenin N.I., Sakun V.A. Selskoxozyaystvennыe and meliorativnye mashiny. -M .: Kolos, 1980, -664 p. 5. Bronstein I.N., Semendyaev K.A. Reference book on mathematics.M .: -1962, -589 b. 6. Vasilenko P.M. Theory of motor frequency on sheroxovatыm poverxnostyam selskoxozyaystvennyx mashin.Kiev .: UASXN., - 1961. 263 b. 7. USSR 1055381 A 01S 17/00. Raspredelitelnыy rabochiy organ raz¬brasыvatelya udobreniy. / V.A.Skolzaev; V.A.Chernovolov; V.P.Zabrodin; T.M.Lyashenko / №3463794 / 30-15 Zayavl. 5.07.82. Opubl. 23.11.83 Opening, inventions -1983.- №43. 8. USSR 993863 A 01S 17/00. Rabochiy organ razbrasыvatelya udobre¬niy. /N.M.Fedotov; G.N.Grigorchuk; V.I.Polevik; A.I.Dovgan; 9. V.G.Nesterovskiy; V.A.shchemelinskiy; V.A.Chernovolov; B.N.Melnikov; Yu.P.Kayushnikov; S.N, Grigorov / № 3352992 / 30-15 Zayavl.16.11.81. Opubl. Opening, invention - 1983.- №5. 10. 8 Fixtengolts G.M. Differential and integral calculus. O'quqpeddavnashr.-T. -1958. 225-227 b. 11. USSR 460028 A 01 s 17/00. Razbrasыvatel mineral udobreniy bunkernogo type. /V.A.Skolzaev; N.M.Fedotov; V.A.Chernovolov. 12. A.P. Jilin; A.P. Kurilov; V.A. Lure; V.I.Polevik; N.D.Gribnyak; 13. E.A. Plotnikov; A.A. Dokuchaev; V.A. Tkachenko; E.A. Gotleb / №1657861 / 30-15 Zayavlyu 25.05.71. Opubl. . \"Otkrytiya, izobreteniya, promыshlennыe obraztsы, tovarnye znaki\", 1975.- №6. 14. Sablikov M.V. Selskoxozyaystvennыe mashiny. II-chast.-M .: Kolos, 1968.- 11-112 p. 15. RF Patent №2120724. Rabochiy organ razbrasыvatelya mineralnyx udobreniy. /V.A. Chernovolov, V.I. Volkov, I.A. Kazachkov / №96109518 Zayavl. 12.05.96. Registered in the State Register of Inventions of the Russian Feder- ation October 27, 1998. 16. Patent 3652019 (SShA), kl.239682,896. -Opubl.v official. Gaz.matlov patentnogo vedomostva SShA.-1973.-№4.6-7s. 17. Malonosov N.L., Temofeeva L.N. Physical properties of tukosmesey on the basis of granulometric components // Trudy / NIUIF.-M., 1976.-Vyp.-229s. 18. Mambetsheripova AA Improving the technological process and substantiation of the parameters of the centrifugal apparatus for spraying mineral fertilizers. Diss .... philosophy (PhD) doctor avtoref. -Tashkent, 2019. 44

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.98.5.13607 TECHNOLOGIES OF METAL STAMPING IN A SOLID-LIQUID STATE Nargiza Makhmudova Associate Professor of Tashkent State Technical University Named after Islam Karimov, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ШТАМПОВКИ МЕТАЛЛОВ В ТВЕРДОЖИДКОМ СОСТОЯНИИ Махмудова Наргиза Абдунабиевна доцент Ташкентского государственного технического университета имени Ислама Каримова, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article considers the advantage of the technology over traditional forging, which is to reduce the power of the equipment and the possibility of obtaining not simple shaped forgings such as bushings, covers, flanges, gears, etc., com- plex shapes, with good surface quality and high-precision geometric dimensions. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассмотрено преимущество технологии перед традиционной объемной штамповкой, которое заклю- чается в снижении мощности оборудования и возможности получения не простых фасонных поковок таких как втулок, крышек, фланцев, шестерен и др., сложных форм, с хорошим качеством поверхности и высокоточными геометрическими размерами. Keywords: microstructure metal thixotropy technology metal suspension temperature deformation hydraulic press stamping. Ключевые слова: микроструктура, технология тиксотропии металла, температурная деформация суспензии металла, штамповка гидравлическим прессом. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ In the technology of tikso — and re-stamping, the globular microstructure of the primary crystallizing advantages of liquid stamping are preserved and taken phase is pre-prepared. into account and its disadvantages are eliminated due to a significant change in the microstructure of the metal: a This requires the development of new schemes for spheroidal (globular) microstructure is formed instead the organization of technological processes in procure- of a dendritic one. ment industries. This structure is formed by a special effect on the They should provide for the impact on the metal, crystallizing metal, during the formation of a solid-liq- during the casting process by various means that prevent uid suspension in the temperature range between the the formation of a dendritic microstructure with subsequent liquidus and solidus lines, that is, at a temperature below stamping (re-stamping) or hardening (preservation of the melt line and above the solidification line. Consider- the globular microstructure), reheating to the formation able interest in the new technology of solid-liquid of a solid-liquid phase (suspension) and deformation in stamping is caused by the discovery of the thixotropy stamps on CNC hydraulic presses, or on specialized property of metal suspensions with a globular micro- hydraulic presses (thix-stamping). Thixotechnologies structure (M.C. Flemings, 1978). are characterized by a simultaneous increase in the strength and plasticity of the forging material. The thixotropy effect is the ability of metal suspen- sions with a globular microstructure in a solid-liquid And when cooled to a suspension temperature with state to significantly reduce the resistance to shear de- a solid phase content of more than 90%, it is character- formations, which allows the metal to fill complex ized by plasticity and deformation resistance similar to shapes of die cavities with insignificant specific force. hot volumetric stamping. Forgings stamped in this way have high quality and increased reliability, significantly The novelty of the developed technologies lies in improved processability criteria. the fact that the forming processes are carried out in the solid-liquid state of the metal on blanks in which the In foreign companies, in production conditions, a two-stage stamping is used: 1) production of primary billets with a globular microstructure in metallurgical __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Makhmudova N. TECHNOLOGIES OF METAL STAMPING IN A SOLID-LIQUID STATE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13607

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. production (enterprise, workshop, site): melt, magneto- solidus line, and fs is the relative proportion of the solid hydrodynamic mixing of the melt in the mold to obtain phase in the solid-liquid suspension. a globular microstructure, rolling and hardening of pro- files; 2) cutting of a solid billet of the desired size at a Some advantages of the technology of thixo-stamp- machine-building enterprise, subsequent heating it to the ing: the ability to stamp casting alloys, to obtain forgings temperature of a solid-liquid state (suspension) and of complex-shaped shapes with high dimensional accu- shaping stamping. racy, to obtain shaped forgings in one transition, high material utilization, reduction of energy costs during de- All metal waste can be returned for remelting to a formation, reduction of subsequent machining. metallurgical enterprise (workshop, site) TL is the tem- perature of the liquidus line, TS is the temperature of the Figure 1. Diagram of the temperature conditions of metal forming in thix technologies in comparison with liquid stamping (LC), casting, and hot volumetric stamping (GOSH) In practice, defects such as liquation, porosity, and is the heating temperature that determines the quantita- clamps may appear. Insufficient knowledge of the issue tive content of the solid phase in the workpiece. The pur- of the appearance of these defects is a possible obstacle pose of heating is to obtain a specific temperature uni- to the widespread use of thixing in industry. When de- formly over the entire section of the workpiece, lying veloping an appropriate process management system, it within the limits between the solidus and liquidus lines. is necessary to increase its stability. Thus, it is necessary The state of the microstructure of the workpiece before to conduct systematic studies of the flow of the material stamping depends on the correctness of the choice of this and the appearance of liquor defects, porosity, and temperature, the uniformity of its distribution over the clamps in the process of thixing. cross-section of the workpiece, as well as the total heating time, that is, the degree of manifestation of the thixotropy Reheating the metal to a solid-liquid state is a par- effect. ticularly important step in the process of thixing. Its pur- pose is to obtain a homogeneous solid-liquid state of the When choosing the heating temperature, use the workpiece with a precisely controlled solid-phase con- graph of the dependence of the liquid phase content on tent from globular-shaped particles evenly distributed in the temperature at the maximum and minimum silicon the liquid phase with a lower solidification temperature. It content for the A356 alloy (Fig. 2). Figure 2. Dependence of the fS solid phase content on the temperature at maximum and minimum silicon content for A356 alloy 46

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. The lower limit of the heating temperature should begins with a minimum solid phase content of ~ 50%. lie above the inflection point on the graph, in this case, The material during the stamping process must also be the alloy will be guaranteed to be in a solid-liquid state. in a solid-liquid state, and the stamp must be heated to The upper limit of the heating temperature is determined at least 250° C. To avoid possible leakage of material experimentally. To determine it, it is necessary to be guided from the die cavity, stamping should be carried out in by the following criteria: the workpiece should not lose closed dies. Currently, there are no recommendations stability, the duration of the thixotropy test should be in and standards for the design of stamps for the process of the range of time sufficient for transporting the workpiece stamping. Based on our experience of experimental to the stamp, the mass loss of the workpiece due to work, it is recommended to assign internal slopes ac- separation of the liquid phase should be less than 15%. cording to the standards adopted for GOSH, GOST 7505-89 (due to the danger of forging sticking on the To determine the readiness of the workpiece for inner surface as a result of thermal shrinkage), external thixing, it is necessary to use a thixotropy test. Immedi- stamping slopes 0..2 ° (significantly less than for ately after heating, the workpiece is cut with a knife and GOSH). Internal radii of rounding according to the the time during which the workpiece is effortlessly sub- standards of GOSH, GOST 7505-89, external 0..2 mm. jected to this procedure is fixed. According to the time of It is necessary to lubricate the stamps with a lubricant. the thixotropy test, the degree of \"readiness\" of the work- When stamping forgings from A356, boron nitride (BN) piece can be set, during this time the workpiece can be or graphite in a dispersed state is usually used. transported from the heating device to the stamp. The pro- cess of stamping forgings made of aluminum alloy A356 Bibliography: 1. Bocharov Yu.A., Khizhnyakova J1.B. Tiksoshtampovka forgings from aluminum alloys (on the example of A356) // Engineering education. -2007. - № 7. www.techno.edu.ru. 2. Bocharov Yu.A., Khizhnyakova JI.B. Tiksoshtampovka of aluminum parts // Domestic progressive metalworking equipment and technologies for Russian machine building. Moscow, 2006. - p. 3641. 3. Forging and stamping: Handbook: In 3 volumes / Edited by E.I. Semenova M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1987. - Vol.2, - Hot volume stamping. - 544 p. 4. Nefedov A.P. Design and manufacture of stamps. M.: Mechanical Engineering, 1973.-408 p. 47

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF PROCESSING CONCAVE SURFACES OF COMPLEX SHAPES Otabek Yusufjonov Assistant, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Xojiakbar Ro‘zaliyev Assistant, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Axmadbek Maxmudbek Assistant, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА ОБРАБОТКИ ВОГНУТЫХ ПОВЕРХНОСТЕЙ СЛОЖНОЙ ФОРМЫ Юсуфжонов Отабек Ғайратжон ўғли ассистент, Ферганский Политехнический Институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Хожиакбар Рўзалиев Шермахамад ўғли ассистент, Ферганский Политехнический Институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Ахмадбек Махмудбек ўғли Турғунбеков ассистент, Ферганский Политехнический Институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT The aim of the dissertation was to improve the existing production technology. As a result of the research, the tech- nological process of machining the body part of increased complexity \"Corpus\" in the conditions of serial production on technological equipment with numerical control has been improved. Based on the plans for surface treatment of the part, a starting technological process was developed and illustrations of the processing route were made. Appropriate equipment and process equipment selected. АННОТАЦИЯ Целью диссертации было усовершенствование существующей технологии производства. В результате иссле- дований усовершенствован технологический процесс механической обработки корпусной детали повышенной сложности «Корпус» в условиях серийного производства на технологическом оборудовании с числовым про- граммным управлением. На основании планов обработки поверхности детали был разработан стартовый технологический процесс и выполнены иллюстрации маршрута обработки. Подобрано подходящее оборудование и технологическое обору- дование Keywords: vacuum ring, pvb, cellulose, eva, tpu, silicone rubber, nitrate. Ключевые слова: vacuum ring, pvb, cellulose, eva, tpu, silicone rubber, nitrate. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Yusufjonov O.G., Ro'zaliyev H.S., Turg’unbekov A.M. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS OF PROCESSING CONCAVE SURFACES OF COMPLEX SHAPES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13736

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Machining on wholesale imalnyh modes may Figure 2. Parameters of the control program produ ditsya without additional adaptive devices on for Z = -50 mm CNC machines, if the control program is designed with varying na - parameters of the cutting speed and feed. The rack display shows the following information: But as modern CAM the system - we do not take into • the actual value of XYZ, (position); account changes in the geometric parameters of the cut- • section of the program, for the actual position of ting area, the development of UP with frame adjustment the tool; will be possible only \"handed - hydrochloric,\" which is • often the spindle rotation - S; unacceptable when a large amount of control frames. • feed F. Once in software is required baking was introduced In addition to establishing the optimal cutting con- by definition block division arc radius circumference ditions, at the stage of developing the cutting tool, it is surface treated in councils - a block (. Figure 3.4), by necessary to take into account the effect of the cutting definition, previously has been inserted optionally-govern- force on the pressing of the tool, setting the necessary ing program - CLOSED plots (2.19). correction for its geometric dimensions. As parameters A 3D model of a spherical surface was built in optimization process surround frezerova - Nia were cho- UNIGRAPHICS CAD . sen and form error performance surface finish. Figure 3. Spherical surface programming In an experimental study of the volumetric milling R 1- radius of the cutter trajectory, process, it is necessary to consider the following techno- R 2- radius of the machined surface logical parameters: The developed control programs for various parame- • cutting modes; ters of the preliminary allowance, the radius of the tool • geometric parameters of the chip formation zone; sphere , and the radius of the machined surface were tested • geometric parameters of the tool. on a CNC machine. To ensure the highest forecast accuracy of the out- put characteristics, as factorial designs when construct- At sites \"wall\" machine practiced by moving the ing models, designs close to D - optimal [69] were used feed frame MA1 S = 500 mm / min, when approaching for three variable parameters, the design matrix of which a previously unprocessed area ne remescheniya per- is presented in Table fected on frame MA2 feed S = 250 mm / min. At each point of the factor space, five experiments were carried out, the planning involved speed, feed, cut- The experiments revealed , and the possibility that ting depth, the range of factors is given in section the systems councils Lenia CNC machines allow to de- 3.2. Defining display patterns change - teley process fine portions approximation instru - ment to previously and the solution of optimization carried out with the untreated zone, and the feed switch in the \"bottom\" use - vaniem algebraic polynomial of the second degree. mode is made at a height of 0.1-0.3% of the diameter of Technical characteristics of the machine 6B52F3. the milling cutter that enables predot - repair the break- Experimental studies were carried out on a 6B52F3 age of the tool. three-coordinate vertical milling machine with a SIE- MENS 802 CNC system . Conclusions The experiments carried out by the automatic deter- Figure 1. Vertical milling machine with CNC 6B52F3 mination of the geometry - -empirical treatment zone parameters and previously untreated areas of the Experiments to determine the geometric parameters of the cutting zone on CNC machines Below is a fragment of the control program for Z = -50 mm, as well as geometric and calculated values for a parabola (Figure 3.2), the branches of which are directed along the Z axis , and the plane is rotated from the XZ plane by 28.5 °. 49

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. ICU - the theme of the NC confirm the theoretical ex- and change the trajectory inst - ments to compensate for pression developed in the WTO - Roy chapter. the error parameter, which greatly increases the accuracy finishing processing volume of the concave spherical Allowance for error processing allows to influence surfaces of complex shape cutters. the geometric parameters of the formed linear dimensions Bibliography: 1. O. Ergashev, R.J. Karimov, A.M. Turg’Unbekov, S.S. Nurmatova ARRALI JIN MASHINASIDAGI KOLOSNIK PANJARASI BO’YICHA OLIB BORILGAN ILMIY TADQIQOTLAR TAHLILI // Scientific progress. 2021. №7. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/arrali-jin-mashinasidagi-kolosnik-panjarasi-bo-yicha-olib-borilgan-ilmiy- tadqiqotlar-tahlili (дата обращения: 22.04.2022). 2. Ахмадбек Махмудбек Ўғли Турғунбеков НОТЕХНОЛОГИК ЮЗАНИНГ ТЕШИКЛАРИГА ИШЛОВ БЕРИШДА ДОРНАЛАШ УСУЛИНИ ТАДБИҚ ЭТИШ // Scientific progress. 2021. №1. 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Abdumajidxon Murodxon O‘G‘Li Muxtorov, Axmadbek Maxmudbek O‘G‘Li Turg‘Unbekov VAKUUM XALQALARI UCHUN SILIKON MATERIALLARNI TURLARI VA ULARNING TAHLILI // Scientific progress. 2021. №6. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vakuum-xalqalari-uchun-silikon-materiallarni-turlari-va-ularning-tahlili (дата обращения: 22.04.2022). 6. Muxtorov, Abdumajidxon Murodxon O‘G‘Li, Turg‘Unbekov, Axmadbek Maxmudjon O‘G‘Li, Maxmudov, Abdulrasul Abdumajidovich AVTOMOBIL OLD OYNAKLARINI VAKUUMLASH JARAYONIDA VAKUUMLASH TEXNOLOGIYASINING AHAMIYATI // ORIENSS. 2022. №3. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/avtomobil-old-oynaklarini-vakuumlash-jarayonida-vakuumlash-texnologiyasining- ahamiyati (дата обращения: 22.04.2022). 7. Турғунбеков, Аҳмадбек Махмудбек Ўғли, Сирожидинов, Жўрабек Равшанжон Ўғли ДЕТАЛ ЮЗАЛАРИНИ АЗОТЛАШ УСУЛИ ОРҚАЛИ МУСТАҲКАМЛИГИНИ ҲАМДА ИШЛАШ УНУМИНИ ОШИРИШ // ORIENSS. 2022. №2. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/detal-yuzalarini-azotlash-usuli-or-ali-musta-kamligini- amda-ishlash-unumini-oshirish (дата обращения: 22.04.2022). 8. Сардорбек Маъруфович Юсупов, Жасурбек Ғайратжон Ўғли Ғайратов, Асилбек Ғайратжон Ўғли Назаров, Отабек Ғайратжон Ўғли Юсуфжонов КОМПАЗИЦИОН МАТЕРИАЛЛАРНИ БОРЛАШ // Scientific progress. 2021. №4. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kompazitsion-materiallarni-borlash (дата обращения: 18.05.2022). 9. О.Ғ. Юсуфжонов, Ж.Ғ. Ғайратов ШТАМПЛАШ ЖАРАЁНИДА ИШЧИ ЮЗАЛАРНИ ЕЙИЛИШГА БАРДОШЛИЛИГИНИ ОШИРИШДА МОЙЛАШНИ АҲАМИЯТИ // Scientific progress. 2021. №6. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/shtamplash-zharayonida-ishchi-yuzalarni-eyilishga-bardoshliligini- oshirishda-moylashni-a-amiyati (дата обращения: 18.05.2022). 10. Юсуфжонов, Отабек Ғайратжон Ўғли, Рўзалиев, Хожиакбар Шермахамад Ўғли, Турғунбеков, Ахмадбек Махмудбек Ўғли ОБЗОР И АНАЛИЗ РЕГЕНИРАЦИИ АСФАЛЬТОБЕТОНА // ORIENSS. 2022. №4. 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№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE PERCUSSION ABRASIVE WEAR OF DROBILES ON WORKING DETAILS MADE FROM SOLID ALLOYS Sarvar Parmanov Basic doctoral student of the Department of Materials Science, Tashkent state technical university, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Shukhrat Shakirov Associate Professor of Materials Science, Tashkent state technical university, Uzbekistan, Tashkent Kongratbay Sharipov Professor, Rector of Tashkent State University of Economics, Uzbekistan, Tashkent Sanobar Sadaddinova Associate Professor of \"Higer Mathematics\", PhD Tashkent University of Information Technologies, Uzbekistan, Tashkent УДАРНО-АБРАЗИВНЫЙ ИЗНОС ДРОБИЛЕЙ НА РАБОЧИХ ДЕТАЛЯХ ИЗ ТВЕРДЫХ СПЛАВОВ Парманов Сарвар Тошпулатович докторант кафедры «Материаловедения» Ташкентский государственный технический университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент E-mail: [email protected] Шакиров Шухрат Мусаевич доц. кафедры «Материаловедения» Ташкентский государственный технический университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Шарипов Конгратбай Авезимбетович профессор, Ректор Ташкентского государственного экономического университета Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Сададдинова Санобар Собировна доц. кафедры «Высшей математики» Ташкентский университет информационных технологий Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT This article describes the impact-abrasive wear of abrasive particles from a hard alloy under the action of a flow of particles during ore crushing, the angle of impact of abrasive particles, the initial size of abrasive particles, the initial size of abrasive particles, the initial concentration of abrasive particles, the moisture content of the crushed material, the number of abrasive particles dedicated to laws. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: PERCUSSION ABRASIVE WEAR OF DROBILES ON WORKING DETAILS MADE FROM SOLID ALLOYS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Parmanov S. [и др.]. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13778

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье описаны ударно-абразивный износ абразивных частиц из твердого сплава под действием потока частиц при дроблении руды, угол удара абразивных частиц, исходный размер абразивных частиц, исходный размер абразивных частиц, исходная концентрация абразивных частиц, влажность измельчаемого материала, количество абразивных частиц, посвященных законам. Keywords: а crusher, а finger, the working capacity, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scratched areas, abrasive particle. Ключевые слова: дробилка, палец, работоспособность, энергодисперсионная рентгеновская спектроскопия, поцарапанные области, абразивная частица. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction abrasion mechanism and adapt the physical and mechan- ical properties of hard alloys to operating conditions. In One of the main factors influencing the efficient, this paper the results of a study on the mechanism of im- uninterrupted and high-quality operation of ore crushers pact abrasive crushing that occurs in the working parts used in mining and metallurgical enterprises is the of ore crushers made of WC-Co based hard alloy is pre- impact resistance of the parts directly involved in the sented. crushing of the ore to impact abrasive wear [1-2]. There- fore, in most cases, the working parts of the crushers Object and method of the research (knives, fingers, hammers, etc.) are made of WC-Co based hard alloy. The main reason for this is that the In order to study the mechanism of impact abrasive wear resistance of hard alloys in one WC-Co group is wear of tungsten carbide cobalt hard alloy,in the higher than the wear resistance of other types of materi- \"Selective smelting unit\" of the Central Mining als [3-4]. However, it is still difficult to conclude that Administration of JSC \"Navoi Mining and Metallurgical WC, Ti-based hard alloys fully meet the modern require- Combine\" found 94% WC A finger detail made of a hard ments for the wear resistance and cost of materials used alloy containing + 6% Co was selected. A picture of a by mining companies. Because one of the main prob- finger grinding ore in a crusher for 110 hours is shown lems in solving this problem is that the improvement of in Figure 1. the operational properties of WC, Ti based hard alloys often leads to an increase in the cost of their production In order to study the mechanism of impact abrasive [5-6]. corrosion of tungsten carbide cobalt hard alloy, in the “Selective melting unit in the assembly”, the Central In our opinion, one of the most optimal ways to im- Mining Administration of JSC \"Navoi Mining and prove the operational properties of WC, Ti-based hard Metallurgical Combine \" made a finger detection of alloys, especially impact abrasive abrasion without in- 94%WC+6%Co hard alloy of “CEMCO” and creasing the cost of production, is to study their abrasive “BARMAK” crushers used in crushing ores containing rare metals. A picture of a finger grinding ore in a crusher for 110 hours is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. A finger that grinds ore in a crusher for 110 hours: A - Abrasive weared surfaces The finger is 232 mm long and 38.1 mm in diameter, eaten was 8 mm, while the mass of the finger before 6 pieces are placed between the rotor of the crusher and eating was 3.8 kg and the mass after eating was 2.09 kg. the lining plates, the working capacity of the crusher The abrasive absorption of the material was 2.36 t/g. averages 220 t/h, while the total working resource of the fingers is 110 hours. During ore grinding, the average The chemical and granulometric composition of the depth of the surface on one side of the finger that was ore crushed in the crusher is given in Tables 1 and 2. Table 1. «Gold smelting shop»chemical composition of ore fragments SiO2 Al2O3 Fe3O4 TiO2 Elements, % K2O MnO Sum. Su, Pb, Zn 72,9 14,0 4,61 0,69 CaO MgO Na2O 2,3 0,05 1,61 0,011 1,4 1,9 0,53 52

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. «Gold smelting shop»granulometric composition of the ore Table 2. Particle size in ore, mm +5 -5…+20 -20…+50 -50…+150 +150…-250 +250 2,7 Percentage of ore, % 2,9 7,3 52,1 28,1 6,9 Average hardness 4...6 (According to the Moos scale) of ore particles To study the abrasive abrasion process that occurs Results and discussions in hard alloys, samples measuring 15x10x5 mm were cut from the abrasive surface of the finger using a diamond Pictures 2, 3 and 4 show the magnification of x100 to disk and the areas were photographed using SEM-EVO x1000 times using SEM - EVO MA 10 (Zeiss, Germany) MA 10 (Zeiss, Germany) scanning electron microscope. scanning electron microscope of different areas of the surface exposed to impact abrasive wear on the finger. Figure 2. Macrostructure of the abrasive weared surface of a hard alloy, x100: a - scratched; b - solidified abrasive particle; s - stained areas During the analysis of the structure of the surface base and s - black stained areas of unknown origin were subjected to abrasive wear, there are three categories of identified. areas (Fig. 2, a, b, c) that differ from each other in terms of their origin on the surface: a - scratched areas; b - An image of a particle piercing the surface of a hard abrasive particle areas penetrated into the solid alloy alloy is shown in Figure 3. Figure 3. Pictures of scratched area: a - scratched area of different degrees; b - punctured abrasive particle; c - the abrasive particle adhering to the surface 53

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. Figure 4. Energy-dispersion X-ray spectroscopy of ore fragments sunk into the finger surface and area At different magnifications of the abrasive weared analysis of the surface perpendicular to the eroded surface surface of the finger (Fig. 3), the particle immersed in was performed to determine the origin of the pits around the body of the hard alloy and its mark left during the submerged particles and how deep they were immersion are clearly visible (b). It can also be seen that (Figure 5). the surface of the particle is partially melted and a portion of it flows to the side and sticks to the material (c). Structural analysis of the perpendicular surface to the An energy-dispersion X-ray spectroscopy was performed impact abrasive weared surface showed that the scratches in the area to determine if the particle flowing from the themselves and adjacent lines (Fig. 5, a) have a transverse particle belonged to it. The results are shown in Figure 4. dimension of 25 ... 50 μm, length 250 ... 350 μm, depth 200 ... 300 mkm were found to be cracks. In the areas of According to the results of the analysis, the particle the cracks close to the eroded surface, the tungsten and the adjacent part of it showed that the origin of the carbide grains were broken, and at the lower ends, the products between the cracks is the same. In addition, the crack passed along the cobalt binder between the carbide image clearly shows cracks of different sizes and shapes particles. This indicates that the crack was caused by a on the surface around the particle (Figure 4). A structural large impact on the material. Figure 5. A crack on the surface of the finger perpendicular to the bent surface Conclusion the influence of a series of blows by large pieces of ore; The second stage begins with the increase in the amount According to the results of the study, the mechanism of cracks in the surface unit, in which the ore fragments of impact abrasive abrasion on the surface of the finger part begin to knock the amount of material in the micro-volume of the crusher made of tungsten carbide cobalt hard alloy from the body of the solid alloy with their blows; in the is a complex process and it consists of at least three stages third stage, the crushed ore particles continuously grind occurring simultaneously. In the first stage, the surface the surface of the hard alloy. of the hard alloy begins to crack on the surface under 54

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. References: 1. Parmonov S.T., Shakirov Sh.M., Sharipov K.A. “Kompozitsion materiallar yuzasini abraziv yeyilishining asoslari [Basics of abrasive abrasion of the surface of composite materials]” «Kompozitsion materiallar» Toshkent. 2021, №4, pp 51-54. [Пармонов С.Т., Шакиров Ш.М., Шарипов К.А. «Основы абразивного износа поверхности композиционных материалов» «Композиционные материалы» Ташкент. 2021, №4, стр. 51-54. 2. Kleis I.R., Uuemyys H.Kh. “Wear resistance of impact crusher elements”. Moscow. 2006. pp 19-49. [Клейс И.Р., Ууэмыйс Х.Х. “Износостойкость элементов измельчителей ударного действия”. Москва. 2006. 19-49 ст.] 3. Parmonov S.T., Shakirov Sh.M., Sharipov K.A., Xujaqulov N.B. Scientific basis of temperature and time intredependence in the precess of heating and tungsten carbide - based solid alloy powders//«Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal», Indoneziya. 2021. № 9. pp 137-145. [Пармонов С.Т., Шакиров Ш.М., Шарипов К.А., Худжакулов Н.Б. Научные основы зависимости температуры и времени в процессе нагрева и порошков твердых сплавов на основе карбида вольфрама//«Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal», Индонезия. 2021. № 9. С. 137-145.] 4. Хасанов А.С., & Каршибоев Ш.Б.У. (2021). ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ГЕРМАНИЯ ИЗ ТЕХНОГЕННЫХ ОТХОДОВ. Universum: технические науки, (8-1 (89)), 19-22. 5. Каршибоев Ш.Б.У., Хасанов А.С., Мирзанова З.А., Муносибов Ш.М.У., & Мирзанарова Л.Э.К. (2022). ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ИНДИЯ ИЗ ТЕХНОГЕННОГО СЫРЬЯ. Universum: технические науки, (3-1 (96)), 60-64. 6. Masidiqov, E.M., & Karshiboev, S. (2021). Possibilities of increasing the efficiency of the technology of hydrometallurgical processing of lead concentrates. Academic research in educational sciences, 2(3). 55

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. HYDROMETALLURGICAL AND FLOTATION METHODS OF SLAG DEPLETION Abdurashid Khasanov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Deputy Chief Engineer for Science of Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, Uzbekistan, Almalyk Talant Sirozhov Senior Lecturer of the Department of «Metallurgy» of the Navoi State Mining Institute, Uzbekistan, Navoi Shahzoda Utkirova Student, Navoi State Mining Institute, Uzbekistan, Navoi Mokhinabonu Murtozaeva Student, Navoi State Mining Institute, Uzbekistan, Navoi ГИДРОМЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКИЕ И ФЛОТАЦИОННЫЕ СПОСОБЫ ОБЕДНЕНИЯ ШЛАКОВ Хасанов Абдурашид Солиевич д-р. техн. наук, проф., зам. главного инженера по науке Алмалыкскый горно-металлургический комбинат, Республика Узбекистан г. Алмалык Сирожов Талант Толибович старший преподаватель кафедры «Металлургия» Навоийского государственного горного института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои E-mail: [email protected] Уткирова Шахзода Ихтиёр кизи студент, Навоийского государственного горного института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои Муртозаева Мохинабону Мансур кизи студент, Навоийского государственного горного института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Навои ABSTRACT \"Almalyk MMC\" is one of the largest industrial enterprises of the Republic of Uzbekistan, in addition, it is focused on the production of exported products. As a result of many years of processing of copper concentrates of the copper smelting plant AMMC, more than 7 million tons of waste slag of copper production have been accumulated. At present, part of the old slag from the Copper smelter is processed at AMMC CCF-2 by the flotation method and copper, gold, and silver are recovered. Analysis of the current state of slag processing technology shows that the most preferable for in- volving slags in processing and obtaining iron from them is the low-temperature reduction technology with subsequent magnetic separation of the metallized phase from the non-magnetic fraction. АННОТАЦИЯ «Алмалыкский ГМК» является одним из крупнейших промышленных предприятий Республики Узбекистан кроме того, оно ориентировано на выпуск экспортируемой продукции. В результате многолетней переработки __________________________ Библиографическое описание: HYDROMETALLURGICAL AND FLOTATION METHODS OF SLAG DEPLETION // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Khasanov A.S. [и др.]. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7univer- sum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13739

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. медных концентратов медеплавильного завода АГМК накоплено более 7 млн. т отвальных шлаков медного про- изводства. В настоящее время часть старых шлаков МПЗ перерабатывается в АГМК МОФ-2 флотационным спо- собом и извлекается медь, золото, серебро. Анализ современного состояния технологии переработки шлаков по- казывает что наиболее предпочтительной для вовлечения шлаков в переработку и получения из них железа явля- ется технология низкотемпературного восстановления с последующей магнитной сепарацией металлизованной фазы от немагнитной фракции. Keywords: slag, burning, concentration, flotation, waste. Ключевые слова: шлак, обжиг, концентрат, флотация, отход. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Slag hydrometallurgy is used only at the Gatsila solution, %: 54 Cu; 77Ni; 44 Co. It is planned to use this plant (India), where it replaced flotation, since the latter method also at the plant \"Khetri\" for a mixture of flash did not give satisfactory results in the extraction of smelting slags and converter slags. At other enterprises, nickel and cobalt [1]. Melting slag in suspension, con- either slag flotation or their electrothermal depletion is taining, %: 1.76 Cu; 0.23 Ni; 0.19 Co; 33.6 SiO2, are used. Technical indicators of flotation of converter leached with a solution of ferric chloride, the FeCl3 con- slags, depending on their composition, are given in Ta- sumption is 5 times higher than the stoichiometric one. ble. 1.1. Slag size -0.053 mm, leaching time - 6 h, extraction into Table 1.1. Technical indicators for slag flotation, % Plant Copper content extraction Note Slag Concentrate Tails Krasnouralsky MMC (converter) 3-6 9-15 0,5-0,7 67-94 Industrial tests Software “Balkhashmed” (converter) 1,58-1,6 16 0,17 90,2 Laboratory testing 1,6-4,6 16-23 0,6 90-95 Almalyk MMC Laboratory and industrial tests (converter) 2,07 25,7 0,5 76,65 (1980-1990) Industrial tests Almalyk MMC 4,02 17-19 0,4-0,5 90-92 (ОFF) 60,2 Industrial tests 2,21 13,8 0,94 66,4 70,1 OFF slag, cooling rate, deg/min 2,05 13,6 0,77 71,4 Laboratory testing 1,82 17,0 0,59 1,71 8,8 0,57 Good indicators of slag flotation are achieved only content of 40-60%. Flotation is mainly carried out by when they are slowly cooled. This is due to the fact that converter slags, in some cases flash smelting slags. in slowly cooled slags sulfide particles have a particle size of 0.015-0.04 mm, in normally and rapidly cooled The chemical composition of converter slag enter- slags their particle size is much smaller. However, ing the flotation processing and the form of finding cop- slowly cooled slags have greater abrasiveness and hard- per, as well as the results of converter slag flotation at some ness. At foreign plants, slag flotation is carried out in foreign plants are given in Table. 1.1. The Balkhash copper separate workshops with higher quality structural mate- smelter (Kazakhstan) processes imported concentrates rials for grinding equipment. At the enterprises of the along with its own raw materials; The largest suppliers CIS, where slag flotation is carried out together with ore, (more than 10.0 thousand tons of concentrate per year) there are difficulties with equipment wear, so slow cool- are Erdenetsky (Mongolia), Nikolaevsky, Dzhezkazgan- ing is not used. Almalyk MMC carries out flotation of sky, Ushalinsky and Tishinsky mines. As of December 1, converter slags together with ore and separately with 2006, 36,737 thousand tons of copper slags were stored in SOF AMMC in an amount of up to 30% of its mass. Ex- the slag dump with reserves of 472,306 tons of copper traction of copper is 80-85% [4].Converter slag flotation in them, with an average content of 0.80%. Slag output is used in almost all copper plants using autogenous pro- varies from 336 to 727 thousand tons per year; the copper cesses, since the removal of converter slag improves the content in them varies from 0.7 to 0.87%.The main performance of the main smelters. parameters of slag dumps (as of January 1, 1995): length - 1 km, height - 20 m, occupied area - 49 hectares, The flotation of slags with a high copper content density - 3.4-3.5 t/m3, volumetric weight 3.2-3.5 t/ m3. from the Noranda process (Canada) is characterized by Chemical composition, %: Cu-0.41-0.50, Pb - 0.16-0.23, a high copper content in the tailings [5]. This is due to Zn - 0.4-1.5, Fe - 30-40, SiO2 - 38-42, A12O3 -6-12, the need to obtain super-rich concentrates with a copper CaO-12-14, Re-0.00005, Mo-0.01-0.02, Au-0.1-0.4 and Ag - 4-6 g/t. The slags are not toxic, the admixture of 57

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. As is 0.02-0.04%, and it is bound into insoluble compounds are proposals for the processing of slags from the Bal- with iron and calcium. Mineral composition: glass-50- khash plant by the cementation method using carburized 80%, anorthite 1-10%, magnetite, copper sulfides. cast iron, which allows the most complete extraction of Stocks of metals in slags (as of 1997): Cu - 156 thousand non-ferrous, rare and noble metals and iron. Crushed tons, Au - 12.4 kg, Ag - 0.16 tons, Mo - 0.006 thousand stone and slag can be made from depleted slags. Pilot tons, Pb - 0.06 thousand tons, Fe - 10.8 thousand tonsIn tests for the processing of copper-smelting slags by the terms of iron content (25-30%), they are close to iron flotation method were carried out back in the 70s. Then ores. Due to the admixture of certain alloying metals the extraction of copper into concentrate was 70%. With (tungsten, nickel, cobalt, etc.), steel is obtained by re- separate processing of copper smelting slag, the extrac- ducing iron. There is experience in the extraction of iron tion of copper into concentrate can reach 90%. The pro- at the Balkhash Mining and Metallurgical Complex. posed capacity of the enterprise is 1 million tons of slag Here, the flotation method annually extracts up to 500 per year. In 1995, during the flotation enrichment, an ad- thousand tons. iron concentrate. A technology has been ditional 26.2 thousand tons of copper concentrates were developed and a feasibility study has been drawn up for obtained from 304.8 thousand tons of processed slags. the processing of dump slags from a medical plant at a Since 1990, complex processing of slag from copper- concentrating plant.The most economical and expedient smelting production with the production of copper and is the processing of slag at existing facilities due to some iron concentrates has been carried out by the TVETMET reduction in the processing of poor off-balance ores enterprise, later by the Kazakh-American joint venture from the Koungrad open pit. With an annual volume of Kenzhetai.The Dzhezkazgan copper smelter processes slag processing of 1200 thousand tons with a copper copper concentrates from the Dzhezkazgan concentra- content of 0.53%, the output of concentrate should be tor, as well as imported and imported raw materials. 28.9 thousand tons with a copper content of 15%. There Share of own concentrates is 90-95%. Bibliography: 1. К.С. Санакулов, А.С. Хасанов ,,Переработка шлаков медного производства’’ Ташкент Издательство «Фан» Узбекистан 2007 г. 2. Хасанов А.С., Сирожов Т.Т., Уткирова Ш.И., Муртозаева М.М. “Исследование влияния хлоридовозгоночного обжига переработки медных шлаков” UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ №3 (84). 3. Хасанов А.С., Толибов Б.И., Сирожов Т.Т., Ахмедов М.С. “Новые направления по созданию технологию гра- нуляции шлаков медного производства” ЕВРАЗИЙСКИЙ СОЮЗ УЧЕНЫХ (ЕСУ). № 2 (71) / 2020 4. Сирожов Т.Т., Арипов А.Р., Уткирова Ш., Жумаев М. “Современное состояние теории и практики подго- товки шлаков медного производства” Academy. № 1 (52), 2020. 5. Эшонқулов У.Х. Олимов Ф.М. Саидахмедов А.А. Туробов Ш.Н., Сирожов Т.Т. Шодиев А.Н. “Обоснование параметров контурного взрывания при сооружении горных выработок большого сечения в крепких породах” Научно-методический журнал. Достижения науки и образования. №19 Россия. 29-декабрь. 2018 года. 10-13 с. 6. Хасанов А.С. Толибов Б.И. Сирожов Т.Т. Ханнонова М. Нурмуродов М.Н. “Переработка медных шлаков с извлечением цветных и черных металлов”. Кончилик ва нефт-газ тармоқларининг муаммолари ва иннова- цион ривожлантириш йўллари номли республика илмий-амалий анжумани, НДКИ Узбекистан Навоий шаҳри. 2016-йил 8-9 апрель 273 б. 7. Туробов Ш.Н. Каршибоев Ш. Саидахмедов А. Сирожов Т.Т. Ярлакабов С. Намазов С.З. “Исследование возмож- ности извлечения ценых компонентов из техногеннқх отходов” «Advances in Scien» XI Международная научно-практическая конференция. 30-ноября 2017 года Научно-издательский центр «Актуальность РФ» 118-120 с. 58

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE USE OF BASALT FIBER AND ITS OPPORTUNITIES Nargiz Matchonova Department of Natural Fibers and Fabric Processing, Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute, Uzbekistan, Jizzakh ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ БАЗАЛЬТОВОГО ВОЛОКНА И ЕГО ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ Матчонова Наргиз Нортоевна ст. преподаватель, кафедра обработки натуральных волокон и тканей, Джизакский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Джизак E-mail: nargis_83@ inbox.ru ABSTRACT There are described the possibilities of creating unconventional materials, targeted functional paintings, and value- added products through the use of basalt raw materials in this article. The article is devoted to the prospects for creating functionally oriented products, innovative composite materials aimed at localizing and creating additional value and research on the use of basalt. АННОТАЦИЯ В этой статье описаны возможности создания нетрадиционных материалов, целевых функциональных картин и продуктов с добавленной стоимостью за счет использования базальтового сырья. Статья посвящена перспективам со- здания функционально ориентированных продуктов, инновационных композиционных материалов, направленных на локализацию и создание дополнительной ценности, а также исследованиям по использованию базальта. Keywords: basalt, basalt fiber, roving, cord, twisted reinforced roving, woven, bedding, knitwear, sleeve, composite. Ключевые слова: базальт, базальтовое волокно, ровинг, корд, крученый армированный ровинг, тканый, постельные принадлежности, трикотаж, рукав, композит. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Decree of the President of the Russia, Austria, China, Ukraine, the production and use Republic of Uzbekistan of 2019 Resolutions PQ-4277 of of basalt fiber has further improved [3]. April 10 “on additional measures for the organization of the development of fiberglass, fiberglass products, It has been established that, according to the composite materials, energy-saving heating equipment resistance of crystalline structures to intense mechanical and modern energy-saving systems”[1], PQ-4198 of stress, basaltic silicates are arranged in the following February 20, 2019 “On measures for the radical order: hydro silicates -> framework aluminosilicates improvement and integrated development of the Building (plagioclases) - \"chain silicates (pyroxenes) -\" Materials industry”[2] are aimed at further development of orthosilicates (forsterite). The low mechanical resistance the production of building materials, increasing the of hydro silicate is explained by the presence of large range of modern building materials based on local raw interplanar distances along which the destruction of the materials and secondary resources. special attention is structure begins. The greater stability of pyroxenes than expected to be paid to. plagioclases indicates that the chain framework is more mechanically resistant than silicon-aluminum [4]. Literature review. In the world, basalt was first used as a filler for concrete foundations, in the formation D.D. Dzhigiris, M.F. Makhova conducted research of railway tracks, and then continuous basalt fibers were on the production of basalt fibers, as well as on their obtained, from which specific threads, woven fabrics, practical application [5-7]. semi-finished products and composites reinforced with them quickly penetrated aircraft construction, shipbuild- According to F.M. Rozanov and L.A. Chernikina [8], ing and other industries.At the beginning of the XXI complex indicators of the structure of the fabric take into century, with the advent of several new enterprises in account the ratio of filling the base and back, this factor takes into account the type of weaving, changes in cross-sectional shape and the size of the threads in the fabric. With their help, the filling ratio is defined as the ratio of the actual filling of the tissue to the maximum level. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Matchonova N. USE OF BASALT FIBER AND ITS OPPORTUNITIES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13718

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. A.A. Kurbanov studied the structural parameters of “Geobasalt” LLC was established in December basalt rocks and recommended the production of filter 2020. The company produces corrosion-resistant, dura- materials from their fibers [9]. ble geonets made of basalt fibers (600, 1200, 2400 tex). The new geosynthesis, in contrast to the metal mesh, According to the analysis of the scientific literature, does not require corrosion resistance and dryness, lies one-sided (unidirectional), two-sided (biaxal), three- flat on the surface, is safe to use, can be easily cut with way (triaxal) or multilayer fabric obtained from rein- construction scissors, does not lose the strength of alka- forced basalt fibers is also deposited. The above-men- line concrete, conducts little heat, and provides high ad- tioned textures, used for special purposes, were the re- hesion when using special alloys. allows [10]. sult of the interaction of specialists from several indus- tries, which allowed us to obtain relatively inexpensive The aforementioned enterprises of the country pro- innovative products, such as various non-traditional duce building materials from basalt stone, such as basalt (sports goods, some parts of cars and motorcycles, boat fiber, fiberglass, high heat-retaining slabs, composite re- and boat hulls, parts with a complex profile, various con- inforcement, composite mesh. However, today's need is struction panels, heat, sound insulation and refractory to strengthen theoretical and practical research on the materials, building structures, wind wings). At the same use of this type of raw material in the production of tex- time, in most cases, there are no cases in the literature tile and composite materials.It is aimed at creating a when basalt fiber can be observed even in production classification related to the production and use of con- processes that violate environmental requirements, and tinuous basalt fibers, as well as the development of bas- the enterprise can become a source of environmental alt fibers in this area and the creation of not only textiles, pollution [5]. There fore, along with the expansion of the but also new types of shaped products, and the improve- range of basalt fiber and products made from it, the im- ment of existing technologies. provement of production technology is also an urgent is- sue today. Results and discussion.If we look at world experience [4], firstly, the chemical composition of \"Paraffin emulsion\", which is a multicomponent basalt is mainly: SiO2 - 45-60%, Al2O3 - 12-19%, water-based dispersion containing paraffin, stearin, Fe2O3 and FeO - 5-15%, SaO - 6-12% MgO - 3-7%, vaseline, transformer oils, OC-20 preparation, DTSU TiO2 - 0.9-2%, Na2O and K2O - 2.5-6% and other fasteners and water, is one of the most common compounds -2-3.5%. This is a natural raw material, surfactants in the textile industry. more ready for fiber than glass. Surfactants are used in the manufacture of complex Secondly, the strength of basalt fiber is several filaments of various compositions intended for the times higher than that of other similar fibers, that is, in production of various reinforcing materials from basalt accordance with the existing dimensions of the diameter fibers. The main dangerous and harmful factors in the of elementary fibers: 5.0 microns - 215 kg / mm2; 6.0 preparation of surfactants are physical (electric shock) microns - 210 kg / mm2; 8.0 microns - 208 kg / mm2; 9.0 and chemical (poisoning through the skin) if the microns - 214 kg / mm2; 11.0 microns - 205 kg / mm2. concentration norm is not observed. Thirdly, basalt fabrics and products have high Theoretical research. «Uzmetkombinat» JSC in strength, non-flammable and flammable, maintain their Bekobot, Tashkent region (7-8 thousand tons), «Mega integrity up to +980 ° C, are resistant to electromagnetic Invest Industrial» LLC in the Forish district of Jizzakh radiation, moisture, corrosion, resistant to chemical region (1-1.5 thousand tons) and « Elektroizolit» LLC influences (acidic, alkaline media and salts) and have in Tashkent (0.2 - 0.25 thousand tons) associated its electrical insulating properties . Compared to fabrics activity with basalt. JV LLC \"Mega Invest Industrial\" and products made of glass yarn, their tensile strength manufactures a range of products from basalt fiber: re- is more than 25%, the operating temperature range is bar, mesh, geogrid, geotextile, roving, fiber. from -260 ° C to + 820 ° C (maximum + 980 ° C). Table 1. The following table shows the general characteristics of basalt fabrics. Characteristics of basalt fabrics Code Type of weaving Density, g/m2 Thread diameter, μm Width, mm Thickness. mm BWP200 Plain 200 BWP200 Plain 200 9 1000 0.18 BWP700 Plain 700 BWP900 Plain 900 13 1000 0.19 BWТ350 Тwill 350 BWТ750 Тwill 750 13 1000 0.53 BWU200 200 BWU300 Unidirectional 300 13 1000 0.82 BWU400 Unidirectional 400 Unidirectional 13 1000 0.25 13 1000 0.75 9 1000 0.11 13 1000 0.16 13 1000 0.18 60

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. At the joint venture of “Mega Invest Industrial” comprehensive study of world experience, the produc- LLC, the largest sample was taken from basalt yarn tion of basalt fibers, the creation of functional fabrics treated with a special surfactant with a linear density of and products, the production of functional composite 85 tex, which was made in the form of an experimental materials and their targeted use in cooperation with ex- sample wrapped in a single-needle sock of the “Soosan perts in related fields. Effective innovative cooperation, 604” automatic machine [11]. in-depth research, and analysis of scientific databases will accelerate innovation processes and ensure eco- Conclusion and Recommendations: The conditions nomic growth. of a cluster development system, which require innova- tion, industry and intersectoral knowledge, require a References: 1. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan of 2019 Resolution PQ-4277 of April 10 “on additional measures for the organization of the development of fiberglass, fiberglass products, composite materials, energy-saving heating equipment and modern energy-saving systems”. 2. Resolution PQ-4198”on measures for radical improvement and integrated development of the construction materials industry \" of February 20, 2019. 3. https://basalt.today/ru/technologies/ 4. K.S. Makarevich. Research, development and production of basalt fibers from igneous rocks: the example of the basalts of the Far East. Abstract. Diss. cand. tech. sciences. Khabarovsk-2006 -8 pp. 5. D.D. Jigiris. Basics of the production of basalt fibers and products / D.D. Dzhigiris, M.F.Makhova - M .: Teploenergetik, 2002.-416 p. 6. Ya.A. Shkolnikov. Glass staple fiber / Ya.A. Shkolnikov, B.M. Polik, E.P. Kocharov, E.R. Nigin. M .: Chemistry 1969.-362 p. 7. M.S. Aslanova. Glass fibers / M.S. Aslanova, Yu.I. Kolesnikov, V.E. Khazanov, etc., ed. M.S. Aslanova. M .: Chemistry. 1979.-251 p. 8. N.K. Romanichev. Development and production on STB machines of technical fabrics from heat-resistant strands of glass and basalt. Abstract. diss ... cand. tech. sciences. Ivanova 2010 year. 9. A.A. Kurbanov. Development of a rational technology for processing different types of basalts in Uzbekistan. Doc. diss... Navoi -2016 year. 10. Matchonova N.N. On obtaining composite fabrics and products //ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. – 2021. – Т. 11. – №. 11. – С. 592-598. 11. Matchonova N., Rakhimov F. Basalt Fiber and Capabilities for Creating Added Product //Solid State Technology. – 2020. – Т. 63. – №. 5. – С. 5013-5018. 61

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. TRANSPORT THE MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FORMATION OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN DIESEL ENGINES Fakhriddin Sidikov Senior lecturer, Tashkent State Transport University, Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ОСНОВНЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ВРЕДНЫХ ВЕЩЕСТВ В ДИЗЕЛЬНЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЯХ Фахриддин Сидиков ст. преподаватель, Ташкентский Государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г Ташкент ABSTRACT Products of incomplete combustion and partial decomposition of fuel (carbon oxides, hydrocarbons and soot) are formed due to general or local oxygen deficiency. The determining factors for their formation are: fuel composition and quality; excess air ratio, uniformity of the macrostructure and optimum microstructure of the operating mixture. АННОТАЦИЯ Продукты неполного сгорания и частичного разложения топлива (оксиды углерода, углеводороды и сажа) образуются из-за общего или местного дефицита кислорода. Определяющими факторами их образования являются: состав и качество топлива; соотношение избыточного воздуха, равномерность макроструктуры и оптимальная микроструктура рабочей смеси. Keywords: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, combustion, excess air ratio. Ключевые слова: окись углерода, углеводороды, оксиды азота, сгорание, коэффициент избытка воздуха. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The currently regulated pollutants produced during Fuel composition and quality. Fuel quality mainly operation of reciprocating internal combustion engines has a direct influence on the content of both regulated include carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, particulate and unregulated toxic components in the exhaust gases. matter and nitrogen oxides [4, 86, etc.]. Proceeding from The content of sulphur and its compounds in exhaust gases the reversibility of chemical reactions, combustion can- (mainly in the form of particulate matter) is proportional not theoretically come to an end; the completeness of to the sulphur content of the fuel. Increasing the share of combustion is determined by the conditions of the pro- cyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the fuel cess [2, 3], especially by the quality of mixture for- increases the smokiness of exhaust gases. The effect mation. on NOx emission is directly manifested through organic nitrogen compounds in the fuel. Lack of oxidant in the local flame zones in the com- bustion chamber, in particular diesel, reduced gas tem- The effect on the reduction of all toxic emissions perature, leads to incomplete fuel oxidation and in- obtained by improving the fuel quality is quite obvious creased concentration of hydrocarbons, carbon monox- and is in the range of 10-20%. ide and soot particles in the exhaust gas. Excess oxidant at high temperatures and pressures leads to intensive for- Excess air ratio. In diesel engines, the overall excess mation of nitrogen oxides. air ratio determines the particulate (soot) and hydrocar- bon content in the exhaust gases, but has little effect on Let's consider briefly (see, for example, [5, 6] for the CO concentration. A clear increase in incomplete details) the main factors influencing the formation of combustion products and soot formation is only ob- harmful substances in diesel engines. served when the excess air ratio is less than 1.35-1.40. Based on these determining causes, the formation of Increasing the air charge pressure (e.g. by increas- harmful substances can be analysed in relation to control ing the supercharger degree, using a two-stage super- and regime factors. charger) entails a reduction in carbon monoxide and soot __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Sidikov F.S. THE MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FORMATION OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN DIESEL ENGINES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 5(98). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/13714

№ 5 (98) май, 2022 г. particles emissions. The effect of increasing pressure on Fuel injection torque. The formation of pollutants in nitrogen oxides is ambiguous, as on the one hand the ex- diesel engines is significantly influenced by fuel injec- cess air ratio increases, reducing NOx emissions, and on tion timing, determined by the angle of crankshaft rota- the other hand the temperature of the air at the cylinder tion to the upper dead center (θinj). Late injection shifts inlet increases, increasing nitrogen oxide emissions. the end of the combustion process beyond the expansion phase to the beginning of exhaust, with the result that Reducing the air charge temperature (e.g. by using the amount of incomplete combustion products in the a charge air cooler) by every 10 °C, can reduce the spe- exhaust gas increases. cific NOx emissions by about 10% [4]. Increase in θinj has a favorable effect on unburned The resistance of the intake and exhaust systems in- hydrocarbons content, but causes a sharp increase in ni- fluences the air charge pressure and temperature. The trogen oxides emission. The latter is explained by the valves are normally opened by a cam follower with a fact that as θinj increases the ignition delay period in- constant cam profile, and the valve lift law is not optimal creases, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the share at engine operating conditions other than nominal. The of cycle fuel, which has undergone pre-ignition prepara- current trend is to replace conventional mechanical tim- tion and burns at a high rate. This causes an increase in ing mechanisms with electromagnetic, hydraulic or elec- maximum cycle pressure and temperature, naturally tro-hydraulically actuated systems. Caterpillar, for ex- leading to increased nitrogen oxide emissions. ample, uses Variable Valve Actuation (VVA) on the C13 and C15 diesel engines. Atomizer geometry determines the character of fuel jets development: their quantity, opening angle, dispersion The aerodynamics of the air charge, i.e. the charac- of fuel droplets, range. The volume of the sub-air well teristics of the mixture formation process, depend on the determines the effect of fuel flow after the main injection, geometry of the intake valve and duct. which leads to increased emission of hydrocarbons. The size of the over-piston gap determines the vol- Engine operating mode. Increase in load on the die- ume of the flame-extinguishing zone at the piston posi- sel engine, compensated by increase in a cycle fuel sup- tion near TDC, i.e. determines the emission of incom- ply, leads to growth of the maximum pressures and cycle plete combustion products, mainly hydrocarbons. temperatures, accordingly, to increase in NOx concen- tration in exhaust gases, increase in fuel evaporation The geometry of the piston side surface determines time, that entails increase in concentration of products the amount of oil entering the combustion chamber from of incomplete combustion [5]. the cylinder walls. This parameter determines the emis- sions of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and soot particles. The general pattern of formation of toxic compo- nents in diesel exhaust gases is an increase in incomplete Increasing the compression ratio results in higher combustion products (CO, CH and soot) as the load in- combustion temperatures and combustion products, creases (figure 1.1), when the excess air ratio decreases higher NOx emissions and lower CH emission. from 6-8 units at idle to 1.4-1.6 at nominal power mode. Type of mixture formation. In case of film mixing, Exhaust gases of diesel engines contain only about the smallest quantity of CO, CH and soot particles in ex- 0.1 % (by volume) of CO at idle, the concentration of haust gases is observed; in case of volumetric mixing, which increases as the average effective pressure rises the smallest quantity of nitrogen oxides is observed. up to 0.2 % at full throttle. Figure 1.1. Dependence of the exhaust emission content of a diesel engine on load [1] 63