CU-Sustainable tourism planning and development

SEMESTER VI SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

First Published in 2022 All rights reserved. No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from Chandigarh University. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this book may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This book is meant for educational and learning purpose. The authors of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the Authors has/ have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action.

CONTENT UNIT - 1: Understanding Sustainable Development .............................................................. 4 UNIT - 2: Emergence of Sustainable Tourism……………………………………..………31 UNIT- 3: Earth Summit ……………………………………………………………….…52 UNIT- 4 : Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism- I ……………………………………….. 71 UNIT-5: Dimensions of Sustainable Tourism- II…………………………………………89 UNIT-6: Challenges of Sustainable Tourism Development……………………………….105 UNIT-7: Perspective on mass and alternative Tourism- I…….……………………………166 UNIT-8: Perspective on mass and alternative Tourism- II…………………………...……193 UNIT-9: Understanding Tourism Planning I………………………………………………216 UNIT-10: Understanding Tourism Planning II………………………………………….…228 UNIT-11: Understanding Tourism Planning III…………………………………….………238 UNIT-12: Tourism Planning India………………………………………………….………257 UNIT-13: Public private linkages for Tourism Planning I…………………………………270 UNIT-14: Public private linkages for Tourism Planning II ………………………………288

UNIT - 1: UNDERSTANDING SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT STRUCTURE 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Concepts 1.3 Principles 1.4 Theories of Sustainable Development 1.5 Summary 1.6 Keywords 1.7 Learning Activity 1.8 Unit End Questions 1.9 References

1.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Understand the meaning of sustainable development  Know about sustainability and the fundamental ideas.  Describe the concepts of sustainable development and the history of sustainable development.  The various principles of sustainable development and Sub groups of sustainable development.  Theories of sustainable development.  Goals of Sustainability and the types of Sustainability. 1.1 INTRODUCTION The organizing principle behind sustainable development is maintaining the capacity of natural systems to continue providing the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society are dependent. A state of society where living circumstances and resources are used to meet human needs while maintaining the integrity and stability of the natural system is the desired outcome. Development that satisfies current wants without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to satiate their own needs is referred to as sustainable development. The modern idea of sustainable development is mostly based on the Brundtland Report from 1987, but it also has roots in previous notions of sustainable forest management and environmental concerns from the 20th century. As the idea has grown, so has its emphasis, which is now focused on future generations' economic, social, and environmental progress. The idea has been put up that \"the term 'sustainability' should be considered as humanity's target goal of human- ecosystem equilibrium, while sustainable development' refers to the comprehensive strategy and temporal processes that take us to the end point of sustainability.\" Since the preservation of natural resources and ecosystems and ambitious economic development are typically perceived as being in opposition to one another, modern economies are working to find a way to make them work together. Making and using them into commercial possibilities will be more beneficial than holding climate change pledges and other sustainability measures as a remedy to economic progress. Managed Sustainable Development is the term used to describe the economic growth that such organized ideas and practices bring to an economy (MSD). The question of what should be sustained in sustainable development has been and continues to be a point of contention for the idea of sustainable development. Since any positive rate of exploitation will eventually result in the exhaustion of the earth's finite supply, it has been argued that there is no such thing as a sustainable use of a non-renewable resource; this viewpoint deems the Industrial Revolution as a whole unsustainable. It has also been argued that the term's meaning has been opportunistically expanded from \"conservation management\" to \"economic

development,\" and that the Brundtland Report only promoted a strategy of world development that is similar to business as usual with a vague and insignificant concept attached as a Public relation slogan. History: Sustainability is the discipline of sustaining biotic and natural world productivity eternally without jeopardizing or degrading them by substituting utilized resources with new ones of comparable or better value. Concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems and the social, political, and economic problems that humanity is facing are intertwined in sustainable development. Sustainability Science is the study of environmental science and sustainable development concepts. An additional emphasis is placed on the duty of the current generation to regenerate, preserve, and enhance planetary resources for use by next generations. The concepts of sustainable forest management that were developed in Europe throughout the 17th and 18th century are the foundation of sustainable development. In his 1662 article Sylva, John Evelyn claimed that \"sowing and planting of trees had to be recognized as a national duty of every landowner, in order to stem the destructive over- exploitation of natural resources\" in response to a rising awareness of the depletion of lumber resources in England. Sylvicultura economics, a 400-page study on forestry, was written in 1713 by Hans Carl von Carlowitz, a senior mining administrator in the service of Elector Frederick Augustus I of Saxony. Von Carlowitz pioneered the notion of managing woods for sustained output by building on those of Evelyn and French minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert. His work had an impact on others, such as Georg Ludwig Hartig and Alexander von Humboldt, and finally resulted in the creation of a science of forestry. This in turn impacted individuals like Aldo Leopold, whose land ethic was essential in the creation of the environmental movement in the 1960s, and Gifford Pinchot, the first head of the US Forest Service, whose approach to forest management was guided by the idea of judicious use of resources. The growing environmental movement brought to light the link between economic development and environmental degradation when Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring was published. In his landmark 1966 essay The Economics of the Coming Spaceship, Kenneth E. Boulding Earth realized that the economic system needed to adapt to the ecological system's finite supply of resources. A team of scientists led by Dennis and Donella Meadows of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology used the term \"sustainable\" for the first time in the modern sense in the Club of Rome's seminal report on the Limits to Growth in 1972. The authors stated that they were looking for a model output that represented a world system that was sustainable without experiencing an abrupt and uncontrollable collapse and was able to meet the basic material needs of all of its inhabitants. An MIT research team prepared ten days of hearings for the US Congress

on \"Growth and Its Implication for the Future\" , the first hearings ever held on sustainable development, in response to the Club of Rome report. Under Congressman John Dingell's chairmanship, William Flynn Martin, David Dodson Gray, and Elizabeth Gray prepared the hearings. A worldwide conservation strategy was released by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature in 1980, and it contained one of the earliest mentions of sustainable development as a top objective on a global scale. Two years later, the United Nations World Charter for Nature outlined five conservation tenets that should serve as a guide and standard for all human actions that have an impact on the environment. The Brundtland Report, or Our Common Future, was published in 1987 by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development. One of the most well-known definitions of sustainable development can be found in the report today. Development that is sustainable is one which satisfies existing demands without jeopardizing the capacity of future generations to satisfy their own needs. It contains two fundamental ideas: (1) the idea of \"needs,\" especially the basic needs of the world's poor, to which top priority should be given; and (2) the notion that the environment is limited in its capacity to meet both present and future needs because of the state of technology and social organization. Our Common Future, published by the World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) The goal of \"socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable economic growth\" has gained increased attention since the Brundtland Report, moving the notion of sustainable development beyond its original intergenerational framework. A just, sustainable, and peaceful global society for the twenty-first century is outlined in the Earth Charter, which was released in 1992 by the UN Conference on Environment and Development. Information, integration, and participation were cited as essential building blocks to enable nations realize development that recognizes these interconnected pillars in the Agenda 21 action plan for sustainable development. It emphasizes that everyone may use and offer knowledge in sustainable development. It emphasizes the necessity of transitioning from outdated sector-centered business models to fresh strategies involving cross-sectoral coordination and incorporating environmental and social considerations into all development processes. Furthermore, Agenda 21 emphasizes that attaining sustainable development requires significant public participation in decision-making. The Millennium Declaration defined principles and treaties on sustainable development, encompassing economic development, social development, and environmental protection, in accordance with the ideals of the United Nations Charter. Sustainable development, broadly speaking, refers to a systems approach to growth and development as well as the management of natural, produced, and social capital for the benefit of current and future generations. The United Nations' definition of sustainable development includes both challenges related to land development and more general human development concerns including education, public health, and standard of living.

A 2013 study found that environment, economics, politics, and culture are four interconnected domains that should be considered when redefining sustainability reporting. Education for sustainable development: A more sustainable and fair society can be achieved through education for sustainable development (ESD), which is described as education that promotes changes in knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes. ESD attempts to use a balanced and integrated approach to the economic, social, and environmental components of sustainable development to empower and equip present and future generations to fulfill the needs. Concept: A more sustainable and fair society can be achieved through education for sustainable development (ESD), which is described as education that promotes changes in knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes. ESD attempts to use a balanced and integrated approach to the economic, social, and environmental components of sustainable development to empower and equip present and future generations to meet demands. Knowledge alone cannot motivate students to act as responsible citizens; instead, ESD calls for reimagining both the physical and virtual learning environments. To integrate the ideology of sustainable development, the learning environment must change and implement a whole-institution strategy. enhancing the ability of teachers and providing policy support at worldwide, regionally, nationally, and locally levels encourage modifications in learning institutions, empowerment of local kids. Communities and education in connection. Institutions become crucial players in moving forward sustainable progress. In decade for sustainable development: A global movement to realign education to address the issues of sustainable development was launched with the UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014). In the 37th session of its General Conference, UNESCO supported the Global Action Programme on ESD (GAP), building on the accomplishments of the Decade as expressed in the Aichi-Nagoya Declaration on ESD. The GAP strives to scale-up efforts and good practices. It was recognized by UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/69/211 and introduced at the UNESCO World Conference on ESD in 2014. Together with its partners, UNESCO has a significant part to play in making significant advancements that will ensure the principles of ESD are promoted through formal, non-formal, and informal education. ESD is increasingly being acknowledged on a global scale as the primary enabler of sustainable development. The 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa; and the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) in Rio de Janeiro all recognized the importance of ESD. The Paris Agreement's Article 12 and other significant international agreements also emphasize the significance of ESD. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are arguably centered on ESD (United Nations, 2015). The SDGs understand that in order to address the global issues that are essential for humanity's existence,

all nations must encourage action in the key areas of people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnership. Target 4.7 of SDG4, which aims to guarantee that all students gain the knowledge and skills necessary to promote sustainable development and is recognized as a key step toward achieving all other 16 SDGs, specifically mentions ESD. (UNESCO, 2017). Sub groups of sustainable development: The environment, the economy, and society are the three sectors, dimensions, areas, or pillars that make up sustainable development. Rene Passet, an economist, first put up the three-sphere paradigm in 1979. It has also been referred to as \"ecology, economy, and equity\" or \"economic, environmental, and social.\" Some authors have expanded this to include a fourth pillar of culture, institutions, or governance. Alternatively, they have reconfigured this to include ecology, economics, politics, and culture as the four domains of the social, reintegrating economics back into the social and treating ecology as the meeting point of the social and the natural world. Relationship between ecological footprint and Human Development Index (HDI): The link between people and their natural, social, and physical environments includes the ecological stability of human settlements. This expands the focus of sustainable development to include the area of human health and is also known as human ecology. Addressing public health risk through investments in ecosystem services can be a powerful and transformative force for sustainable development, which, in this sense, extends to all species. Fundamental human needs such as the availability and quality of air, water, food, and shelter are also the ecological foundations for sustainable development. Environmental sustainability refers to how the natural ecosystem endures, remains diverse, and continues to be productive. The condition of the air, water, and climate are of particular relevance because natural resources are drawn from the environment. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report presents alternatives for adaptation and mitigation of climate change and describes current understanding regarding socioeconomic, scientific, and technical facts related to it. In order to maintain environmental sustainability, civilization must develop activities that satisfy human needs while protecting the planet's life support systems. This includes, for instance, conserving water, employing renewable energy sources, and obtaining materials from sustainable sources (such as extracting wood from forests at a rate that preserves biodiversity and biomass). When natural capital—the totality of nature's resources—is depleted more quickly than it can be regenerated, an unsustainable scenario results. Sustainability demands that human activity only depletes natural resources at a rate that allows for their natural replenishment. The idea of sustainable development is inextricably linked to the idea of carrying capacity. The incapacity to support human existence is the long-term effect of environmental degradation, according to theory. Global environmental degradation should result in an increase in the mortality rate of

humans until the population is no longer able to support itself. If the degeneration goes past a certain critical threshold or tipping point, humanity will eventually perish. Relationship between ecological footprint and Human Development Index (HDI): The link between people and their natural, social, and physical environments includes the ecological stability of human settlements. This expands the focus of sustainable development to include the area of human health and is also known as human ecology. Addressing public health risk through investments in ecosystem services can be a powerful and transformative force for sustainable development, which, in this sense, extends to all species. Fundamental human needs such as the availability and quality of air, water, food, and shelter are also the ecological foundations for sustainable development. Environmental sustainability refers to how the natural ecosystem endures, remains diverse, and continues to be productive. The condition of the air, water, and climate are of particular relevance because natural resources are drawn from the environment. The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report presents alternatives for adaptation and mitigation of climate change and describes current understanding regarding socioeconomic, scientific, and technical facts related to it. In order to maintain environmental sustainability, civilization must develop activities that satisfy human needs while protecting the planet's life support systems. This includes, for instance, conserving water, employing renewable energy sources, and obtaining materials from sustainable sources (such as extracting wood from forests at a rate that preserves biodiversity and biomass). When natural capital—the totality of nature's resources—is depleted more quickly than it can be regenerated, an unsustainable scenario results. Sustainable development calls for just using natural resources at a rate that allows for their natural replenishment. The idea of sustainable development is inextricably linked to the idea of carrying capacity. The incapacity to support human existence is the long-term effect of environmental degradation, according to theory. Global environmental degradation should result in an increase in the mortality rate of humans until the population is no longer able to support itself. If the degeneration goes past a certain critical threshold or tipping point, humanity will eventually perish. Environmentally friendly agricultural practices that enable the production of crops or livestock without causing harm to social or environmental systems are known as sustainable agriculture. It entails guarding against negative effects on the farm's workers, residents, and other communities as well as on the land, water, biodiversity, nearby or downstream resources, and other resources. The idea of sustainable agriculture spans generations, transferring a natural resource, biotic, and economic basis that has been preserved or developed rather than one that has been exhausted or contaminated. Permaculture, agroforestry, mixed farming, multiple cropping, and crop rotation are all components of sustainable agriculture. It entails the use of environmentally friendly agricultural practices, cutting-edge farming innovations that improve the environment's suitability for human habitation, and the reclamation and conversion of deserts into arable land.

1.2 CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: The United Nations Member States first embraced the sustainable development goals in 2015. The idea of sustainable development attempts to promote the utilization of goods and services in a way that minimizes negative environmental effects and makes the best use of available resources to meet human needs. Look at the following critical details that explain why sustainable development is crucial in order to grasp its significance:  Creation of environmentally friendly renewable energy sources  Stability of the population  Planning for integrated land use  Wholesome pastures and croplands  Forestry and replanting of marginal lands  Keeping biological variety intact  Regulation of air and water pollution  Recycling of leftovers and garbage  Environmentally friendly human settlements  All levels of environmental education and awareness Three pillars of Sustainable Development: Three fundamental pillars form the foundation of the idea of sustainable development, which aims to produce equitable growth, foster shared prosperity for the present generation, as well as continuing to meet the demands of future generations. These three pillars, which are interrelated and reflect the objectives of community growth and social and environmental stability, are economic, social, and environmental development. Let's examine these foundational elements of sustainable development in more detail: 1. Economic sustainability: Economic sustainability aims to support practices that can lead to long-term economic growth while minimizing their negative effects on the community's social, cultural, and environmental facets. The following are the basics of economic sustainability, which serve as a vital enabler for the idea of sustainable development:  Discovering practical, environmentally sustainable solutions to world hunger and poverty;  When linked with the idea of sustainable development, economics, which is the study of how societies use their resources (such as water, air, food, and fuel), focuses on achieving economic growth that is only sustainable and simultaneously improves our quality of life and environment;  To include sustainable growth, economic sustainability is categorized into three broad categories: values and valuation, policy tools, and poverty and environment.

2. Social sustainability: Social sustainability is a type of social obligation that manifests itself most clearly when the stable and unstable elements of a community require the replenishment of exhausted resources. It integrates social and physical environment design, focuses on the requirements of various groups within a community, and places a specific emphasis on providing the necessary infrastructure and assistance to the weaker groups. Understanding the idea of sustainable development involves this as well. The main principles of social sustainability are as follows:  Systematic community involvement  Strong government and civil society  Norms of honesty that are widely recognized (tolerance, compassion, forbearance, love)  Equality for women 3. Culturalsustainability: One of the key elements of the idea of sustainable development is culture. Growing recognition of the significance of cultural rights and the need to protect cultural assets has led to a demand for cultural sustainability. The following are some of the key determinants of cultural sustainability:  Cultured Person: A matured state of mind can increase community awareness, protecting and promoting the importance of cultural variety for the realization of all human rights.  Globalization: Due to the numerous cultures present in various nations, it is crucial to explore its consequences in order to address the emergence of multicultural nations and the various problems they face. Now that you are aware with these three components of the sustainable development concept, let's look at how they differ from one another: Economic Social/Cultural Environmental Elimination of the extremes Equality between women and men, The holistic balance between nature and living beings is a reflection of the of wealth and poverty. irrespective of caste, creed and divine. colour. Helping people understand Elimination of all forms of Unity in diversity; the importance of voluntary prejudice/universal compulsory cleanliness;Kindness to animals and giving and profit-sharing education/ trustworthiness and beliefs environmental conservation

Benefits of Sustainable Development: Here are some significant advantages that can be gained through applying the idea of sustainable development:  Global Equity: It is important to equally divide environmental benefits to both current and future generations.  Ethical guiding principle: Including the traits and ideals that most people associate with ethical behavior, such as social justice, equality, and democracy.  Physical sustainability is the understanding of nature's boundaries and the pursuit of a general ecological balance on a global scale.  Equity between generations: Future generations should have access to economic opportunity and environmental resources on a par with current generations. 1.3 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: The 1992 Rio de Janeiro Declaration on the Environment and Development included the declarations that later came to be regarded as the main tenants of sustainable development. Mindjov (1999:196) re-created these ideas as follows: 1. Everyone has the right to a natural environment-friendly, productive life. 2. Both the current and following generations are entitled to this right. 3. Any developmental process must include environmental protection as a fundamental component. 4. Any developmental process must include environmental protection as a fundamental component. 4. Each nation is free to use its own resources without harming the environment in other nations. 5. The \"polluter pays\" principle states that the polluter is responsible for any environmental harm. 6. The idea of adopting preventative measures for environmental protection is integrated with economic activity. 7. States must work together to protect the environment. 8. Sustainable development must include measures to reduce inequality in the world's varied regions, living standards, and poverty. 9. States must restrict and eliminate unsustainable production and consumption patterns and strengthen the necessary demographic policies. 10. Involving all parties with an interest in a problem is the most effective strategy to solve environmental issues.

11. States must foster and promote the public's informed participation in the decision-making process (participatory democracy). 12. States are required to create and put into practice strong environmental protection legislation. 13. All social groups must be involved in environmental conservation. 14. Interdependence and indissolubility of peace, development, and environmental protection. 1.4 THEORIES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: The Evolution Process of SD Theory: The development of SD theory required practical application, and the application of pertinent policies cannot be isolated from the research of SD . Ideas for SD have sprouted, followed by a number of SD practices, like the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit. SD has seen many changes and has moved beyond dealing with environmental issues to addressing the global strategic issue . This paper divided the evolution and development of SD theory into the embryonic period (before 1972), the molding period (1972-1987), and the developing period based on the study of the evolution of SD thoughts and the formation of SD theory by Lele, Mebratu , Zhang , and other scholars (since 1987)( Figure 1.1) Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1 Number of papers on “sustainable development” published from 2000 to 2019 in Web of Science (WOS) core database (Note: The retrieval formula of “theory” is: TS—((“sustainable

development” OR sustainability) NEAR/3 theory) NOT TS—((“sustainable development” OR sustainability) NEAR/3 practice); The retrieval formula of “practice” is: TS—((“sustainable development” OR sustainability) NEAR/3 practice) NOT TS—((“sustainable development” OR sustainability) NEAR/3 theory); The retrieval formula of “practice OR theory” is: TS— ((“sustainable development” OR sustainability) NEAR/3 theory) OR TS—((“sustainable development” OR sustainability) NEAR/3 practice). The retrieval formula of “practice AND theory” is: TS—((“sustainable development” OR sustainability) NEAR/3 THEORY) AND TS- ((“sustainable development” OR sustainability) NEAR/3 practice)) Figure 1.2 Main research countries on sustainable development (SD) theory and practiceEvolution stages and symbolic events of SD theory: Figure 1.3 Evolution stages and symbolic events of SD theory

1.4.1. The Embryonic Period (Before 1972) : Even if the words \"sustainability\" or \"sustainable\" didn't exist until the 20th century, the principles they refer to have been around for much longer. In China, the notion of SD has a long history, and it can be linked to the central tenet of Chinese classical philosophy (Heaven and humans in one). The monarchs understood that the mountains, forests, and rivers should be handled shrewdly in accordance with the laws of nature rather than being overexploited as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty (B.C. 1100–771). Since then, a number of actions have been taken to safeguard natural resources, including the creation of designated management departments, the enforcement of state monopolies, the collection of taxes on mountains and gardens, and the issuance of bans. Following that, many factors contributing to environmental deterioration were examined in relation to ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Greek, and Roman civilizations. Additionally, a few actions were suggested. According to Varro, \"we can, by care, decrease the ill effects\" (first century AD). The word \"sustainability\" originally appeared in Carlowitz's 1713 book Afforestation and Economy, which methodically discussed the topic of sustainable forestry. The term \"sustainability\" was defined as something on which people might still rely after all else became unsustainable in the German Dictionary, which was released in 1809. It is clear that the early conception of SD was primarily concerned with the sustainable exploitation of natural resources. 1.4.2 The Molding Period (1972–1987):  The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in 1972: The United Nations organized a global summit in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972 after realizing that developmental strategies that prioritized economic expansion increased the frequency of significant environmental problems. The event, which marked the debut of the SD idea, was the first conference on the human environment . All nations were urged by the summit to tighten their environmental management laws while expanding their economies. Since then, strong end-of-pipe environmental governance and institutional changes relating to environmental protection have advanced. The affluent nations in the north were more concerned with environmental issues than the emerging nations in the south, and this led to a significant worldwide controversy at the summit.  Publication of “Our Common Future” in 1987: The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) first methodically outlined the notion of SD in its report on human development, \"Our Common Future,\" which was published in 1987. According to one definition of SD, it is \"development that satisfies present wants without sacrificing the capacity of future generations to satisfy their needs\" .  The population, food, species, and genetic resources, as well as energy, industry, human habitation, etc. were the main topics of the report. The report also presented three distinct points of view and methodically explored a number of significant economic, social, and environmental problems facing humanity:  There are three interrelated crises that cannot be separated: (1) the environmental, (2) the energy, and (3) the need for human growth. (3) Current developmental models must be

altered for the benefit of both the present and the future. Although very wide and succinct, these definitions and perspectives lack directness and practical applicability. 1.4.3 The Developing Period (1987–Present):  The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: The voyage of SD in a global context began in 1992 when the United Nations sponsored a meeting in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to address environment and development. The \"Rio Declaration on Environment and Development\" and \"Agenda 21\" were adopted by the conference and signed. Additionally, one accord identified the \"shared but varied obligations\" of developed and developing nations in tackling global environmental concerns, as well as the necessity for developed nations to provide financing and technology transfers to developing nations. This gathering also established the notion of creating a worldwide partnership to collectively address global environmental problems and developed goals and action plans to execute sustainable development . This demonstrated the significance of SD at the level of global policy because it was the first time in human history that an idea had been turned into a global action . Since that time, SD has come to be accepted by the entire human race . The conference also stressed the need of sustainable development (SD) as a fundamental idea for overcoming the seeming conflict between economic growth and environmental preservation by emphasizing the fact that SD entails resource- and environment-conscious development.  The conference introduced the social aspect of the theory of SD by highlighting the polarization of society and the significance of equity. This theoretical development led to the three pillars of SD being viewed as being the economy, society, and environment.  The United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000: The United Nations Millennium Summit took place in September 2000 at the UN's New York headquarters. The \"United Nations Millennium Declaration,\" which listed the eight major areas and 21 operational targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) with the development and eradication of extreme poverty as the focus, was endorsed by the representatives of 189 nations . Over the subsequent 15 years, these objectives served as an internationally acknowledged framework for directing national growth and collaboration as well as providing direction for the advancement of humanity in the next century.  From SD to Sustainability Science: Although SD has made significant political progress, many scientists have found it challenging to conceive and measure SD . Our Common Journey: A Transition Toward Sustainability is a paper written by the National Research Council (NRC) that was published in 1999. The term \"sustainability science\" was proposed in the study and defined as \"the science of sustainable development\" .The publication of the essay \"Sustainability Science\" in 2001 could be considered a turning point for the field . The study said that the goal of sustainability research was to better understand how environmental and societal factors interact and how to direct this

interaction in a more sustainable direction. Since then, sustainable development has expanded to include ecological economics, forestry, and other fields of study.  The 2012 United Nations Conference on SD: The conflicts of interest between the economy, society, and environment started to show themselves more after 1992. It became more important than ever to introduce the idea of cooperative governance among global stakeholders . In light of this, the Rio+20 Summit was held by the UN in 2012. The conference made it clear that the green economy held the key to resolving conflicts between environmental protection and economic growth. Global cooperative governance can also resolve disputes between problems with the economy, the social order, and the environment. By the summit's conclusion, SD had grown from three to four pillars: government, economics, social issues, and the environment  United Nations Sustainable Development Summit: At the UN headquarters in New York, the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit featured more than 150 heads of state and government in September 2015. The conference adopted \"Transforming our World — the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development\" after evaluating the MDGs' implementation. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which have 169 specific targets and 17 focal areas, were outlined in the agenda. SDGs substantially altered the conventional notion of development in comparison to MDGs. SDGs promote inclusive growth and SD with linked economic, social, and environmental development rather than just focusing on economic growth. Types of Sustainable Development: The distinction between natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, and social capital is currently accepted by the majority of academics. In order for human society to accomplish SD, it must be dependent on the stock of four different types of capital and how they are arranged over time. Understanding the connections between the four categories of capital is crucial for interpreting and assessing sustainability. There are now three basic theories explaining how manufactured and natural capital are mutually substitutable.

Figure 1.4 Schematic diagram of different types of sustainability (Note: the overlapping parts of the two circles represent capital that can be replaced by each other). 1. Weak Sustainability: A human-centered concept of weak sustainability holds that produced capital can take the place of natural capital. Weak sustainability views the total amount of manufactured capital and natural capital as being the most significant , which is an extension of neoclassical welfare economics . Therefore, even if natural capital deteriorates to an unrecoverable state during development, it is still sustainable as long as the overall amount of capital increases. 2. Strong Sustainability: Strong sustainability is a perspective of nature that emphasizes the importance of natural capital in both production and consumption. The steady- state economic theory holds that manufactured capital cannot be produced indefinitely without the addition of natural capital . Therefore, the process of development should not only call for a growth in total capital but also for the capital structure to be rational and for ecological limits to not be crossed . Additionally, economic growth should not go beyond what is normal. 3. Absurdly Strong Sustainability: Absurdly strong sustainability also contends that ecosystem exploitation and use should end, in addition to its absurdly strong belief that natural capital cannot be substituted by manufactured capital . Following the development of SD philosophy, some radical environmentalists advanced the idea that humans and other creatures are equal . They think that human development should take place in harmony with nature. Even more extreme, some radical environmentalists urge forholding human society's advancement in favor of the preservation and restoration of the natural world, although such a position is unrealistic. 4. Comparisons Among Weak, Strong, and Absurdly Strong Sustainability: The benefit of poor sustainability is that it supports the advancement of science and technology, and that natural and manufactured capital can be substituted in ways that are more in

line with the demands of economic growth. Weak sustainability has the drawback of believing that humans can manage nature and technology advancement and that nature has no capacity for restraint. It also thinks that all ecosystem functions can be replaced. The excessively strong sustainability has the benefit that it makes the economic system a part of nature rather than an autonomous system. The excessively strong sustainability has the drawback of underestimating the role of technology and of assuming that all natural capital is constrictive while in fact some of it is replaceable. 5. For instance, other manufactured goods can take the place of some mineral resources. Strong sustainability has the advantage of being opposed to the two extreme viewpoints mentioned above; for this reason, it is a concept that we should embrace . Strong sustainability has the drawback of establishing a number of boundaries that must not be violated, which could impede economic growth, particularly in emerging nations. 6. There are currently only a few comprehensive research on the strong and weak levels of SD in different evaluation indicators and SD measurement methodologies. The majority of them use the basic sum of three systems (economic, social, and environmental) to measure the SD level, which is based on the idea of weak sustainability. These qualities are also present in green GDP, which is determined by deducting environmental and ecological damage costs from traditional GDP. Goals of Sustainable Development: Different development issues face human society at various times. The theory of SD serves as a guide for the ongoing evolution of SD practices and the enrichment and improvement of SD objectives . The single-factor aim of sustainable use of plant and animal resources has given way to the MDGs, which concentrate on eradicating poverty, and now to the more all-encompassing and universal SDGs.  Single-Factor Development Goals: People in the era of the agrarian economy fully understood that the capacity for natural resources to regenerate is constrained. The use of resources that humans depend on for survival, such as forestry, fisheries, birds, and animals, was restricted by the ancient sages. These resources embody the sustainable use of animal and poultry resources, reflect the sustainable use of fisheries resources, and (Qin Law–Tian Law) embody the sustainable use of forest resources. Carlowitz carefully explored the SD of forestry in his book Afforestation and Economy, which was published in 1713 . The World Conservation Strategy (WCS), which had \"the overall aim of achieving sustainable development through the conservation of living resources,\" was introduced in 1980 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), giving rise to the phrase \"sustainable

development\" . Then, a string of significant events—including conferences, documents, conversations, and the 21st-century agenda—opened the door to a shared understanding of sustainable development worldwide . International organizations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank also acknowledged the importance of environmental challenges and held them to be the cornerstone and essence of sustainable growth . Additionally, other SD evaluation indicators were created, such as the Ecological Footprint and the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA) (EF). The effects of ecological change on human well-being were also evaluated by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) (2001-2005) . To put it briefly, SD at this time period focused mostly on the subject of ecological sustainability with the intention of protecting the environment and utilizing natural resources sustainably.  Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were the global development objectives that had been set by the UN summit in 2000. They included things like ending extreme poverty and hunger, attaining universal primary education, advancing gender equality, and empowering women. The main goal of the MDGs was to reduce poverty in developing nations by making unceasing efforts to raise standards of living, save lives, and ensure the existence of the world's most impoverished nations for a predetermined period of time .The MDGs were the most effective global anti- poverty campaign in history by 2015, when the MDGs' 15-year time limit had passed and unparalleled benefits had been obtained globally. The number of people living in extreme poverty decreased from 1.9 billion to 836 million in developing regions; the proportion of people living in extreme poverty decreased from 47 percent in 1990 to 14 percent in 2015; the net enrollment rate of primary schools increased from 83 percent in 2000 to 91 percent in 2015; the global under-five mortality rate decreased from 9 percent in 1990 to 4.3 percent in 2015; and the percentage of the world's population that was living in extreme poverty decreased from 9 percent in 1990 to 4.3 percent in 2015. Even Nevertheless, there was still potential for improvement when comparing the MDGs' accomplishments to the established objectives. The following elements primarily illustrated this large gap: 1) The largest dangers to human growth still exist in conflicts. 2) The objectives of each subproject were not balancedly achieved. There are still a lot of objectives that haven't been met, even though the aim of universal primary education has been reached and the percentage of people without access to improved drinking water has been cut in half five years earlier than expected. In fact, the goals of halving the proportion of people affected by hunger, reducing child and maternal mortality by two-thirds, and stopping and starting to reverse the spread of HIV/Aids were not achieved. Additionally, a third of developing

countries did not achieve gender equality in their primary education system. 3) The MDGs were not met equally in each region. For instance, South America and East Asia performed significantly better than Africa. Despite observable progress, there are still wide inequalities between the poorest and richest households as well as between rural and urban areas. 4) The performance and efforts of rich countries fell far short of their commitments. Developed countries had made a number of worldwide, public commitments to help poor nations, but the majority of these commitments had not been kept. 5) The MDGs were designed to address the issues of severe poverty in developing nations, but sufficient emphasis was not given to how to ensure SD.  Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The UN approved SDGs in 2015 on the basis of MDG experience . Six components make up the SDGs: dignity, people, the environment, prosperity, justice, and cooperation. In order to direct the SD for all regions, including developed and developing countries, over the course of the next 15 years, the SDGs are made up of 17 goals and 169 sub-goals. The SDGs can be broken down into four categories: governance , environment, society, and society . Scholars have compared the SDGs to the MDGs, and the key distinctions are as follows: 1) Compared to MDGs, SDGs are more inclusive. While SDGs apply to high, middle, and low income countries, MDGs were primarily focused on developing nations . 2) Compared to MDGs, SDGs are more thorough and precise. For instance, both of them placed a high priority on ensuring global environmental security, but the SDGs set forth more specific objectives, such as combating climate change and conserving and sustainably using ocean, sea, and marine resources, whereas the MDGs generally advocated \"ensuring environmental sustainability\". 3) The SDGs are more stringent than the MDGs. For instance, the SDGs aim to \"end poverty in all its manifestations worldwide,\" whereas the MDGs aim to \"eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.\" Additionally, unlike the MDGs emphasized increasing school attendance, the SDGs advocate for raising educational standards. 4) Compared to the MDGs, the SDGs place more emphasis on the reciprocal nature of cooperation. The MDGs placed a strong emphasis on delivering help from developed to underdeveloped nations, whereas the SDGs place a stronger emphasis on everyone's individual initiative and responsibility. Data revolution. 5). The SDGs' Goal 17 calls for improving access to reliable, timely, and high-quality data. The MDGs made no mention of this idea. 6) The paradigm for development is changing. In contrast to the MDGs, the SDGs encourage those who reside in developing nations' extreme poverty to not only survive, but also to do so with dignity. The main goal of the SDGs is to ensure that people do not survive at the expense of destroying the environment in order to end poverty and advance economic development. To this end, people must uphold and execute the concept of SD. According to The

Sustainable Development Goals Report 2018 published by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, progress in many development domains has been slow and unequal over the last three years, making it challenging to achieve the SDGs goals by 2030. Furthermore, one of the major challenges to achieving the SDGs is a shortage of money. According to the report, net official development assistance was 146.6 billion dollars in 2017, a 0.6 percent reduction from 2016. At 0.31 percent, official development assistance still represents a small portion of donor countries' GNI. The international community must therefore fight against tax evasion and the illicit flow of wealth while also fostering the conditions that will encourage nations to implement internal tax reform. Prospects of Sustainable Development Research: Although the idea of SD has been widely pushed, many of its theoretical and methodological issues still need to be resolved in their entirety. Although strong sustainability is a notion that people should embrace, weak sustainability is still practiced, according to the prior investigation. Although the objectives of SD have evolved from addressing ecological sustainability to more all-encompassing objectives, such objectives only take SD over the next 15 years rather than a longer period into account. Additionally, in 1992, the economy, society, and environment were the three pillars of SD. The fourth pillar of culture, institutions, or governance has been mentioned by several authors. 1. Weak Sustainability Remains : Although the idea of SD that we should embrace is strong sustainability, weak sustainability is nevertheless widely used. Different degrees of SD comprehension, cognitive, and social and economic development are all contributing causes to this phenomena. The weak sustainability model admits the partial logic of the current world while denouncing the wrongdoings of human civilization and is prepared to make concessions. For modern people, this development paradigm is more psychologically acceptable . For instance, China's green GDP is a measure of GDP that accounts for environmental damage losses before calculating GDP. If the green GDP result is low or negative, it suggests that economic growth is occurring at the expense of environmental harm, which is not sustainable. If it is high, however, economic growth will be seen as sustainable. This logic, however, assumes that natural resources can completely be replaced by other resources, which is a notion that is not supported by sustainability. According to this way of thinking, nations frequently artificially undercut the cost of natural resources in order to stimulate economic growth . Similar to this, the World Bank suggested the term \"Genuine Saving\" (GS) in 1995 as a way to forecast the SD of

an economy. This phrase considered the effects of natural resource depletion, harm from environmental degradation, and investment in human capital on national wealth . It was still analyzing the whole amount of capital, though. Positive GS does not always equate to sustainable, even while negative GS is equivalent to unsustainable. Throughout the development phase, SD aims to sustain the growth of total capital and the logic of the capital structure. GDP growth and environmental impact cannot be completely separated from one another , since all nations find it intolerable to not consume natural resources. However, strong SD contends that human development should take place within planetary bounds. So, in the short run, we should practice rigorous economy, get rid of trash, and encourage the development of a society that values conservation. Long-term efforts should be made to increase human capital in order to replace natural capital, including switching from fossil fuels to renewable energies like solar or wind energy . And for developing nations, more policies are required to address primary production, rural poverty, etc. 2. Inter-Generational Equity in SD: In both policy and the field of SD research, equity is a crucial concern. First, intra-generational equity, or equity between various social groups in the utilization of resources and the distribution of goods, is one of the four basic ways that SD reflects equity. The second is intergenerational equity, or the fairness of the right to development between the current generation and the following one. Third, procedural fairness, or the fairness of various political rules and decision-making processes. Fourth, species equity, which is the equality of human beings and other species with regard to their entitlement to reproduction and survival . The primary focus of the present SD concept of equality is intra-generational equity. For instance, only applications of SD during the next 15 years are taken into account by the MDGs and SDGs. According to the fairness principle, the distribution of pressures and advantages under such short-term goals may have an impact on the formulation of long-term goals and may not ensure the welfare of future generations. To achieve the SD goals, it is essential to pursue intergenerational equity and create a more accurate understanding of intergenerational equity.

3. The Cultural Dimension of SD: Culture is described as \"the set of distinctive spiritual material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs\" (Preface to the Universal Declaration on Culture Diversity) . Although culture was not the primary focus of the Rio+20 Summit, its significance for development was acknowledged . One standard frequently fails to address several issues during the SD process . Lack of regard for local circumstances, cultural identity, and values hinders many well-intentioned development efforts . The cultural aspect of SD is currently receiving more and more attention. The policy statement \"Culture: Fourth Pillar of Sustainable Development\" was accepted by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) executive board on November 17, 2010, as part of the third international congress of the global summit of local and regional leaders in Mexico City . However, more operational advice is still required for the use of culture to promote SD. 4. Cooperative Governance for SD: It is possible to view governance as a type of social coordination. Governance is different from governing behaviors (intentional direction, control, and management), and it refers to how people behave in a variety of interactions (deliberation, negotiation, self-regulation, or authority selection) as well as how closely participants follow group decision-making . The preservation of property rights and the efficient operation of the legal system are among the fundamental functions of government. On the other hand, good governance also includes efficiency, effectiveness, the application of the law, involvement, accountability, openness, respect for human rights, and tolerance of differences . According to many academics, excellent governance is both a requirement and the primary component in obtaining SD . However, no one type of governance can actually be sustainable . Government differs depending on the environment and culture, and it evolves as society, culture, and the economy do . There are several areas that need to be addressed in order to improve governance capability and levels, and not all of them can be done at once or with universal agreement. Although there is a newfound consensus to tolerate diversity in the growth and development of governance systems, it is still vital to reaffirm the international standards and those of the member states . The United Nations Department of Environmental and Social Affairs (UN DESA) and United Nations Committee of Experts on Public Administration (UN

CEPA) took into account the various governance structures, national conditions, and levels of development while respecting international agreements and priorities. As a result, three key tenets of effective governance were developed: accountability (integrity, openness, and independent oversight), effectiveness (ability, sound decision-making, and cooperation), and inclusion (no one left behind, no discrimination, participatory, supportive, and intergenerational equity). Additionally, for governance with complicated concepts and connotations, clear and measurable goals and indicators are crucial. 5. Global Life-Supporting System:The steady operation of the global life- supporting system is a necessity for human growth, even while the emphasis on Earth's life-supporting system is not a comprehensive alternative to other current initiatives to improve life quality . However, since 2000, a growing body of research has demonstrated that this functioning is in jeopardy and that human pressure could result in even more changes to the climate, biodiversity, land use, etc. . According to some studies, human activity will have directly altered more than 50% of the Earth's land area by 2012 . MDGs primarily focused on socioeconomic results; in contrast, SDGs expressly include goals to protect natural ecosystems . To do this, it's crucial to discover strategies for balancing the Anthropocene and Ecocentric parts of SD, like the Chinese Yin-Yang approach. 1.5 SUMMARY Usability is an integral part of design. Its target is the whole of everything. Ecological, economic, and social justice connections are made naturally. They are linked together so closely that new patterns of production and consumption that are sustainable with the ecosystems' carrying capacity and that significantly lessen our ecological footprint become obvious. Through the lens of sustainability, we may perceive a different type of economy—one that uses less resources and is more in tune with nature and socio-ethical principles. The code phrase \"green economy\" is currently being used by the UN to describe this. We have reached a crucial junction in human history. The end of the fossil age is near. In the past 200 years, fossil resources have contributed to an incredibly dynamic development. They merely needed to be \"tapped\" after being buried in the earth. Simply drill farther or elsewhere if an oil well runs dry. Sustainability was not necessary for such logic. Indeed, for a century the traditional terms for ecology and sustainability vanished into the ivory tower of academic specialties. However, fossil fuels cannot be renewed.

An early warning sign was the 1972 spike in the price of oil. We now talk about \"peak oil,\" which marks the start of the end of the fossil age. There can be no overtime in this game. One of the main topics in the current development discourse is sustainable development. However, because it encompasses a wide range of viewpoints, it continues to be an eclectic idea. This method of development involves a pattern of resource usage that strives to satisfy human needs while protecting the environment so that these needs can be satisfied not just for the current generation but also for generations to come. It emphasizes the necessity of raising human life standards while protecting ecological systems. In other words, the environment cannot be permitted to be destroyed or degraded to the point where it cannot support future economic activity as a result of the exploitation of natural resources and industrial activities. Thus, its discussion is predicated on the idea that communities must manage four different types of capital (economic, social, cultural, and natural), some of which may not be replaceable and whose consumption may be irreversible. Therefore, sustainable development implies progress without causing harm; it is the wise use of non-renewable resources for both current and future generations. However, the idea has drawn criticism for being too nebulous, an oxymoron, unachievable, and whose implementation will primarily benefit industrialized nations while preventing the development of others. The theory of SD appeared in the 1980s, focusing on the coordinated development of economy, society, and environment, and has entered the high-level political agenda. Currently, SD theory has become an integral part of the agenda of governments and companies. SD goals have become a core part of research institutions’ missions around the world. The theory of SD has experienced different stages of development since it was put forward. At present, there are various definitions of SD, but misinterpretations still exist. Based on the processes of cognitive development, this paper combines the evolution of practice and theory, and concludes that the theory of SD has gone through three stages: the embryonic stage (before 1972), the molding stage (1972–1987), and the developing stage (1987–present). The concept of SD has gradually evolved from the initial vague definition to a global action and has contained increasing practical wisdom. In the process of development, it is considered that strong SD, which requires the total capital increase and rationality of capital structure, is the concept of SD people should accept. The goal of sustainable development has become more comprehensive and universal, changing from the single factor goals focusing on ecological sustainability to MDGs, and SDGs today. However, at present, there is still a confusion of strong and weak sustainability, as well as inter-generational and intra- generational equity. Weak sustainability and the pursuit of short-term intra-generational equity still exist. In addition, considering local cultural factors, improving governance capacity and focus more on life support systems are considered as important factors to promote sustainable development.

1.6 KEYWORDS  ESD : Education for sustainable development  MSD: Managed Sustainable Development  WSSD : World Summit on Sustainable Development  UNCED : UN Conference on Environment and Development  GAP : Global Action Programme  HDI : Human development Index  WCED: World Commission on Environment and Development  UNSDS: United Nations Sustainable Development Summit 1.7 LEARNING ACTIVITIES 1. What is sustainability? 2. What does ESD stand for ? 3. What are the Sub groups of sustainable development? 4. Name the three pillars of sustainability? 5. What does WSSD stand for ? 6. What does UNSDS stand for? 1.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What is Weak Sustainability? 2. What is Sustainability Science? 3. What does Environmental sustainability refer to? 4. What is the acronym of WCED? 5. The word \"sustainability\" originally appeared in ____ ? 6. What are thefundamental ideas of sustainability? 7. Who set theMDGs? Long Questions 1. Explain the types of Sustainable Development. 2. Explain the Molding Period (1972–1987). 3. Why sustainable development is crucial in order to grasp its significance? 4. What are the goals of Sustainable Development?

5. Explain the relationship between ecological footprint and Human Development Index (HDI). 6. Explain the principles of sustainable Development. 7. Explain global Life-Supporting System. 8. Explain Absurdly Strong Sustainability. B. Multiple Choice Questions: 1. When was the term 'Sustainable Development' came into existence? A. 1987 B. 1980 C. 1992 D. 1978 2. Any adulterated elements leak into the ground, filtration, and are carried into a groundwater reservoir is known as _____________ . A) Land contamination B) Noise pollution C) Water pollution D) Air pollution 3. Which of the following options is correct when we only accomplish two out of three pillars of sustainable development? A) Economic + Environmental sustainability = Viable B) Social + Environmental sustainability = Bearable C) Social + Economic sustainability = Equitable D) All of these 4. After mining, the huge holes left behind are used for ________ . A) Wastewater storage B) Waste and water storage C) Waste disposal D) Waste storage

5. Where was the 'Sustainable Development' explained for the first time? A. World Development Report B. Brundtland Commission Report C. First Earth Summit Report D. Human Development Report Answers: 1- B , 2- C, 4- C, 3 – D, 5 - B 1.9 REFERENCES  Anderson, M. J. (2002). “Sustainable Development.”  Brunel, S. (2008). “Who Benefits from Sustainable Development”  Sustainable development and learning: framing the issues: Stephen Gough, William Scott  Gladkiy Yu N et al 2017 Islamic Diffusion in the Baltics The Fruit of European Multiculturalism Baltic Region  Hagerstrand T and Buttimer A 1995 A look at the political geography of environmental management  Novikova I N and Mezhevich N M 2017 Some historic prerequisites for the formation of modern political regimes in the Baltic countries The future of the Baltic regions: threats and opportunities. Coll. of Articles on the Materials of the plenary reports of the International Scientific Conf. 2017 4-14 Website:  https://www.scribd.com/document/417410654/Understanding-Sustainable-Devel-Gary- pdf  https://www.cukashmir.ac.in/cukashmir/User_Files/imagefile/DIT/StudyMaterial/EVS/Environm ent%20and%20sustainable%20development.pdf  https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315757926-1/theories- sustainable-development-judith-enders-moritz-remig  https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/302/1/012069/meta  https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/302/1/012069/pdf

UNIT – 2 : EMERGENCE OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM STRUCTURE 2.0 Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Emergence of sustainable tourism 2.3 Issues of Emergence of sustainable tourism 2.4 Brundtland Report and its Impact 2.5 Summary 2.6 Keywords 2.7 Learning Activity 2.8 Unit End Questions 2.9 References 2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES  Sustainable tourism practices in India are not new, connected together by the twin travel dictums of Bharat Darshan and Atithi Devo Bhavah, which are now known globally through the Incredible India campaign.  Population fluctuations on a global scale have resulted in exponential increases in the demand for the earth's diminishing natural resources, notwithstanding technological and informational advancements.  Increasing numbers of travelers are increasingly characterized by easier access to remote regions, higher disposable incomes, and higher lifestyle expectations.  The combustion of fossil fuels and the resulting greenhouse effect have resulted in global warming, while the use of non-biodegradable containers such as aerosols has weakened the ozone layer and increased ultraviolet radiation.  There is no precise definition of sustainable development to guide politicians in addressing global or regional concerns. Rather, the concept's implementation has increasingly reflected the socially desirable characteristics of solutions to local and project-level problems, while ignoring the global challenges it was intended to address.  We return to the Brundtland Report's original definition of sustainable development and propose a method for determining whether countries currently meet the threshold values of four equally important primary dimensions: long-term ecological sustainability, satisfaction of basic needs, and promotion of intragenerational and intergenerational equity.  The political impact of the sustainable development goals, principles and the issues.

2.1 INTRODUCTION Sustainable tourism is a concept that encompasses the entire travel experience, paying regard to economic, social, and environmental concerns as well as the needs of host communities and tourists' experiences. Concerns about environmental preservation, social fairness, quality of life, cultural diversity, and a thriving, dynamic economy that creates jobs and wealth for all should all be included in sustainable tourism. Although there is considerable ambiguity regarding what \"sustainable tourism\" actually entails, it has its roots in sustainable development. The idea that tourism should be sustainable is now widely accepted. All types of tourism, in fact, have the potential to be sustainable with the right planning, development, and management. To lessen the adverse effects of tourism's expanding influence, such as its environmental implications, tourist development groups are encouraging sustainable tourism practices. In both tourist policies and plans as well as tourism research, the term \"sustainable tourism\" first appeared in the late 1980s. It is appropriate to take into account the condition of research and practice in sustainable tourism after more than 25 years of focus. This introduction aims to establish the background for this critical analysis and reflection on sustainable tourism, which is the main objective of this special edition. Another goal of this introduction was to provide a brief overview of the variety of contributions that were chosen for this SV. The articles are arranged according to four research themes: cultural responses, methodological issues with sustainability, and viewpoints of community stakeholders and business approaches to sustainability in tourism. The articles shed light on significant sustainable tourism challenges, and it is anticipated that doing so will motivate scholars from many fields and backgrounds to think about looking into the connections between social sustainability and tourism more thoroughly. Through initiatives like the International Year for Sustainable Tourism for Development in 2017, the United Nations World Tourism Organization highlighted these practices by promoting sustainable tourism as a component of the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable tourism and some of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals are closely related (SDGs). Tourism for SDGs focuses on the role that tourism plays in achieving SDGs (\"decent job and economic growth\"), (\"responsible consumption and production\"), and (\"life below water\"). Improvements are anticipated as a result of appropriate management practices and the integration of sustainable tourism into a larger sustainable development strategy. 2.2EMERGENCE OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM Definition: In terms of definitions, the term \"sustainable tourism\" is \"very ambiguous due to various interpretations of the concept's meaning and use.\" The phrase \"open to wide

interpretation\" that describes sustainable development serves as its foundation. This may cause some misunderstanding of what sustainable tourism entails. \"Tourism that is developed and maintained in an area in such a manner and at such a scale that it remains viable over an infinite period while safeguarding the Earth's life-support system on which the welfare of current and future generations depends,\" is how sustainable tourism will be defined in 2020. Sustainable tourism encompasses the entire travel experience, paying attention to enhancing visitor experiences as well as economic, social, and environmental concerns. Reduced adverse effects of tourist-related activities are the goal of the sustainable tourism concept. This is now regarded as a desired and politically correct strategy for the growth of the tourism industry nearly universally. Background: Global goals : The custodian organization for the Sustainable Development Goal (\"decent work and economic growth\") tourism-related aims is the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). In order to create a \"blueprint to build a better and more sustainable future for all,\" the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, are a set of 17 interconnected international objectives. The report strongly encourages prudent travel in light of the sharp increase in tourism. Even while certain nations and industry sectors are developing initiatives for tourism to achieve the SDGs, stakeholders' demands are not entirely being met via knowledge sharing, financing, and sustainable tourism policy. Targets on tourism and sustainable tourism are included in various SDGs:\"By 2030, establish and implement strategies to encourage sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and goods\". The phrase \"Develop and implement methods to assess sustainable development impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products\" appears in Target of SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production). The custodian organization for this aim is UNWTO. Target of SDG 14 (Life below Water) states that small island developing states and least developed countries should receive a rise in economic benefits from the sustainable use of marine resources by 2030, particularly through the management of fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism. Comparison with conventional tourism and mass tourism: \"Tourism covers the actions of humans traveling to and staying in areas beyond their typical environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other objectives,\" the UNWTO states. Global eConomists predict that international travel will continue to expand, with regional variations in the rate of growth. This ongoing rise of one of the biggest and fastest- growing industries in the world will put a lot of strain on Indigenous communities and the few surviving biologically varied environments. [Reference needed] Mass tourism is the planned

migration of lots of vacationers to well-liked locations like theme parks, national parks, beaches, or cruise ships. Mass tourism makes use of standardized packaged leisure goods and activities to accommodate many visitors at once. Responsible tourism: The notion of \"sustainable tourism\" is referred to as \"responsible tourism,\" which describes the actions and methods that can result in sustainable tourism. The type of tourism that is developed or participated in is the responsibility of all stakeholders. Customers or buyers and service providers are both accountable. Using planning and development frameworks that are appropriately anchored in ethical thought around what is good and right for communities, the natural world, and tourism requires \"thinking\" in order to be responsible. Responsible tourism is defined by the Center for Responsible Tourism as \"tourism that optimizes benefits to local communities, reduces adverse social or environmental impacts, and assists local people in conserving fragile cultures, habitats, or species.\" Being accountable for interactions with the physical environment as well as those that are economic and social is a part of responsible tourism. Although different groups would interpret responsibility differently, it is generally agreed that responsible tourism should result in advancements in the travel industry. This would involve moral considerations of what is \"good\" and \"right\" for both tourists and locals, as well as the environment. The aim of responsible tourism can be fulfilled in many ways in various originating markets and in various international destinations. Also criticized is responsible tourism. According to studies, people's social engagement determines how much they participate in responsible tourism. In other words, how each traveler decides to engage in social activities will influence their behavior. According to a study on responsible tourist behavior, outcomes are influenced by both individual tourist conduct and the procedures that governments have set in place. Given the challenges in evaluating such influence, other research has questioned the claim that tourism, even responsible tourism, is consistent with UN Sustainable Development Goals. Some contend that it actually draws attention away from the more important aspects of tourism that require regulation, such the volume of travelers and the impact on the environment. Ecotourism: Ecotourism is a type of tourism that involves visiting natural regions responsibly (using environmentally friendly transportation), preserving the environment, and enhancing locals'

quality of life. Its goals may include educating tourists, raising money for ecological preservation, directly promoting the political and economic empowerment of local populations, and fostering respect for various cultures and human rights. Environmentalists have viewed ecotourism as a vital activity since the 1980s so that future generations might visit places that have mostly escaped human interference. With an eye toward ecological conservation, ecotourism may concentrate on educating visitors on local habitats and natural surrounds. Some people include creating economic possibilities that make protecting natural resources financially feasible as part of the definition of ecotourism. Criticism: Many detractors consider the extractive nature of \"sustainable tourism\" to be an oxymoron because it is inherently unsustainable. Since the goals of equality, economy, and ecological sometimes conflict with one another and need choices, true and complete sustainability is probably unachievable under all but the most favorable conditions. It is a fact that many actions taken in the name of sustainability actually hide an intention to permit increased earnings. Local people frequently become estranged from tourists. These instances demonstrate that, depending on the degree of anthropocentrism and resource exploitation, sustainable tourism can range from \"extremely weak\" to \"very powerful. Stakeholders: Stakeholders in sustainable tourism can be both individuals and organizations. Anyone who is affected by development, whether favorably or unfavorably, is considered a stakeholder in the tourism sector. By integrating the host community in directing how tourism grows, stakeholder involvement lessens the likelihood of conflict between visitors and locals. Governments and good governance Whether it is through public-private partnerships, marketing, information services, education, or consulting, the government is crucial in promoting sustainable tourism. When analyzing the motivations for sustainable tourism, it is frequently necessary to take into account the ideals and hidden goals of governments. Carrying capacity is a crucial consideration in any place that is ecologically delicate, remote, or new to tourism. This is the maximum number of tourists or visitors that a region can withstand over time without endangering the environment or local culture. This can be changed and revised over time as views and ideals evolve. Partnerships \"incrementally shift governance towards greater participation of different stakeholders,\" according to academics. Partnerships are agreements between members of the public, private, and civil society. Its goal is to put sustainability policies into effect. In order to build cooperation ventures, governance is crucial. The management of National Parks and protected places should follow the principles of good governance, which include legitimacy and voice, direction, performance, accountability, and justice.

Non-governmental organizations Non-governmental organizations are one of the groups supporting eco-friendly travel. They may be in charge of promoting environmentally friendly tourism practices or they may just do study. To assist in the planning process, scientists and research teams from universities might be contacted. It is possible to see this type of study solicitation in the planning of Vietnam's Cát Bà National Park. By creating exclusive zones for fishing and diving in Indonesia's Bunaken National Park, dive resort owners play a critical role in ensuring that both tourists and locals profit from the endeavor. The travel, tourism, and hospitality industries are propelled by major conventions, meetings, and other significant organized events. Cities and convention centers compete with one another to draw this kind of trade, which has a significant negative impact on the environment and resource utilization. The Olympic Games and other major sporting events pose unique challenges in terms of environmental responsibilities and degradation. However, the costs associated with the conventional convention industry may be much more. In the convention and hospitality industries, green conferences and events are a young but expanding market segment. More environmentally conscious businesses, governments, and organizations are now looking for environmentally friendly travel and ground transportation, eco-friendly hotels, restaurants, and convention venues. The most environmentally friendly choice, meanwhile, might be to skip the convention: \"Conference travel is an area where large reductions in air-related GHG emissions could be realized because most international conferences attract hundreds or even thousands of attendees, the majority of whom typically fly. This does not imply absence \"Since Internet communication is already pervasive and allows for remote audio/visual involvement, see Reay (2004). For instance, Access Grid technology had previously hosted numerous major international conferences successfully by 2003. One specific instance is the sizable annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union, which has been live broadcasting for several years. This offers the ability to submit questions and engage in conversation with authors and colleagues while also providing live streaming and recordings of keynotes, titled lectures, and oral sessions. Each session's recording is made available online within 24 hours after the live telecast. Some convention venues have started taking concrete steps to lessen the effects of the conventions they host. One illustration is the Moscone Center in San Francisco, which features a robust recycling program, a sizable solar energy system, and other initiatives meant to minimize impact and boost effectiveness. Local Communities Through economic growth, employment creation, and infrastructure development, sustainable tourism benefits local communities. Attractive tourist sites experience economic growth and prosperity thanks to tourism, which can improve the quality of life in nearby towns. Operators of

sustainable tourism make a commitment to giving the neighborhood's residents jobs. An area's increasing tourism earnings serves as a catalyst for the construction of more infrastructure. More durable infrastructure is required to meet the needs of both the tourism sector and the local community when visitor demand grows in a particular area. In British Columbia, Canada, a 2009 study of rural business owners revealed \"a strong overall 'pro-sustainability' attitude among respondents. The most frequently suggested solution was the need for incentive programs to encourage businesses to become more sustainable. The most common barriers identified were a lack of available capital to invest, a lack of incentive programs, other business priorities, and limited access to suppliers of sustainable products. International organizations The Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) is an international organization that promotes the adoption of common sustainable tourism principles, increases awareness of sustainable tourism practices, and increases demand for eco-friendly travel. GSTC introduced the GSTC Criteria, a framework for sustainable travel and tourism that includes standards and metrics for hotels, tour operators, and destinations. The GSTC Criteria serve as the benchmark for certification bodies globally (the organizations that would inspect a tourism product, and certify them as a sustainable company). Sustainable Transport and Mobility: Travel for pleasure, business, or to see friends and family are all related to tourism, as are any associated modes of transportation. Tourism cannot exist without travel, hence the idea of sustainable travel is closely related to the idea of sustainable transportation. The dependence of tourism on fossil fuels and the impact of tourism on climate change are two pertinent factors. Transportation accounts for 72% of tourism's CO2 emissions, followed by lodging at 24% and local activities at 4%. 40 percent of all tourism-related CO2 emissions, or 55 percent, are attributable to aviation. But when all greenhouse gas emissions, condensation trails, and generated cirrus clouds are taken into consideration, aviation alone may be responsible for up to 75% of the climate impact of tourism. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) believes that a 2 percent yearly increase in aviation fuel economy through 2050 is doable. However, Airbus and Boeing predict that through at least 2020, the number of passenger kilometers traveled by flight would rise by around 5% annually, outpacing any efficiency increases. Tourism is anticipated to be responsible for 40% of world carbon emissions by 2050, when other economic sectors will have significantly reduced their CO2 emissions. The primary reason for this is an increase in the average distance traveled by tourists, which has been rising for many years at a higher rate than the quantity of trips taken. \"Aviation is at the core of this issue, which is sustainable mobility, which is now established as the essential issue confronting a global tourism business that is palpably unsustainable.\"

The construction of bike infrastructure should be accelerated to promote local sustainable energy transport, according to the European Tourism Manifesto. It has been suggested to deploy non- motorized infrastructure and to reuse abandoned transportation infrastructure for walking and bicycling, such as decommissioned railroads. It has also been asked for connectivity between these non-motorized routes (greenways, cycle paths) and the major nearby attractions (such as Natura2000 sites, UNESCO sites, etc.). Additionally, it has called for an emphasis on digital multimodal practices, such as end-to-end ticketing (like Interrail), and appropriate and consistent support for rail infrastructure, both of which are in keeping with the EU's goal of modal shift. Around 8% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions are caused by tourism. This proportion accounts for air travel as well as other substantial environmental and social effects that aren't necessarily favorable to regional economies and communities. 2.3 ISSUES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM The challenges of Sustainable tourism:  The first difficulty is the ambiguity of the phrase \"sustainable\" in the tourism industry. Conceptually appealing and widely supported by academics, decision-makers, and practitioners is sustainable tourism. The Brundtland Report/Our Common Future definition of sustainable development and Elkington's \"triple bottom line,\" which calls for the accounting of social, environmental, and economic costs and benefits , form the basis of the majority of definitions of sustainable tourism. These ideas are incorporated into the United Nations World Tourism Organization's definition of ST, which defines ST as \"filling the requirements of the present tourists and host regions while safeguarding and enhancing potential for the future . It is intended to result in the management of all resources in a way that satisfies economic, social, and aesthetic goals while preserving biological diversity, cultural integrity, and life support systems. Although this definition is conceptually appealing, it is not prescriptive and does not offer practitioners who seek to adopt the notion a clear \"road map.\" The best technique to apply activities depends on the destination and there are many different ways to operationalize ST ideas. There is no \"correct\" weighting for balancing the triple bottom line since each destination community must decide which ratio of environmental, social, and economic activities best serves its present and future needs. Different destinations will, in fact, evaluate the benefits and drawbacks of tourism and their long-term effects on the local population in different ways. There is no one method to practice \"sustainable tourism,\" despite the profusion of to-do lists, certifications, and a growing body of knowledge on best practices. Sustainable tourism programs are now being developed by organizations like the GSTC, although they have not yet been extensively embraced. Therefore, it is quite difficult to say what is true or false. It is suggested that a fresh strategy is required rather than dealing in absolutes. Businesses implement environmental and socially responsible initiatives along a continuum, from compliance to activism, based on a range of criteria, including

leadership, corporate culture, and available resources and capacities, according to a growing body of research in business studies. Businesses that care about the environment might be categorized as \"light green\" or \"dark green.\" Depending on their level of commitment to a social issue, firms can pick policies ranging from legally compliant to socially responsive to social responsibility. Understanding how locations and organizations are approaching sustainability may be easier if there is a shift from a \"black and white\" perspective to one that acknowledges the continuum of ST activities. The difficulty in locating ST activity at a place is another aspect of this problem. There are many different methods to characterize sustainable tourism activities. The term \"sustainable tourism\" may be used by policy makers and NGO management, while at the corporate level, sustainable tourist activities are also referred to as \"corporate social responsibility\" or \"corporate citizenship.\" Heritage tourism refers to social and cultural aspects. From the standpoint of the consumer, tourists can engage in pro-environmental activities, volunteer abroad, or practice \"responsible tourism.\" Measurement of the sustainable tourism activities carried out by many players in a tourist location is challenging even though each of these activities is included in the sustainable tourism framework but may not be recognized as a part of \"sustainable tourism.\"  The fact that tourism is a complex adaptive system with several independent actors presents a second obstacle to the implementation of sustainable tourism. For the delivery of tourism experiences, numerous businesses must collaborate in order to offer goods and services to customers. It is a dynamic, self-organizing system. There is no \"top down\" hierarchy in the tourism industry. Because of their realization, policymakers have had to reconsider how they view the role that Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs) play in the implementation of sustainable tourism initiatives. Since the Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry study recognized the difficulty of governance difficulties in the implementation of sustainable tourism policy, awareness of these concerns has significantly increased. National Tourism Authorities (NTA) are in charge of marketing, planning, and advising central governments on matters pertaining to travel and tourism. Many of the activities necessary to assist the shift to sustainable development will probably fall to them in this role. DMOs, in this case the NTAs, normally don't perform policing or regulatory duties. As a result, DMO serves as a catalyst and an advocate for sustainable tourism rather than implementing \"sustainable tourism\" per se. In recent years, there has been a rising understanding of the number of stakeholders—both those directly connected to the tourism industry and those that serve as its ancillary—involved in sustainable tourism. A special edition of the Journal of Sustainable Tourism investigated governance at the national, regional, and local levels and analyzed the interaction of stakeholders participating in the process in response to the problems of governance. As we gain more knowledge about sustainable tourism, it becomes evident that not all decisions regarding its implementation are as simple as they initially seem. Sustainable

tourism necessitates trade-offs, and those trade-offs can be seen from many systemic levels in a variety of ways. For instance, hotel linen programs have a positive environmental impact by reducing energy and water use at the corporate level. However, housekeeping programs require less sta at the destination/community level, which decreases employment prospects. Depending on societal demands, a location or community may place a larger value on job possibilities than on energy savings, but in the absence of laws or labor agreements, it will be up to the business to decide what to do. Depending on societal demands, a location or community may place a larger value on job possibilities than on energy savings, but in the absence of laws or labor agreements, it will be up to the business to decide what to do.  Adoption is the third problem with implementing sustainable tourism. As previously mentioned, implementing sustainable tourism practices in a tourism destination's complex system necessitates not only implementation at the destination level but also the adoption of a set of practices by each actor in the system, including hotels, attractions, transportation providers, and other service providers. In order to contribute to the system's sustainability, individuals must, in fact, learn and put new skills to use within each of these groups. Researchers are aware of much of what must be done to implement sustainable tourism, but \"the large amount of information on the subject has not been effectively disseminated to the destination level where it is genuinely needed by those who plan and manage activity,\" according to Ruhanen . As a means of promoting the adoption of sustainable tourism, the significance of sustainable tourism education has been identified . Even when positive results are anticipated, knowledge alone is insufficient to inspire change. There is a great opportunity for tourism researchers to investigate the behavioral issues associated with change and adoption as it relates to sustainable tourism practices, as noted by La Lopa and Day, who also noted that the adoption of sustainable tourism activities requires a \"readiness to change\" . The difficulties in implementing change across a vast and intricate system like the tourism industry are interconnected and each is a result of the difficulty of the task at hand. The future of tourism depends on the implementation of sustainable tourism concepts, notwithstanding the difficulties identified in the current article. Our comprehension of the difficult implementation process for sustainable tourism has significantly improved, as has our appreciation of the difficulties. Researchers and industry professionals will continue to be inspired by the vision of a sustainable tourism future as they work to address these issues and find novel solutions for the tourism sector of the future.

2.3 BRUNDTLAND REPORT AND ITS IMPACT More and more often, sustainable development is portrayed as the key to achieving all that is positive and desired in society. This concept is shown by a few of the suggested national indicators of sustainable development from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Finland. The number of 19-year-olds in the UK with Level 2 qualifications, classes taught in a minority language, children in public care, daily smokers, internet users, the way children get to school, obesity rates, and R&D expenditures are among them. They also include the crime rate, participation of 14-year-olds in social organization work, teacher capabilities, workforce skill level, classes taught in a minority language, children in care, daily smokers, and internet users (Banister, 2008, Holden, 2007, Holden and Linnerud, 2007). Additionally, the list lengthens yearly. Increasingly, sustainable development is promoted as the path to all that is good and desirable in society. This is illustrated by some of the suggested national indicators of sustainable development from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Finland. They include crime rate; participation of 14-year-olds in social organizational work; teacher capabilities; workforce skill level; the number of 19-year-olds in the United Kingdom with Level 2 qualifications; classes taught in a minority language; children in public care; daily smokers and internet users; the method by which children travel to school; obesity rates; and expenditures on research and development (Banister, 2008, Holden, 2007, Holden and Linnerud, 2007). And each year the list becomes longer. Even if there is no political or scientific consensus on a definition of sustainable development, it persists as an ideal political notion comparable to democracy, justice, and freedom (Meadowcroft, 2007). In fact, sustainable development \"is today like 'democracy' in that it is generally desired, widely understood, exceedingly difficult to attain, and here to stay\" . Unquestionably, sustainable development is still a vital topic, as demonstrated by the June 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in Rio de Janeiro. Member states' decision to establish sustainable development goals, which could be effective tools for achieving sustainable development, was one of the major achievements of the conference. Thus, sustainable development remains a top priority on international and national agendas. 25 years after the notion was introduced with the publishing of Our Common Future, also known as the Brundtland Report, a new report has been released. To become an effective tool, though, the concept must be precisely defined. This article aims to achieve this by tracing its origins back to the Brundtland Report. We propose an evaluation approach based on the Brundtland Report's four equally weighted primary dimensions, then construct acceptable indicators and set minimum/maximum thresholds to each indicator. Some academics contend that there is a distinction between \"sustainable development\" and \"sustainability,\" for instance, that sustainability refers to the environmental aspect of sustainable development, whilst sustainable development relates to the product (end state). According to us, the two notions have identical dimensions and policy implications. Therefore, they are used interchangeably.

Sustainable Development’s primary Dimensions: The Brundtland Report identified four major dimensions: ensuring long-term ecological sustainability, meeting fundamental human needs, and promoting intragenerational and intergenerational fairness. These dimensions are fundamental objective values, not subjective human preferences, according to Daly . Therefore, they cannot be negotiated. In addition to the primary aspects, Hyer (2000) proposes a variety of secondary dimensions, such as conserving the inherent worth of nature, encouraging environmental protection, increasing public engagement, and meeting desires for a higher standard of living (or quality of life). These minor dimensions fall under the authority of the primary dimensions. Therefore, the preservation of nature's inherent value (a secondary dimension) must take a back seat whenever essential human needs (a primary dimension) are at risk. Consequently, achieving hopes for a better living (a secondary component) should be subordinate to ensuring ecological sustainability over the long term (a primary dimension). In accordance with this reasoning, we argue that economic growth is not one of the primary aspects of sustainable development. This argument contradicts the popular \"triple bottom line\" model that emphasizes the balance between environmental, social, and economic issues , a model that currently dominates the political and to a certain extent the academic debate on sustainable development . However, pursuing economic expansion may be comparable to pursuing an increased standard of life that exceeds what is ecologically viable in the long run. The Brundtland Report states, \"Sustainable development necessitates economic growth in regions where such [human] requirements are unmet. Elsewhere, it may be compatible with economic growth, provided that the growth's content reflects the general values of sustainability and non- exploitation of others. But development alone is not sufficient\". Thus, we contend that economic expansion is a potential tool to aid the fulfillment of the four main dimensions, but not a primary dimension in and of itself . Another potentially problematic component of our thesis is that none of our four key categories incorporate stakeholder participation or acceptance (though we regard it as a secondary dimension). This notion contradicts a number of recent studies that emphasize the importance of involvement and acceptance for establishing sustainability (Amekudzi et al., 2009, Castillo and Pitfield, 2010, Shiftan et al., 2003). Although we agree that stakeholder participation and acceptance are essential for the effective implementation of sustainable policies and procedures, we disagree that a group of local stakeholders should determine the sustainable characteristics, indicators, and threshold values. Obviously, there must be global consensus, and our basis for this consensus is the Brundtland Report and the numerous debates that have occurred as part of succeeding UN procedures. Lastly, by establishing specific minimum and maximum threshold values, our strategy contradicts those that emphasize relative changes. Insufficient is the notion that a country or

region can achieve sustainability by displaying a positive \"pace of change\". It is desirable to transform an unsustainable state into a less unsustainable state, yet the resulting condition cannot be termed sustainable. Primary Dimension 1: safeguarding long-term ecological sustainability The origin of the term \"sustainability\" lies in ecological research. It was created to describe the parameters that must be present for the ecosystem to be self-sustaining throughout time. Several references to ecological sustainability can be found in the Brundtland Report, including: \"At a minimum, sustainable development must not endanger the natural systems that support life on Earth: the atmosphere, the waters, the soils, and the living beings\" and \"There is still time to save species and their ecosystems.\" It is a crucial prerequisite for sustainable development. Future generations will not forgive our failure to do so\" . The Brundtland Report provides two justifications for establishing minimal ecological sustainability requirements. First, in order to meet basic human requirements in a sustainable manner, the Earth's natural foundation must be preserved. Ecosystems are typically harmed by human development, which diminishes the number of species. The extinction of plant and animal species can severely restrict the possibilities available to future generations. Therefore, according to the Brundtland Report, \"sustainable development necessitates the conservation of plant and animal species\" . Second, the paper argued that \"the rationale for environmental protection should not rely solely on development objectives.\" It is a moral commitment owed to other creatures and future generations Primary Dimension No. 2: satisfying basic human needs Satisfying fundamental human needs is central to the development aspect of sustainable development. In fact, the concept of need is inherent in the definition of sustainable development: \"It [sustainable development] encompasses the concept of 'needs,' especially the essential needs of the world's poor, which should be given precedence\" (WCED, 1987, p. 43). Consequently, fulfilling fundamental human needs and ensuring long-term ecological sustainability are prerequisites for sustainable development. The Brundtland Report identifies as fundamental human requirements employment, food, energy, housing, water supply, sanitation, and health care. However, the Brundtland Report does not simply address basic requirements. \"Sustainable development means addressing the basic needs of everyone and providing the opportunity for all to realize their goals for a better life,\" the report states . The Brundtland Report states that living standards that provide for more than fundamental requirements are only viable if they provide long-term ecological sustainability. Therefore, not all hopes for a better living are compatible with the objective of sustainable development.

Consequently, the yearning for a better life is classified as a secondary dimension, whilst the satisfaction of fundamental human needs is regarded as a key dimension. Primary Dimension Nos. 3 and 4: promoting inter- and intragenerational equity The basic necessity to preserve the planet's ecosystems has led a number of authors to the conclusion that the idea of sustainable development should be restricted to physical sustainability. However, Lafferty and Langhelle (1999) assert that the Brundtland Report refutes this conclusion. According to a statement in the study, even physical sustainability \"cannot be guaranteed unless development policies take into account such factors as changes in access to resources and the distribution of costs and obligations\" . Therefore, according to Lafferty and Langhelle, even the narrowest definition of physical sustainability – as the minimum requirement for a sustainable development – must account for social equity, which means that the current generation must meet its needs without compromising future generations' ability to do so. According to the Brundtland Report, we act as we do because we can get away with it: future generations do not vote, have no political or financial power, and cannot dispute our judgments. In addition, according to the Brundtland Report, social fairness between generations \"must logically be extended to equity within each generation\" . Consequently, social equity as an inherent aspect of sustainable development has both temporal and spatial dimensions. From this perspective, sustainable development has global and national implications for equity within and between generations. Brundtland Report: Brundtland Report, also known as Our Common Future, is a 1987 book of the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) that presented the concept of sustainable development and outlined how it could be attained. Sponsored by the United Nations (UN) and chaired by the Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, the WCED investigated the causes of environmental degradation, attempted to comprehend the interrelationships between social equity, economic growth, and environmental issues, and developed policy solutions that integrated all three areas. In 1983, the UN General Assembly convened the WCED, an international group of environmental experts, politicians, and civil servants, in response to mounting concerns regarding ozone depletion, global warming, and other environmental issues associated with the rising standard of living of the world's population. The WCED (also known as the Brundtland Commission) was tasked with providing long-term strategies for achieving sustainable development in the 21st century. It was also tasked with finding ways in which concern for the environment could be translated into greater cooperation between countries on issues of development and resource use, as well as developing procedures by which all nations could address their own environmental concerns and those of the global community on a long-term basis. The Brundtland Report featured chapters on the role of the world economy, population and

human resources, food security, species and ecosystems, energy, industry, and proposed legal principles for environmental protection, among other sustainable development-related themes. Brundtland's definition of sustainable development as \"development that fulfills the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs\" is the most frequently referenced aspect of the report. Implicit in this definition are the concept of needs, which emphasizes the objective of providing for the vital needs of the world's poor, and the notion that technology and social structure place restrictions on the ability of the environment to provide for the world's current and future needs. The Brundtland Report also emphasized the unsustainable nature of global population increase. It anticipated that the global population would stabilize between 7.7 billion and 14.2 billion people in the 21st century and that more people would reside in cities than in rural areas. Even though some of the fastest population growth rates were observed in emerging nations, the report noted that the environmental impact of an additional person born in an industrialized nation was far greater than that of an individual born in a developing nation. The research also stated that decreased birth rates in developed nations will place a bigger strain on the younger generations to sustain an older population. For the poor world, better health and education, particularly among women, were proposed as answers to the resource and demographic difficulties posed by high birth rates. In addition, the Brundtland Report urged the United Nations to form the UN Programme of Action on Sustainable Development to implement the report's recommendations. The report established the groundwork for the Rio Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, which eventually led to the establishment of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development in the same year. Environmental Planning: The Brundtland Report also alluded to the need of equity as a factor in environmental planning, which has been a concern for some time but has gained prominence in the recent decade or so. Are the environmental advantages and costs of specific initiatives dispersed equitably across all parts of society? Or do the benefits typically accrue to the wealthy and powerful, while the poor and members of disadvantaged minority groups bear the burdens? Locally, this may involve locating a trash-to-steam plant near a low-income African-American neighborhood. At the international level, it may involve the construction of a massive waste tire disposal facility or a ship-breaking operation in a poor nation in dire need of foreign exchange. Environmental justice considerations lead to calculating the range of negative impacts a proposed project will have, and then identifying the many populations that reside within that range. If all or the majority of the people within the range are low-income or members of a minority, the actor should look for alternatives.

The political impact of the sustainable development goals: While the SDGs' record of accomplishments is uneven, the concept of sustainability itself has proven to be a game-changer. Already, the Brundtland report2 emphasized the need to view ecological stress – the degradation of soils, water regimes, climate, and forests — as a trend that threatens to drastically affect the lives of all species on the world, including humans. The many worldwide \"crises\" that capture the attention of the public should not be viewed as independent crises. The environmental crisis, the development crisis, and the energy problem are interconnected; they constitute a single catastrophe: the crisis of sustainability. The influx of over one million refugees and immigrants from Syria, Iraq, and Afghanistan into Europe in 2015 was another significant occurrence during the time period under consideration. The public was divided over the diversity exhibited by these immigrants. Experience has demonstrated that the majority of immigrants eventually adapt into their new country. In other situations, the inflow caused the emergence of urban ghettos rife with criminality , such as in Manchester or Malmo, Sweden. According to a joint report by the OECD and the EU titled Settling in 2018: Indicators of Immigrant Integration (Paris, Brussels, 2019), integration failure is a reality. Major findings: Immigrants tend to have poorer economic and social outcomes than native-born individuals in the majority of domains. Over the past decade, the disparity between immigrant and native-born unemployment rates has grown. In the OECD, half of all immigrant children live below the relative poverty line, compared to more than a quarter of native-born children. Spain, Greece, and the United States are the nations with the highest proportions of immigrant descendants living in relative poverty. In the EU, around 15% of all non-EU-born individuals aged 15 to 64 did not complete elementary school. The increasing social and economic challenges that the new millennium has brought may be at the root of the wellness deficits that concern us here. Several of these are detailed below.  Overpopulation: Medical advancements in the fight against sickness have resulted in fast population growth in large portions of the world. Many of the fastest-growing populations are found in the poorest nations, where population increase places further strain on subsistence resources. According to UN projections, sub-Saharan Africa's population is expected to quadruple by 2050. India is expected to surpass China as the world's most populated nation.  The UN Decade of Action on Nutrition (2016–2025) is a pledge by United Nations member states to carry out 10 years of consistent and coherent implementation of programs and increased investments to eliminate all types of malnutrition. WHO and FAO are in charge of coordinating the Decade of Action (recipient of the Nobel peace

prize for 2020). The goal is to eliminate nutrient shortages, excess weight, and obesity, as well as diminish the prevalence of diet-related illnesses. The concept discourages store purchases of processed foods rather than home-cooked meals. It discourages working women from purchasing ready-made family meals and from serving meals at the dining table.  Illiteracy: According to a 2019 World Bank publication titled The Education Crisis: Being in School is not the Same as Learning, hundreds of millions of children worldwide reach young adulthood without the most fundamental skills, such as calculating the correct change from a transaction, reading a doctor's instruction, or understanding a bus schedule—let alone building a fulfilling career or educating their children. And during the annual gathering of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, in January 2020, the director of Education Global Practice for the World Bank questioned why 53 percent of 10-year-olds in low- and middle-income nations cannot read and comprehend a simple paragraph. The arrival of the new millennium marked the beginning of profound cultural shifts within Western civilisation. The September 2015 signing of the United Nations Agenda 2030 in New York City was a momentous event that could not have occurred 20 years earlier. There was awareness of social and environmental issues back then, but individual nations were mostly left to deal with them on their own. The notion that a supranational authority would intrude in national sovereignty by demanding annual progress reports in great detail was absurd. Our conception of a Western liberal society has fundamentally shifted to accommodate new political agendas. This is especially evident in the sphere of education, where most topics' curricula have been rewritten multiple times in Western nations to emphasize the right of every individual to control their own lives and make their own decisions. As a result, the globe has become more vocal, with everyone asserting their human rights. The concept of multiculturalism proclaims the equal worth of all human beings, rejecting tribal or national patriotic allegiances in the hopes of replacing them with an international fellowship of nations, all the while pursuing the Sustainable Development Goals. However, not many nations are prepared to surrender their aging loadstars. As the data analysis will demonstrate, many East European nations adhere to the old customs, recalling the communist oppression and remaining inspired by the church. 2.5 SUMMARY Sustainable development is development that meets the requirements of the present without jeopardizing future generations' ability to satisfy their own needs. In its study Our Common Future, the renowned World Commission on Environment and Development provides this description.

The Brundtland Commission Report acknowledged that human resource development in the form of poverty reduction, gender equity, and wealth redistribution was essential to the formulation of strategies for environmental conservation and that environmental constraints on economic growth in industrialized and industrializing societies must be taken into account. The World Tourism Organization initiated the Sustainable Tourism - Eradicating Poverty program in 2002. This effort was started in the framework of the Millennium Development Goals, with WTO experts finding tourism to be a viable alternative in a number of global regions. Sustainable tourism concerns include \"cost of living\" economic issues, \"quality of life\" economic issues, \"crime-related\" socio-cultural issues, \"community\" socio-cultural difficulties, and environmental issues. 2.6 KEYWORDS  GSTC : Global Sustainable Tourism Council  CO2 : Carbon dioxide  SDG : Sustainable Development Goals  UNWTO : United Nations World Tourism Organization  Human development.  Ecological footprint: The Ecological Footprint measures how fast we consume resources and generate waste compared to how fast nature can absorb our waste and generate resources.  Equity: the quality of being fair and impartial.  Renewable energy  WCED : World Commission on Environment and Development 2.7 LEARNING ACTIVITIES 1. What is Sustainable Development? 2.What is the 2030 Agenda? 3.What are the SDGs? 4. What is UN Environment`s role? 5. Who implements the 2030 Agenda? 6. What is the acronym of UNWTO? 7. What is ecological footprints?

2.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What are the three key areas that emerge in sustainable development? 2. How does sustainable development improve our environment? 3. Does sustainable development apply to all areas of activity? 4. How does sustainable development emerge? 5. How does sustainable development impact our society? 6. What prevents sustainable development from happening? 7. What is the aim of the Sustainable Development Goals? 8. What are the major issues affecting sustainable development? Long Questions: 1. Explain the political impact of the sustainable development goals. 2. Explain Environmental Planning. 3. Explain the Goals of Sustainable Development. 4. Explain the comparison with conventional tourism and mass tourism. 5. What is Ecotourism? 6. What is Sustainable Development’s primary Dimensions? 7. What is Criticism and Stakeholders? 8. Explain Brundtland Report. 9. What are the challenges of Sustainable tourism? B. Multiple choice questions: 1. Sustainable tourism does NOT aim primarily at: A. The integration of local people in tourist operation or development B. Strong commitment to nature conservation C. Profit for big tour operators D. Social responsibility 2. Socio-cultural benefits of sustainable tourism do NOT include

A. Strengthening of communities B. Strengthening of local culture and traditions C. Better understanding between peoples and cultures D. Higher mobility of the local labor market 3. Tourism is: A. The movement of people, spatially and temporally, out of their own communities for leisure and business purposes. B. Any movement of people out of their homes longer than for 24 hours C. Fun activity D. Better understanding between peoples and cultures 4. You can improve the environmental impact of a tourist operation by _____ (choose the most direct answer). a. Having tourist volunteer in the local community. b. Cooking a local style meal c. Installing solar panels d. Building a school 5. A sustainable approach to tourism development is of vital importance for: A. All countries developing tourism B. Mainly the Mediterranean region, because it is the world's leading tourist destination and among the earth's most endangered ecoregions C. Mainly East Asia and the Pacific as economically less developed, but fast growing tourism destination D. Better understanding between peoples and cultures Answers: 1- C , 2- D , 3- A , 4- C ,5- A