Occupation, Business and Technology Book 7_2077 Edition

Lesson 1 Floriculture The cultivation of flowers is called Floriculture. It is a branch of horticulture science. It deals with the growing of varieties of flowers and other plants and their management. Flowers are grown commonly in home, yard and in the flower garden for religious, cultural and industrial purposes. It can be a reliable source of income and people can have its business for their livelihood. There is high Flower garden potentiality for the farming of flowers in Nepal. Varieties of flowers can be farmed in the rural or urban areas of hilly and mountain region of Nepal. The flowers are essential during the festivals, marriage and auspicious occasions and in other programmes too. 1. Floriculture in flower-vase and plastic bag There is a trend of growing flowers in the clay pots and plastic bags in the city areas. Generally, people grow the flowers in their kitchen garden, flower pot, yard, top of the roof, etc. Flower pots are available in different sizes. The flower pots or plastic bags should be selected depending on the nature of flower, season, time of flowering, etc. First of all, small pieces of stone and sand should be kept at Floriculture in Gamala the bottom of the flower pots or plastic bags for the growing of flowers. Then, the flower pots or bags should be filled with loose fertile soil mixed with well-decomposed organic manure. The upper part of Gamala should be kept unfilled. Now, these pots or bags are used for the plantation of seedlings of the flowers according to the season. After the plantation of flowers, we have to weed and irrigate it from time to time as per their need. Occupation, Business BOOK 151 7and Technology Education

2. Collection and selection of flower’s seed and seedlings for planting One should be careful enough while collecting the seeds of flower. The seeds should be well matured. The well grown flowers should be dried first and then it is easier to get seeds from it. Seeds should be dried in the sun before packaging. While packaging the seeds in the packet, the name of the seed, date and species of the flower should be written. The seeds should be free from any disease worm and full of genetic quality. Similarly, we have to be careful while collecting the seedlings of flowers. The seedlings should be healthy, rich in genetic quality, shining leaves, not broken and free of any worm. 3. Preparation of seedlings from seeds As per the need, first of all, a nursery bed should be prepared for preparing seedlings from seeds. It is better to prepare nursery bed in the site facing towards the south direction. The nursery bed should be dug for 3-4 times and the weeds, stones and unnecessary things should be removed. Use of compost manure instead of chemical fertilizer is considered better for the flower plants. In the well-prepared nursery bed, we have to draw lines and sow the seeds in the lines with proper spacing. It should be irrigated regularly and covered with straw. Seed may germinate after 7 days of sowing of seeds. We have to remove the straw after the germination of the seeds. Seedlings can be ready for transplanting after 20-25 days. 4. Caring of flowers Caring of flower Continuous caring is essential for the better growth and development of flowers. After 10-15 days of plantation of flower seedlings, take out all the weeds and turn out the soil around the seedlings with the help of small spade (Kuto). Unnecessary branches, infected leaves, stems and dry leaves should be removed. Insecticides or fungicides can also be used if there is attack of insects or diseases. Trimming of the plants is also necessary to prevent the unnecessary growth of the flower plants. Use of compost manure and irrigation in time and again make the growth of flower plants better. 152 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

5. Picking up flower and method of storage When the seedlings are well grown, the buds are seen. These buds gradually blossom. We have to pluck the flowers according to the purpose of use. We should not disturb the whole branches of the plant but we should pluck out the flowers from the lower part of it. The better time for plucking is the morning Picking up flowers time. The plucked flowers should be placed in dry places. If we pluck the flower in the evening time, it should be kept in open place over the night. If there is availability of a refrigerator, the flowers should be kept in the refrigerator. It can be used or sold at any time as per the need. The flowers like Putinia, Panjy and Calondoll have a good market in the winter season. 6. Decoration with flowers, preparation of garland and bouquet After the plucking of flowers, we can use them for decoration. We can decorate rooms, offices, houses, hotels, schools and so on using flowers. With the help of needle and thread, we can string flowers into a garland to decorate different places. On the different occasions, people decorate their gates, tables, etc in temples, Gumbas and all holly places Flower Decoration using garlands. Bouquet is made by plucking the flower from its lower part. Flower is useful from birth to death. Activities 1. Find out the types and species of flowers planted in the Gamala and plastic bag in your community. Discuss about it in the class. 2. Discuss about the process of growing flowers in Gamala and plastic bag with your friends. 3. Consult with various individuals in your community and find out the collection and selection process of seeds and seedling of flower. 4. Form a group of your friends and prepare a nursery bed in the open space of your school. Occupation, Business BOOK 153 7and Technology Education

5. What are the methods of plucking and storing flowers practiced in your community? Find out and exhibit any one by each in your school. 6. How do the people of your community use flowers for decoration, preparing garland and bouquet? Ask your guardian and exhibit in your school. 7. Make bouquets and garlands for the annual program of your school. Word meaning Germinate : start growing from seed Occasion : a particular time, especially a time when something Potentiality happens Refrigerator : a capacity to grow, develop or become something Reliable : artificially cooled storage space : able to be trusted to do what is expected or has been Seedling Trimming promised : a young developing plant that has been grown from a seed : cutting something to required size Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. How can we grow the flowers in Gamala or plastic bags? 2. How do you collect the seeds of flowers? Explain in brief. 3. Write down the technique of preparing seedlings from seeds of flowers. 4. Mention the methods of plucking flowers and method of storage. 5. Explain the use of flower in your life. 6. How can we use for decoration and for preparing garland and bouquets? Write in brief. 154 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Cultivation of Medicinal Plants/Herbs Nepal is rich in biodiversity. Varieties of plants and animals are found in different parts of the country. Different kinds of plants found in Nepal are used for making medicine and aromatic items. The plants which are used for making medicine are called medicinal plants/herbs. The parts of the plants such as seeds, flowers, leaves, bark, roots, rhizome, etc can be used for this propose. Titepatee, Jatamasi, ginger, Chiraito, Tulsi, etc are some examples of medicinal plants. 1. Types of Medicinal Plants/herbs There are about 7000 species of plants found in different parts of Nepal. Among them, about 10% or 700 plants are medicinal plants/herbs. About 238 species of medicinal plants/herbs have been chemically tested. Mainly the species of medicinal plants/herbs can be divided into two types. They are medicinal plants and aromatic plants. a. Medicinal plants/herbs These plants have great medicinal value. Different parts of these plants are used as medicine to cure diseases and health problems. Parts used for medicine Name of the plants/herbs Root or rhizome group Panchaule, Jatamasi, Bojho, Banlasun, Sarpagandha, Vyakur, Paasanved Leaf group Tejpat, Kumkum, Lauthsalla, Bhorla, Titepatee, Asuro Fruits and seeds group Pipal, Rudraksha, Lapsi, Katus, Riththa, Sugandhakokila, Sikakai, Harro, Barro, Amala Whole plant group Yarsagumba, Jhyau, Majitho, Chiraito, Ghodtapre, Somlata, Nagbeli, Jeevanti Bark group Kafal, Okhar, Daalchini, Chutro, Bhojpatra, Chhatiwan, Totalo, Palaas, Arjun, Neem Flower group Gurans, Nageshwor, Asuro, Simal, Aank Colour group Pipala, Majitho, Amala, Mehandi, Ghantiphool Gum and rosin group Silajit, Khoto, Gokuldhup, Raktachandan, Saaldhup Occupation, Business BOOK 155 7and Technology Education

b. Aromatic plants/herbs Some of the plants/herbs found in Nepal are also used for extraction of scented oil. Sugandhakokila, Mentha, Sayapatri, Masala, Sugandhawal, Kumkum, Tulsi, chamomile, pamarosa, citronella, etc are some of the Aromatic plants. 2. Time of Collecting Medicinal Plants/herbs The time of collecting medicinal plants/herbs is not same. It may vary from plants to plants depending on climate, temperature, nature of medicinal plants/herbs, types of soil and so on. We have to consider several things before collecting the well matured or ripened medicinal plants/herbs. We should have the knowledge about the useful parts of the plants/herbs, whether these parts are well grown or not, the time or season when they become ready to use, time of collection and so on. The following table shows the medicinal plants/herbs, their useful parts and collecting time. Parts of plants/ Name of the medicinal plant Collecting months/ herbs for collection time Root and stem Jatamasi, Padamchaal, Paasanved, Ashwin to the first Sugandhawal, Bojho, Vyakur, Satuwa, week of Chaitra Atis, Kutki, Sarpagandha, etc. Bark Chutro, Dalchini, Bhojpatra, Neem, etc. Falgun to Chaitra Leaves Beladona, Dhaturo, Tejpat, Titepatee, etc. Before flowering Flowers Chamomile, Simal Dry weather and before the maturity of the flower Seeds Dhaturo, Kantakari, Sarpagandha, When the fruits are Amala, etc. fully ripened 3. Identification, collection, storage and conservation of local medicinal plants/herbs a. Identification of local medicinal plants/herbs Varieties of medicinal plants/herbs are found in our country. We have to study the types of plants/herbs, their parts to be collected and size of plants for the identification of medicinal plants/herbs. Medicinal plants/herbs are identified by different characteristics such as their shape, size and type. Some plants are tall and some are short. The taste, colour and smell also differ in different plants. Medicinal plants/herbs are identified on the basis of their height such as tree, herbs, shrubs, climbers, etc. Similarly, some plants are found in cold climate whereas some are found in hot climate. Some medicinal plants/herbs are found in Himalayan region, some in hilly region and some are in Terai region. 156 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

The following table shows the geographical region of Nepal and the medicinal plants/herbs found there. Mountain region Bhojpatra, Chiraito, Dhupi, Sunpatee, Jatamasi, Kutki, Yarsagumba, Panchaule, Nagbelee, Nirmasi, Paasanved, etc. Hilly region Padamchaal, Tejpaat, Chutro, Dhamero, Titepatee, Gurjo, Timur, Jethimadhu, etc. Terai and Chure- Sarpagandha, Neem, Harro, Barro, Amala, Sikakai, Kurilo, Bhawar region Bojho, Khayar, Dhaturo, Parijaat, Rajbriksha, etc. b. Collection of local medicinal plants/herbs After the identification of medicinal plants/herbs, it is also necessary to identify the place or region of collection and parts of the medicinal plants/herbs to be collected. We have to collect only those parts of plants in appropriate time which contain special elements and medicinal value. Some of the plants such as Jatamasi, Paasasnved, Bojho, etc are harvested the whole plants. Only the barks of Chutro, Neem, Daalchini, etc are collected. Likewise, the leaves of Dhaturo and Tejpaat are collected. Similarly, only the flowers of chamomile and Simal are taken whereas the seeds of Sarpagandha, Kantakari and Dhatura are collected. Thus, we collect the different parts of the medicinal plants/herbs according to their medicinal value. c. Storage and conservation of medicinal plants/herbs A special attention has to be paid for the storage and conservation of medicinal herbs after their collection. The following points should be considered while storing and preserving medicinal plants/herbs and their parts. • After the collection of medicinal plants/herbs, we have to dry them in the sun or in the shade. • The medicinal plants/herbs should be protected from the mildew, fungus, insects, etc. • The container should be free from fungus, insect and dry. • We have to store them in a dry place or in a room. • The stored medicinal plants/herbs need to be checked regularly. • If we are storing it for a long period of time, we have to dry the medicinal plants/herbs in the sun from time to time. • The seeds of medicinal plants/herbs should be stored in a clay pot by filling the mouth of the pot with ash and covering it by cloth for air-tight. • The stored medicinal plants/herbs should be labelled properly like name of the medicinal plant, weight, date, quantity and so on. Occupation, Business BOOK 157 7and Technology Education

• Scented oil or liquid substances should be kept in steel or galvanized pots. If such pots are not available, we have to put them in glass or aluminium air-tight jar and keep it in a cool and dry place. d. Method of processing and use of local medicinal plants/herbs We can use local medicinal plants/herbs to cure the different diseases after processing. After the collection of medicinal plants/herbs, several activities are done for their processing. Processing means the collective activities of different methods in order to make them suitable for consumption. Some of the processing activities are: cleaning, washing, drying, boiling, grinding, vaporization, extraction of oil, winnowing, etc. The processed or purified product is used against various diseases or health problems. The following table shows the method of processing and use of some medicinal plants/herbs. S. Name of the Methods of Parts to be used Use N. medicinal processing for medicine plant/herb 1. Titepatee Grinding, drying, Leaves, stem, Round worm, loss using in insecticides, root, apical buds, of appetite, fever, boiling, drinking its twigs pesticides liquid solution 2. Bojho Grinding its small Root Common cold, pieces to make scurvy, scabies, powder throat pain, for removing animal lice 3. Chiraito Cleaning and Whole part Fever, skin diseases soaking in water to and round worm make juice 4. Sisnu Making scrub after Root Fracture of legs, grinding it. bleeding from nose, jaundice 5. Siltimur Making power and Fruit Indigestion, loss of liquid after grinding appetite, against stomach swelling 6. Harro Boiling in water or Bark of fruit Common cold and chewing loss of appetite 7. Ainseloo Making syrup after Root Against pneumonia grinding 8. Majitho Produce colour by Root and climber For carpet dying grinding 158 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

9. Chutro Grinding and filtering Barks Used in eye pain with cloth to take out 10. Asuro liquid Green leaves For controlling fever Leaves are boiled and buds of malaria 11. Sundhupi and the boiled liquid Leaves, barks is taken For perfumes 12. Lasun Taking oil Pieces Against gastric and (Garlic) altitudinal sickness, Grinding and Leaves and stem for spices 13. Tulsi drinking its syrup whole Against fever and Grinding or boiling in common cold water for drinking its syrup Activities 1. Make a list of medicinal plants/herbs found in your community and collect their samples. 2. Prepare a table showing medicinal plants/herbs found in your community and their collecting time. 3. Discuss about the parts of the medicinal plants/herbs found in your community with your friends. 4. Demonstrate the methods of storing medicinal plants/herbs found in your community. 5. Collect any two local medicinal plants/herbs and demonstrate the methods of their processing, conservation and its uses in your class. 6. Find out any two medicinal plants/herbs found in your community which are used to cure common cold and fever. Also find their method of use. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Explain the types of medicinal plants/herbs with examples. 2. Name any five herbal plants useful in producing scented oil. 3. List the medicinal plants/herbs whose roots and stem are used as medicine. 4. ‘Nepal is rich in medicinal plants/herbs.’ Justify the statement with examples. 5. How can we store medicinal plants/herbs? Explain. 6. What are the points to be considered while collecting medicinal plants/herbs? 7. Write the method of storing and preserving the medicinal plants/herbs for scented oil. Occupation, Business BOOK 159 7and Technology Education

UNIT11 Animal Rearing and Livestock Farming Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Tell the feed and pasture management method for sheep, goat, chyangra, cows, buffalos, yaks, pigs, poultry, fishery and honeybees.  Mention signs, symptoms and control measures of some common diseases in sheep, goat, chyangra, cows, buffalos, yaks, pigs, poultry, fishery and honeybees.  Mention the management of reproduction process of sheep, goat, chyangra, cows, buffalos, yaks, pigs, poultry, fishery and honeybees.  Explain the management method of manufactured goods. 160 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Sheep, Goat and Chyangra Rearing Introduction Goat, sheep and Chyangra are the domestic animals. In Nepal, Chyangra and sheep are mainly reared in the mountain highland. They are reared for wool, milk and meat. There is a large number of breeds of goat and sheep in Nepal. Goats are reared mainly for meat. They are reared in almost all parts of the country; particularly in Terai and Hilly region. People can make good source of income from goat and sheep farming. Goat and sheep farming is possible even with small investment. The goat and sheep farming business has created employment and increased income level of the farmers. The goat and sheep are the good source of meat for us. In addition, we also get milk, skin, wool and dung from them. The ghee made from the milk of the sheep is highly nutritious. The farmers of some places like Chitlang and Makawanpur prepare cheese from the goat’s milk and export in the foreign countries. To get more production we need to provide balanced ration to them. There must be proper management of pasture and feed to the goat, sheep and Chyangra to get more benefit from them. Goat Sheep Chhyangra A. Management of Pasture Pasture land means the grazing land for livestock. It is also called grazing land. It is a place having grass and shrubs which is necessary for grazing the animals. It provides natural source of food for the animals like goat and sheep. If it is possible to provide green grass to the goat and sheep, it is not necessary for the farmers to totally depend on the concentrate feed for them. It also reduces the cost of production. For the proper management of the pasture for the goat Occupation, Business BOOK 161 7and Technology Education

and sheep, there should be promotion of the locally available grass. In the high mountain region, the sheep and goat are reared in the meadow called bugen. Similarly, in the middle hill the pasture land called kharka are conserved for pasturing for the animal. The improved breeds of grasses like Clover, Napier, Amriso, Lucern, Berseem, Rye grass can be cultivated in the pasture land. These grass provide good sources of feed for the goats and sheep. Similarly, the fodder trees like Tanki, Koiralo, Ipil-Ipil, Kimbu, Badahar, Chyuri, Khanyu, etc also can be grown as the good source of diet and roughages in the grazing land. The pasture land must be properly fenced Sheep grazing in pasture and unwanted weeds and grass need to be removed. Production of goat, sheep and chyangra can be increased through the proper management of pasture land. B. Management of Feed Goat, sheep and chyangra requires balanced ration for their proper growth, development and production. A balanced feed for these animals should contain the nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water in required proportion. Requirement of the ration precisely depends on the age and physical condition of the animal. a. Ration Management According to their Condition Ration for the goat, sheep and Chyangra at different age and conditions are mentioned in the following points: i. Ration for the pregnant goat, sheep and changra They need to be fed with adequate clean water, nutritious roughage and 200-250gm concentrates containing 14-16% protein every day. ii. Ration for the suckling goats They need to be fed with adequate clean water, nutritious roughage and 200-400gm concentrates with enough calcium content every day. iii. Ration for the castrated goats They need to be fed with adequate clean water, nutritious roughage and 150gm concentrates every day. 162 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

iv. Ration for the breeding bucks They need to be fed with adequate clean water, nutritious roughage and 300-500gm concentrates a least 45 days before used for breeding on daily basis. v. Colostrums for the newborn kids Newly born kids should be fed with colostrums within one hour of birth. If the colostrums is inadequate or not available to the kids, supplementary feed can be prepared as given in the following table: Things Required Quantity Egg 1 Lukewarm water 200ml Milk 300ml Liquid paraffin 10ml Such feed should be fed 3-4 times in a day c. Preparation of Balanced Feed from Local Ingredients There is an important role of balanced feed in the livestock farming. Balanced feed helps for the proper growth and development of the goat, sheep and Chyangra and ultimately farmers can get more benefit in short time. The things such as mustard cake, corn, wheat bran, oat, fish meal, mineral mixture, salt, etc are required for the preparation of balanced feed for the cattle. A sample of balanced feed for the goat, sheep and Chyangra is given in the following table: Table 11.1: Sample of Balanced Feed for the Goat, Sheep and Chyangra Ingredients Protein (for 14%) Protein(for 16%) Protein(for 18%) Corn 37 parts 35 parts 32 parts Oat Wheat bran 37 parts 35 parts 32 parts Mustard cake Mineral mixture 15 parts 13 parts 14 parts Common salt 9 parts 15 parts 20 parts 1 part 1 part 1 part 1 part 1 part 1 part Source: Occupation, Business and Technology, Class-7, CDC, GoN Occupation, Business BOOK 163 7and Technology Education

B. Reproduction and Management A goat with kids Reproduction plays an important role in goat and sheep rearing. Therefore, it is necessary to do proper management of breeding for the success of coat and sheep farming. Breeding is important for the improvement in the breed of the offspring. Well-developed cattle can be used for breeding. The offspring from those animals will give good quality wool, skin, milk and meat so that farmers get more benefit from them. The following points need to be considered for the proper management of breeding: • There should be at least one buck to breed 30 females • Females goats or sheep from 10 - 14 months of age are capable for breeding • Bucks between the age of one to six years are suitable for breeding • Female goat and sheep can be allowed for mating 50- 60 days after parturition • Mating between close relatives should be avoided C. Some Common Diseases of Sheep, Goat and Chyangra a. PPR It is a common disease of goat and sheep caused by virus. It is also called Cholera of goat and sheep. It is a dangerous viral disease. Sometimes, it may cause a heavy toll of a large number of the goat and sheep once at a time. Signs and symptoms PPR infected goat • High fever (up to 104° to 106°F) • Redness in the eyes • Dryness of mouth • Sneezing, • Loss of appetite • Running nose • Wound in the nose • Diarrhoea 164 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Prevention and control • Vaccine at every two years may prevent the animals against this disease. b. Diarrhea This disease is caused by toxin, bacteria, virus and protozoa. Signs and symptoms • Weakness • Thin body • Indigestion • Brownish diarrhoea Prevention and control A diarrhoea infected sheep • The medicines such as Neblone, Pergocare and Salpha can be given • If the disease is caused by parasites, medicine should be provided against them c. Bloat It is the condition of the goat and sheep in which there is accumulation of excess gas in their stomach. This disease occurs due to the formation of gas by the bacteria and parasites in the stomach. Signs and symptoms • Difficulty in respiration • Stomach pain • If it is not treated in time, there is the chance of death of the animal Prevention and control A goat suffering from Bloat • The disease can be treated with Avil injection, antibiotics and proper fodder need to be provided to the sick goat or sheep. d. Pneumonia It is a major disease of goat and sheep. It is caused by a number of factors like wet floor, cold, wind, bacteria, fungus, virus and lungs parasites. The main causative agent of the disease is the bacterium called Pasteurella haemolutica. Occupation, Business BOOK 165 7and Technology Education

Signs and symptoms Pneumonia infected sheep • Rapid breathing • Mucus discharge from nostrils • Fever and cough • Dropping ears • Reduced feed intake • Difficulty in breathing Prevention and control • Intramuscular injection called Avil of 3 to 5 ml can be given for 3 to 5 days • The powder called Caflen can be administered orally • Antibiotic should be provided for 3 to 5 days • Well ventilated pen can prevent the disease • Isolation of the infected goat/sheep from other animal helps to control the disease e. Mastitis (Thunelo) It is an infectious disease caused by bacteria, virus and fungus. This disease spreads through infected water, contaminated bedding and utensils. Signs and symptoms • Inflammation of the udder and teats • Udder becomes hard due to fibrosis • Clotting pus and blood in milk may be observed • Swelling of teats • Udder is swollen, hot and painful • Fever Mastitis infected goat Prevention and control • The floor should be clean • Isolation and treatment of affected goats • Maintain hygienic conditions in shed • Teats of the infected goats should be cleaned with Luke warm water • Veterinary doctor should be consulted 166 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

f. Foot-rot Disease Foot rot is an infectious disease of goat and sheep. It occurs within the hard shell of hoof and adjacent soft structure. It is caused by the bacteria called Fusiformis nodosus. Signs and symptoms • Inflammation and wound in the heels • Swelling of the horns Prevention and control • Vaccine should be given to the animals against Hoof infected by Foot-rot the disease • Aureomycin violet spray can be provided at the infected feet g. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) It is a communicable disease. It is caused by the virus called Picorna. It transmits from infected animal to another animal through common feeding and watering places. Signs and symptoms • High fever up to 106°F to 107°F • Loss of appetite • Presence of wounds between two hooves • Wounds also appear on lips, gums, tongue and oral cavity • Drooling of saliva • Difficulty in walking • Loss of body weight Prevention and treatment Infected by FMD • 3.5 ml H.S. vaccine should be given against FMD in the month of Baisakh every year. • The wound in the mouth should be cleaned by mixing alum (fitkiri) in the one percent potassium water. • In the hooves, the medicine like Himex and Loreczen ointment should be put after cleaning the wound with potassium water. Occupation, Business BOOK 167 7and Technology Education

D. Management of Products The meat stuffs and wool produced from the animals must be kept safely. The meat must be packed safely and hygienically in the plastic packet or in the container for transportation from one place to another. For the transportation of the meat stuff, especially prepared chilling vehicles should be used. The wool should be packed in the sack or the large sized bag. There should be management of the transportation of the wool from the production site to the knitting industry through the truck or other means of transportation. The meat stuff should be sold in time. A good market is required for the sale of the meat stuff. The Meat trader can sell their meat products through other different meat stalls also. A farmer can draft a plan for the goat or sheep farming. Activity Observe the signs and symptoms of a diseased goat, sheep or Chyangra in your locality and ask its control measures to owner or the veterinarian. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Why is it necessary to make proper management of pasture for the goat or sheep farm? 2. Mention any one common disease of the goat and sheep. Write its symptoms and control measures. 3. How can you manage ration to the goat or sheep according to their conditions. 4. Mention the points, which need to be considered for proper breeding of goat, sheep and Chyangra. 5. Write short note on: a. PPR b. Bloat Practical work Prepare a ration table for the goat and sheep from the local ingredients. Ingredients Protein( for 14%) Protein( for 16%) Protein( for 18%) 168 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Cow, Buffalo and Chauri Farming Introduction Cow and buffalo farming is popular in Nepal. We have the old tradition of rearing Chauri in the Himalayan region and cow and buffalo in the Terai and Hill region. They need proper feeding and good care. Proper feeding is essential for their growth and milk production. They provide us milk, cheese, butter, ghee and other milk products. They are also kept for pulling cart, ploughing and manure. In addition, buffaloes are reared for meat also. The cattle are let free for grazing in the forest, grassland and open field. But improved breed of cattle are mostly stall-fed. They are fed with green grasses and chopped straw mixed with the concentrate feed. It is known that nutritious diet is essential to the cattle for the maintenance of their body, growth of the fetus and milk production after calving. Cow Buffalo Chauri a. Feed Management We should not provide same kind of feed to the cattle. Management of balanced feed plays an important role for the growth, development and production of milk and milk products. A balanced feed for domesticated cattle is considered as the feed which contains all the nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water in proper quantity. Roughages and concentrates are the good sources of balanced feed to the domesticated cattle. The requirement of the feed differs according to their age and conditions. For instance, a new born calf should be fed with colostrums within one hour after birth. The feeding of the calf with colostrums should be continued for three days. Similarly, the pregnant and suckling cows and buffaloes need balanced feed with adequate roughage, concentrates and clean water. In addition, the suckling cattle require additional supplement of calcium. Occupation, Business BOOK 169 7and Technology Education

b. Preparation of Balanced Feed from Local Ingredients There is an important role of balanced feed in the animal farming. Balanced feed helps for the proper growth and development of the cow, buffalo and chauri. It helps farmers to get more benefit from them. The articles such as oilcake, corn, wheat bran, oat, cereals and by-products its by-products, pulse by-products, mineral mixture and salt are required for the preparation of balanced feed for the cattle. A sample of balanced feed for the domestic cattle is given in the following table: Table 11.2: Sample of Balanced Feed for Cow, Buffalo and Chauri Ingredients Amount ( in proportion) Cereals (corn, wheat, millet) 25- 35 parts Cereal by products (wheat bran, paddy husk, flour, 10-25 parts etc.) Oil cake of mustard, soybean, sesame, ground nut, 25-35 parts etc. Pulses by products 5- 20 parts Common salt 1-2 parts Mineral mixture 1-2 parts Source: Occupation, Business and Technology, Class-7, CDC, GoN, 2071 BS c. Management of Pasture Pasture-land means the grazing land for the cattle. It provides natural source of food for the cattle. It is necessary to do proper management and conservation of their pasture-land. For the conservation of the pasture, there should be promotion of the locally available grass. The grass in the pasture-land can be conserved by adopting rotation pasture system. In the high Cattle grazing in pasture mountain region, the cattle are reared in the meadow called bugen. Similarly, in the middle hill the pasture-lands called kharka are conserved for pasturing for the animal. The pasture-land must be properly fenced and unwanted weeds and grass need to be removed. The improved breeds of grasses like Stylo, Clover, Napier, Lucern, Berseem, Rye grass are highly nutritious for the cattle. So, these species grass can be grown in the pasture-land. Similarly, the fodder trees like Tanki, Koiralo, Ipil- Ipil, Kimbu, Badahar, ChyuriKhanyu, etc also can be grown for the cattle. They are also the good source of diet and roughages. 170 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Reproduction and Management Breeding plays an important role in animal farming and its development. Proper management of breeding is important for the improvement in the breed of the offspring. Well-developed and high quality cow and buffalo can be used for breeding. The offspring from those animals will give more milk, meat and other products so that farmers get more production and earning. There are two types of breeding such as inbreeding and out-breeding. Classification of breeding depends on the closeness of the biological relationship between mates. For the successful breeding, various factors like age of puberty, estrus period, climate, etc need to be considered. i. Inbreeding Inbreeding is a mating process by which animals are reproduced by closely related parents. In other words, mating between closely related animals ( for example, parent and offspring, full brother and sister or half brother and sister) is called inbreeding. It is of two types such as:  Close inbreeding Close inbreeding is the mating between close relatives. It involves mating between full brothers and sisters ( full siblings) and between parents and offspring (collectively called first-degree relatives).  Line breeding Line breeding is a form of inbreeding. Line breeding is a considered as milder forms of inbreeding. It is the mating between less closely related animals. It involves arranging mating between cousins, mating between a bull and its granddaughter, etc. Note: It is scientifically proven and widely recognized that: Inbreeding can also result into an increase in the prevalence of inherited disorders, developmental disruption, decrease in reproductive ability, higher infant mortality, a shorter life span and reduction of immune system function. The immune system is closely linked to the removal of cancer cells from a healthy body, so reduction of immune system function increases the risk of tumor development. Immune system Collectively, these effects of inbreeding are called inbreeding depression. ii. Out breeding (Cross breeding) Out breeding is breeding between organisms that are from different populations. In other words, mating between unrelated animals is considered as out breeding. It is the process of causing animals to mate with another species. Occupation, Business BOOK 171 7and Technology Education

For instance, mating a holestine cow with sahiwal bull is an example of out breeding. This kind of breeding is believed to be more appropriate in comparison to the inbreeding process. The following table illustrates the breeding parameters of the cow and buffalo: Table 11.3: Outline of Reproductive Behaviour of Cow and Buffalo S. N. Parameters Cow Buffalo 1 Age of puberty 12-16 months 24-40 months 2 Age at first mating 18-22months 36-42months 3 Inter-estrus period 18-21 days 20-24 days 4 Estrus period 12-18 hours 30-36 hours 5 Ovulation time 14 hours after the 18-24 hours after the onset of estrus onset of estrus Source: Occupation, Business and Technology, Class-7, CDC, GoN, 2071 BS Common Diseases of Cow, Buffalo and Chauri Various kinds of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites cause different diseases to the cattle. If the cattle cannot get treatment on time, they will die and the farmers suffer from a great economic loss. Some of the common diseases between the cow and buffalo are as follow: a. Mastitis (Thunelo) It is an infectious disease. Mastitis denotes an inflammation of the udder and responsible for heavy financial loss to dairyman due to discarding of abnormal milk, reduced milk production and butter fat, decreased market value of cow. It is caused by various causative agents like bacteria, fungus and virus (Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Candida and Cryptococcus). In this disease, there is inflammation of the udder in the lactating cattle. It spreads through infected water, contaminated bedding, utensils, milker’s hands. Signs and symptoms Mastatis infected cow • Inflammation of the udder and teats • Udder becomes hard due to fibrosis • Clotting pus and blood in milk may be observed • Decrease in milk production • Swelling of nipple • Udder is swollen, hot and painful • Fever 172 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Prevention and control • The floor and bedding should be clean • The floor of the milking shed should be washed with running water • Isolation and treatment of infected animals • The udder of cattle and hands of milker’s hands should be washed with antiseptic solution before and after milking • Maintain hygienic conditions in cattle shed • Teats of the cattle should be cleaned with Luke warm water before and after milking • Veterinary doctor should be consulted if the cow/buffalo is infected b. Brucellosis (Miscarriage) Cow with a dead calf Brucellosis in cow and buffalo is caused mainly by bacteria called Brucella melitensis. This disease has also been associated with miscarriage and infertility. Inhalation is the most important route of infection in goats and sheep but infection may also be acquired through eating infected material and by penetration of the bacteria through the mucous membranes of the eye. Common grazing areas and water sources and poor hygiene favour the rapid spread of the disease. Signs and symptoms • Late term abortion is the principal manifestation of brucellosis • Up to 60% of the pregnant ewes in the farm or herd may abort • Other features include reduced milk yield and birth of weak lambs/kids • Testicular inflammation, joint inflammation, lameness and infertility in male animals Prevention and control • Isolate ewes that have aborted from other pregnant animals • Check whether the animal that has aborted has fever or looks sick. If so, treat it with an antibiotic • All infected materials should be disposed preferably by burying in a safe manner Occupation, Business BOOK 173 7and Technology Education

• Clean up the place where the abortion took place and wash thoroughly. • Vaccination with a live attenuated B. Melitensis Rev 1 strain vaccine can be given to the infected animal. It is recommended that kid and lambs should be vaccinated at 3-8 months while adults should be vaccinated 2 months before breeding c. Black Taurper (Chaechare) It is also a communicable disease. It is caused by the bacterium called Clostridium Chauvoei. Signs and symptoms Calf killed by Black Taurper • High fever up to 104°F to 106°F • Difficulty in walking • Swelling of thigh muscle • Crepitating sound (Charchare) comes while pressing on the swollen part • The infected animal may die, if not treated in time Prevention and control • Vaccination against BT before summer season • The infected animal can be given Penicillin injection in every six hours d. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Infected by FMD BOOK It is a communicable disease. It is caused by 7Occupation, Business the virus called Picorna. It transmits from infected animal to another animal through common feeding and Technology Education and watering places. Signs and symptoms • High fever up to 106° to 107° F • Loss of appetite • Presence of wounds between two hooves • Wounds also appear on lips, gums, tongue and oral cavity 174

• Drooling of saliva • Difficulty in walking • Loss of body weight Prevention and treatment • 3.5 ml H.S. vaccine should be given against FMD in the month of Baisakh every year. • The wound in the mouth should be cleaned by mixing alum (fitkiri) in the one percent potassium water. • In the hooves, the medicine like Himex and Loreczen ointment should be put after cleaning the wound with potassium water. e. Bloat It is the condition of the cow and buffalo in which there is accumulation of excess gas in their stomach. This disease occurs due to the formation of gas by the bacteria and parasites in the stomach. Signs and symptoms • Difficulty in respiration • Stomach pain • If it is not treated in time, there is the chance of death of the animal Prevention and control Cow dead due to Bloat • The disease can be treated with Avil injection, antibiotics and proper fodder need to be provided to the sick goat or sheep. f. Fluke Infection The liverfluke is a flat leaf-like parasite found in the liver.The liver like is a flat leaf-like parasite found in the liver. All grazing cattle are susceptible to liver fluke, although wet areas hold higher risk. Liver fluke is caused by a parasite called Fasciloa hepatica. Development of the parasite continues in infected snail. An Fluke in the abdomen adult fluke can be up to 3cm long and can survive in cattle anything between six months to two years. Occupation, Business BOOK 175 7and Technology Education

Signs and symptoms • Brownish diarrhoea • Reduced growth • Anaemia • Oedema in lower jaw Prevention and control • Control of snails in the pasture • Avoid grazing in early morning • De worming of animals periodically Management of the Products Milk products There is a high demand of meat and milk products in our country. The demand of the meat and milk products is not fulfilled until this day. The dairy development corporation (DDC) collects milk through its branches from different parts of the country. There are cheese production centres in Ramechhap, Dolakha, Solukhumbu, Nagarkot, Nuwakot and Rasuwa. Similarly, Chhurpi is produced from the Chauri milk in different places of the high mountain region of the country. In this context, we can consider the following points for the proper management of the products: • Farmers can form dairy coperatives and they can produce different kinds of milk products from there. • Milk should be collected in the chilling centres for further processing. • The milk products like curd, ghee, cheese, churpi, etc should be packaged safely and sold in the market. Activity Visit a cow farm in your locality and observe the feeding system. Present your report in the class. 176 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Adequate : sufficient; enough Adopting : choosing, following Bran : grain husk separated from flour after milling (bhush parameters Calving : giving birth to a calf Manifestation : a clear appearance Mating : the act of pairing a male and female for reproductive purposes Parturition : the process of giving birth Penetration : the act of entering into or through something Prevalence : occurrences of a disease Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Give your suggestion for proper management of pasture for the cattle. 2. Mention any one common disease of cow and buffalo. Write its symptoms and control measures. 3. Write the difference between inbreeding and out breeding. 4. How can you prepare a balanced ration for the cattle? Show it in a table 5. Write short note on: a. Foot and Mouth Disease b. Mastitis Practical work Observe the diseased cows and buffaloes of your locality. Write a small report about signs symptoms, causes, prevention and control measures by consulting your guardians and veterinarian. Occupation, Business BOOK 177 7and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Poultry Farming Introduction Rearing of variety of domesticated birds like chicken, ducks and turkeys in commercial way for meat, egg, etc is called Poultry farming. It is an important part of agricultural economy. At present many people are engaged in poultry farming in Nepal. In the context of Nepal, Poultry industry has occupied a large share of the total economy of the country. We can get different things like eggs, meat and chicks Poultry farm from the poultry farming. We can also produce different valuable things by using the feathers of the poultry. At the same time, the poultry litter is considered as an important organic manure for the agriculture. We also know that this business has provided employment opportunities to a large number of people and has occupied an important place in the economy of the country. Therefore, there should be proper management of feeding, breeding and control over the common diseases of the poultry so that the farmer or entrepreneur can get more benefits from this business. A. Feed Management Poultry feed Poultry feeds are important for their growth and development. Poultry requires varying levels of feeds and nutrients in order to grow and develop properly. The poultry feeds must contain the nutrients like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins, etc. Lack of these nutrients might lead to numerous problems in the health and growth of poultry. The main sources of their feeds are cereals, oil cakes, limestone, dry fish, cereal by products, etc. 178 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Different types of feeds according to different age group and condition are given below: a. Layers Feed i. Starter Feed This type of feed is given to the chicks from day one to a period of 8 weeks after hatching. This kind of feed contains around 20-22 percent protein. It is commonly known as one number feed in Nepal. ii. Grower Feed This type of feed is given to the chickens from 8 weeks to 20 weeks of age. It contains around 17-18 percent protein. It is commonly known as two number feed. iii. Layers Feed This type of feed is given to the hens during egg production period from the age of 20- 80 weeks. This feed contain about 15-17 percent protein and high amount of calcium. They are also Known as three number feed. b. Broiler Feed This type of feed is given for the meat producing broiler chicken. The boiler feed is of the following three types. They are as follow: i. Starter (Bo): This type of feed is given to the chicks from day old to the period of two weeks of age after hatching. ii. Grower (B1): This type of feed is given to the chicken from 2 weeks to 6 weeks of age. iii. Finisher (B2): This type of feed is given to the chicken from 6 to 9 weeks of age or until marketing. B. Preparation of Balanced Feed from Local Ingredients Proper feeding plays an important role in the success of the poultry farming. We can prepare balanced feed for the poultry with the help of locally available food materials. The locally available materials such as cooking wastage, cereals, cereal by products, tubers, oilseed by products, pulse by products, eggshells, dried fish, salt and vegetables can be used for the preparation of balanced feed to the poultry. While preparing feed for the poultry we should not forget that it contains all kinds of nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and Occupation, Business BOOK 179 7and Technology Education

vitamins in required amounts and proportion. A sample of balanced ration for the grower is illustrated in the following table: Table 11.4: A sample of Balanced Ration for the Grower Broiler S. N. Ingredients Quantity (%) Remarks 1 Corn 30 2 Rice polish 15 3 Groundnut cake 15 4 Wheat bran 10 5 Gram pieces 10 6 Oat pieces 7 7 Fish meal 6 8 Molasses 5 9 Bone meal 1 10 Limestone 1 11 Salt 0.5 Source: Occupation, Business and Technology, Class-7, CDC, GoN, 2071 BS C. Reproduction and Management Reproduction of healthy and high quality chicks plays an important role in the field of poultry farming. Large varieties of breeds of fowls are reared for the meat and egg production. We need to keep good hybrid of chicks both for the purpose of meat and egg production so that we can get expected benefit from poultry. Hatcheries can do breeding of poultry for the commercial poultry farming. In hatcheries, incubators can hatch thousands of chicks once at a time. Farmers can get chicks easily in affordable cost for their farm. D. Common Diseases of Poultry The fowls are infected by the various types of fatal diseases. Among them, some of the common diseases are described below: a. Newcastle Disease (Ranikhet) It is a viral disease of fowls. It infects all birds of all ages. It is caused by the virus called Myxo-virus multiform. Signs and symptoms • Difficulty in breathing • Shaking head 180 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

• Sneezing • Watery discharge from nose • Retarded growth • Green watery diarrhoea • Twisting of neck • Conjunctivitis New castle disease • Facial swelling and trembling • Loss in egg production in egg laying birds Prevention and control There is no specific treatment for Newcastle Disease. For prevention, birds should be given vaccine against this disease and sanitation needs to be maintained properly. The infected birds must be separated from the flock. b. Fowl Pox (Avian Pox) It is also an infectious viral disease of the poultry. This disease is caused by the virus called pox virus. It is transmitted by direct contact and mosquito bite. Signs and symptoms Fowl pox • Conjunctivitis • Eyelids may stick together • Wart like lesions appear in hairless parts of the body like combs, wattles and face • Respiratory distress • In laying hens infection results in decline in egg production Prevention and control No treatment is available against this disease. The birds can be prevented from this disease by providing vaccine. Vaccine should be given against the disease to the birds at the age between 6 to 8 weeks fowl-pox outbreak in poultry in houses can be controlled by killing mosquitoes. c. Fowl Cholera (Pullorum) It is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria called Salmoriella Pullorum. This disease spread through the egg, from hen to chicks. It can also be spread through contaminated incubators, hatchers, chick boxes poultry by-products, etc. Occupation, Business BOOK 181 7and Technology Education

Signs and symptoms Pullorum • White diarrhoea • Weakness • Loss of appetite • Huddling and droopiness • Dullness and depression • Chalk white faces death of infected chicks begins at 5 to 7 days of age Prevention and control This disease can be controlled by testing the birds and eggs and disposing the positive cases (infected ones). For the treatment of this disease, the medicines like Sulfadiazine, nitro furan or antibiotics can be given. e. Bird Flu (Avian Influenza) It is highly pathogenic viral disease. If the birds are infected by this disease, it becomes the cause of mass killing. It is caused by the virus called Orthomyxo virus. This disease may be transmitted through contaminated crates, shoes, clothes as well as infected carcasses and manure. Signs and symptoms Safe disposal of bird flu infected poultry • Abnormal breathing sound • Swelling of face and wattles • General diarrhoea • Respiratory distress • Dullness • Loss in egg production among egg laying birds • Blood tinged discharge from the nose Prevention and control There is no specific treatment of this disease. For prevention of this disease, strict quarantine, sanitation and destruction of all infected flocks, egg and their feeds must be done to stop bird flu outbreak. 182 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

D. Management of Products We can get eggs and meat from poultry. The egg and flesh of the poultry spoil faster due to the high concentration of protein. We must be more careful about this issue particularly during the summer season. Eggs should be collected, cleaned and stored in a cool and dry place in a safe manner for marketing. We need to search for the market of broilers before they are ready for sale. The poultry meat should be stored in the cold chain for the selling purpose. Activity Prepare a ration table for layers feed and broiler feed in a chart paper and show it to your subject teacher. Word meaning Incubator : a device in which eggs are hatched artificially Lesion : an abnormality in the tissue of an organism Limestone : sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate Limestone : sedimentary rock composed mainly of calcium carbonate Oilcakes : the solid residue that is left after certain oily seeds, such as Tinged cottonseed, mustard seed and linseed Wattles : mixed up with : a fleshy, wrinkled, often brightly coloured fold of skin usually hanging from the neck or throat Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Give your opinion for the management of feed for the poultry. 2. Discuss the symptoms and control measures of any one disease of the poultry. 3. “The poultry business has become one of the most important businesses in Nepal”. Justify. 4. How can you manage poultry products if you are given this responsibility? 5. Write role of reproduction management in poultry farm. Practical Work Visit a poultry farm of your locality. Observe the ration table for the fowls and present this table in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 183 7and Technology Education

Lesson 4 Pig Farming Introduction Pig farming is an important part of agriculture. Pig farming is the raising of domestic pigs. Pigs are farmed for meat production. Pig farming in Nepal is not new but it is still in the developing stage. Nowadays, some farmers are attracted to commercial pig farming. In our country, certain ethnic groups have accepted it socially and culturally. Increasing demand A pig farm of free-range pork is difficult to be fulfilled due to the small number of farmers involved in open-range pig farming. It has now, become one of the good source of income to the farmers. So, a large number of people are involved in commercial pig farming in different parts of the country. Pig cannot bear heat. Hence, in the Terai region. We need to manage water pool for the pig nearby the farm. A. Feed and Pasture Management Pigs need balanced diet for their proper growth and development. They require different quantities of concentrates along with the grass and weed according to their age group. The diet of pig must include proper amount of carbohydrate, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins and water. Grains byproducts, potatoes, cabbage, carrot, lucern, clover, berseem, turnip and cooking wastage are the sources of feed for the pigs. Open-range pig farming can reduce the investment in concentrates. Grains like corn, wheat, wheat bran, rice polish, millet, flour, oilseed cakes, etc also can be useful for the preparation of concentrates for the domestic pigs. B. Preparation of Balanced Feed from Local Ingredients The pigs of different age groups and conditions need to be given balanced feed according to the recommendation. Feeding the pigs with roughages and concentrates in a proper manner is beneficial for their growth and good health. 184 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

We can prepare concentrates to the pig of different age groups with locally available corn, rice polish, groundnut cake, wheat bran, gram flakes, bone meal, mineral mixture, oil seeds cakes, fish meal and salt. This kind of feed should contain around 13- 20% protein. The daily requirement of ration for the pigs of different age groups is illustrated in the following table: Table 11.5: Concentrates Requirement for Pigs According to Stage and Age Group Pig at different stages Body weight Daily requirement (in kg) Starter piglets 20 - 40 kg 1-2 Growing pigs 50 kg 3-5 Breeding boar and sow 100 kg 2-3 Suckling sow with piglets 100 kg 4-5 Adult boar 100kg 3-4 Fattening Pigs 100kg 5 Source: Occupation, Business and Technology,Class-7, CDC, GoN, 2071 BS C. Reproduction and Management Pig farming is done for the purpose of meat production. Proper management of reproduction plays an important role in pig farming. For the breeding purpose of offspring, there should be boar and sow in1:5 ratio. We should not allow inbreeding for the reproduction of healthy offspring. For the breed purpose, we need to know their breed. At the same time, we get to know the performance of those breeds for at least three previous generations. We have to select sows with good maternity quality and fast growing healthy boar for the profitable business. There must be at least 5-10 piglets in commercial farm and their daily growth should be good. The following table illustrates the reproductive behaviour of the female pig: Table 11.6: Reproductive Behaviour of the Female Pig S.N. Parameters Period 1 Age of puberty 8-12 months 2 Age at first mating 8-15months 3 Inter-estrus period 15-24 days 4 Estrus period 36-48 hours 5 Ovulation time 24 hours after the onset of estrus 6 Average gestation period 148 days Source: Occupation, Business and Technology, Class-7, CDC, GoN, 2071 BS Occupation, Business BOOK 185 7and Technology Education

D. Identification of the Diseases and Control Method Pigs are infected by several kinds of diseases. The most common diseases are scabies, foot and mouth disease, swine fever, anthrax, Brucellosis among the pigs. They are described below: a. Anthrax Anthrax is an uncommon infections disease of pigs. It is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by the bacterium called Bacillus Anthracic. It is transmitted from one animal to another through common feeding places. Signs and symptoms • Blood mixed faeces • Fever • Blue skin • Not eating • Bleeding from the nose • Swelling on neck • Difficulty in respiration Anthrax in pig Prevention and control Anthrax can be controlled through vaccination programme. Animals should be given vaccine annually in the affected area. The infected animals should be separated from other animals. The dead animals, manure, bedding and other contaminated materials must be buried safely and lime should be put on the ground. b. Swine Fever (Hog Cholera) This disease is also known as Hog Cholera. It is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs. Signs and symptoms • High fever (104°-106°F) • Loss of appetite • General dullness • Reddened and draining eyes • Vomiting • Diarrhoea Swine fever in pig • Coughing and difficulty in respiration 186 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Prevention and control • Vaccines should be given to pigs against swine fever every year • There must be use of anti-hog-cholera serum in early stage • Proper hygiene should be maintained • Infected pigs should be separated from other animals • Antibiotics should be given for the treatment of secondary infection c. Mangne (Scabies) Pigs infested by scabies It is a parasitic disease of the skin caused by mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. Mites penetrate the outer layer of skin (epidermis), cause severe itching and leave rashes everywhere in the body. It is a contagious disease so it transmits from one infected animal to another through direct contact. Signs and symptoms • Skin irritation and rubbing scratching • Ear shaking • Tiny red pimples over the skin • Scales appear in the affected area • Animals become lean and thin Prevention and control For the prevention of pigs from this disease, animals and their sheds should be kept neat and clean. The infected animals should be isolated from other healthy animals. The medicine called Holdn Lotion, Himix and Ectomin (5ml) should be mixed with 5 liter water and clean the body. The injection called Ieomac also can be given under the skin at the rate of 1 ml per 40 kg. d. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) It is the viral disease that infects cloven-hoofed animals. It is also called as foot and mouth disease. It is caused by the virus called Picorna. This disease is an infectious disease. It is transmitted from an infected animal to other animals through contaminated farming equipment, vehicles and feed. Occupation, Business BOOK 187 7and Technology Education

Signs and symptoms FMD infected pig • In early stage, there is rise in temperature It prefers to lie down • The infected animal becomes dull • Blisters come on the snout and the tongue • Loss of finger nails • Sticky, foamy and stringy saliva is produced Prevention and control For the prevention of the animals from this disease, the infected animals should be isolated from the other healthy animals. The animals should be given vaccine against FMD every six months. In the case of FMD epidemic, the following measures should be adopted. • The infected animals must be isolated from other animals • Hygienic rules must be followed strictly in the farm • Clean the wounds with Alum or Potash water e. Brucellosis Brucellosis It is also called Rock fever. Rod shaped bacterium called Rosella cause it. This disease may transmit to human also. It generally affects the female pig during the breeding period. Signs and symptoms • Sweating • Joint and muscle pain • Fever • Headache • Swelling of liver and spleen • Tiredness • Depression • Weight loss 188 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Prevention and control Animals can be vaccinated against Brucellosis against the epidemic. If the animals are already infected, antibiotics can be given for the treatment. f. Parasites Pigs are infested by a number of parasites. There are internal and external parasites, which attack pigs. In which internal parasites (endoparasites) include: Tape worms, liver flukes, kidney worms, lungs worms, whipworms, Round worm in pig intestine hook worms, Thread worms, pinworms, etc. External parasites (exoparasites) includes biting insects like black flies, ticks mosquitoes, horse flies and non biting insects like house flies, lice, mites, etc. Prevention and Control Measures • There should be proper drainage facility for the Pig lice disposal of faeces and urine • There should be supply of clean water for drinking and cleaning • Diseased animals should be treated effectively by the veterinarian • Piperazine and demebendazole can be given against round worm infestation • Alberdazole can be given against tape worms and lungs worm infestation • Oxyclozanide can be given against liver fluke infection • Deworming medicine should be given on time • Dead animal should be disposed safely D. Management of Products We get meat and piglets from pig farming. Farmers can sell piglets to other farmers. The meat product should be kept in the deep refrigeration to make it hygienic for consumer. The meat products of the pork like sausage, salami, ham, bacon, etc should be kept in the cold store after packaging. In addition, there should be proper management of transportation facility to carry those products to the market. Farmers can establish cooperatives for the management of their products. Occupation, Business BOOK 189 7and Technology Education

Activity Visit a pig farm nearby your locality, identify the breeds of the pigs and observe their differences. Word meaning Contagious disease : communicable disease Contagious disease : disease capable of being transmitted by direct or indirect contact Epidemic : a disease that is widely prevalent in a particular area Open range farming : animal farming in open area Perishable : food that will decay rapidly if not refrigerated Scales : dry, flaky exfoliations of the skin without any continuity of its surface Zoonotic disease : any disease that can be transmitted to human from animals Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Explain the scope of pig farming in Nepal? 2. Mention the signs, symptoms and control measures of any one disease of the swine. 3. How can you manage feed for the pig? 4. Write short note on: a. Reproductive behaviour of the pig b. Swine fever Practical work Visit a Pig farm nearby our locality. Observe the feeding system of that farm and discuss it in the class. 190 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 5 Fishery Introduction Nepal is rich in fresh water resources. These water resources can be used for commercial fish farming. To raise fish commercially in the ponds, reservoirs or other kinds of fresh water bodies for livelihood is called fishery. Fish farming is one of the important sectors of aquaculture. There is lots of small-scale fish farming in different places in plain and hilly region in Nepal. Artificial ponds are Fish in the pond made in various places for fish farming especially in the Terai region. Fishery has become a good business for the farmers in the context of our country. Farmers are growing both of the local and exotic breeds of fish in commercial fish farming. The fish like common carp, big head carp, grass carp, Rahu, Naini, Asala and silver carp are common breeds of Nepal. Fish provides a good diet to us. A. Feed Management There must be proper management of feed for the good production of fish from the pond. In commercial fish farming, we can prepare two types of feeds such as artificial and natural feeds. They are described below: a. Natural Feed As a natural feed, the fish can feed on small water plants called phytoplankton and micro-organisms called zoo-plankton found in the pond. These natural feeds can be produced in the pond by using dung, compost manure, oil cakes, etc. At the same time, it is beneficial to add some chemical fertilizers like Urea, DAP and TSP in appropriate amount in the pond. For the management of proper feeding, the artificial and natural feed should be maintained at 45:55 ratio. The following table provides general guideline for the management of natural feed for the fish farming: Occupation, Business BOOK 191 7and Technology Education

Table: 11.6 General Guideline for the Management of Natural Feed for the Fish Farming. Particulars Requirement (per hector /per year) Compost manure 2,500 kg Nitrogen fertilizer 220 kg Phosphorus 545 kg Source: Occupation, Business and Technology, Class-7, CDC, GoN, 2071 BS b. Artificial Feed In a pond, fish can find natural food by themselves but only natural food may not be sufficient to the growing fingerlings. They also need artificial food for their proper growth and development. Therefore, farmers should feed well-balanced artificial food to the growing fish. The artificial feed can be prepared using rice bran, wheat bran, maize, millet, dry fish, oilcake, grass, banana leaves, etc. While preparing feed for the fish it should be remembered that Rainbow trout, Magur and fingerlings of carp breeds need 30 % to 35% protein. The feed for adult fish should contain 20-25% protein. They need to be fed 2 times in a day whereas fries should be fed 4 times in a day. According to the preference to feed type, fish breeds can be classified into three groups such as: Fish Breeds Feed Preference Grass carp and Common carp Artificial feed Mahur, Silver carp and Big head carp Natural feed Rahu and Naini Both types of feed B. Preparation of Balanced Feed from Local Ingredients The nature of feeding plays an important role in the production and earning in the fishery business. In this context, a balanced feed for the fish for different stages can be made with the help of locally available ingredients like cereals and its byproducts, oilseeds cake, cocoon of silkworm, fishmeal, bone meal, etc. It should contain all kinds of nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins in sufficient amount. A sample of 100kg artificial feed for fishery is illustrated in the table that is given below: Table: 11.7 Composition of Artificial Feed. Ingredients Quantity Wheat flour 38 percent Rice polish 38 percent Soybean cake 12 percent Fish meal 12 percent Fish feeding Source: Occupation, Business and Technology, Class-7 192 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

C. Reproduction and Management Reproduction of fish for the breeding of healthy fries plays an important role in fish farming. Reproduction of is possible in two ways such as natural and artificial reproduction method. For commercial fish farming, artificial reproduction is more beneficial to the farmers. They are explained below: a. Natural Method In this method, both of the male and fish are kept together in the same pond. They reproduce naturally during the spawning (breeding) season. During the reproduction process male fish pass milt (sperms) into the water and female fish produce spawns (eggs). They fuse together and develop into hatchlings (Bhurra) after few days. This method is not appropriate in commercial fishery. b. Artificial Method This method is appropriate in commercial fish farming. In this method, the breeding male and female fish are kept in separate ponds. They are fed with balanced ration. During the breeding (Spawning season) season, both of the male and female fish should be injected with pituitary hormone into the abdomen in required amount. After spawning by the female fish, the eggs should be collected and kept in a clean pot. At the same time , sperms(milt) should be collected from the male fish. Thereafter, the sperms (male gonads) and spawns(female eggs) should be mixed up with the help of a clean feather. Water in the pot should be changed regularly. Gradually the eggs size get enlarged and few days later fries come out from the eggs. These hatchlings should be kept in the nursery pond and balanced feed need to be given. D. Identification of the Diseases and Control Method Tricodina, White spot disease, Argulus, Larniya (hookworm), IVS, Gyrodactylus are the common diseases and parasites of fish. They are described below: a. White Spot Disease It is commonly known as fresh water itch. It is a common protozoan disease of freshwater fish. It is caused by protozoa called Ichthyopthirius. Signs and symptoms White Spot Disease in fish • Laziness • Green skin • Wound and white spots in the body • Stop feeding Occupation, Business BOOK 193 7and Technology Education

Prevention and control • The ponds should be kept clean • Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease • The water of the pond should be changed regularly • This disease can be treated by sinking the infected fish in 2-3% salt solution (potassium permanganate) for 3-4 minutes • Formalin and malachite green solution can be added at the rate of 0.1 ppm b. Trichodiana It is a protozoan disease. It is caused by the parasite called Triochodiana. It attacks the gills, skin and fins of the fish. In the chronic stage it causes great loss of fingerlings. Signs and symptoms • Restlessness • Loss of body weight • Tiredness • Finally fingerlings die Prevention and control Trichodina infected fish • The ponds should be kept clean • Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease • The water of the pond should be changed regularly • This disease can be treated by sinking the infected fish in 2-3% salt solution (potassium permanganate) for 3-4 minutes • Formalin and Malachite green solution can be added at the rate of 0.1 ppm c. Larniya( Hook Worm) Hook Worm infected fish BOOK It is an ectoparasitic disease. These parasites 7Occupation, Business attach on skin and insert their hooks into the body of fish and causes wound on it. and Technology Education Signs and symptoms • Laziness • Lesion appear on head and body • Rub body on the wall of the wound 194

Prevention and control • The ponds should be kept clean • Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease • The water of the pond should be changed regularly • This disease can be treated by sinking the infected fish in 2 % - 3% salt solution (potassium permanganate) for 3-4 minutes d. Argulosis ( Fish Lice) It is also an ectoparasitic disease of fresh water fish. It is caused by the parasite called Argulus. It attaches on skin, head, fins and gills of the fish and sucks bold from the body. Signs and symptoms Fish lice infected fish • Faded skin colour • Eroded scales • Excessive mucus secretion • Scratch themselves • Frequently jump out of water Prevention and control • The ponds should be kept clean • Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease • The water of the pond should be changed regularly • This disease can be treated by sinking the infected fish in 2% - 3% salt solution (potassium permanganate) for 3-4 minutes • Formalin and malachite green solution can be added at the rate of 0.1 ppm e. Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) is a fish disease characterized by the presence of severe, open dermal ulcers on the head, mid-body and dorsal regions of the fish. This dreadful disease has been affecting various fish species. It is caused by the fungus Aphanomyces invadans. Signs and symptoms Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome • Initially multiple small red spots over the skin • Deep-red to brown skin ulcers Occupation, Business BOOK 195 7and Technology Education

• These ulcers can be on any part of the body • The ulcers can extend down to the bone or into the abdominal cavity • Weak swimming or swimming near the surface • Sloughing of scales • Haemorrhagic or ulcerative lesions on the base of fins and other parts of the body Prevention and control • Keeping diseased fish in clean water may allow recovery • Liming water and improving water quality • Removal of infected fish from the pond • Eradication, exclusion, management, surveillance and treatment are all required to gain control over the disease • There is no effective treatment for advanced disease D. Management of Products a. Selling of Fries (Bhurra) to the Farmer Fries are essential for the fishery business. People can make good earning by selling fries to the farmers. To breed Supply healthy fries there must be provision of scientifically managed nursery pond. Then s/he can produce fries according to the market demand. It provides good earning to the owner. b. Selling of Fish to the Consumer Fish selling Fish are produced in the fish pond, lakes and rivers. Those fish should be carried to different places for selling purpose. While carrying the fish products there should be provision of refrigeration facility. We can preserve fish products through the following measures: • Drying in drum or chamber • Drying by solar drier • Preserving through salting • Chilling and refrigeration • Packing and canning 196 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Visit a fish pond nearby your locality and observe the feeding habit of the fish. Prepare a report and present it in the class. Word meaning Canning : the process of sealing food in airtight cans or tins to preserve it for future use DAP : nitrogen and phosphorus contained chemical fertilizer Exoparasitic disease : parasitic disease that affect outer part of the fish Fingerlings : young fish, especially one less than a year old and about the size of a human finger Fries : recently hatched young fish Humidity : moistness Mounted : to go up; climbed; ascended Phytoplankton : a type of plankton that consists of floating aquatic plants Spawning : the process by which an organism produces others of its kind, breeding TSP : dampness phosphorus containing chemical fertilizer Urea : a water-soluble powder form of compound - CO(NH2)2 used as a fertilizer Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is fishery? Write its importance. 2. Write the difference between natural feed and artificial feed for fish. 3. Describe any one disease of fish along with its symptoms, preventive and control measures. 4. Explain the preservation methods of fish products. 5. Write a short note on management of the fish products. Practical work What things are required as raw materials to prepare natural and artificial feed for the fish? Prepare in a chart paper and show it to your friends. Occupation, Business BOOK 197 7and Technology Education

Lesson 6 Beekeeping Introduction Nepal is rich in biodiversity. There are a large number of species of insects in our country. Among them, some insects are very important even from commercial and ecological corner. Honeybee also falls in this important category. Bees are very useful insects. They are our natural friends. They work together in a group. Honey bee collecting propolis They help in pollination process of the flowering plants. They pollinate our crops and provide us with wax, honey, propolis, pollen and royal jelly. We gladly take all these things, but what are we doing for them? It is time we take a hard look at ourselves and at the pollinators who serve us so well. At present, apiculture has become a good business in Nepal. Farming of honeybee in a systematic manner is called bee keeping. It is also called apiculture. Apiculture is very common in the Hill and Terai region. There are mainly three types of honeybees like queen (Rani mauri), drone (Bhale mauri) and the workers (Karmi mauri). The main function of queen is to lay eggs. Generally, there is only one queen in a hive. The drones are smaller than queen is. Their main function is mating with the queen. The drones die just after mating. The workers are in the largest number in the hive. They have direct role to make wax, honeycomb, honey and pollen in the hive. A. Feed and Pasture Management The place where flowers blossom and nectar along with pollen are available for the bees is called pasture of honeybee. Beekeeping can only be successful where there is good pasture throughout the year. We can manage short term pasture by planting mustard, buckwheat, sunflower, tomato, cucumber, pumpkin, peas and barseem that start flowering within a short time. Similarly, flowering trees like chilaune, katush, chutro, painyu, litchi, rhododendron, butter tree, jamun, kafal, guava, coconut, rudilo, semal, papaya, etc. can be planted for long term pasture management. When forage is not available supplementary feeding must be provided to maintain survival of the honey bees. Balanced feed 198 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

is necessary for the proper growth and development of the bees. They feed on flower nectar, pollen, water and dew drops of the grass. The queen honeybee and growing larvae eat royal jelly and honey from the comb cells. During the off- season, we need to give them man-made feed (mixture of sugar and pollen). The man-made feed helps them to survive and produce honey even in the off-season. The following factors need to be considered for the management of pasture: • Manage short -term pasture by planting mustard, buckwheat, sunflower, tomato, cucumber, pumpkin, peas, etc. • Manage long term pasture by planting flowering trees like chilaune, katush, chutro, painyu, litchi,mango, peach, orange, butter tree, jamun, kafal, guava, coconut, rudilo, semal, papaya, etc. • Keep distance of at least 3 km between the bee farms • Manage water source near the apiary B. Preparation of Artificial Feed from Local Ingredients During the off-season, we need to give man- made feed (mixture of sugar and water) to the honeybees. The man-made feed helps them to survive and produce honey even in the off-season. Artificial feed for the honeybees can be prepared with the help of sugar and water. It can be prepared by mixing clean water and sugar in 50:50 ratio. This kind of feed should be provided to the honey during the evening time. It should be kept inside the colony in a safe manner. C. Breeding Management of Honeybee The life cycle of honeybees, begins with eggs. During the winter season, a queen forms a new colony by laying eggs within each cell inside a honeycomb. Fertilized eggs will hatch into female worker bees, while unfertilized eggs will become drones. Each colony contains only one queen. The queen has one mating flight and stores enough sperms during the mating flight to lay eggs throughout her life. A queen is capable of laying up to 2,000 eggs within a single day. She lays eggs in the centre of the cell frame so that workers can place honey, royal jelly and other foods for larvae on the outer edges. When the queen lays an egg, it becomes attached to the cell by a mucous strand. During the first stage of development, the digestive system, nervous system and outer covering are formed. After three days, the eggs will hatch into larvae, which will be fed by worker honey bees with honey, royal jelly and other liquids Occupation, Business BOOK 199 7and Technology Education

from plants. These honey bee larvae have no legs, eyes, antennae or wings; they resemble a grain of rice with a small mouth. They gradually grow into adult workers, queens or drones after few days. The growth pattern of honeybee is illustrated by the following table: Table 6.1: Different Life Stages of Honeybee Class Life stage of Honeybee(in day) Total Life Span Egg Larva Pupa Adulthood Active Period Less Active Period Queen 3 5 8 16 days 1 year 2-3 years Worker 3 6 12 21 days 6 weeks 2-3 months Drone 3 7 14 24 days - Maximum 2 months Source: Occupation, Business and Technology, Class-7, CDC, GoN, 2071 BS D. Identification and Control of Disease A number of diseases can infect honeybees. Some of them are severe enough to destroy a colony, or the whole apiary. It is important to be able to recognize symptoms of disease so that action can be taken promptly and the outbreak of the disease can be prevented from spreading. The larvae and adults are more susceptible to disease. Some of the common diseases are described below: a. European Foul Brood This disease originated from Europe. European Foulbrood is caused by the bacterium called Melissococcus plutonius. The bacterium infects the mid gut of new larvae and multiplies rapidly. Bacteria come out through the excreta and the disease is transferred to other larvae by the adult bees while nursing and cleaning the cells. Colonies become weaker and can European Foul Brood sometimes be destroyed by an outbreak of European foulbrood. This disease is more common in Apis Mellifera colonies, but it can also attack and damage Apis cerana bees. After the attack of this disease, larva’s colour turn yellowish white and brownish respectively. 200 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education