Important Announcement
PubHTML5 Scheduled Server Maintenance on (GMT) Sunday, June 26th, 2:00 am - 8:00 am.
PubHTML5 site will be inoperative during the times indicated!

Home Explore Occupation, Business and Technology Book 7_2077 Edition

Occupation, Business and Technology Book 7_2077 Edition

Published by sudin saqya, 2020-10-01 03:40:43

Description: Occupation, Business and Technology Book 7_2077 Edition

Search

Read the Text Version

Lesson 2 Safe Use of Household Appliances We use many appliances in our daily life. We need some skills and knowledge for their safe use. Unsafe use of electrical appliances may cause an accident. So, these appliances should be handled carefully or follow safety rules. The appliances of daily use differ from business to business. Their safety rules may also be different according to their using sector, function and nature of the appliances. Everyone has to follow the safety rules while using such appliance. Otherwise, there may be accidents. We have to know about the safety rule of using every kind of household electrical appliances. It is better to work under the guidance of seniors or in a group while repairing the electrical appliances. We can use daily household appliances by following safety rules presented below: 1. Electrical Appliances The following safety measures are to be considered while using the household electrical appliances like iron, refrigerator, radio, FM, TV, computer, etc. a. We have to use a tester to check the condition of the plug. b. If the wire is not in proper condition, inform electrician to repair it. c. If the plugs are damage, replace them. d. Switch on the plug only after plugging equipments. e. Keep all the electrical equipments safe from water, fire and other danger. f. Switch off the power supply after use. Occupation, Business BOOK 251 7and Technology Education

2. Gas Appliances Gas stove, gas heater, gas geaser, etc are gas appliances. Some safety rules are to be taken into consideration while using these appliances. We can be safe if we follow the safety rules. The following safety rules are to be adopted while using gas appliances. a. If the gas cylinder has leakage, there may be smell. Open the window and door to pass out the gas. Keep any sparking materials at a distance. b. Close regulator if there is gas leakage. c. Keep the gas in an open place and call a technician for test. d. We have to check the gas pipe, regulator, gas oven from time to time. e. Open windows while using gas heater because the heater absorbs oxygen and produces carbon dioxide. This is harmful for human health. If the window is open, oxygen enters in the room and makes us danger free. 3. Other Appliances The following safety rules should be considered while using other appliances. a. Check the safety valve and its rubber before using a pressure cooker. The vent should be open. b. Use cotton dress and shoe while cooking. Use mouth and ear safety tools like mask, ear cotton, etc during the work in noisy and dusty places. c. Keep foot and hand safe from rotating equipment. d. Make sure of wire leakage. e. Use mask, safety glasses and helmet while welding. Activities 1. Make a list of household appliances used in your home. Discuss in your class about the safety rules needed for those appliance. 252 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Exercise A Answer the following questions. 1. Write any five safety measures while working in an industry. 2. What happens if someone does not take safety precaution? Clarify. 3. Why should the window be open while using gas heater and stove? 4. What happens if we touch the bare electric wire? 5. Write the safety measures while working with gas appliances. 6. What are the safety measures to be considered while working with electric appliance? 7. “Everyone has to follow safety measures while using household appliances.” Justify this statement. B Fill in the blanks: a. If the wire is not in proper condition, inform...........................................to repair it. b. Switch off the...........................................supply after use. c. Close regulator if there is gas............................................ d. Check the safety valve and its rubber before using a................................. cooker. e. Keep foot and hand...........................................from rotating equipment. f. Use mask, .........................................and helmet while working in the field of welding. g. Open windows while using gas heater because the heater absorbs ...........................................and produces........................................... . Occupation, Business BOOK 253 7and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Principles of Some Traditional Technologies Technology refers to “the less input, higher output”. The use of technology saves labour and energy. Our traditional technologies are also dependent on that principle. 1. Grinding Technology (Jaanto) Jaanto is a very old technology. It has two parts. Both the parts are made up of stone in a wheel shape. The upper part has a hole from where grinding materials are poured. At the upper corner, there is a wooden handle. Through the handle, upper part of the grinding machine (Jaanto) is rotated. The base part is fixed on the floor. At the center of the lower part, an Jaanto iron stick (Maani) is fixed. The iron stick makes the upper part rotate within its control. Thus, it is called pivot of grinding technology. Without a pivot, the grinding process is not possible. The pivot makes the rotation process a controlled and easier method. There is difference between the grinding with a Lohoro and grinding with a Jaanto. Lohoro needs more human efforts but one person can easily grind maximum amount of cereals in the Jaanto. It is possible only because of the technology. Depending on this traditional technology, lots of modern technologies have been developed such as solar mill, electric grinding mill, etc. 2. Kol Kol BOOK Kol is a traditional and simple tool to reduce 7Occupation, Business mustard seeds to oil and oilcake (Pina). It is used since the ancient time. Its working principle is and Technology Education based on rotating technology with a lever. In this technology, we have to put the heated oil seeds on the Kol. When the roller is moved around, the roller crushes the oil seeds and oil comes out 254

from the lower part of Kol. Modern electric oil mills also use roller technology for crushing oilseeds. Kol is a rotating technology being practiced since hundreds of years. 3. Water lifting Dhiki pump Dhiki pump Dhiki pump is developed on the basis of pivot and pulling technology. It is used to pump out underground water. We can collect water and use for irrigating the field. When we press the paddle, the rotator moves ups and downs that pull water out. This is lever technology. We can get more water using less effort from this technology. Hand pumps are also popular in Nepal. Its working principle is also similar to the Dhiki pump. This technology has been used in Nepal since the ancient period and it is very useful too. Activities 1. What kinds of technologies are used in your community? Find, observe and discuss in the class. 2. Find out the lever technology used in other traditional technologies and discuss in the class. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is grinding mill (Jaanto)? Write down its working principle. 2. Draw a picture of a lever and label its major parts. 3. What is Kol? How does it work? 4. Explain the working process of water lifting Dhiki pump. 5. Find out the modern technologies used in place of Jaanto, Kol and water lifting Dhiki pump. Write their working process also. Occupation, Business BOOK 255 7and Technology Education

UNIT16 Modern Technology Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Use radio, FM and TV as the sources of information.  Communicate through internet using computer.  Tell the types of alternative energy. 256 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Use of Electricity for Household Purpose We use various kinds of electrical equipments for household purpose according to our need. As such equipments are operated by electricity; we have to be careful while using them. If they are used carelessly, there is high possibility of getting an electric shock. So, we should have knowledge, skill and ability to use electrical equipments. Some of the electrical equipments that we use for household purpose like switch, joint box, socket plug, wire, volt guard, bulb and miniature circuit breaker (MCB) are discussed below. 1. Switch It is a mechanical or electronic device that opens, closes or changes the connections in an electrical circuit. It is used to turn a light or machine on or off. It helps us to use electricity as per our need. The electric switch is connected to external circuits through which we turn the switch on at the time of need and turn the switch off when the work is complete. When the switch is off, the supply of electricity stops automatically. There are many kinds of electrical switches available in the market. Safety Measures a. Do not touch electric wire and switch with bare and wet hands. You may get an electrical shock. b. In case of electricity leakage, immediately call a technician for maintenance. c. When the electricity supply is off, turn the switch off. d. Use good quality material and tighten or join it properly while wiring. 2. Joint Joint is an electrical device used while wiring. It is kept on the wall. It is a supplier of electricity for different rooms and necessary places. The electrical power is directly connected to the joint box and the electricity is supplied to different rooms Occupation, Business BOOK 257 7and Technology Education

or necessary places from joint box by using wires. Joint box is made up of PVC, wood, tin, etc. It is covered in a box. Safety Measures a. Join and tape the wires correctly and cover it. b. Connect the wire properly and tightly. c. Inform the technicians immediately in case of electricity leakage. 3. Socket Plug Socket plug is an electrical device to supply electricity. There are two types of socket plugs. One is with a switch and another is without a switch. They are used to supply the electrical current. Generally, the electrical socket has a switch, an indicator and a plug. This device controls the current flowing through a wire from joints. It informs us about the electricity supply and provides safety. Socket plug is kept to use the electric current coming through the wires. Sockets pass current to multi-plug or directly to electric equipment. Safety Measures a. Keep the cable and socket plug out of the reach of children and in a dry place. b. Do not touch the cable with an iron rod or pin. c. Keep it in a dry place. 4. Electric Cable It is used as the means of electric supply. It is made up of ammonium and copper. An electric cable is made to transfer electricity. There are different types and size of electric wire available in the market as per the need and equipment. They are in the form of power cable, machine cable, etc. An electric cable connects the electric current to the switch, bulb, fan, etc. There are two types of wires inside the cable. They are live and neutral. These two wires are connected with each other to supply electric current to the equipment. 258 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Safety Measures a. Place the electrical wire in the dry place. b. Keep it out of the reach of children. c. Do not touch the cable with an iron rod or pin. d. Do not touch the electric wire with bare and wet hands. 5. Volt Guard Volt guard is electrical equipment. It is used to protect electric equipments from high or low voltage. There is a knob on the equipment to control the flow of current. It supplies the current as per the requirement of the equipment. Safety Measures a. Adjust the voltage as per the capacity of the equipment. b. Connect the appliance for use only after adjusting the voltage. c. Keep it at dry place and out of the reach of children. 6. Bulb Bulb is an electrical appliance that changes electric energy into light. It provides light through electric energy. There is a coil shaped filament in a bulb. When we turn the switch on, the current supply starts then the filament heats up and give us light. In this process the electric energy is converted into light energy. The electric bulbs are available in the market in different capacity and use. Tube lights and CFL bulbs are commonly used. Nowadays, CFL bulb is widely used with the purpose of minimizing use of electricity. Safety Measures a. Do not touch or take the lightning bulbs out from the plug or holder. b. Turn the switch off before putting the bulb in the holder. c. Place the bulb in the holder properly. d. Do not shake or move the bulb or tube light. Occupation, Business BOOK 259 7and Technology Education

7. Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB) MCB is an electrical device. It saves the electrical current from electrical short-circuit. It is used as fuse. It protects home appliances from electric shock. When the electricity supply is over loaded the MBC automatically disconnects the electric circuit and helps to reduce accidents caused by electric shock. Safety Measures a. Put/fit the MCB as per the capacity of the electric equipment. b. Do not power on the MCB, if it is frequently switch off. Get help from electrician for maintenance. Activities 1. Make separate lists of the electric appliances used in your home, school and community. 2. Discuss about the household electric appliances and their use with your friends in the class. 3. Draw figures of some electric appliances and exhibit in the class. Discuss about their uses. Word meaning Knob : rounded handle Wiring : Installation of electric wires Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Give short introduction of electric switch. How does it work? 2. How does a joint box function? 3. What are the safe measures to be considered while working with socket plug? 4. Why is a volt guard needed? 5. Write short introduction of electric bulb and mention safety measures for it. 6. What is MCB? Write its uses. 7. Name any 10 electric home appliances. 260 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Modern Household Appliances We use various types of electronic appliances in our daily life. These household appliances make our life modern, easier and comfortable. So, these are called modern household appliances. Some of them are discussed below. 1. Oven Oven is an electronic appliance used for cooking and heating meal. It converts electric energy into heat energy and helps us in cooking and heating meal. Different types of ovens, according to the functions and capacity are available in the market. Generally, there are two types of ovens. One is simple oven and another is micro oven. a. Simple Oven: Simple oven is an electrical device to be used for cooking and heating meal. It has one or two heliozoan electric rod inside the oven. When the electric current flows in rod, it becomes heated and meal is cooked or heated. A power switch is kept there to power on or power off the current. There is a small door in the front part. Meal is kept inside the oven and door is closed. There are buttons in the front corner of the oven to control the temperature. Time for cooking or heating in the oven may differ according to the capacity of oven and nature of meal. b. Micro Oven: Micro oven also looks like simple oven. But it has different process of cooking meal than simple oven. There is no rod inside micro oven like other ovens but food is cooked or heated with the help of electric web. It also contains cover and buttons like in simple oven. It produces sound before it begins to cook meal. We should switch off the oven when the meal is cooked. The sound indicates that the food is cooked. Simple oven also produces the similar sound after the meal is cooked. Occupation, Business BOOK 261 7and Technology Education

Safety Measures a. The utensils to be kept in the oven are of special types. Do not use common utensils in oven. The utensils to be used in both simple and micro oven are different. b. Do not use plastic utensils in simple oven. Use utensils made of special glass or metal. c. Use utensils made of special glass and plastic but do not use metal utensils in micro oven. d. Unplug or switch off the oven after the meal is cooked. e. Do not touch hot oven with bare hand and do not open the door until oven is powered off properly. f. Use ovens only after reading operating manual book carefully. 2. Vacuum Cleaner Vacuum cleaner is a household appliance. It is operated by electricity. It is used for cleaning rooms. There are various types of electric machines inside it which create vacuum there. Such vacuum machines pull dust and make the room clean. It is mainly used in carpet cleaning. At the front part, there is a small hole is vacuum cleaner. A pipe is inserted in the hole. Other supporting pipes are joined to the major pipe. The supporting pipes are used for different purpose. At the upper surface of the vacuum cleaner there is a power button which is used to control the flow the current in the vacuum cleaner. There is a cable at the lower corner which is connected to power plug to begin the work. Safety Measures a. If the pipe is blocked with dust, switch off the machine and clean the vacuum cleaner properly. b. Do not use vacuum cleaner to pull water or any cold things. c. Plug in vacuum cleaner carefully. d. Clean all the parts of it properly after its use. e. Study the operating manual book first and follow the operating instructions. 262 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

3. Grinder Grinder is a modern electrical machine. It is used to grind seeds, pulses, spices, etc. Grinders are available with mixture in the market. There are two sections in the grinder. The upper section is used to put the grinding materials and the lower section is joined with an electrical motor. It has a switch or power button for on and off. Safety Measures a. Do not plug in the bare wire in the socket. b. Do not touch grinder motor while in use. c. Pour grinded materials carefully. d. Do not put hard things in the grinder like woods, stones, etc. It may damage the machine. e. The base plate should be held properly while using it. f. Clean grinder after use. g. Study and follow the operating manual book. 4. Juice Maker (Juicer) Juice maker is a kitchen appliance, usually electrically powered. It is used for extracting the juice from fruits or vegetables. It is also called juicer. There are electrically powered and manual juicer in the market. There are also two sections in juicer as in grinder. The upper section is used for putting fruits and the lower section that consists of an electric motor works and produces fruit juice. There is also on/off button to control the power supply. The power button is pressed to operate the juicer to produce juice. There are different types of juicers available in the market nowadays. Safety MeasuresBOOK 263 a. Clean the juicer regularly. b. Do not touch the roller and motor with hand when in use. Occupation, Business 7and Technology Education

c. Switch off the power after use. d. Study and follow the operating manual book. Activities 1. What kinds of juicers are used in your home or in your relatives’ home? How does the juice maker work? Discuss with your friends in the class. 2. Prepare a list of modern household appliances used in home and discuss about the safety measures taken while using them. Word meaning Appliance : domestic electrical machine Grind : chop something into tiny pieces Vacuum : space with gas removed Exercise A Answer the following questions. 1. Introduce the oven with its safety measures. 2. How does a grinder work? Explain. 3. What are the safety measures for using vacuum cleaner? 4. Differentiate between a grinder and a juicer. 5. How does a juicer work? Explain with its safety measures. 6. Why should we study the operating manual book before using any equipment? B Match the following: Juicer : converts electric energy into heat energy Grinder : used for cleaning rooms Oven : used to grind seeds, pulses, spices, etc. Vacuum cleaner : used for extracting the juice from fruits or vegetables 264 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

3Lesson An Introduction to Technology and Its Importance Introduction An application of tools and methods is called technology. It has facilitated our life to be easier and comfortable. The life without technology can hardly be imagined. Mobile, computer, television, radio, pen, pencil, book, newspaper, internet, e-commerce, etc are the developed form of the technology. The technology can change our life significantly. Importance of Technology Technology is used in various sectors for different purposes. There has been the use of modern technology like audio- visual class rooms, multimedia, computer, internet, etc in the teaching sector for making teaching-learning effective. Similarly, the sectors like banking, trade, business, industry, etc are also widely using different technologies. Modern technology like radio, FM and internet are used for broadcasting news and information. Everyone is associated with technology in the present world. Thus, the importance of technology is increasing in every sector. Activities 1. What types of technologies are used in your home, school or community? Find and discuss in the class. 2. Discuss about the influence of modern technology with your friends in the class. 3. What kinds of technologies have been used in your studies? Discuss with your guardian, friends and teacher. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Give a short introduction of technology. 2. What is the importance of technology in your life? Write with examples. Occupation, Business BOOK 265 7and Technology Education

4Lesson Broadcasting Process of Radio, FM and Television Modern technology has brought a drastic change in the life of people. The sector of Information and communication is more influenced by the modern technology. We have been using various means of information and communication like radio, television, FM, telephone, mobile, computer, internet, etc. These are commonly used technologies in our life. We can get more information, news, message, announcement, advertisement for job, etc by using such means of communication. Information and communication technology broadcast important information and news to us. The broadcasting process of radio, FM and television is discussed below. Broadcasting Process of Radio and FM A scientist named Marconi had developed the broadcasting system of radio and FM many years ago. It needs a radio station to broadcast news and information in this technology. A radio station releases news and information through the wireless waves which are caught by radio, FM, etc. The radio station transforms the sound energy into the wave energy while broadcasting and when the wave reaches to the radio or FM set, it transforms the Radio wave energy into sound energy. Thus, we can listen to the same sound transmitted from the radio station. Such use of electromagnetic waves to transmit and receive information is called radio. In this way, radio and FM are the means of sending and receiving information from wave. We can broadcast different kinds of songs, news, advertisements, notice and various other entertainment programmes around the world. Various types of equipments are required Amplifier in the process of broadcasting different programmes from the radio station. The major equipments are: microphone, amplifier, transmitter, areal, etc. 266 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

The major processes are: • Microphone converts the sound wave into electrical wave. • These electrical waves are transferred to the amplifier through the medium of wires. Amplifier is sound-increasing equipment that increases the electrical waves even more. • The amplifier sends these waves to the transmitter. • The transmitter changes the sound wave into radio waves and broadcasts the radio waves throughout the whole area. • As these waves are very high speed electric signals, they can be transmitted over the world within a second. • Our radio catches these radio waves and we can listen to transmitted materials through the speaker attached in the radio. • We can adjust radio frequency and sound with the help of tuning button to get clear sound. Radio is not limited only to listening to music, information and news but is widely used in the various sectors like in airlines, security, education, health, etc. Frequency Modulation (FM) can be taken as a popular radio broadcasting technology. It has very high and powerful radio waves but has limited coverage of transmission. As programmes and information broadcasted through such technology are qualitative, it is gaining more popularity nowadays. Broadcasting Process of Television Television Television is also modern equipment in the field of information and communication. It is used for transmitting news, information, movies, songs, etc. As it is an audio-video medium, we can watch and listen at the time. A British citizen John L. Betard invented the television. All the programmes in the television are broadcasted from television broadcasting (telecasting) center. Various types of equipments are required in the process of telecasting different programmes from the television broadcasting station. The major equipments are: Movie camera, microphone, television tower amplifier, aerial, etc. Occupation, Business BOOK 267 7and Technology Education

The major processes are: • All the programmes to be broadcasted from the television are recorded by the television camera. • The video clips are telecasted from the television station after editing. • The video clips and sound are converted into electric wave and sent to amplifier. Amplifier transmits these electric waves to transmitter and changes into radio waves. • Antenna helps to receive such radio waves in the television. • The waves are transferred on the television’s screen and the videos and sound can be seen and heard in the television. Many countries have established the satellite stations to develop the television technology. As the television programmes are telecasted through the satellite stations, they are also called satellite programmes. Education and entertainment programmes of various sectors like health, agriculture, business, industries, etc are broadcasted through television. Transmitter Activities 1. Visit a FM station located nearby your community or ask your seniors and make a list of programmes that the FM station broadcasts. Discuss with your friends in the class about the list. 2. Make a table showing FM stations and their transmission meter that you usually listen to. 3. Discuss with your friends about the programmes that you have watched in the television. 4. Prepare a short report about how the programs broadcasted in the television has supported you in your studies. 5. Make a list of the effects of modern means of information in your community. 268 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Exercise A Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by communication media? Explain with examples. 2. How are the programmes on radio and FM broadcasted? 3. What are the processes of television broadcasting? 4. What is the difference between the radio and FM? 5. Explain the importance of modern means of communication and information? 6. What are the impacts of modern means of communication and information in your life and in your community? 7. How do the modern communication media support in your studies? Explain with examples. B Fill in the blanks: a. A scientist named.................................had developed the broadcasting system of radio and FM many years ago. b. Microphone converts the sound wave.................................into electrical wave. c. The.............................................sends these waves to the transmitter. d. The transmitter changes the.............................................wave into radio waves. e. .............................................helps to receive such radio waves in the television Occupation, Business BOOK 269 7and Technology Education

Lesson 5 Computer as a Means of Communication Computer is the most popular means of communication and information in this modern age. It is faster and easier means of communication that makes everything easily available at a place. We can receive, deliver and store the information and data at the same time. We can use a computer for e-mail, internet, online chat, video chat and other information purposes. The use of computer is increasing nowadays. The computer makes communication easier, faster and effective. We can communicate and gather information of all over the world with the use of computer. We have to install the related software programmes for the different purposes. A short description about the internet, e-mail, online chat and video chatting is mentioned below. 1. Internet Internet is the fastest developed technology. It is a network that links computer networks all over the world. Millions of computers are interconnected with each other in the internet. It can transmit data and information from one place to another. Millions of services related to education, health, agriculture, trade and industry are available for free or with some charges in the internet. We can upload any data file from the internet with the help of software. We have to install the related programmes and browser for this purpose. Developing and uploading information in internet is called hypertext in the technical language. The materials, kept in the internet need a special format. This is called a webpage. The webpage has writing space. We have to type the related address in the writing space of webpage to search the websites. For example, if we have to search for the Election Commission of Nepal, we have to open the internet and go to the web search space. Then we have to type the web address: www.election.gov.np in the writing space. When we click the key ‘ENTER’, we can see the home page of Election Commission of Nepal. 270 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Following are some examples of websites: www.google.com www.yahoo.com www.facebook.com www.election.gov.np www.psc.gov.np www.newsofnepal.com Importance of Internet The internet has become a very important media of information and communication in modern era. Here is some importance of internet in our life: a. Various kinds of research writings, articles, books and data are easily available that help in our studies. b. We can receive and deliver important data to promote our profession, business, industries and e-commerce. c. It can be used for personal purpose or institutional purpose. d. It facilitates e-mail, chat, video chat, etc for communication. e. We can listen to songs, watch videos and see photos and even can buy and sell them. f. E-library, e-learning, online study and training can be available in the internet. g. We can get information related to health, agriculture, media, social work, etc. 2. E-mail E-mail (Electronic mail) is a system that allows message to be exchanged using the internet. It is a facility available in the internet service. We can contact our relatives who are residing abroad with the help of e-mail. We need an e-mail account to send and receive e-mail. The e-mail is called mail address. E-mail Id can be opened in any of yahoo, Gmail, Hotmail, Facebook, etc websites. There is special format for e-mail in each network. Advantages of E-mail • Communication facility free of cost. • We can send multiple mails at a time. • It is faster, easier and secure means of communication. Occupation, Business BOOK 271 7and Technology Education

• Large data file, document, image can be sent attached with an e-mail. • The mail can be stored safely for long time. Disadvantages of E-mail • E-mail may transmit different virus and cause problems in our computer. • E-mails are sometimes hacked. • E-mail is not possible without internet service. • Computer is also required for e-mail. 3. Online Chat The general meaning of chat is to talk. Online chat is a process of talking and exchanging text based mails electronically with the help of internet. Computer and internet are needed for this process. Nowadays, online chat is possible in mobile internet also. There are different websites for facilitating online chat. Some of the examples are: Yahoo Messenger, Facebook, Gmail Chat, Google Talk, Skype, Instant Messenger, etc. We can chat online by using these programmes in the internet. Advantages of Online Chat • We can communicate directly with more than one person at a time. • We can send and receive both the long and short type of message. • We can keep chatting for a long time. • We do not need pure language and grammar while in online chatting. • We can communicate from any place where internet is available. Disadvantages of Online Chat • There is high possibility of cyber crime. • The original language and grammar of children may be poor by the use of Cyber Language. • Unknown persons and frauds may lie and create an accident. • Wastage of important and valuable time. 272 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

4. Video Chatting Video chatting is similar to online chatting. The only difference is there is a visual communication in video chatting. We can see each other and talk rather than writing text to communicate. We can communicate directly to other person as well as chat in audio-visual form. We need webcam, head phone with micro-phone, etc for video chatting. The video chatting programmes like Skype, Talkbox, Teamspeak, Spikko, Sightspeed, Mirial Softphone, Homer, Eyeball chat, Twinkle, etc are needed for the video chatting. Skype is the most popular programme among them. Video chatting users are increasing day by day. There are millions of people using this technology. Activities 1. Use internet and search information related to computer and discuss in the class about it. 2. Have you ever sent an e-mail? If not, make your e-mail id and send an e-mail to your friends. 3. Write an e-mail to your friends about the progress of your studies. Word meaningBOOK 273 Install : fit or connect something Upload : transfer data Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by internet? Explain in your own words. 2. What is the importance of internet? Explain with examples. 3. Write any four advantages and disadvantages of internet. 4. What is e-mail? Write any four advantages of e-mail. 5. Differentiate between online chat and video chat. Occupation, Business 7and Technology Education

Lesson 6 Alternative Energy We use different sources of energy in our daily life. Some of the sources of energy are petrol, diesel, coal, wood, hydro power, etc. There are mainly two types of sources of energy. They are renewable source of energy and non- renewable source of energy. Alternative energy is the energy source that is an alternative to non-renewable source of energy. So, the renewable source of energy is called alternative energy. The non-renewable source of energy is continuously depleting. Therefore, we have to use alternative energy instead of non-renewable energy that helps to maintain our environment clean. The main sources of alternative energy are hydro power, solar power, wind power, etc. The general description about some alternative source of energy is given below. 1. Bio-gas (Gobar Gas) The gas produced by using the organic matters such as animal dung, bio-dirt, filth, human stool, urine and other organic materials is called bio-gas. The organic materials are dumped underground by making proper mixture of water and other matters in a certain temperature. Gas is produced when the dumped materials are decomposed. Production of Bio-gas We have to make a Bio-gas plant first. A cemented or metal tank can be used for it. Animal dung, properly mixed with water is poured in the plant. After certain period of time the mixture turns into gas. Since the gas is light, it is stored in the upper section of the plant. The produced gas is supplied through a pipe to our household appliances like stove, lamp/light, etc. Bio-gas consists of 50-70% of methane, 30-40% of carbon dioxide and other gas in a minimum level. Waste substance produced from the bio-gas plant can be used as manure. 274 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Working Procedures of Bio-gas There are three holes attaches to pipes. Gas is produced from the bio-gas plant in 20-30ºC temperature. It is stored in the upper side of the tank. The produced gas is supplied to the stove or lamp/light through a pipe for use. It works in the same way as other gas. We can light the stove or lamp/light after passing the bio-gas on them. There is on/off button to control the flow of gas. Animal dung is poured from the front pipe and the liquid manure is made to exit from the backside pipe of the tank. Things to be considered • The temperature and geographical condition should be considered while preparing bio-gas plant. It is not effective for mountain region. • We should select a suitable place and collect animal dung. • Put the properly mixed animal dung and water in the plant. • While preparing mixture, unnecessary things should be removed from it. • In case of gas leakage, immediately repair it or consult bio-gas technician. Importance of Bio-gas If the bio-gas is utilized as an energy or fuel, we can be benefited in many aspects. It can be used as an alternative source of energy. The following are the importance of bio-gas. • It can be used as alternative source of energy in place of kerosene, coal and fire wood. • Once installed, we can use bio-gas plant up to 20-30 years. • It is better for human health as it produces less smoke. • It can be used for purposes like cooking and lighting out bulb. • The liquid waste that comes out from the bio-gas plant can be used as manure. • It saves our money as well as our environment. Occupation, Business BOOK 275 7and Technology Education

2. Wind Mill Wind mill is a source of alternative energy. The light metal blades of the mill are rotated by the naturally blowing wind and that converts wind energy into electric energy. We can generate electricity with the help of wind mill. The wind mill can also be used to pump water. Importance of Wind Mill Nepal is a mountainous country. A large part of the country is covered by the hills and mountains. These areas lack the transportation and hydroelectricity but have the great amount of naturally blowing wind. We can produce electricity by installing wind mills that utilize the flow of wind. The electricity produced from the wind mill can be used for running small mills, irrigating the field, to pump the water in or out, operating household appliances and so on. Working Procedures of Wind Mill Use of wind mill Naturally blowing wind rotates the mill’s blades that produce motion. Generator is connected in the mill to produce electricity. The electricity is produced by wind turbines. We can be benefited by utilizing the electricity produced from such wind mill for running small and cottage industries. Things to be considered • We should not go near and touch the blades. • We should not touch the wire connected to the wind mill because there is electric current. • We have to select the appropriate place to establish wind mill where the wind flows at a bit high speed. 3. Briquette Coal Briquette is a technology that converts organic matters into physical matter and increases the burning capacity of the matter. Different agricultural things are 276 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

used to make briquette like parts of plant, industrial Briquette coal residues, etc. Right proportion of clay loom soil, water and burning matters are mixed in it. The mixture is heated at 300ºC to turn biomaterial to physical material. Then it is made into different sizes using its machine. Likewise, it is also made by drying and collecting small plants, leaf, etc in a ditch or by heating in a charring drum. Nowadays, bee-hive and husk briquette are very popular in Nepal. Working Procedures of Briquette Briquette coal is put in a mud or iron stove to burn. When briquette starts burning, it produces heat that is used for cooking food. It is also used for making our rooms warm. Importance of Briquette Briquette is made by using locally available resources. It works as an alternative source of energy. It is a simple technology. It is easy to carry and transfer from one place to another. It is comparatively cheaper than other source of energy. It can be used in all geographical regions. Points to be considered • It should be properly placed in the briquette stove. • We should extinguish the fire after the purpose is over. • It should be stored in a dry place and out of reach of children. • We should keep our windows open during its use. Activities 1. What are the alternative sources of energy used in your community? Discuss in your class. 2. Observe and prepare a report on any one alternative source of energy used in your community. Occupation, Business BOOK 277 7and Technology Education

Word meaning Bio-gas : organic gas used as fuel Briquette : compressed fuel block Dump : throw something out as unwanted Extinguish : put out fire or light Rotate : turn around axis Exercise A Answer the following questions. 1. Give an introduction of bio-gas and write its importance. 2. Write the working procedures of bio-gas. 3. What are the uses of a wind mill? 4. Write a brief introduction of briquette and mention its scope of use. 5. Why is briquette important? Explain with examples. 6. Why is an alternative source of energy important in Nepal? Give reasons. 7. Can we establish wind mill in Nepal? Justify your opinion. B Fill in the blanks: a. We should..................................................the fire after the purpose is over. b. Briquette is made by using locally...............................................resources. c. We can produce.............................................by installing wind mills that utilize the flow of................................................... d. Waste substance produced from the bio-gas plant can be used as ................................................... e. The non-renewable source of energy is continuously.................................. 278 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Specification Grid Occupation, Business and Technology Education Grade: VII (Theoretical) Subject Areas Units No. of Full Knowledge Skill Higher Remarks Questions Marks Ability Occupation/ 1. Professional 1 5 1 Professional Education 1 5 1 1 5 Education 2. Employment, Training 1 and Education 3. Information Related to Employment 4. General Vocational Skills 5. Business 15 1 6. Trade and Market Management 7. Vegetable Farming Business/ 8. Fruit Farming Vocational 9. Dry Vegetables, Fruits and Foodstuffs Orientation 10. Farming of Flowers and Medicinal Herbs 4 20 1 21 11. Care of Animals and Birds 12. Arts and Crafts 13. Clay Work 14. Sewing, Knitting and Fabric Painting Technology 15. Local Technology 15 1 Education 16. Modern Technology 1 5 1 Total 10 50 3 52 Distribution of Marks for Practical Examination Total Marks 10 Description 5 1 Report presentation by Research 20 2 Record of practical works 10 3 Construction of materials and their use 5 4 Micro project work (drafting plan) 50 5 Oral Examination BOOK 279 Occupation, Business 7and Technology Education

A Set of Model Question Occupation, Business and Technology Education (Theoretical) Grade: VII Full Marks : 50 Time: 1:30 hrs Pass Marks: 20 Answer the following questions: (10 x 5 = 50 Marks) Group A: Occupation/Professional Education 1. Give short introduction of profession and make a list of its types. 2. What should be done to solve the unemployment problem in our country? Write your opinion in five points. 3. How do the government agencies publish their vacancy announcement? Explain. Group B: Business/Vocational Orientation 4. Where should be the business firm registered? Why is it necessary to register a business firm at the government agency? Attempt any four questions from this section. 5. What are the differences between seasonal and off-seasonal vegetable farming? 6. Write any four points that need to be considered while preparing a fruit nursery. 7. Explain the process of dry vegetable production and storage. 8. Mention the methods of plucking flowers and method of storage. 9. Answer any one question from the following: a) Why is it necessary to make proper management of pasture for the goat or sheep farm? b) Write the difference between inbreeding and out breeding. c) How can you manage poultry products if you are given this responsibility? d) Mention the signs, symptoms and control measures of any one disease of the swine. e) What is fishery? Write its importance. f) Give light on the points that need to be considered for the management of pasture. 10. Write down the procedure of making artistic napkin from a simple paper. 11. Explain the construction process geometric shapes from clay. 12. Name the embroidery stitches. Explain its importance. Group C: Technology Education 13. Why do we use technology? Explain the advantages of using modern technologies. 14. Why is an alternative source of energy important in Nepal? Give reasons. 280 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education


Like this book? You can publish your book online for free in a few minutes!
Create your own flipbook