Occupation, Business and Technology Book 7_2077 Edition

Signs and symptoms • Weakening of colonies and decreasing population during the honey flow season • Dead larvae are seen in front of the hive entrance • Colour of larvae changed to yellowish brown • Abnormal larval position( Extended, not coiled) • Foul smell comes from infected and decayed larvae Prevention and control • It can be treated with the antibiotics called Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) • Re-queen the colony every year • If a colony shows signs of disease, cage the queen for 11- 14 days to make the colony brood-less and then transfer the bees to a new hive with new combs and a new queen • Burn the entire infested hive and combs from a diseased colony b. Thai Sac Brood Thai Sac Brood A virus causes this disease. It infects the abdomen of the larvae of bees. Workers transfer this disease to other young larvae during nursing and cleaning the hive. This disease was first identified in Thailand; it reached Nepal in 2038 BS and had spread as epidemic till 2042 BS. During this period, it destroyed more than 90% of the managed Apis cerana colonies. Signs and symptoms • The brood pattern becomes abnormal • The cap of the diseased pre-pupa is sunk at the centre and sometimes perforated • It may appear black at the centre • Workers make holes at the centre of the caps to remove diseased larva • The skin of the infected larva becomes soft and swells Occupation, Business BOOK 201 7and Technology Education

• If the infected larva is picked out, using a forceps it looks like a sac filled with liquid • The larva dies in the pre-pupa condition just after capping • Under the cap, the colour of the dead larva changes slowly from light yellow to brown and finally black, starting with the head and followed by the thorax and abdomen Prevention and control • Always keep the colony strong and make sure it has sufficient food • Select for disease resistant colonies • Identify any diseased colony and isolate from the apiary • Transfer the bee to a new comb foundation and feeding syrup • Cage the queen to create a brood-less condition or make the colony queen- less • Destroy and burn diseased combs and frames c. American Foul Brood American Foul-Brood The rod-shaped spore forming bacterium called Paenibacillus larvae causes this disease. It is the most destructive bee brood disease. Young larvae up to 3 days old ingest the bacterial spores with food. The spores can survive even in high temperature, excessive cold and treatment with various chemicals. Care should be taken to prevent invasion of this disease when importing honeybees from outside the region for any purpose. Signs and symptoms • The infected larva changes colour • The larva dies after the cell is capped • The cap appears sunken, perforated, moist and dark • A sticky, thread - like, brownish, semi- liquid material is seen when recently dead larvae or pupae is taken out • Finally, the dead brood turns into a scale- like structure attach to the cell 202 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Prevention and control • This disease can be prevented and controlled by the use of Terramycin (Ox tetracycline hydrochloride) • The most common control measure is the complete destruction of the colony by burning d. Chalk Brood Chalk brood is a larval disease caused by the fungus called Ascosphaera Apis. The fungus produces spores, which enter into the stomach of the young larvae with food. The infected larvae become hard, white and dry as chalk. Signs and symptoms Chalk Brood • An infected larva does not show any symptoms at first but dies inside the capped cell two days after capping • The larva then softens and swells slightly • Later it shrinks and becomes a hard white chalk- like structure Prevention and control • These disease outbreaks mainly occur in the cold season so try to avoid dampness and make strong colonies. • Remove old and abandoned combs and replace with dummy boards. • Ensure the colony has sufficient food. (Adult Disease) e. Nosema It is a parasitic disease. It is caused by the parasite called Nosema Apis. This disease attacks the digestive system of adult bees. After the attack by this parasite, bees cannot fly and the queen cannot lay eggs. There is swelling in the stomach. In the final stage they die. Nosema Occupation, Business BOOK 203 7and Technology Education

Signs and symptoms • Thin faeces are seen inside and outside the hive • Diseased bees have a swollen stomach • Storage of honey and pollen is low • The brown intestine of a healthy bee becomes white and swelling is observed in an infected bee • The excreta of infected bees have a foul odour Prevention and control • A strong colony usually recovers naturally from infection otherwise technical consultation is necessary • To control this disease, spray formalin at the rate of 20 gm per litre inside the beehive • In the case of severe condition, consult expert for the treatment and control of the disease E. Management of the Products The quality control of honey has become an important issue in bee keeping business. Customers are in the problem due to adulteration in the honey by mixing sugar, molasses and other unwanted substances. Honey should be processed properly before marketing. After processing, the honey products should be stored safely in leak proof airtight container or transparent bottles beyond the reach of direct sunlight. It is better to store the product at 20ºC. To gain benefit, it is necessary to do proper preservation, packaging and marketing of the products. In order to get good market, there should be proper packaging, labelling, branding and quality control of the product. Activity Reach a bee-keeping farm nearby your locality and observe the colony of honeybee. Prepare a report and present it in the class. 204 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Adulteration : being mixed with nun edible materials Apiary : a place where bees are kept, usually in beehives. Colony : a collection of bees Crevices : a crack or narrow opening Drones : the male of the honeybee and makes no honey Drones : the male of the honeybee and makes no honey. Flower anthers : a pollen-producing part of flower, found at the tip of the stamen Forage : a place for natural feed of honeybee Intruding : moving inward Mandibles : one of the first pair of mouth part appendages, typically a biting organ Mucous strand : mucus-producing hair like structure of honeybee Pellet : a small ball of wax, paper, etc. Pollination : fertilization in flowering plants Propolis : a greenish-brown resinous aromatic substance collected by bees from the buds of trees for use in the construction of hives also called as bee glue or hive dross Supplementary feeding : Extra feeding during the shortage of natural feed in forage Webbing tunnels : holes made by animals especially the moth larva Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is beekeeping? 2. Explain any two brood diseases of honeybee. 3. Give light on the points that need to be considered for the management of pasture. 4. ‘Bee keeping business can change the economic condition of the farmer’. How? 5. Write a short note on management of feed and pasture for bee keeping. Practical work Prepare a small report on breeding management of honeybee and present it in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 205 7and Technology Education

UNIT12 Arts and Crafts Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Make colorful flowers, greeting cards, kites, napkin, etc.  Make Kirigami and Origami after studying the instruction.  Make pen holder, flower vase, fan, etc from cane, straw, babiyo and bamboo.  Make toys and other items from waste materials.  Learn wood and stone carving.  Colouring the goods (wooden or bamboo goods) 206 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Paper Crafts 1. Paper Bag Paper is very useful in different sectors. Among the paper made items, paper bag is one of the important items. It can be used to carry goods from the market. It is good in comparison to a plastic bag as it does not harm the environment. It can be used in place of plastic bags. It is less expensive than other bags. Paper bags can be made from waste papers, old news papers, magazine papers, etc. It is equally useful in academic and commercial sectors. Here, a process for making paper bag is mentioned below. Required materials for making paper bags • Old papers, • Scissors, • Knife, 1 2 3 45 • Gum/glue, • Thick paper, • Rope, • Tape, etc. 67 8 9 10 Procedure of Making a Paper Bag a. Manage a hard or thick piece of paper having 12 inch length and 10 inch breadth. b. Make a mark at the corner of a side of paper in about ½ inch and make another mark measuring from the previous mark in the exactly middle of the paper. c. Fold the paper from the middle part. The paper should be folded only up to where the mark was made in about ½ inch from the edge. d. Fold the paper from the marked edge and stick it with another folded side using glue. e. Fold the paper’s bottom portion for about 1 ½ inch. Occupation, Business BOOK 207 7and Technology Education

f. Stick a hard paper in the folded paper’s bottom portion to make a bag. In this way, we can make a paper bag. These types of paper bags can be sold in the market and a good profit can also be earned. 2. Greeting Card Greeting card is a small and attractive paper. It is used to exchange the feeling of happiness, expressing good wishes, congratulation and so on. The trend of sending greeting cards was first 1 started in China. There was a fashion of sending 8 9 greetings in silk clothes. In ancient Egypt, there 10 11 was a practice of writing greetings on the papers 2 12 13 made of papyrus which could be rolled. 14 15 The greeting cards were used to send congratulation, wishing the New Year or inviting 7Occupation, Business on the auspicious occasions in the olden days. 3 However, the greeting cards are used on the and Technology Education occasions like New Year, Dashain, Tihar, Lhosar, Birthday and other festivals and occasions too. 4 These greeting cards are generally prepared from paper. Nowadays, the card business has been developing from the commercial point of view too. Here, the procedure of making 5 handmade cards from the paper is mentioned below. Required materials for making cards 6 • Scissor, 7 • Ruler, • Paper cutter, BOOK • Pencil, • Colour, • Brush, • Gum or mobicol, • White or colorful cartage paper, etc. 208

Procedure of making a Card a. Take a thick white cartage paper and cut it into a piece having 8 inch in length and 6 inch in breadth. b. Fold in right from the middle. c. On the front sheet of the folded paper, make a drawing or picture that you wish. One can adopt stencil or other printing method for making a certain picture. d. Different types of greeting cards, post cards, invitation cards, etc can be prepared from this procedure and given on different occasions and festivals. e. Besides paper, greeting cards can also be prepared from leaves, cloth, etc. f. Colors can be used to make cards attractive. 1 3. Paper Kite 5 6 Paper kites can be made from colourful paper or Nepali paper. These paper kites can be flown with the help of a thread and thread 2 reel. We need different things to make a kite. Required materials for making a kite • Thin and colourful paper, 3 • Scissor, 7 8 • Knife, • Glue, 4 • Bamboo sticks of appropriate measurement and size, • Thread, etc. Procedure of making paper kite a. Take a thin colourful paper or Nepali paper having 12×12 cm. b. Mark right in the middle of the paper by folding into two triangles joining opposite vertexes with the help of pencil. Write A, B, C and D at each corner. c. Prepare bamboo sticks equal to A-C and B-D. d. Stick the bamboo on the paper for making the kite ready. e. Manage another sheet of paper in square shape of 4×4 inch. Occupation, Business BOOK 209 7and Technology Education

f. Attach the bamboo sticks with the help of glue/mobicol. Then fix another bamboo stick at the left and right corner using glue and hide the sticks properly. g. Now, fold the square paper of 4×4 inch into a triangle shape and stick in the middle. h. When the kite is dry, make two small holes keeping the bamboo sticks in the middle in the upper and lower portion. i. Then, put thread in these holes and tie it properly. If the thread is not tied in the right manner, the kite will not fly properly. j. Now, the kite is ready, we can fly it. 4. Napkin We can make various types of useful materials from paper. Napkin is also one of such materials. It is made from soft and thin paper. Mainly, we use napkins in household activities or to wipe our wet hands and lips after and before meal. It needs soft and colourful papers. Then, we can make napkins by cutting such papers with scissor or cutter. The procedure of making napkin has been mentioned below. Required materials for making napkin • Different coloured soft paper, • Scissor, • Paper cutter, • Marker, • Permanent colour or pen, etc. Procedure of making napkin a. Cut the paper into 15×15 cm with scissor. b. Fold the paper from its center. Make four folds of the paper. c. Make different design in the border of the paper and cut along the design with scissor. d. Now, open the paper and you can find an attractive and artistic napkin. This type of napkin can be used for different purposes. e. We can decorate these napkins in various ways. 210 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activities 1. Discuss with your friends in the class about the types of paper and paper bags that you have seen in your locality. 2. Make any kind of paper bag with the help of your friends and collect money selling it in the market. 3. Make a greeting card and present it to your friend on his/her birthday. 4. Make paper kites, napkins and greeting cards and sell them in the market for collecting money. 5. Exhibit the paper napkins keeping in a vase in a decorative way. Word meaning Artistic : good at a form of creative expression Attach : add something to something else Papyrus : writing material used by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Previous Romans that was made from the pith of the stem of a water plant : coming before somebody or something Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Write the use of paper bags? Write with examples. 2. ‘Paper bag is eco-friendly.’ Justify this statement. 3. What do you mean by a greeting card? Write its importance. 4. Make a list of the required materials for making a kite. 5. What is a napkin? Mention its use and importance. 6. Write down the procedure of making artistic napkin from a simple paper. Occupation, Business BOOK 211 7and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Origami and Kirigami 1. Origami The art of folding paper in a certain shape and measurement and making different items is called origami. This art was developed in Japan. The word, ‘Origami’ was derived from Japanese language. In Japanese language ‘Ori’ means to fold and ‘Gami’ means paper. Thus, origami means the art of making different items by folding the paper. We can make different attractive items from this art. It can be a good source of income if we make different origami items and sell them in the market. The procedures of making origami aero plane and paper dustbin are mentioned below. Required materials • Old magazine paper/newspaper/waste paper, • Scissor, etc. Procedure of Making Origami Aeroplane 1 2 34 5 6 78 9 212 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

a. Take a rectangular paper and fold it making exactly half of its length side. b. Fold two upper corners of the paper slowly to make a triangle out of the corners. c. Fold again towards the middle of the paper. d. Fold the half-folded paper from the right middle. Keep folding at the corner. e. Make an aeroplane following the instructions given in the pictures. Paper Dustbin Dustbin is a container for waste matter. It can be made by folding paper by using origami technique. It is generally kept in a corner of our room. The process of making paper dustbin has been given below. Required Materials • Papers • Pencil • Glue Procedure of Making Paper Dustbin 2 34 5 1 6 78 9 10 11 12 213 BOOKOccupation, Business 7and Technology Education

1. Take a rectangular paper and fold from the middle part. 2. Fold the half folded paper again from the middle dividing into two equal parts. 3. Again fold the front and back part of the paper. 4. Turn the corner down and fold each side. Repeat the same process for another part also. 5. Finally, a paper dustbin will be formed. 2. Kirigami Kirigami is an art of folding and cutting paper into ornamental shapes. This art was also initiated from Japan. In Japanese language ‘Kiri’ means to cut and ‘Gami’ means paper. Therefore, this is an art of making objects by cutting paper. We can produce different kinds of materials and show pieces from this technique. Here, some techniques of making kirigami items have been presented below. a. Fancy Toran Toran is a material made by cutting different types of colourful paper. It is used for decoration. Required Materials • Colourful paper • Pencil • Scissors • Knife • Gum • Thread Procedure of Making Fancy Toran a. Take a 12×5 inch thin and colourful paper. b. Fold the paper up and down again and again. c. Make a design as per the wish. d. Cut the paper with knife or scissors to make a fancy Toran. 214 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

b. Paper Mask A paper mask is a special paper-made design to be worn on the face. It is used in different festivals, rallies and other activities for entertainment. Required Materials • Thick paper of cardboard paper • Scissor • Thread • Pencil • Glue • Knife Procedure of Making Paper Mask a. Take a 7×9 inch cardboard paper. b. Fold the paper from its middle. c. Then, make a design you like in your mask on the front part of paper with pencil. d. Cut both the folds of paper according to your pencil made lines. e. Make a hole on both sides of the mask and use it on different occasion. Activities 1. Make any two things from paper using origami technique. Exhibit them in the class. 2. Make a fancy Toran from Kirigami technique and show your friends. 3. Make an attractive mask and wear it on your face on the occasion of your friend’s birthday and enjoy. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Give short introduction of Kirigami with examples. 2. What is the difference between Origami and Kirigami? Explain. 3. What is the importance of Origami and Kirigami? Write with examples. 4. What is paper mask? Why is it used? Occupation, Business BOOK 215 7and Technology Education

3Lesson Making Things from Bamboo, Straw and Babiyo We can make different things from natural materials. Useful things like Doko, Thunse, Naamlo, Naanglo, Dhakki, etc can be made from bamboo, straw, husk, stalk, Babiyo, etc. We can make different decorative and household goods from such natural materials. However, we need different tools and materials to make such things. Required Materials • Bamboo • Straw • Husk • Babiyo • Khukuri • Axe • Knife • Saw • Measuring tape • Pencil • Sharp instrument for making holes Weaving Work from Bamboo Strip a. Select a bamboo and cut it according to requirement to make strips from it. b. Take out the bamboo strips with the help of knife. c. Use such bamboo strips for making different decorative goods and useful materials like basket, Doko, Daalo, Bhakari, Soli, hat, Naanglo, etc. We need certain weaving skills and knowledge to make such materials for bamboo strips. Many people have earned their livelihood through the occupation of weaving Doko, Daalo, Bhakari, Mandro, etc from bamboo strips in our country. 216 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Making Things from Straw, Hay, Stalk, Husk, etc. We can easily find straw, hay, stalk, husk, etc in village area. We can make different types of useful things from these materials like Daalo, Chakati, bag, rope, mat, etc. We need certain skills and knowledge about the process of making such things. Making Method a. First of all, manage all kinds of raw materials like hay, straw, husk, etc and develop a base from such materials. b. Start weaving from a certain point in a circular shape which will look like a Chakati. c. Keep weaving, twisting and folding as much it is needed. d. Finish it in a beautiful design and shape. Activities 1. There may be some people who work with bamboo. Observe the weaving process of bamboo strips and things made from bamboo strips. Present your learning your the observation in the class. 2. Discuss with your friends about the materials required in bamboo works. 3. What things are made from bamboo, hay, husk or Babiyo in your community? How are they made? Discuss with your friends with a list of required materials in such work. 4. Exhibit the things made from bamboo, husk, straw and hay in your class. 5. Make a mat or Chakati by using straw or husk or hay and exhibit it in the class. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is the importance of bamboo, hay, straw, husk or Babiyo in local life? Explain. 2. How can we make new things from useless materials and how does this conserve the environment? Explain. Occupation, Business BOOK 217 7and Technology Education

Lesson 4 Making Things from Waste Materials We can see a lot of unused and waste material around our home, community and school thrown from domestic, commercial and other sectors. These waste materials adversely affect our environment. Such waste materials include paper, newspaper, plastic, cement’s sack, bottles, etc. They cannot be used in that form. If we reuse or recycle these things, we can earn some amount of money. Likewise, we can be able to keep our environment clean and healthy. Therefore, in this lesson, some methods to make attractive goods by recycling such waste materials are discussed. Required Tools and Materials Following tools and materials are required for making things from waste materials. • Cardboard or paper box • Old colourful paper • Gum/glue/mobicol • Paper cutter • Scissor • Pencil • Ruler Method of Making Frame a. Take your preferred photo. If the size of photo is 10×15 cm, then manage 16×21 cm cardboard for it. b. Mark every side about 4cm and then cut the middle portion. c. There will be a hole in the cardboard after cutting, prepare it as a photo frame. d. Make different kinds of art and pictures on four sides of frame to make the frame more attractive. e. Stick a paper on the back of the frame leaving one side open so that we can put the photo in. f. Put the photo in the frame and decorate your room. 218 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Greeting Card Greeting card is a piece of paper to be presented in special occasions, festivals, birthdays or any good works wishing well to friends, relatives or well-wishers. Such card making method has been discussed below. Required Tools and Materials Following tools and materials are required for making greeting card from waste materials. • Old colourful paper • Grass • Straw • Dry leaves • Gum • Paper cutter • Scissors • Ruler • Pencil Method of Making Greeting Card a. Take a 24×17.5 cm cardboard. Fold it by making the paper half from the middle part. The folded paper size will be 12×17.5 cm. b. Draw four favourite images or art on the front part of the paper. You can also stick the different kinds of things like flower, straw, pieces of paper, etc. c. Write best wishes or messages as per the purpose of card making on the card. Now, the card is ready to present. To make the card more attractive, one can use the mosaic method. Dolls or Toys Doll or toys are the things to be played with, especially by children. Such dolls or toys can be made from old papers or newspapers. Required Tools or Materials Following tools and materials are required for making dolls or toys from old papers or newspapers. • Old newspapers • Papers • Scissors Occupation, Business BOOK 219 7and Technology Education

• Pots • Fenugreek seeds • Silauto or Khal • Mungro Method of Making a Doll 1. Take some fenugreek seeds, grind it and make powder. Soak the fenugreek powder in water for two days. 2. Tear or cut the old newspapers and soak it in water for one day. 3. Take out the paper from water, remove water from paper and grind it and make paste. 4. Mix ¼ part of soaked fenugreek powder in the paste of paper. 5. Make different shapes of animals, birds, doll or toys, statue, etc from the mixture. 6. Use colour to make it more attractive. Activities 1. Make an attractive photo frame for your family photo or other favourite pictures from waste materials. 2. Make a greeting card to wish your friend on the occasion of New Year. 3. Form groups of your friends, make different cards on the different occasions and sell them in the market. 4. Make a paper doll from an old newspaper and also colour it. 5. Observe different kinds of materials and toys by applying the methods discussed in this lesson and discuss procedure with your friends. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What kinds of goods can be made from waste materials? Explain with examples. 2. Why is making goods important from waste materials? Write. 3. Making goods from waste materials helps in maintaining the environment clean. How? Write your views. 220 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 5 Simple Carving on Wood and Stone We have seen beautiful designs made on temples, houses, stone taps, doors, windows, pillars, etc. These beautiful artistic designs made on wood and stone are called carving. This is an old and traditional art. Nepal is renowned in the world by this art. Aankhi Jhyal and Mayur Jhyal are famous models of wood carving in the Kathmandu valley. This kind of work is done by skilled sculptors. The sculptors need the related skills and knowledge to perform such works. There is a high demand of such works in the world market but we are not able to supply enough to meet the demand due to the lack of skilled manpower. The art of carving is limited only in some cities of Nepal. It is disappearing from villages. Education and knowledge is necessary to expand this area in every nook and corner of the country. For the wood and stone carving, special knowledge, skill and tools are required. We can earn money from this occupation and can develop it as a business. Process of Carving Wood and stone carving can be done by following the process presented below. 1. Selection of goods First of all, we have to select the goods to design an art. Some stones are not suitable to design an art. Some are very weak and some are sliding. So, a good kind of stones and wood should be selected. The stone should be rough and hard. It is difficult to work on very hard stone. Similarly, Sal wood is better for wood carving. Besides it, Deodar, Sisau, pine, etc are also used for wood carving. 2. Selection of tools Simple carving on wood and stone can be done with just a hammer and a pointed chisel. But, for making varieties of arts and designs, different kinds of chisels and tools as per the art and designs are required. These kinds of chisels and tools are available in the market. We can Occupation, Business BOOK 221 7and Technology Education

get such tools from people who are engaged in traditional iron work. The tools to be used in wood carving and stone carving are different. The tools used in stone carving are strong. 3. Carving First of all, desired design should be printed on the stone or wood. Such designs can be carved a bit lower or higher than the surface of the stone or wood. The upward lifted designs, according to our tradition, are more preferred. Without damaging this upward part, the remaining part is cut out and removed with the help of a chisel. According to size of the designs, different kinds of tools and chisels are used to make different shapes and sizes for creating beautiful designs through carving. Simple and complex types of designs can also be made by this process. In such carving, the designs are difficult, complicated and small. In carving such difficult designs, many dots can be seen on the surface. With help of different tools, designs are created as per the dots. In this way, difficult designs can also be made easily. We can apply this technique in both wood and stone carving. Activities 1. What kinds of goods have been produced in your community from simple carving on wood and stone? Discuss in the class with some samples. 2. Observe simple carving on wood and stone in your community and prepare a report on it. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Give an introduction of simple carving on woods and stone with examples. 2. Explain the process of simple carving on woods and stone carving. 3. What are the differences between carving on stone and woods? Write in point. 4. What are the materials used in the process of wood carving? 5. How can we develop wood and stone carving as a profitable business? Write your opinion. 222 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 6 Coloring Work on Goods Colouring is done to make goods attractive and increase their lifespan. The colouring of goods is called the colouring work. Different colours are chosen for different goods as per the nature of the goods. Required Materials Following are the materials required to colour the goods. • Poster colour • Acrylic • Enamel • Varnish • Brush • Pots for mixing colour • Water • Old cloth • Boot polish • Oil for mixing with colour Process of Colouring After cleaning the surface of the goods properly, we have to start colouring work as per the nature of the goods. For example: we can use enamel, acrylic or simple varnish colour on bamboo goods. Similarly, we can make the bamboo and cane goods more attractive and beautiful only with the use of varnish. Activities 1. Colour any goods which you have made beautifully and demonstrate it in the class. 2. Make an arrangement for selling the goods, you have made, in the market. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Why is colour used in goods? Write your opinion. 2. What kind of colour can be used on wooden goods? Make a list of them. 3. Name the materials required to colour goods. 4. How can colouring make the goods attractive and increase their lifespan? Explain. Occupation, Business BOOK 223 7and Technology Education

UNIT13 Clay Work Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Explain the procedure of making geometrical shapes from clay.  Make different geometrical shapes from clay.  Make different shapes of fruits like orange, pumpkin, carrot, pineapple, potato, etc from clay.  Make different shapes of animals like fish, mouse, elephant, rhino, rabbit, etc from clay.  Make different shapes of animals like fish, mouse, elephant, rhino, rabbit, etc from clay.  Make different household goods like flower vase, cups, plates, water pots, etc from clay.  Introduce ceramics and tell its utilization.  Explain the marketing management method of manufactured goods. 224 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

1Lesson Making Different Geometrical Shapes from Clay Introduction Clay is one of the most important types of soil of the Earth. There are several kinds of clay like china clay, fire clay, verifiable clay, silicate clay and fusible clay. People use clay to make different types of clay items of different shapes like bricks, tiles, cup, plate, jar, flower vase, pots, etc. It is also used to make dolls, toy animals and toy fruits. Our country is famous for clay and pottery work. Not all kinds of soil are appropriate for the pottery and ceramic products. The fine Geometric shapes clay should not contain silt, sand, gravel, plant roots and weeds. It also should have the quality of porosity and plasticity. If the clay is not suitable, the clay pots might crack or get broken while drying. In our country, Dang is famous for high quality clay and Bhaktapur is popular for pottery. A. Process of Making Geometrical Shapes We can make different geometrical shapes from the clay work. Making of these shapes are important because after making these shapes we are able to make other clay items. For the purpose of this work, firstly we need to manage fine soil. Then we need to knead it properly. After that, we should get it into a ball shape. When the clay is pliable and shows the characteristics of elasticity and porosity, we can make different geometrical shapes. Some steps of making geometrical shapes from the fine clay are mentioned in the following points: • Take appropriate kind of soil • Knead mud properly on a kneading table • Once the clay is warm and pliable, smack it into a ball shape • Take a ball of clay and put it on a wedging table • Wedge the clay ball with hands • Now, make different geometrical shapes Occupation, Business BOOK 225 7and Technology Education

Making shapes with clay Construction of different Geometrical Shapes from Clay i. Circular Shape This shape is used to make the clay items like orange, apple, pomegranate, guava, peach, etc. ii. Oval Shape This shape is used to make the clay items like egg, pineapple, etc. iii. Cylindrical Shape This shape is used to construct the radish, carrot, ice-cream cone, etc. iv. Pyramid Shape This shape is used to construct the roof of the temple v. Cubical Shape This shape is used to construct box, cake, book, etc. vi. Conical Shape This shape is used to make the clay items like carrot, ice cream, glass, temple, church, etc. Circular Shape Oval Shape Cylindrical Shape Pyramid Shape 226 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Cubical Shape Conical Shape Activity Prepare an item of geometric shape from clay and show it in the class. Word meaning Dampen : to make damp; moisten Firing : the act of baking ceramics or glass Glazing : the act of applying a glaze Elasticity: Plasticity : the capability of being molded or given shape Pliable : easily molded, moldable Porosity : having pores so that air and liquid pass easily Pottery : the craft of making earthen pots Smack : a blow delivered with an open hand Smacking : a blow delivered with an open hand Wedging table : a table for kneading mud Wobbling : to move or rotate with an uneven or rocking motion or unsteadily from side to side Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is clay item? 2. Mention different types of geometrical shapes. 3. Explain the construction process geometric shapes from clay. 4. How does the practice of making geometrical shape helps in the construction of animal? Practical Work Prepare a small model of building block using clay and show it to your teacher. Occupation, Business BOOK 227 7and Technology Education

2Lesson Construction of Fruits, Vegetables, Animals and Household Items from Clay Work Introduction After getting experience of making different geometrical shapes from the clay ball, we are able to make other clay items easily. With the help of the basic knowledge and skill of making geometric shapes, we can make the shapes of different kinds of fruits, vegetables and animals from the clay work. A. Making Fruits and Vegetable Items Different items of fruits and vegetables of some of the basic geometrical shapes making guidelines are mentioned below: i. Round shape It is easy to construct circular shape from the clay. For the construction of this shape, the properly kneaded clay has to be put on the palms. Then, the clay ball needs to be rolled into a marble like shape. This shape is used to make the clay items like orange, apple, pomegranate, pumpkin, peach, etc. ii. Oval Shape For the construction of this shape the properly kneaded clay ball needs to be rolled into a round shape. Then, oval shape can be obtained by giving little pressure on the surface of the clay ball. This shape is used to make the clay items like egg, gourd, pineapple, potato, etc. iii. Conical Shape For the construction of this shape, the properly kneaded clay ball needs to be rolled into a cylindrical shape. Then, cone shape can be obtained by rolling one end of the cylindrical shape. As a result, one end of this item takes pointed shape and the other side of the same item takes cylindrical shape (conical shape). This shape is used to make the clay items like carrot, strawberry, chili, etc. Round shape 228 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Oval Shape Conical Shape B. Making Animal Items We can make different kinds of animal with the knowledge and skill of basic geometrical shapes making. Both types of shapes like solid and hollow shape of the animals can be made from the clay. These animal shapes can also be used for baby doll, souvenir and educational materials. Process of Making Shapes of Animal i. Firstly, knead the mud properly. ii. Make the shape of different parts of the body of the animal from the kneaded clay(During this process, the tail and head should be made after the construction of the limbs). iii. Join the different parts of the body with the clay carefully (This process need to be completed before the clay gets dry). iv. After completing the work of giving shape to the animal, keep the items in the shadow (It will be a good decision if the items are covered with plastic). v. Then put firing on the items with the straw flame. Making fish shape from clay Making bird shape from clay Occupation, Business BOOK 229 7and Technology Education

C. Making Household Items Household items from clay We can make different kinds of household items like flower vase, cup-plate, pot, etc with the skill of geometrical shapes making. These articles can be used for souvenir, decoration, gardening and educational materials. Making a Flower Vase from Coiled Method i. Once the clay is properly kneaded, take a lump and roll it into a long coil. ii. Fold the one end of the coil and then circle the coil round and round until the bottom is formed. iii. As the bottom is formed, build up wall by laying the coil on top of the base and wrap it around. iv. Place the coil one above the other v. Dry it in the shadow vi. If needed, add any kind of decoration or painting B. Ceramic Items Ceramics is a hard, brittle substance that resists heat and corrosion and is made by heating a non-metallic mineral or clay at an extremely high temperature. The word ceramic comes from the Greek word for burnt material, “keramos” . Its literal meaning is ‘pottery’. Ceramics are used to produce pottery, china and ceramic tile. They may also be found Ceramic items in glass, plumbing and construction materials and spacecraft components. The basic ingredient in all forms of ceramics are silicates, the main rock-forming minerals. Ceramics can be made stronger and durable by firing, glazing and cooling. The ceramic pottery is more durable and attractive in comparison to the pots made from ordinary clay. a. Use of Ceramics The ceramics has been in use since the ancient time. Ceramics can be used to make pots like cup, plate, kettle, etc. The other items like tile, roof tile and bricks are also the products of the ceramics brick. They may also be found in cement, glass, plumbing and construction materials and spacecraft components. The research and use of the ceramics has become popular nowadays. The use of ceramics is not only limited with the cup and plate but also with many other items. 230 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Divide your class into different groups and discuss about the method of making ceramics items. Word meaning Brittle : hard but easily broken Coiled : any object in spiral shape Corrosion : gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction Corrosion : gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction. Glazing : the act of applying a glaze Kiln : a type of large oven for baking pottery or bricks Kiln : a type of large oven for baking pottery or bricks. Knead : to squeeze, massage or press with the hands Lump : a piece of something without definite shape Souvenir : an object that recalls a certain place, occasion or memento Sponging : to remove, wipe, or clean with a sponge or cloth Wrap : to cover Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is ceramics? Write any three importance of it. 2. Mention the uses of fruits, vegetables and animal items from the clay work. 3. Why is it necessary to do a research in ceramics? 4. Explain the process of making cylindrical shape clay items. 5. Explain the steps of making shapes of animal from the clay work. Practical Work Manage the tools used in clay work and make any 5 household items from the clay and show them in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 231 7and Technology Education

UNIT14 Sewing, Knitting and Painting Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Identify different types of decorative sewing stitches.  Tell the stitching methods of decorative sewing stitches and their use in sewing work.  Tell the methods of making a handkerchief.  Make a handkerchief.  Introduce the art of hand knitting.  Identify the necessary instruments used in hand knitting.  Identify the different steps of knitting.  Introduce fabric painting.  Identify different tools and instruments used in fabric painting.  Identify general method of making different items using fabric painting.  Make different items using fabric painting like table pose, pillow, curtain, lace, etc. 232 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Decorative Sewing Stitches Introduction Proper knowledge and skill is essential in sewing profession. Stitching plays an important role in tailoring and sewing cloth. There are two types of stitches such as basic and decorative stitches. In this context, sewing clothes with different decorative styles with the colourful threads is known as decorative sewing. The decorative embroidery stitches makes the dresses look attractive. The stitches like cross-stitch, lazy daisy stitch, satin stitch, fly stitch and blanket stitch are some of the examples of the embroidery or decorative stitches. Types of Decorative Sewing Stitches a. Cross Stitch 2 46 8 Cross-stitch is very useful decorative stitch in 135 7 the sewing work. It is the oldest embroidery stitch. This stitch is commonly used in the world. This kind 14 12 10 of stitch is used for the decoration of pillow cover, 13 11 9 table cover, etc. This stitch is made by crossing two stitches in the form of X pattern. Steps of Sewing Cross Stitch i. Put the thread in the needle ii. Stitching from left to right, bring needle up at Cross stitch 1, down at 2, then up at 3 and down at 4 iii. Continue stitching across to end of line iv. Start back stitching from right to left, make crosses by bringing the needle up at 5 and down at 6 v. Continue until all crosses have been stitched vi. Secure thread on back side by making a shallow knot b. Lazy Daisy Stitch (Detached Chain Stitch) Lazy Daisy stitch is also a popular decorative stitch in the sewing work. Instead of continuing the chain, there is a small stitch made just over the end Occupation, Business BOOK 233 7and Technology Education

of the loop to create what looks like a B B daisy petal. This stitch is used to give A A design in the dresses, handkerchief, table cloth, etc. There is use of threads of different colours in this stitch. Steps of Sewing Lazy Daisy Stitch i. Put the thread in the needle Lazy daisy stitch ii. Trace the shape like daisy flower in the fabric iii. Bring the needle up through the loop iv. Create a small stitch over the top of the loop v. Space out the next loop or use the stitch to create a daisy c. Satin Stitch(Damask Stitch) A satin stitch is also a very useful decorative stitch. It gets its “satin” name because it leaves a shiny smooth raised surface behind after you have done stitching. This stitch can be used to make the design of fish, animals, hearts or the flower leaves in the cloth. Steps of Sewing Lazy Daisy Stitch i. Put the thread in the needle ii. Bring needle up at 1, down at 2, then 2 back up right next to 1 and down right 1 next to 2 iii. Bring the needle up through the loop iv. Place stitches closely together to fill Satin stitch in area v. Be sure the thread lays flat and without any twisting to produce a smooth look d. Chain Stitch 21 BOOK Chain stitch is also an important Chain stitch decorative stitch. This kind of stitch can be made by forming a series 7Occupation, Business of looped stitches in a chain like pattern. In this stitch, the threads are and Technology Education overlapped between one another. 234

Steps of Sewing Chain Stitch i. Put the thread in the needle ii. Bring needle up at 1 and then reinsert needle in same hole, forming a loop iii. Bring needle up at 2 and pull thread to tighten loop until desired shape is achieved iv. Repeat multiple stitches to create a chain v. Secure last stitch with a tiny stitch to anchor the loop e. Fly Stitch Fly stitch also known as ‘Y’ stitch or ‘Open stitch’. It is also very popular stitch for the decoration of dresses. Each fly stitch is composed of two stitches one a horizontal long stitch and the other vertical short stitch. It is attached on one side only and is allowed to fly loose on the other side so that is called fly stitch. Steps of Sewing Fly Stitch i. Put the thread in the needle 1 32 142 3 ii. Bring needle up at 1 and down at 2, leaving a loop Fly stitch iii. Come up at 3 and with the needle over the loop, pull the thread to shape a V iv. Go down at 4 to anchor the V shape f. Blanket Stitch 2 13 This stitch is also an important decorative stitch. Usually, this stitch is Blanket stitch used to reinforce the edge of the thick fabric like blanket. This kind of stitch is mostly used to sew the edge of the towel, sweater, T-shirt, handkerchief, etc. It protects the clothes tearing from the corner and makes it decorative as well. Steps of Sewing Blanket Stitch i. Put the thread in the needle ii. Bring needle up at 1, down at 2 and up at 3, keeping the thread looped under the needle Occupation, Business BOOK 235 7and Technology Education

iii. Make a loop shape in the upper side with the help of the needle iv. Pull thread through and shape stitch as desired v. Repeat multiple stitches until complete Activity Take a piece of cloth a needle and colourful threads and practice different types of embroidery stitches and show it your subject teacher. Word meaning Cast on : to make the first row of stitches in knitting Crochet hook : a needle with a hook on the end; used in crocheting Embroidery stitch : a decorative stitch Grasp : to grip something firmly with hands Knuckles : the joints connecting the fingers to the hand Loop : any round or oval-shaped thing that is closed or nearly closed Loop : any round or oval-shaped thing that is closed or nearly closed Overlapped : to extend over and cover a part of it Petal : brightly coloured leaf-like parts of a flower Slipknot : a knot that can be easily untied by pulling one free end Stitch : to fasten or join with stitches Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Name the embroidery stitches. Explain its importance. 2. Explain the steps of knitting fly stitch. 3. Mention the essential things required for the decorative stitching. 4. Write a short note on Lazy daisy stitch. 5. What is blanket stitch? Explain. Practical Work Manage the necessary materials and demonstrate the process of any one embroidery stitch in front of your friends. 236 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Method of Making Handkerchief Introduction A handkerchief is a small folded square piece of cloth. It is also called a handkerchief or hanky. It can be carried in our pocket or purse. Normally, it is used for the purpose of personal hygiene such as wiping one’s hands or face, or blowing one’s nose. A handkerchief is also sometimes used as a purely decorative accessory in a suit pocket. Fabric painting makes a handkerchief look attractive and may increase its demand in the market. b. Necessary instruments for making Handkerchief i. Fabric ii. Ruler iii. Scissors iv. Sewing machine v. Needles vi. Colourful threads vii. Carbon paper viii. Tracing paper ix. Pencil x. Pin c. Method of Making Handkerchief Typically, a man’s handkerchief is 18×18cm square. A woman’s is 12×12 cm square, but since you are making your own; you may make it any size you prefer. Occupation, Business BOOK 237 7and Technology Education

Method of making hanky are illustrated in the following points: i. We can purchase the fabric preferably cotton as per the required size ii. We can cut the fabric in the proper measurement as per the requirement iii. We can sew the edge of the hanky preferably with blanket stitch all the way round iv. We can make attractive design at the corner or any other part of the hanky with embroidery stitches v. After completing embroidery work, we need to iron the hanky for making it wrinkle free Activity Manage all of the necessary things and prepare a 18 × 18cm handkerchief and show it to your friends in the class. Word meaning Accessory : clothing that is worn or carried but not part of main clothing Preferably Tracing paper : more desirable or worthy than another : a thin, transparent paper for making tracings. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is a handkerchief? 2. What are the uses of handkerchief? 3. List down the things for making hanky and mention their functions. 4. Mention the method of making a hanky. 238 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Hand Knitting Introduction Hand knitting is an important vocation in Nepal. It is a technique in which a yarn and knitting needles are used to make the dresses like sweater, cap, muffler, gloves, shocks, etc. In other words, it is a task of making fabric with yarn with the help of knitting needles. In hand knitting, a number of loops are first made on one needle and then the fabric “grows” by drawing other loops through them as they are passed back and forth along the needles from row to row. Knitted fabric consists of a number of consecutive rows of loops called stitches. As each row progresses, a new loop is pulled through an existing loop. It is necessary to casting on first row of stitches in knitting work. Casting on is the technique for forming the first row of stitches on a knitting needle. The thins like knitting needles, yarn, stitch holder, etc are required in knitting work. B. Introduction of Instruments Used in Knitting Work i. Knitting Needles Knitting requires at least two knitting needles to make the knitted fabric. They usually are pointed at one end and have a knob at the other. They Slender straight needles are available in plastic, bamboo, wood, steel and aluminium. There are four basic types of knitting needles. The first and most common type consists of two slender, straight sticks with a pointed end in one side and with a knob at the other end. The needles of No.1, No. 2 and No. 3 are most common in use. Such needles are usually 10-16 inches long with the diameter ranging from 2 mm to 25 mm. ii. Scissors Scissors is also an essential thing in the Scissors knitting work. It is used in cutting yarn and unnecessary parts and cutting paper into a proper size. Generally, 4 or 6 inches scissors is good for knitting purpose. Occupation, Business BOOK 239 7and Technology Education

iii. Yarn Yarn is one of the most important elements of the knitting work. It is a long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, etc. In the market, yarns are available in different colours, strength and thickness. We need to select them as per the choice and demand of the market. It is an essential tool for stitching the pieces of clothes. iv. Stitch Holder Stitch holders are tools that are used by knitters to hold open stitches when not being used by the needles. For example, when shaping the neck hole of a sweater, the stitch holder is placed on the group of stitches used to make the neck hole and the needles are used to continue to make the stitches on either side. Stitch holders are also used at the ends of sleeves of a sweater before they are attached to the body of the sweater. vi. Crochet Hook A crochet hook is an instrument used to make loops in thread or yarn and to interlock them into crochet stitches. It is basically a round shaft pointed on one end, with a lateral groove behind it. The point eases the insertion of the hook through the material being crocheted and the groove makes it possible to pull a loop back through the material. The shaft is then divided into a working area that determines the hook’s nominal diameter and ensures the uniform sizing of the loops formed on it and a handle. vii. Protector 7Occupation, Business BOOK A protractor is a rectangular, square, triangle, and Technology Education circular, octagon, oval or semicircular measuring instrument, typically made of transparent plastic or glass, for measuring angles. Most protractors measure angles in degrees (°). Radian-scale protractors measure angles in radians. 240

They are used for a variety of mechanical and engineering-related applications, but perhaps the most common use is in geometry lessons in schools. Some protractors are simple half-discs. More advanced protractors, such as the bevel protractor, have one or two swinging arms, which can be used to help measure the angle. ix. Knitting Cap When you are taking a knitting break, you can place them on the end of your needles to ensure no stitches slip off while your project is in your knitting bag. They can also be used to turn a double-point needle into a straight needle. x. A measuring Tape It is a long, flexible strip or ribbon, as of cloth or metal, marked with sub- divisions of the foot or meter and used for measuring. A flexible measuring tape will be indispensable, especially when making pairs of things, like mittens or sleeves. C. Stitching and Simple Knitting a. Method of Making Slipknot A slipknot is the first step in starting most knitting work. The following diagrams show how to make slipknot: i. To begin, let the tail of the yarn hang in front of your palm and loop the yarn loosely around the first two fingers of your left hand ‘A’. ii. Pull the yarn attached to the ball underneath the yarn behind your fingers and then through the loop ‘B’. iii. Hold the tail of the yarn in your left hand and the newly made loop in your right hand. Pull the tail to tighten and make a slipknot ‘C’. Occupation, Business BOOK 241 7and Technology Education

b. Method of Making Stitch (Ghar Halne Tarika) Here is the diagram which demonstrates or guides a beginner about how to get the first stitches onto the knitting needles: i. Holding the knitting needle in your right hand, slide the newly made slipknot onto the knitting needle. Pull gently on the yarn to tighten the slipknot so it does not fall off the needle ‘A’. ii. Lay the yarn attached to the ball in your left hand, slipping it around your thumb and holding it in place with the fingers of your left hand. Arch your thumb slightly to create a little tension ‘B’. iii. Move the needle to the right of your left thumb and then slip the needle tip under the strand of yarn that is in your palm ‘C’. iv. Let the yarn slip off your thumb and pull gently on the yarn to tighten the new stitch on the needle ‘D’. v. Repeat steps ‘B’ through ‘D’ until you have the number of stitches you need to cast on as indicated by your project instructions. b. Simple Knitting To start knitting, first of all a loop should be made on a forefinger with the help of the yarn. Then, hold the tail of the yarn in your left hand and the newly made loop in your right hand. We can make stitches by continuing this process. While forming stitches, we should be need to maintain good tension (tension Hand knitting balance means the stitch should not be too tight also and too loose also). The size of the stitches depends up on the size of the knitting needles that we use. Activity Manage all the required materials and learn stitch making steps (Ghar) under the guidance of an skilled person dividing the class into different groups. 242 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Cast on : to make the first row of stitches in knitting. Crochet hook : a needle with a hook on the end; used in crocheting. Groove : narrow cut or indentation in a surface of crochet hook Indispensable : absolutely necessary; essential Mitten : a kind of glove that encases the thumb separately and Shaft the other four fingers together Slipknot : the long straight part of a crochet hook needle : a knot that can be easily untied by pulling one free end. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is hand knitting? 2. What is the importance of hand knitting of it in our socio-economic context? 3. Make a list of all kinds of things required in hand knitting. 4. Write a short note on simple knitting. 5. Write down the functions of the following tools in hand knitting work: Name of the tools Function Knitting needles Scissors Yarn Stitch holder Crochet hook needle Protector Knitting cap Measuring tape Practical Work Write down the steps of making a slipknot for hand knitting in a chart paper and discuss in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 243 7and Technology Education

Lesson 4 Fabric Painting Introduction Fabric painting is an art of coloring fabric to make it look attractive. In fabric painting, there is filling of permanent colour in the cloth with the help of brush. It can be applied in different kinds of clothes like T-shirt, handkerchief, towel, pillow cover, tablecloth, wall hangings, TV cover, etc. At the same time, it can be used to decorate the room. Fabric painting is best suited in the silk, linens and cotton cloth. Since fabric painting is a technical work, we need to develop some basic skills on it. It should be done neatly and fairly. At the same time, colour matching and patterns is very essential in fabric painting. a. Necessary Instruments and Materials Required for Fabric Painting • Painting brush with different sizes and designs • Colours of different kinds • Embroidery hoop • Colourful threads • Tailoring chalk • Carbon paper • White Fabric Fabric instruments • Design book • Eraser • Needle • Pencil • Cups • Water Fabric painting • Scissors Points to be Considered in Fabric Painting Some of the important points in fabric painting are mentioned below: • We need to select appropriate cloth for painting • We need to use of suitable colours 244 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

• We need to use matching colour for filling • We need to use proper size of painting brush for painting • We need to use of carbon paper for tracing the design • We should have proper knowledge about primary and secondary colour b. Method of Making Different Designs Using Fabric Painting i. Selection of Appropriate Piece of Fabric Firstly, we need to select appropriate cloth for Piece of fabric the fabric painting. After that, those fabrics should be cut into suitable size so that they will be fit according to the size and shape of the table, television, pillow, etc. ii. Washing and Drying the Fabric After cutting the fabric into suitable size, it should be washed with clean water. It helps to prevent the fabric from shrinking. In addition, it also helps to remove dirt and chemicals from the fabric. iii. Selection of Painting Materials For the effective painting work, we need to select appropriate kinds of painting materials. Proper use of those materials help to make painting on the cloth effectively. iv. Selection of Painting Design We need to make proper selection of design according to the demand of the market or individual choice. Before tracing the image on the fabric, clear image should be made on a piece of paper in a desired size. The image should not be too large or too small. v. Painting on Fabric Painting design There are various kinds of techniques of fabric painting. Among them, stamping, reverse stamping , screen painting and carbon tracing are common in every day practice. In the case of carbon tracing, we can trace image on the fabric with the help of pencil and carbon paper. During the tracing time the fabric and the carbon should not be moved. When the tracing process is completed, the fabric should be painted with appropriate colour with the help of appropriate size of paintbrush. Occupation, Business BOOK 245 7and Technology Education

Painting should be done with the brush by mixing medium and water in required quantity in the fabric colour. vi. Drying, Ironing and Washing After completing the painting work, the fabric should be allowed for drying at least for 24-72 hours. Then the fabric can be ironed from the opposite of the painted side. After that those fabrics can be washed thoroughly and iron again to prevent from shrinking. After completing the task of fabric painting, the used articles should be collected and kept for the next use. Activity Invite an artist as a resource person in your school. Learn from his/her art of fabric painting in a tablecloth, handkerchief and other fabric pieces. Word meaning Carbon tracing : copying original image with the help of carbon paper Fabric : cloth or textile Linen : cloth woven from fl ax Reverse stamping : act of tamping sticker after coloring the fabric Rigid : not moving, fixed Shading : the representation of different colour or light in painting Silk : a fine, strong and soft fiber produced by silkworms Stamping : act of putting a mark on an object either by printing on it or pushing into it with a small tool Tracing paper : strong transparent paper for tracing Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is fabric painting? Explain with examples. 2. Write the importance of fabric painting. 3. Make a list of necessary materials required in fabric painting. 4. Mention the points that are to be considered while doing fabric painting. 5. Describe the process of fabric painting in tablecloth. Practical Work Manage the required materials. Make painting in a piece of cloth and show it to your subject teacher. 246 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Technology Education Part According to the curriculum, there are altogether two units in this group. 3 They are: Unit-15 Local Technology Unit-16 Modern Technology Note: All two units from this group are compulsory.BOOK 247 Occupation, Business 7and Technology Education

UNIT15 Local Technology Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Tell the interrelationship between traditional and modern technology.  Use tools and equipments required in daily use properly. 248 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

1Lesson Interrelationship between Traditional and Modern Technology The intimacy of one technology to another technology is called interrelationship between technologies. The supplementary relationship between each other is said to be developed from the interrelationship. The traditional and modern technologies are interrelated to each other. The foundation of the modern technology is the traditional technology. People have developed various machines and systems to make their life easier and comfortable. We can see people doing heavy works easily by developing a kind of machine and system. Such systems and machines are called technology. In ancient time also people had used technologies. The pyramid of Egypt was also but it by people using traditional technologies though which they moved heavy stones and made carvings on it. They might have used lever and wedge to carry the huge stone. The use of such technology had made the work easy and simple. We can see such technologies being used in different sectors even today. These simple technologies are very important even in the modern age. We can easily complete even the complex Traditional and modern works with the use of technology. This is means of transportations the main characteristic of technology. The traditional technologies have been graduallyBOOK 249 modernized with the change in time. Screw is traditional technology and the gear is modern technology. Plough is traditional technology whereas the tractor is modern technology. The electric blower is used instead of Aaran to heat iron and other metals. Traditional water mills (Panee Ghatta) are developed into electrical turbines for generating hydroelectricity. The concept of simple lever developed into the formation of powerful cranes and lifts. Such modern technologies further make our work easier, simpler and faster. These tools can be operated by Occupation, Business 7and Technology Education

switching on a button. Our ancestors had used human energy for such work but now there is modernization in traditional works like grinding, pulling, lifting, etc. Horse carts and bull carts used to be the means for transportation in the past but now bus, truck, lorry, train, etc are used as the modification of the traditional technology. Both the technologies use wheels. Bulls are used in the bull carts but petrol and engine are used as energy in the modern vehicles which can do more work. Thus, there is similarity between traditional technology and modern technology. The source of the modern technology is traditional technology. The modern technologies have been developed based on the traditional technologies. Activities 1. What kinds of technologies have been used in your community? Make a list and discuss in your class. 2. Observe the grinding technology used in your home or community and find that how it is different than another grinding technology. Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Why do we use technology? 2. “The modern technologies have been developed based on the traditional technologies.” Justify the statement with examples. 3. Explain the advantages of using modern technologies. 4. Fill the following table with interrelated traditional technologies and modern technologies. S. N. Traditional Technology Modern Technology 1 2 3 4 5 250 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education