Occupation, Business and Technology Book 7_2077 Edition

2. Cottage and Small Industry Department Cottage and Small Industry Department has run various short-term training programmes in 27 districts of Terai region. These trainings are based on the local need and demand. 3. Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee As per the local need and demand, Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee has run the short-term training programmes in 48 districts of hilly region. 4. Skill Development Training Center Skill Development Training Center has run various job oriented short-term, basic and special skill training programmes in local, national and international level. The individuals who are trained from these centers are working at local, national and international industries and business. 5. Mechanical Training Center Mechanical training center runs various trainings related to the auto mechanical under the road department. These trainings are provided from the mechanical training center located in Patan, Lalitpur. 6. Vocational Education and Training Enhancement Project Under the Ministry of Education, vocational education and training enhancement project has started providing vocational training since 2068 BS. It provides employment generating trainings targeted to the youths. 7. Training Centers under Various Institutions In addition to the above mentioned training institutions, some other institutions have also provided vocational trainings. Some of them are discussed below. a. Telecommunication Training Center Telecommunication training center is located at Babarmahal, Kathmandu. It has run various job oriented short-term trainings related to telecommunication. Nepal Telecom publishes notice for the training programmes. It provides the trainings like outside technician, telecom linemen, etc. Occupation, Business BOOK 51 7and Technology Education

b. Electricity Training Center Electricity Training Center is located at Kharipati, Bhaktapur. It has run various job oriented short-term trainings related to electricity. It has been providing various vocational training regularly to produce required manpower for the Electricity Authority. c. Federation of Nepalese Chamber of FNCCI Office Commerce & Industry Federation of Nepalese Chamber of Commerce & Industry (FNCCI) has been running technical schools (training centers) for producing the skilled manpower required in the industries. These technical schools provide job oriented trainings in the different subjects and also provide consultation for the trainings. d. Sanothimi Technical School Sanothimi Technical School is located at Sanothimi, Bhaktapur. It is established for providing vocational trainings to the helpless children. This technical school provides various trainings related to sewing, knitting, welding, auto mechanical, press, etc. Sanothimi Technical School 8. Private Institutions for Providing Training There are many private institutions established in Nepal for providing various vocational trainings. The main objective of such institutions is to provide skill- oriented training as per the need and demand. Mostly such training institutions are city-centered but some of them are running their programmes in the rural areas too. These institutions are also providing trainings to those who wish to go for foreign employment. Private institutions have been running short-term vocational trainings throughout the country. Those people who have attained trainings from such institutions are now able to earn their livelihood either by getting a job or by being self-employed. Some of them have gone for foreign employment too. The private institutions have contributed a lot to reduce poverty by generating job opportunities through training programmes in various sectors. 52 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

9. Non-Government Organization Non-government organizations are also running training programmes in various sectors. They are discussed below: a. International Non-Government Organizations International non-government organization and various donor countries have been investing to launch various skill oriented trainings in Nepal. Such trainings are based on local need and generating job opportunities and self-employment. Many INGOs like UN, Helvitas, Care Nepal, DFID, INF, UMN, etc are investing a huge amount of money for running such training programmes. They have launched training programmes with the collaboration of local non-government organizations. Most of the trainings are skill oriented vocational trainings. b. Non-Government Organizations Many non-government organizations of Nepal are also running skill and job oriented vocational trainings in the country. They are wide spread all over the country. These organizations run their training programmes with the help of international donor agencies. 10. Technical Programmes Run by Universities Universities run high level academic programmes of bachelor, master, M. Phil and Ph.D. In the health sector, they offer the subjects of general medicine, surgery, pharmacy, dentistry, radiography, lab technology, nursing, etc. Likewise, in the agriculture sector, they offer the subjects of horticulture and various subjects of livestock. Similarly, civil, mechanical, electrical, sanitation, electronics, auto mechanics, refrigeration, architecture, computer, information technology, etc are taught in the engineering sector. Such university programmes produce skilled and efficient manpower that can contribute in the formation of plan and its execution. Activity 1. If you have seen any training programme running in your community, discuss in your class on the following questions: a. What type of training is that? b. Which institution is running it? c. What are the benefits from the training to the trainees and his/her community? d. What are the effects of such trainings in the society? Occupation, Business BOOK 53 7and Technology Education

Word meaning Acupressure : treatment using manual pressure Acupuncture : treatment with needles Collaboration : the act of working together with one or more people in order to achieve something Execution : performing of something Radiography : X-ray photography Sericulture : the commercial breeding of silkworms for their silk Surgery : medical procedures involving operation Exercise A Answer the following questions. 1. Name the training programmes run by CTEVT. 2. What is ANNEX programme? 3. What programmes are run by CTEVT in the health sector? 4. What kinds of trainings are run by Telecommunication Training Center? 5. Prepare a list of trainings that are launched by FNCCI. 6. What are private training centers? Give short introduction. 7. Write the name of trainings offered by Vocational Training Center. B Fill in the blanks: a. University programmes produce..............................and............................ .. manpower that can contribute in the formation of plan and its execution. b. Non-Government organizations run their training programmes with the help of international..............................agencies. c. ..............................Technical School is located at Sanothimi, Bhaktapur. d. ....................... ....................... .......................has been providing various vocational training regularly to produce required manpower for the Electricity Authority. e. Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee has run the short- term training programmes in..............................districts of hilly region. 54 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

UNIT3 Information Related to Employment Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Get basic information about local, regional and national level employment.  Search for the sources of local, regional and national level employment.  Use the different means of information related to local, regional and national level employment. Occupation, Business BOOK 55 7and Technology Education

1Lesson Sources of Information Related to Regional and National Level Employment Introduction We know that business and employment are the foundation of livelihood. Qualified and skilled manpower is necessary to provide quality service in the government as well as the private sector. Institutional organizations demand the skilled manpower and the labour market supplies such manpower. Dairy industries, cement industries, textile industries, hydropower, super market, regional and local level government agencies are the examples of such organizations which require skilled manpower to carry out their day to day tasks. The common people should get information about the demand and supply of the employment in the market. The vacancy about the employment should be made public within the access of the common public. The government is responsible to disseminate information to the public. To get information is the fundamental right of the people. Therefore, it becomes responsibility of the public and private agencies to provide information about the employment opportunities to the people. The information about the employment opportunity can be disseminated through the means of mass media or individual basis also. Generally, print and electronic means of communication can be used for the dissemination of information about the employment opportunity. In addition, the information about the employment opportunity can be disseminated by pasting notice of vacancy in public places. Sources of Information on Employment at Regional and National Level i. Public Service Commission Public Service Commission (Central Office) Public Service Commission is the main source of employment related to the civil service. Its central office is located in Kathmandu. Its regional offices are located in the headquarters of all five development regions. Moreover, there are fourteen zonal offices of the commission. These offices publish advertisement of vacancies for different level for civil servants. 56 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

This commission is involved in s G] b L| o sfofn{ o, cgfdgu/ -;r\" gf tyf k s| fzg zfvf_ /f=k=cg+l st l åt Lo > 0] f L selecting meritorious candidates vl /bf/ jf ;f ] ;/x -ckf| l jl ws_ cfGtl /s kl| tof ]l utf, v'nf tyf ;dfj z] L kbsf ] kl| tof ]l utfTds l nl vt k/ LIffsf ] l j1fkg ;r\" gf g=+ &^$÷)&#–&$ required by Government of Nepal lgDg ;]jf, ;d\"xsf /f=k=cg+= låtLo >f]0fL vl/bf/ jf ;f] ;/x -ck|fljlws_ cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf for various vacant posts of the civil tyf ;+o'Qm / PsLs[t k/LIff k|0ffnL cg';f/ v'nf / ;dfj]zL ;d\"xsf b]xfo adf]lhdsf kbx?df k|ltof]lutfTds lnlvt k/LIffåf/f kbk\"lt{sf nflu lgDg adf]lhd of]Uotf k'u]sf pDd]bjf/x?af6 service. It conducts examinations for cfof]uåf/f :jLs[t kmf/fd e/L b/vf:t k]z ug{ cfXjfg ul/G5 . selection of candidates using one or more methods of selection as follows: kj\" f{~rn Ifq] Lo lgb{z] gfno, wgs^' f lj1fkgsf] dfu kb ljj/0f lsl;d l;=g=+ ;]jf qm=;=+ lj=g+= ;d\"x hDdf dfu kb ;V+ of ● Open competitive written != !)))(÷)&#–&$ cf=k=| s= Gofo Gofo @ -b'O{_ examination, @= !))!)÷)&#–&$ v= k|zf;g ;f=k=| % -kfFr_ #= !))!!÷)&#–&$ u= kz| f;g nv] f $ -rf/_ s= Gofo Gofo & -;ft_ ● Open competitive practical $= !))!@÷)&#–&$ vn' f v= kz| f;g ;f=k|= !# -tx] _| examination, u= k|zf;g n]vf * -cf7_ @* -c¶fO;_ s= Gofo hDdf # -tLg_ Gofo ● Interview %= !))!#÷)&#–&$ dlxnf v= k|zf;g ;f=k=| # -tLg_ u= k|zf;g n]vf @ -b'O{_ * -cf7_ hDdf s= Gofo Gofo @ -bO' _{ In order to carry out selection v= Gofo ;/sf/L jlsn ! -Ps_ ^= !))!$÷)&#–&$ cf=h= u= k|zf;g ;f=k|= # -tLg_ process, the Commission publishes 3= kz| f;g n]vf @ -bO' {_ hDdf * -cf7_ vacancy announcement for the concerned candidates in its weekly s= Gofo Gofo ! -Ps_ ;f=k=| @ -bO' _{ &= !))!%÷)&#–&$ dw;] L v= k|zf;g n]vf ! -Ps_ u= k|zf;g bulletins published every Wednesday s= Gofo hDdf $ -rf/_ Gofo ! -Ps_ as well as in the government owned *= !))!^÷)&#–&$ blnt v= k|zf;g ;f=k=| ! -Ps_ national newspaper “Gorkhapatra”, (= !))!&÷)&#–&$ ckfË u= kz| f;g nv] f ! -Ps_ daily. # -tLg_ s= kz| f;g hDdf ! -Ps_ ;f=k|= ! -tLg_ hDdf Vacancy announcement Pattern by Public Service Commission ii. Government Owned Public Corporation A public corporation that is created by the government in order to take part in commercial activities on the government’s behalf can be considered as government owned public corporation. It can be either wholly or partially owned by a government and is typically earmarked Nepal Oil Corporation to participate in commercial activities. These corporations are working in the field of public service. In the context of Nepal, Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC), Salt Trading Corporation, Nepal Telecom, Nepal Food Corporation, Nepal Electricity Authority and Janak Education Material Centre are some examples of government owned public corporation. These corporations need skilled manpower to carry out their day to day work. These organizations are also providing employment opportunities at different levels. These organizations generally advertise vacancies for the posts related Occupation, Business BOOK 57 7and Technology Education

to administration, finance, technician, accounting and so on. They publish advertisement of vacancies in newspapers, television, radio, notice board and their own websites. iii. Private Organizations There are many private organizations and their agencies in our country. These organizations are playing important role in the overall development of the country. The organizations in the private sector like hotels, tourism, publications, schools, colleges, hospitals, super markets, hydropower, etc require a large number of skilled work force to carry out work. These agencies advertise Super market job vacancies for different posts in the local and national newspapers, internet website and sometimes also broadcasted by the radio and television. iv. Employment Information in Educational Institutions The educational institutions like school, colleges and universities also require a large number of working staff in different sectors at different level. For instance, these institutions need both of the teaching and non-teaching staff like teachers, administrators, clerks, lower staffs, technicians and so on. Public can get information about the vacancies of those above mentioned jobs of different categories from the local or national level newspapers, their notice board and websites. In addition, sometimes it may also be broadcasted by the electronic media like radio and television. v. Media Houses Mass media is known as the fourth organ of the state. The scope of mass media is broad in these days. In this context, dozens of media houses are established and doing their business successfully. These organizations need skilled manpower in different fields like journalists, technicians, camera persons, administrators, finance officers, etc. For the advertisement of the job vacancies, they also use their notice board, websites and the means of print as well as electronic media. Media house 58 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

vi. Ministry of Labour The Ministry of Labour is the apex body that governs labour administration and management. The Ministry of Labour manages and regulates the labour market. The Department of Foreign Employment has been established under the Ministry of Labour. The ministry and its department provide information about the vacancies of foreign employment to the public. It also disseminates detail information about Department of Foreign Employment the nature of job, salary including terms and conditions. The affiliated manpower companies demand the required employees with the permission of the Department of Foreign Employment. vii. Information System of Labour Market The Labour market information system is necessary to get information about employment, training and education. It provides reliabale information about the labour market that can assist people in making informed plans and decision related to career planning, education and training for job search. In many Central office of CTEVT countries in the world, labour market information centers are established to provide information about employment, occupations, job related trainings, education. In the context of Nepal, The Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT) has been established to produce technical and vocational human resource. A unit under the CTEVT has been established to provide counseling about employment and training. It helps to develop relation between employment and training. Means of Getting Information about Employment Information is the source of power. Information is an important aspect to determine the strategy for the institutions or individuals. People know about the employment opportunities through various means of information like FM Radio, television, websites, newspapers, etc. Besides this, personal contact is also considered as an important source of information about the employment opportunity. Occupation, Business BOOK 59 7and Technology Education

BOOKThe employment related information of the public sector have been frequently published in the local and national newspapers. Nowadays, different means of electronic media also can be used for the advertisement of the job vacancy. Hence, Radio, FM and Television are believed to be the reliable means of information dissemination. We can see information about the job vacancy at the official website of the concerned organizations. For instance, we can see the advertisement of job vacancy about the civil service at the official website of the Public Service Commission (www.psc.gov.np). Moreover, public notice can be disseminated by putting on the public places. Such kind of notice can be disseminated through the public agencies like District Administration Office, District Development Committee, etc. Different Means of Information for the Job Vacancy at Local and Regional Level i. Websites This is the age of information and technology. In these days, almost all organizations have created their official websites. Therefore, these organizations publish their advertisement of the required vacancies for working staff in their websites. Then the employment seekers can see vacancy for the job in the websites of those organizations. ii. Notice Board There is provision of notice board in each organization. We can see information about the vacancies of job for different post at the notice board of the public agencies. This facility is available at the public agencies like community school, municipality/rural municipality, ward office, District Administration Office, Revenue Office, etc. It is also one of the effective means and widely used method to advertise the job vacancy to the public. More and more people are easily benefited through this kind of information system. iii. Radio and Television Radio and television are also very strong foundation of the means of information system. They can broadcast the advertisement about the job vacancy to the public in very effective way. They can cover a long distance and large area for broadcasting the information. People can get information about the employment opportunities easily even in rural and remote area. 60 7Occupation, Business and Technology Education

iv. Newspapers and Magazines Different newspapers and magazines are published at national and local level. Advertisement about the vacancies of employment opportunities use to be published in such newspapers and magazines. v. Information Bulletins We can also get information about the employment opportunities through the bulletins of the organizations. For instance, The Public Service Commission (Lok Sewa Ayog) provides information about the job opportunities through its weekly bulletin. It is also one of the effective and reliable sources of information about foreign employment. Employment Promoting Private Organizations Both of the public and private sectors are the reliable sources of employment opportunities to the people. Nowadays, there is a great contribution of the private sector to provide employment to a large number of people. These organizations also publish information about the employment opportunities through the means of print and electronic media. This kind of information should be disseminated and broadcasted through the local and national level media so that trained, skillful and capable persons can get employment opportunity. Activity Collect the cut- outs of the job vacancies from different daily newspapers. Collage them on a chart paper and cling it on the wall of your classroom. Word meaningBOOK 61 Administrator : someone who administers a business Advertisement : public notice Agencies : government offices or departments Competitive : well suited for competition Corporation : such a body created for purposes of government Disseminate : to spread information Earmarked : to reserve or designate for a particular purpose Hydropower : electricity generated by running water Meritorious : having worth, merit, or value Vacancy : unoccupied position for job Occupation, Business 7and Technology Education

Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What are the main sources of information for the local and regional level employment opportunities? 2. Differentiate between public organizations and private organizations. 3. How do the government agencies publish their vacancy announcement? Explain. 4. Explain any two public organizations that provide information about employment opportunities. 5. Explain the role of print media and electronic media to provide information about the employment opportunities. Practical work Readmore Publication Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Wanted for the post of marketing officer Post : Marketing Officer Responsibility : Marketing and sales promotion No. of vacancies : 3 Minimum qualification: 1. Bachelors or equivalent degree with minimum second division (preference will be given to Business Studies). 2. Having at least one year experience in marketing in related field. 3. Good command in written and speaking Nepali and English. Salary: Negotiable (Basic + Allowances) ● Contact with Biodata, citizenship and recently snapped two PP size photographs. ● Deadline for application: Seven days from the application of this notice. a. Which level staff is the vacancy announced for? b. What is the minimum qualification required for the post? c. What is the last date to submit application and CV (Biodata)? d. What is the provision of salary, allowances and other facilities? e. What are the terms and conditions? f. Why is the advertisement published? 62 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

PPaa rr tt BusinOersiesn/tVaotcioantional 2According to the curriculum, there are altogether eleven units in this group. They are: Unit-4 General Vocational Skill (Soft Skill) Unit-5 Business Operation Unit-6 Vocational Orientation Unit-7 Vegetable Farming Unit-8 Fruit Farming Unit-9 Dry Fruits, Vegetables and Food Items Unit-10 Farming of Flowers and Medicinal Herbs Unit-11 Animal Care (Among the six lessons of this unit, only one lesson needs to be taught) Unit-12 Arts and Crafts Unit-13 Clay Work Unit-14 Sewing and Knitting Note: Among these eleven units, unit 4, 5 and 6 are compulsory.BOOK63 Moreover, any four units need to be chosen from unit 7 to 14. Occupation, Business 7and Technology Education

UNIT4 General BOOK Vocational Skill (Soft Skill) Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Introduce general vocational skills.  Differentiate between logical thinking and leadership skill.  Demonstrate some general vocational skills like logical thinking skill, creative skill and leadership skill.  Mention the importance of general vocational skills. 64 7Occupation, Business and Technology Education

1Lesson Introduction to General vocational Skill Introduction to General Vocational Skill The skills like leadership, coordination, interpersonal relation and decision making ability needed to run business successfully is considered as vocational skill. The skills like planning of work, coordination of tasks, teamwork, communication, problem identification, problem analysis and solving, creative skill and leadership skill come under the scope of general vocational skills. Moreover, knowledge, skill and ability; required to carry out technical work is called technical or vocational skill. Instruction in vocational skill offers hands-on training in a specific trade or job industry. In this context, it prepares people for specific trades, crafts and careers at various levels from a minor technician to a high professional position in the field of engineering, accountancy, nursing, medicine, architecture, law, etc. The goods and services are produced with the help of technical skill. The strength of showing creativity and newness in the goods and services is called entrepreneurship. Therefore, a person becomes an entrepreneur if s/he is good in vocational and technical skill. The general vocational skill plays an important role in our life and business as well. It provides support to a person for developing coordination and leadership capacity. A. Types of Soft Skills and their Application Soft Skills refer to the cluster of personality traits, social grace, personal habits, friendliness and optimism that mark people to varying degree. Soft skills play a vital role for professional success. a. Logical Thinking Skill Clear concept, clear vision and proper planning of work are the product of logical thinking skill. To make clear concept and understanding about the work or behaviour is the first hand thinking. Logical thinking is accepted as mental work where one uses reasoning to draw a conclusion. It has been proven that specific training in logical thinking can make people smarter and vocational. It Occupation, Business BOOK 65 7and Technology Education

ultimately helps in the performance of the individuals where they are working. The following aspects come under the scope of organized logical thinking: i. Concept of Logical Thinking Logic can be considered as the science of reasoning. Logical thinking enables persons to connect and integrate new experiences over the existing understanding and perception of how things are. Distinguishing correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning is the task of logic. Logical thinking helps to analyse and evaluate the existing working condition and business activities in systematic way. Evaluation Analysis Understanding Recall Process of logical thinking ii. Method of Organizing Logical Thinking If individuals can succeed to make logical thinking skill more organized, they can increase their productivity and strength. Hence, it is necessary to have logical thinking skill for analyzing, evaluating and conceptualizing the exiting issues, conditions and problems in the society and work places. Thinking skills can be systematized through the various skills like analysis skill, leadership skill, interpersonal skill and problem solving skill. b. Creativity Skill The ultimate goal of creativity skill is to generate new ideas, skills, rules and methods in the production of goods and service. Creative skill involves the generation of new ideas breaking from established thoughts, theories, rules and procedures. Hence, creativity can be considered as the act of turning new and imaginative ideas into reality. Creativity requires passion and commitment. Indeed, creativity is a process of adding newness and creativity into the products. Creativity also plays an important role to alter the working style among the individuals by enhancing their knowledge, skill and strength. The change in the working style and behaviour certainly bring change in the result they perform. There must be change in the management system to bring newness and creativity in the products. 66 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

There is relation between creative skill and the production. We can assure the quality of goods and services if there is room for the development of creativity. The following points need to be considered for the development of the creative skill: • Promotion of logical thinking skill • Innovation in the working system • Establishment of relation of work with production • Establishment of relation with research and study • Assurance of commitment and dedication • Search for the cordial environment • Innovative management system • Incentives and rewards to the working personnel c. Leadership Skill Leadership skill is a quality of influencing a group of people to achieve common goal. It is an art of driving people towards the desired action. Leadership skill is essential to achieve the goal set forth in the production of goods and service. Large number of people should work together in a business. A leadership skill is required to develop the sense of we feeling at the work place. A leader should have capacity to mobilize employees and motivate them to execute planning and decision of the organization. A leader or manager has to take decision in business or vocation. A good leader can establish coordination between the employees at their work. People of different socio-economic background are involved in an organization and the leadership should be able inspire them for better performance. There should be development of leadership skill to develop capacity in decision-making. Leaders must be dedicated and open to new ideas. S/he must be fair and honest. They must be able to get on with all people at all the time. A leader should understand the needs, feeling and aspirations of the individuals. He should be able to inspire, motivate and encourage the people to work. The objective of an organization can be fulfilled only through group work. A leader should have capacity to mobilize the group members effectively. Sometimes, there is a chance of misunderstanding among the staffs while doing work in a group. It must be considered positively and the ability to solve these problems needs to be developed accordingly. One of the major responsibilities of a leader is to inspire people for their work, responsibility and spirit of team work. Occupation, Business BOOK 67 7and Technology Education

Leadership skill can be developed through the following ways: • Motivating and guiding the team on the basis of long term vision • Taking responsibility for the actions of a team • Organizing and motivating others • Taking a positive attitude to frustration or failure • Accepting responsibility for mistakes or wrong decisions • Being prepared to adapt goals in the light of changing situations • Developing interpersonal skill • Developing communication and coordination skill • Developing the sense of “we feeling” and teamwork habit • Developing result oriented work behaviour • Developing creativity and thinking skill • Giving right job to the right person Persuading and motivation: Planning, organising Taking the initiative creating enthusiasm to and setting objectives and responding flexibly make things happen to changing situations. Clarifying the problem LEADERSHIP Accepting responsibility and making logical for mistakes and wrong decisions Presenting a positive decisions. Listening, supporting personal image. Being Persevering when and giving assertive things are not working constructive criticism Responsibilities of leadership out Delegating tasks to Taking a positive people with the right attitude to and skill set learning from failure. Activity Divide your class into different groups and demonstrate the soft skills like logical thinking skills, creativity skills and leadership skills in your class through role-play method under the guidance of your subject teacher. 68 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Analyzing : examining carefully and in detail Architecture : the profession of designing buildings and other physical constructions Aspiration : a strong desire, hope or ambition Career : opportunity for progress Collaborate : work jointly Conceptualizing : forming a concept, having the idea for Coordination : proper order or relationship Distinguish : differentiate Incorporated : included Mandatory : compulsory Vocational : related to occupation Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by general vocational skill? 2. What is creativity skill? Explain with examples. 3. Discuss the interrelation between logical thinking and creativity skill. 4. What do you mean by leadership skill? What aspects need to be considered for the development of leadership skill? 5. How does thinking influence the performance of work and behaviour? Give your logic. Practical work Make a list of the general vocational skills (soft skills) that you have observed among the people of your community and classify them into different category and show them in table: Logical Thinking Skill Creativity Skill Leadership Skill Occupation, Business BOOK 69 7and Technology Education

UNIT5 Vocation BOOK (Business) Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Introduce vocation (business).  Differentiate between small, medium and large-scale business.  Identify the fundamental factors for operating vocation (business).  Mention the potential vocations and business at local level.  Tell the considerable points while operating local level business.  Mention the considerable points for the selection, management and operation of any kind of vocational work or business. 70 7Occupation, Business and Technology Education

1Lesson Small, Medium and Large-scale Vocation (Business) Introduction of Different Types of Vocation (Business) The work, occupation or economic activities done for the earning of livelihood is considered as vocation. On the other hand; any individual, company or organization which invest resources in some kind of economic activities for profit is called business. The economic activities like furniture making, knitting of woollen clothes, teashops, poultry, grocery, paper printing, cyber cafe, production of cement, saloon, tailoring, motor cycle workshop, etc come under the vocational and business activities. It provides employment opportunity to the people. A good business culture makes life easy by supplying goods and services as per our requirement. In some vocation, small number of people are engaged. On the other hand, a large number of people are working in large business. On the basis of level of investment, production and number of people working, the business is classified into three categories. a. Small Scale Business This type of business is characterized by small investment, few workers and less production. The business firms like furniture industry, motor cycle workshop, coffee shop, tailoring, cycle repairing centres are the examples of small scale business. Characteristics • Small investment Furniture industry • Few workers • Less production Tailoring Example: • Cycle repairing centreBOOK 71 • Motor cycle workshop • Furniture industry • Coffee shop • Tailoring Occupation, Business 7and Technology Education

b. Medium Scale Business This type of business is run by more investment, more workers and more production compared to small-scale business. The business firms like motor garage, restaurant, poultry farming, vegetable farming, livestock farming, etc are the examples of small-scale business. Characteristics • Workers more than small-scale business • More production than small-scale business • Medium level investment Example: Orange farming • Vegetable farming • Horticulture • Livestock farming • Motor garage • Restaurant • Poultry Poultry farming c. Large Scale Business Large-scale business is also considered as organized business. More investment, more workers and more production compared to small and medium scale business is found in this type of business. The business like cement industry, iron industry, brick industry, garment industry, large printing press, motor company, etc are the examples of small-scale business. Example: Textile industry • Large printing press • Cement industry • Iron industry • Brick industry • Garment industry • Motor company Cement factory 72 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Make a list of business and vocational activities of your locality and classify them into small, medium and large scale business or vocations. Word meaning Business : commercial activity Enterprise : a business company Firm : a company or business partnership Investment : putting money in financial scheme for profit Purchasing : buying Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is business? Explain with examples. 2. What are the importance of vocation and business? 3. What are the differences between production and service oriented business? 4. Mention the characteristics of small-scale business. 5. Mention any five micro level business activities of your community. 6. Write short notes on: a. Medium scale business b. Large-scale business Practical work Prepare a business plan for a small scale vacation suitable in your locality. Show this to your subject teacher and discuss in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 73 7and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Major Factors of Business Operation Introduction Everybody knows that business is done for the purpose of livelihood and profit. The success of business operation is precisely determined by the various factors. Hence, there must be proper analysis of the factors affecting business beforehand. First of all, s/he should have proper knowledge about the scope and market situation of that business. After that, the factors like skilled human resource, availability of raw materials, capital, infrastructure; business environment, etc need to be considered as well. In addition, there should be proper analysis of production, supply and demand of the goods and services for the proper management of the business. Proper planning can bring down all these factors under control. The factors that need to be considered while doing any kind of business work are as follows: a. Market Selling vegetable on footpath The place where the manufactured goods and services can be purchased and sold is called market. The market of the goods and service of a place is determined by the purchasing power demand of the people. Production without market is direct loss. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the situation of the market before launching any kind of business activities. b. Capital The budget needed to establish and operate any kind of business work is called capital. Capital is needed for the purchase of raw materials, physical set up, worker’s salary and allowances, machineries, etc. Hence, there should be provision of sufficient capital for the operation of business. c. Skilled Workforce The human resource having knowledge, skill and ability to carry out the assigned work in the related field is called skilled workforce. It is also an important factor for the success of business. Such capable workforce is required to succeed the business plan. 74 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

d. Raw Materials Raw materials are the basic requirement for the production business. Production of goods is not possible in the absence of easy availability of the raw materials. Therefore, there should be proper study about the raw materials while making a business plan. e. Infrastructure The prerequisites, which are required to run any kind of business, is called infrastructure. The prerequisites like electricity, water supply, means of communication, appropriate place, building, transportation, favourable business policy and law of the government, etc are the examples of the infrastructure of business. This thing needs to be considered before beginning any kind of business work. Activity Visit a business firm of your locality. Ask the owner about the challenges and opportunities of business work. Discuss the finding in the class. Word meaning Infrastructure : basic things of a business like money, goods, market, etc. Launching : the act of beginning something new Prerequisite : something that is required in advance Purchasing power : ability to purchase or buy generally measured by income Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by infrastructure of business? 2. Explain the fundamental factors of business operation. 3. Why is skilled human resource essential in large-scale business? 4. Why are all people not doing business? Give reason? 5. Explain the role of good marketing in the success of business. Practical work Prepare a small business plan appropriate for your locality and present in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 75 7and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Potential Business at Local Level Introduction The business operated at local level with the purpose of providing goods and services to the local consumers is called local business. They are generally established according to the local need. The need and demand of the local people should be known while doing business work. It provides clear information about the scope of the local market. You can see many small-scale and medium scale enterprises and business activities at local level. Proper knowledge of market management plays an important role in this business. Micro-enterprises and cottage industries are suitable for operation at the local level. The goods and services produced by those micro-enterprises are largely consumed by the local people. This type of business is very helpful to uplift the socio- economic condition of the local people. Some examples of local level enterprises and business are mention as follow: • Furniture industry • Publication house • Small hotel and restaurant • Grill industry • Motorcycle workshop Cheese industry • Livestock farming • Horticulture • Pottery • Poultry farming • Tailoring • Knitting Cow farming Factors to be considered for Operating Business at Local Level People should analyze and observe various factors before begin with the business activities. There are different kinds of risk factors in the business operation at the 76 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

local level also. Therefore, these risk factors need to be minimized on time while operating business activities. Some of the points that need to be considered for business operation are as follows: a. Market Demand There should be proper study of the market demand of the goods and services of the local people. Then the goods and services should be provided to the consumers accordingly. Otherwise, the enterprises established at the local level cannot sustain and make profit from their business. b. Necessary Equipment The availability of necessary tools and equipments help to succeed the business plan. If the necessary equipments are not available in the enterprises, production and distribution of quality goods and service is not possible. There should be listing of required tools and equipments and they need to be managed accordingly. c. Registration of Business Firm A business form or enterprise must be registered to run business activities. According to the legal provision of Nepal, the business firms and enterprises should be registered at company registered office or at the department of cottage industry. d. Human Resource Plumber at work Skill human resource is required in any kind of business operation. The local level enterprises and business also need skilled manpower. Therefore, skilled human resource need to be employed by the business concerns to ensure quality products to the consumers. e. Marketing Strategy Businesspersons should make the marketing strategy for the sale of their products in the market. For this purpose, they need to do market analysis. Market analysis provides them idea about the target customers, demand of the products and customer’s choice for the products of the same kind. Occupation, Business BOOK 77 7and Technology Education

BOOKActivity Visit some local level business firms of your locality. Observe and get detail information about that firm and fill up the following table: S.N. Type of business Investment No. of employees Raw materials Market 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Word meaning Analysis : a close or systematic study Cottage industry : small-scale industry that can be carried on at home by Employed : having a job Equipment : a set of tools, devices family members using their own equipment Micro-enterprises : small scale business Registration : an entry in a register Registration office : Office where business firms are registered Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is local business? Explain with examples. 2. Mention the points that are need to be considered while operating local business. 3. Where should be the business firm registered? Why is it necessary to register a business firm at the government agency? 4. How can you create market if you operate your own business enterprise? 78 7Occupation, Business and Technology Education

4Lesson Selection, Management and Operation of Business Introduction Selection, management and operation of the business activities come under the major function of the business enterprises. To run any kind of business enterprises in a proper way, s/he should assure business ethics, quality of the products, worker motivation, scope of the market and willingness to genuine profit. The service they render and the products they supply should satisfy the consumers. There should be selection of the potential business according to the need and demand of the local market. At the same time, the working staff should be good paid to motivate them for good performance. The businessperson should be able to develop good rapport to all persons. Business cannot be successful without good relation with the consumer, employee and raw material supplier. a. Selection of Business The person who wants to run business should get proper information of all these aspects from other similar kinds of business enterprises. The following factors need to be considered for the selection, management and operation of any kind of business: • Study of the existing business enterprises in the market • Demand and purchasing capacity of the consumer • Provision of physical facilities( infrastructure) • Availability of the raw materials • Availability of the human resource • Business environment b. Management of Business Management is one of the most important parts of the business operation. Focus should be given on skilled human resource, raw materials, market for the products, capital and physical infrastructure for the proper management of the business. In this context, we can say that proper management is necessary Occupation, Business BOOK 79 7and Technology Education

for the success of business and other vocational activities. The functions like effective planning, implementation of plan, correction of the mistakes and re-plan come under the scope of management of the business. The following points need to be considered for the management of the business: • Selection of proper place • Management of showroom • Management of finance • Management of staff • Good rapport with customers • Management of transportation • Management of market Advancing towards business • Working period of the workers • Rapport building with the workers • Management of salary, allowances and other facilities c. Business Operation Skill Skillful persons can run their business successfully. Some basic business skills are mandatory in the operation of business. We know that none of the task is possible without skill. The business skill helps to minimize the risk factors of the business. Some important skills, which are mandatory for the operation of the business, are as follows: • Projection of market demand • Management of warehouse • Management of finance • Maintenance of machineries • Management of budget • Management of potential conflict Business leadership • Management of working calendar • Good command in mobilization of staff • Production and selling of quality products • Coordination between production and marketing • Production and supply of goods and service according to the market demand 80 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Organize a talk program with some business persons of your locality in your school under the guidance of your teacher. Word meaning Conflict : disagreement, clash, quarrel Enterprise : firm, company or business Implementation : the act of implementing or carrying into effect Mandatory : required by rule Potential business : possible business Warehouse : a place where goods are stored prior to their use, distribution, or sale Willingness : will, agreement, wish, favor, desire, enthusiasm Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Give your opinion about the selection of an appropriate business. 2. Explain the ways for proper management of a business. 3. Mention the business operation skills in points. Discuss its importance in local level business. 4. What make the business success? Practical work Visit any one business person of your locality and discuss about the proper decision for the selection and management of a business. Note down the conclusion and discuss in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 81 7and Technology Education

UNIT6 Trade and BOOK Market Management Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Tell the relationship between trade and business.  Demonstrate cooperative skill in business and vocational work.  Mention the characteristics of modernization in business skill.  Develop necessary skills for modernization of vocational works or business.  Identify the agriculture related vocations.  Demonstrate cooperative skills for the promotion of agricultural business.  Explain the price determination process of goods and services. 82 7Occupation, Business and Technology Education

1Lesson Relation between Trade and Business Enterprise Introduction Trade refers to the buying and selling of goods and services for the purpose of genuine profit. Trade is a part of business. The management of buying and selling of the goods and service in the market is called marketing. Without proper management of the market, business and trade activities cannot be made effective. Trade and business are the two sides of a coin. Goods and services produces by the enterprises and industries are distributed to the customers through trading. Therefore, trading is not possible in the absence of business firms, industries or enterprises. Business network system Trade and business create employment opportunities to the people and fulfils the need and demand of the goods and services. People run business to make livelihood and further earning. Business persons produce goods with the purpose of selling in the market. The persons involved in trade and business are called traders or businesspersons. Traders pay money to the producer for the goods and service which they buy. They are engaged this sector with the motive of genuine profit. There is a close relation between trade and business. The main purpose of business is to fulfill the demand of the customer and making genuine profit through maximization of selling. The vocational and business activities produce various kinds of gods and services. Trade plays an important role for the exchange of goods and services in the market. Increase in trade volume results into increase in further earning. The Occupation, Business BOOK 83 7and Technology Education

price of the goods can be determined based on cost of the labour and other production factors. Traders determine the profit margin according to the demand of those products in the market. This makes fluctuation in the price of the products time to time. In this way, trade and business are mutually related to each other. Activity Observe the dependency of traders and business persons between one another in the production and sale of the products and discuss in the class. Word meaning Consumption : u sing up or utilization goods to satisfy needs Customers : p ersons who buy goods or services especially from shop or business. Fluctuation : instance of change or variation Genuine : real; not fake or artificial Livelihood : the financial means whereby one lives Manufactured : produced in a large-scale industrial operation Maximization : the act of raising to the highest possible point Trading : t he business of buying and selling commodities, products, or services Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is trade? Explain with examples. 2. Write the role of traders in the supply of quality products in the market. 3. Show the relationship between trade and vocation. 4. Mention the motives and responsibilities of a trader. 5. Explain the role of advertisement in the field of trade and business. 84 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Finding Business and Cooperation Skill Introduction We can see a large number of people engaged in the same kind of business even in a small market. Involvement of a large number of people in same kind of business in the same place may create problem in the sale of the product. As a result, the manufactured goods cannot get good market. In this situation, we need to search for the alternative business for comparative advantage. Advertisement of the products can be done through television, Business forum radio and newspapers to increase business. Nowadays, advertisement is possible through the online channels also. These practices help in the promotion of the business. Similarly, partnership and collaboration is also considered as an important factor of business operation. There is a saying “unity is strength”. The same principle is applied in business sector also. Now a days, the market is highly competitive and challenging. So, it is necessary for the business persons to come together and operate business in collaboration. It helps people to run good business even with small individual capital. In this context, collaboration or partnership should be based on honesty, punctuality, mutual trust and sense of team work. Now a days, many people are found doing business in collaboration and partnership. It provides opportunity to them to produce quality products in low cost of production. It also makes them easier to take good market even in the high competition. In such business there is mutual sharing of benefit among the partners. The following factors need to be considered while running business in collaboration: • Practice of equal division of work • Transparent record of income and expenditure • Performance based salary and other benefits Occupation, Business BOOK 85 7and Technology Education

• Participatory decision for common interest • Mutual understanding, trust and support among all • Regular meeting to sort out strength and weakness • Correction and self-realization of mistakes • Respect everyone’s feeling and thoughts • Response in positive manner Activity Visit an executive member of a cooperative institution of your locality, get information about the objective and focus area of investment of that institution. Word meaning Alternative business : business of second possibility Collaboration : act of working jointly, partnership Comparative advantage : ability to produce a particular goods or service at a lower marginal cost over another Division of work : a production process in which a worker is assigned a specialized task in order to increase efficiency. Manufacture : the process of making goods using machines Self-realization : the realization of one’s own potential or abilities Exercise BOOK Answer the following questions. 1. What is collaboration and partnership? Why is it important in business? 2. Explain the factors that need to be considered for running business in collaboration. 3. What is cooperative skill? Explain with examples. 4. Why is cooperative skill important in good trade? 5. Explain the basic guidelines for the success of collaborative and partnership business. 86 7Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Modernization in Trading Skill Introduction Use of innovative ideas and modern technology in trade is called modernization of trade. It helps the trading function fast, easy and efficient. The use of e-commerce, social network, mass media like television, radio, newspapers, etc advance our traditional trade towards modernization of trading. All organizations will modernize to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their business operations. Some elements of modernization in trading skill are described below: a. Advertisement Advertisement is one of the major components of modern business. People get proper information about the goods and services available in the market. Business organizations can use radio, television; newspapers, internet, etc are An advertisement the effective means of advertisement. It promotes the sale of goods and services. Therefore, it is said that ‘an advertisement can sell the toothpaste even to the toothless’. This saying admits the importance of advertisement in business. b. Instalment This is a type of trading system in which INSTALMENTS initial down payment is paid by the customer to get the goods and services and the remaining 1 2 sum of money need to be paid in instalment 4 basis in the future. When the entire instalments 3 are cleared, the legal possession authority is transferred to the customer. It is also a very 56 common business skill in modern trading A formula of good trade system. Occupation, Business BOOK 87 7and Technology Education

c. E-commerce E-business Another innovation in trade is e-commerce. According to this system, trading activities is done through online. It plays a vital role in business operation and performance of the working staff. It can speed up the business function and allow easy service to the customers. It also saves time and money. Activity Visit a business person of your locality. Ask him/ her about the modern skills for the good business operation and then present your report in the class. Word meaning Innovative : using or showing new methods, ideas Installment : a payment of part of a debt; usually paid at regular intervals Possession : anything owned or possessed Trading : to engage in buying and selling for profit Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is trading? 2. What is instalment system in trading? 3. What is e-commerce? Write its advantages in modern business. 4. Mention the role of advertisement in modern business? Practical work Prepare a small report on need and importance of e-commerce in modern business with reference to Nepal. 88 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 4 Searching Agriculture Based Trade and Cooperative Skill Introduction The production and trading of agriculture related product is called agriculture-based trade. The cereals like rice, corn, wheat and various kinds of pulses including vegetables like pumpkin, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, lady’s finger, carrot, radish, green-leafy Vegetable farming by cooperative group vegetables are the agriculture products. In addition, the fruits like orange, mango, pineapple, apple, guava, grapes, papaya, banana, strawberry, etc are also the important agriculture products. The vocations like animal husbandry, floriculture, fruiticulture, vegetable farming, fishery, beekeeping, etc are called agricultural vocations. We know that majority of the people in our country are engaged in agriculture. They are involved in various agriculture activities like livestock farming, vegetable farming, dairy production, tea and coffee production, beekeeping, etc. The different kinds of agriculture products Honey production are available to the consumers through the agriculture-based trade. In some conditions, farmers themselves sell those agricultural products in the local haat-bazar, green grocery and super market. These products are necessary in day to day life of the people so that there is a good scope of agro-based business and vocation. The agriculture products can be traded in local, national and international market. The farmers and traders involved in this sector can work together to get genuine profit and other kind of benefit. Farmers and the businesspersons can utilize the modern technologies like internet, FM Radio and local newspapers to advertise their products. Occupation, Business BOOK 89 7and Technology Education

a. Cooperative Skill for Agriculture-Based Business The concept of cooperative is based on group work or co-work. It provides foundation for the business involving a large number of members having equal legal and organizational rights and duties towards the organization. Farmers with low income can also run their business through cooperatives. In Nepal, there are thousands of numbers of agriculture cooperatives working in agro based business. These cooperatives have helped the member farmers for strengthening their vocation and economic condition. We A cooperative find development of cooperative movement in Nepal after the establishment of Cooperative Department in 2010 B S and Cooperative Federation in 2013 B S. The cooperative issues have got space in the policies and programmes of the government after the establishment of Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative. The cooperative activities in the country have been increased overwhelmingly after the establishment of Ministry of Cooperative in 2068 B S. It is believed that cooperative has become a strong economic pillar of the nation. Various kinds of cooperative units are established and contributing in the economic activities of the nation. Agriculture, health, deposit and loan, production and sale of the dairy products, small farmers, production and selling of tea and coffee are the scope of cooperative of our country. Farmers can be organized together and can do agriculture production and search out market through the cooperative. Cooperative helps to collect large amount Cooperation for good business of capital by accumulating small amount of individual capital. As a result, it creates an environment to invest capital in different potential sectors. It motivates people for teamwork. At the same time, it also increases the possibility of collective benefit and strength. Cooperative institutions also create employment opportunities to the people. Therefore, there is an important role of the cooperative society for the local participation, capital formation for the investment and creation of employment opportunities. So, cooperative skill is essential for the socio- economic development of the society and the entire nation. 90 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Make a list of the agriculture products of your locality and mention them in the following table: Name of the Present status of Market of the Consumers product production product Word meaning Cooperative : a jointly owned commercial enterprise that distributes goods and services for the benefit of its members Federation : an organization formed by merging several groups Overwhelmingly : strongly Strengthening : the act of increasing the strength of something Vocation : a particular occupation, business, or profession Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. What is agriculture based trade and business? 2. What do you mean by cooperatives? 3. Explain the role of cooperative skill in the promotion of agro based business. 4. Describe the development of cooperative culture in Nepal. Practical Work Visit different cooperatives of your locality. Prepare a report on the basis of their members and functions. SN Name of the cooperatives Name of the chairperson functions of cooperatives Occupation, Business BOOK 91 7and Technology Education

Lesson 5 Price Determination Process of Goods and Services Introduction The price of the goods and service plays an important role in business. The function of confirmation of the price of the goods in the market is called price determination. The amount of money determined for buying and selling of the goods and services is called price. Price is the exchange standard of goods and service. The price is determined by cost of production of the goods and services. It is a difficult task to fix the price for the goods and services. While determining the price of the goods; production cost, transportation cost need to be considered. In addition, profit is also added in the products. If the price of the goods goes high, it is difficult to sell them and they left in the stock for long time. Similarly, producers will be in loss if the price of the goods is extremely low. They also should study the price of their goods with the price of the similar goods of other producers. At the same time, different aspects like difference in the size, quantity and quality also need to be considered before determining the price of the goods. The products must be accompanied by clearly written price on its packet or cover. DEMAND PRODUCTION MARKET EQUILIBRIUM OF PRICE HUMAN SUPPLY RESOURCE Price determination processBOOK The people like plumber, mason and carpenter provide service to the customers. Price of the service is determined in the negotiation. For instance, the persons working in the service sector like plumber, mason, carpenter take wages in daily basis. In this condition, they take wage for their work as per the existing wage system of that locality. 92 7Occupation, Business and Technology Education

The following variables need to be considered while determining price of the products: • Production cost • Transportation cost • Insurance • Profit margin The production cost of the rice (Sona Mansuli Chamal) can be determined in the following way: Table 5.1: A Sample of Determination of Cost Price (Rice per sack, 25 kg) S.N. Particulars Price (in Rs) 1. Cultivation cost 440.00 2. Labour cost 140.00 3. Fertilizer cost 120.00 4. Irrigation cost 80.00 5. Weeding and caring cost 80.00 6. Land tenure 200.00 Total production cost 1,060.00 Finally the production Cost of the rice (Sona Mansuli Chamal) is determined Rs.1,060.00 The selling price of the rice (Sona Mansuli Chamal) can be determined in the following way: Table 5.2: A sample Determination of Selling Price (Rice per sack, 25 kg) S.N. Particulars Price (in Rs) 1. Production Cost 1,060.00 2. Transportation cost 3. Service charge (5%) 40.00 4. Depreciation cost( 5%) 5. Profit ( 15%) 53.00 53.00 Selling price 159.00 1,365.00 Selling price of the rice (Sona Mansuli Chamal) is finally determined Rs.1,365.00 Occupation, Business BOOK 93 7and Technology Education

One important thing to be remembered is the price of the goods and service is always changeable. The price of the products is precisely determined by demand and supply of those products in the market. The price will increase if there is high demand of that product and price falls low if there is more production than demand in the market. Activity How do people determine the price of their products in the market? Discuss with friends in the class. Word meaning Accompanied : provided with an addition; supplemented Determining : having the power or quality of deciding Factors : an element that contributes to a result Precisely : in a precise manner, exactly Exercise Answer the following questions. 1. Write a short note on price determination process of the goods and services in the market. 2. How can we manage the record of profit and loss in our business? Explain. 3. Write the need and importance of trading account and profit and loss account in the business. 4. What particulars can be placed in the debit and credit side in the trading account? Practical Work Prepare a production cost and selling price of any kind of goods or service that your family has produced. 94 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

UNIT7 Vegetable Farming Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Introduce seasonal and off-seasonal vegetable farming.  Give introduction of compost manure and chemical fertilizer and use them.  Tell the importance of drip irrigation and utilize it.  Cultivate seasonal vegetables in the kitchen garden, take care and store them.  Get informed about and identify the types of compost manure.  Demonstrate the methods of preparing compost manure.  Tell about the harmful insects affecting vegetables and methods to be safe from such insects. Occupation, Business BOOK 95 7and Technology Education

1Lesson An Introduction to Seasonal and Off-seasonal Vegetable Farming Vegetable farming is a major subject area of horticulture. We need vegetables for obtaining the necessary nutrients to our body. Vegetables provide required nutrients and help us for healthy living, protection of health and physical growth. A trend of commercial farming of vegetables has been growing nowadays. The production of vegetable is known as vegetable farming. The vegetable farming has made the living of people easier and comfortable by improving economic status. There are two types of vegetable farming: Seasonal and Off-seasonal vegetable farming. 1. Seasonal Vegetable Farming Summer vegetable farming Winter vegetable farming The farming of vegetables in different time and season according to natural environment without forming any structure is called seasonal vegetable farming. Seasonal vegetable farming can be done in both winter and summer. An appropriate amount of rainfall, temperature and appropriate type of soil are needed for the germination, growth and good yielding of crops. Various kinds of vegetables are produced according to the season. The farming of vegetable according to the season is called seasonal vegetable farming. As seasonal vegetables are available almost in all the places, we cannot make more economic benefit in comparison to off-seasonal vegetables. The seasonal vegetables are very good for human health. According to the time and season, the seasonal vegetable farming is categorized into two groups. They are: Winter vegetable crops and summer vegetable crops. 96 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

a. Winter Vegetable Crops The vegetable crops produced in the cold or winter season generally from Aswin to Falgun are called winter vegetable crops. For example: cauliflower, cabbage, Rayo, radish, Chamsur, spinach, chili, potato, tomato, etc. b. Summer Vegetable Crops The vegetable crops produced in the summer season, generally from Chaitra to Bhadra are called summer vegetable crops. For example: cucumber, gourd, bitter gourd, lady finger, etc. 2. Off-seasonal Vegetable Farming Off-seasonal Vegetable Farming The farming of vegetables before or after the main season by creating appropriate environment and developing special structures is called off- seasonal vegetable farming. For the production of off-seasonal vegetable crops, the timing for farming should be alternated. It needs appropriate selection of improved seeds, development in farming technology and creation of regular environment. There is an important contribution of government and non-government sectors for the development and growth of off-season vegetable farming in Nepal. Winter vegetable crops are produced in the summer season and supplied to the market. Similarly summer vegetable crops are produced in the winter season and provided to the market. The consumers can consume their favourite vegetables in all the seasons. The tradition of off-season vegetable farming is more in the developed countries. It is flourishing day by day in Nepal due to the efforts of government and private sector. For example: cucumber and pumpkin are summer vegetables but they can be farmed in the controlled environment and produced in the winter through which a good amount of profit can be earned. Activities 1. Collect some seasonal and off-seasonal vegetable farmed in your community and discuss in the class. 2. Produce any two of each winter and summer vegetables in the garden of your school. 3. Ask your guardians about the off-seasonal vegetables which are produced in your home or community and discuss in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 97 7and Technology Education

4. Discuss with an agriculture businessperson or farmer and observe the seasonal and off-seasonal vegetables that they supply or produce. On the basis of your observation and discussion, prepare a report depending on the following topics: a. Title and background b. Objectives c. Introduction to seasonal and off-seasonal vegetables d. List of seasonal and off-seasonal vegetables e. Learning from the studies f. Conclusion Word meaning Consumer : a buyer of goods or service Nutrient : nourishing substance Seasonal : dependent on season Exercise BOOK A Answer the following questions. 1. Give short introduction of seasonal vegetable farming. 2. Differentiate between summer and winter vegetable farming with example. 3. What is off-seasonal vegetable farming? Explain with examples. 4. What are the differences between seasonal and off-seasonal vegetable farming? B Fill in the blanks: 1. The farming of vegetable according to the season is called.......................... vegetable farming. 2. The vegetable crops produced in the cold or winter season generally from..........................to..........................are called winter vegetable crops. 3. The vegetable crops produced in the summer season, generally from ..........................to..........................are called summer vegetable crops. 4. The farming of vegetables before or after the main season by creating appropriate environment and developing special structures is called ..........................vegetable farming. 98 7Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Compost Manure and Chemical Fertilizer Every living thing needs some substances for aiding its growth and development. Plants also require food to survive and grow. The food that plants need is called fertilizer or manure. There is a trend of using both the compost manure and chemical fertilizer for the balanced development of plants. A short introduction and use of compost manure and chemical fertilizer has been presented below. 1. Compost Manure A mixture of decayed plants and other organic matters to be used in farming as a meal of plant is called compost manure. When the organic materials are mixed in the soil, they decay and become the food for plants. Human excretion, animal excretion, organic waste materials, green Compost Manure manure, liquid waste obtained from bio-gas plant, etc are also compost manure. Likewise, bone dust, fish dust, oil seed cake, poultry drooping, etc are also some examples of compost manure. Use of Compost Manure Various kinds of crops are planted in the farmlands every year. The nutrients present in the soil are absorbed by the plants. The fertility level of soil decreases if additional sources of nutrients are not added. Therefore, organic manure has to be used to maintain fertility level of soil and provide nutrients to the crops. It should be used during the field preparation. Generally it is applied before one month of planting crops after ploughing the field twice. The compost manure is mixed with the soil and put in the pits before planting fruit seedlings. It is necessary to apply compost manure regularly for developing the fertility of soil. The use of compost manure to the soil is an eco-friendly technique to increase the fertility of soil. 2. Chemical Fertilizer Only the compost manure may not be sufficient to maintain balance diet for plants. In order to supply the required amount of nutrient to the plants, it is necessary to use chemical fertilizer. Chemical fertilizer contains a high amount of Occupation, Business BOOK 99 7and Technology Education

plant nutrient. Chemical fertilizer is a meal Compost Manure for plants that is produced in the factories by chemical process from inorganic matters. It is prepared from two or more than two chemical elements. There are two kinds of chemical fertilizers: single element and multiple element fertilizer. Ammonium sulphate, urea, single super sulphate, muriate of potash are single element fertilizers. Complex salt, DAP are mixed or multiple element chemical fertilizers. Use of Chemical Fertilizer We use chemical fertilizer for better production. Among the chemical fertilizers, urea (nitrogenous fertilizer) is obtained by plant immediately after use. If the nitrogen fertilizer is not absorbed by the plants within 1-2 months, the fertilizer gets waste. Thus, it is better to use fertilizer from time to time during the period of crops. In case of other chemical fertilizer, if the fertilizer is applied before planting the crops, the plants get it for long period of time. The chemical fertilizers like phosphorus, potash, sulphur, boron, copper, etc should be applied in right amount as per the recommendation of technicians. The use of chemical fertilizer increase the production and farmers get good economic benefit. Differentiation between compost manure and chemical fertilizer Compost manure Chemical fertilizer It is obtained from organic matters. It is prepared from inorganic matters by chemical process. It can maintain fertility of soil. It cannot maintain fertility of soil. 16 basic elements required for the It provides 1, 2 or 3 elements growth of plants can be obtained from it. only. It does harm the plants if used It harms the plants if used excessively. excessively. Its effect can remain in the soil for many Its effect cannot remain in the soil years. for many years. It helps to keep the moisture in the soil. It makes the soil dry. It makes the soil loose. It makes the soil hard and tight. It supplies less amount of nutrient to the It supplies more amounts of plants. nutrient to the plants. It is less expensive. It is more expensive. 100 7Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education