Occupation, Business and Technology Book 6_2077 Edition

• Mix 2 spoonful of salt in two liters of water and cook potato slices for about 10 minutes. • Spread slices on a mat or a plastic sheet and dry in the sun. • Dry it properly for 3-4 days and store it in a and air-tight container. • When needed, it can be eaten after frying. Methods of preparing Gundruk Gundruk Preparation Gundruk is used as a traditional food item all over Nepal. It is used for making soup, curry or pickle. It can be mixed with other fresh vegetables while cooking. The leaves of mustard, radish, Rayo and cauliflower are used for making Gundruk. Required materials 1. Vessel for keeping Gundruk 2. Lohoro and Silauta 3. Bamboo mat or Nanglo or Gundri 4. Knives Procedures • Collect leaves of mustard, radish or cauliflower and allow wilting by drying in sunlight for 1-2 days. • Crush them with the help of Lohoro and Silauta. • Let the water fluid flow. • Put into an air-tight earthen vessel. • Take it out and dry it in the sunlight after 8-9 days. • Keep it in a air-tight container for storage. Occupation, Business BOOK 101 6and Technology Education

Word meaning Blanching : putting food briefly in boiling water Canning : putting in metal container Cautiously : carefully Diversity : a variety of something Straw : dried grass stalks Exercise A Fill in the blanks with the given clues in the bracket. 1. Nepal is a country of.................................(geographical/economical) diversity. 2. Vegetables are produced in a.................................(seasonal/regular) basis but we are still not able to get more income from vegetables. 3. The cutting tools should be used.........................(cautiously/carelessly). B Answer the following questions. 1. What are the processes of preparing dry fruits and vegetables? 2. Write down the steps to prepare dried slices (Chaana) of the vegetables. 3. Write briefly the method of Gundruk making. Practical Work 1. Divide your class into groups and prepare any one dry vegetable by each group. Show it to your teacher. 2. Prepare dry slices of vegetables and bring to your class. 3. Discuss about the vegetables that can be preserved by blanching and caning. 102 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

2Lesson Methods of Making some Food Items We prepare various kinds of food items in our kitchen. The materials produced to cook or eat are called food items. For example: turmeric powder, dry ginger, Maseura, Titaura, etc. Method of preparing turmeric powder Turmeric is a very important spice used in our kitchen. It is used in pickles, Daal, vegetable, curry and other foodstuffs to make them look more attractive. As it has great medicinal value, it is used not only for culinary purpose but also for Turmeric Power making Ayurvedic medicine. For making turmeric powder, turmeric should be clean, fresh and healthy. Procedure • Clean the turmeric with water and peel it. • Slice it and dry it in the sunlight for 2-3 days. • Grind it with the help of grinder machine or traditional technique like Dhiki, Janto, etc. • Store the powder in a clean and dry air-tight box. • Use it as per the need. Activity 1. How is turmeric powder prepared in your home? Write the methods consulting with your family members. 2. Make a group in the class and discuss about the procedure of making turmeric powder. Occupation, Business BOOK 103 6and Technology Education

Method of preparing Sutho Sutho Sutho is the powder of ginger. Fresh, clean and healthy ginger should be selected for making Sutho. Ginger has a medicinal value which can be used for cough, cold, nausea, etc. It is generally used for culinary purpose and sometimes for making ginger pickles. Procedure • Take required amount of ginger. • Put ginger in water for a day so that peeling can be done easily. • Cut the peeled ginger into pieces and dry it in the sunlight for 3-4 days. • Grind with the help of grinding mill or local tools like Dhiki, Janto, etc to make its powder. • The ginger powder should be kept in a dry, clean air-tight box. • It can be used as spice in the vegetables and tea to make them tasty. Activity Make a group in your class and discuss about the procedures of making Sutho. Method of preparing Maseura Maseura is one of the traditional vegetable items. It is prepared by using colocasia and black gram. This food item is highly nutritious and yummy. It can also be prepared from bean, gram, lentil, radish, pumpkin, gourd, Iskus, etc. Required materials Preparation of Maseura 1. Colocassia stem (Karkalo) or colocassia fruit (Pindalu) 1.5 kg. 2. Black gram (Mas ko daal) 1 kg. 104 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

3. Grinder or Silauto 4. Knife, Chulesi or Koreso 5. Netted tray (Nanglo) 6. Bucket or Dekchi Procedures • Get the colocassia stem or colocassia fruit, clean it, cut it into pieces and spread it on the netted tray which allows the watery fluid to flow and get dry. • Remove the peel of drenched black gram and grind the soaked black gram with the help of grinder. • Mix dried pieces of Colocasia and gram flour, stir it and make small balls from the mixture. • Leave it to dry on Nanglo in the sun for 3-4 days. • When it is completely dried, store in a dry, clean air-tight container. • It can be used as a substitute for vegetable or to make soup and can be used in place of pulses too. Activity How is the Maseura prepared in your home or community? Consult with your family members and write its procedure. Method of preparing Titaura Titaura can be prepared from Lapsi, apple, Amala, mango, Imali, grapes, etc. The methods of making Titaura are different in different places. The Titaura from Amala can be prepared in this way: Procedures Titaura • Boil the matured Amala properly. • Mix the necessary amount of salt, chili powder, black pepper, cumin, coriander powder, etc. Occupation, Business BOOK 105 6and Technology Education

• Make small balls of the mixture and dry them in the sunlight. • When the balls are completely dried, it is ready to use. • Store them in air-tight container or plastic packets. Method of preparing slice or Sukuti of fruits Since Nepal lacks enough transportation facilities, it is difficult to supply the well ripened seasonal fruits like apple, papaya, pear to different parts of the country on time. They can’t be stored for long period of time in normal condition. So, it is wise to preserve those fruits making slices or Sukuti which can be stored for long period of time. Procedures Slices of Fruits • Collect well ripened fruits and clean them. • Cut them into small pieces and dry them in sunlight for 2-3 days. • When they are completely dried, store in a clean air-tight container safely. Activity 1. Make groups in your class and discuss about the process of preparing Titaura. 2. Prepare a list of fruits which are used to make slices in your home. 3. Discuss in your class about the local technique of making slices or Sukuti of fruits. 106 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Culinary : relating to food or cooking Drench : to make somebody or something completely wet Nausea : the unsettling feeling in the stomach that accompanies the urge to vomit Yummy : delicious Exercise A Match the followings: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Turmeric powder Amala, Lapsi, Imali, etc Maseura is prepared from the powder of ginger Sutho is Ayurvedic medicine Titaura can be prepared from colocassia fruit B Answer the following questions. 1. Name the materials required making Maseura. 2. Make a list of foodstuffs that are prepared by your family. 3. Mention the procedures of preparing Titaura from Amala. 4. How is turmeirc powder prepared? Practical Work 1. Make a group of any five students and demonstrate the process of making turmeric powder. 2. Collect fruits or vegetables available in your community, prepare Sukuti or slices from them, supply them to the market for selling and use the profit for the welfare of financially weak students. Occupation, Business BOOK 107 6and Technology Education

UNIT10 Farming of Flowers and Medicinal Herbs Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Identify the various kinds of flowers available at local level.  Explain about the seasonal flowers farming.  Select the sites and prepare for flowers farming.  Prepare nursery bed and produce seedlings.  Transplant of seedlings and take care of seedlings.  Decorate by using flowers.  Identify the local medicinal herbs  Tell about the uses of local medicinal herbs and methods of collecting them.  Explore the methods of conserving local medicinal herbs. 108 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 1 An Introduction of Floriculture The farming of flowers is known as floriculture. Various types of flowers are found in the different parts of country. Some flowers bloom in the rainy season and some in winter. Likewise some bloom in the Terai, some in Hilly and some in Mountain region. So, there is diversity in the farming of flowers according to the place and seasons. Nowadays, the cultivation of flowers has become popular not only for domestic purpose but also for trading reasons. Identification and types of local flowers We have seen many flowers blooming in our surroundings. These flowers are used as offering to gods and goddesses, decoration, marriage, Jasmine ceremonies, birthdays, giving present etc. There are various types of local Makhamali flowers found in Nepal. Lahure, Parijat, Chameli, Indrakamal, Rose, Marigold Rose Jasmine, Godavari, Makhamali, Local Flowers Marigold, etc are some of the local flowers of Nepal. Activity Make a list of flowers available in your locality. Identification of flowers according to season All the flowers do not bloom throughout the year. Some flowers bloom all the twelve months whereas some bloom only in certain seasons. The following table shows the name of some flowers and seasons of their blooming. Seasons Flowers Spring Tulip, Rose, Lily, Dahlia, Orchid, etc Occupation, Business BOOK 109 6and Technology Education

Summer Alchemilla, Carnation, Hallaconia, etc Autumn Sunflower, Zinnia, China berry, Salvia Winter Pansy, Pepper berry, Statice, etc Selection of soil and preparation of flower vase (Gamala) Selection of soil It is very important to select the suitable soil for floriculture. Loamy soil is good for floriculture. Sandy soil is also used for the plantation of some type of flowers. Sticky soil mixed with certain amount of sand can also be prepared for the plantation of flowers. Flower pot (Gamala) Gamala is a pot prepared for planting flowers in our surroundings or at home. Various sized of earthen pot, plastic pot or even plastic bags can be used as a flower vase or Gamala. There should be small hole at the bottom of the flower pot for air and water to pass out freely. The soil of appropriate quality with fertilizer is put in the pot and seeds are sown or seedlings are transplanted there. 12 34 Activity Discuss in the class about the preparation of Gamala for floriculture in your community or home. Preparation of flower nursery bed and seedlings 6Occupation, Business BOOK • The soil should be stone free, fine and fertile. • There should be the provision of irrigation facility. and Technology Education • The seeds should be fresh, pure and healthy. • The soil in the nursery bed should be loose. 110

Activity How is the nursery bed of flower prepared in your locality? Discuss, make a list and show to your teacher. Use of fertilizer Fertilizer is the main source of plants’ nutrients. Without fertilizer, germination and growth of plants become difficult. We should use the right amount of fertilizer as per the nature of soil. Organic manure is better than chemical fertilizer for the plants. Activity Discuss about the use of fertilizer in the nursery bed of flowers. Transplantation of seedlings • Seedlings should be germ free, healthy, and fresh. • There should be well preparation of soil for transplantation of seedlings. • Good quality of manure should be mixed in the soil. • Proper irrigation is important after transplantation of seedlings. Activity Discuss about the transplantation of seedlings of flower plants. Care of flower plants • Make the provision of fertilizer and irrigation. • Clean the flower pot or garden time and again. • Protect the plants from insects, diseases, weeds and other enemies of the plants. • Remove the diseased or infected plants immediately. Occupation, Business BOOK 111 6and Technology Education

Activity Take care of plants that your group has planted. Write in copy what you did to take care of them and show to your teacher. Decoration by using flowers Flower Decoration We have seen decorations made in different religious festivals using flowers. In the religious ceremonies like Dashain, Deepawali, Chhath, Id, etc flowers are the main items for decoration. We decorate our house during birthdays, Pasni, Bratabandha, marriage and cultural programmes. Flowers are used to welcome the guests or visitors. The trend of decorating the houses, cars, hotels is also increasing nowadays. Opening flower shops and selling flower bouquet, garland, etc have become a good source of income for people. Activity Discuss in your class about how you decorate your home during your cultural programmes. Word meaning Bloom : flowering Cultivation : the planting, growing and harvesting of crops or plants Germinate : start growing from seed Organic : developing naturally Transplant : to remove a plant from the place where it is growing and replant it somewhere else 112 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Farming of flowers better for plants Local flowers Gamala Flower pot floriculture Organic manure Parijat, Lahur, Chameli, etc. B Answer the following questions. 1. Write the process for preparing a flower pot. 2. What is floriculture? 3. How can we take care of flower plants? 4. Make a list of tools required for transplantation of seedlings. 5. Write about the importance of flowers. 6. What do you mean by flower decoration? Practical Work 1. Decorate your class room by using the flowers that you have produced and show your teachers and friends. 2. Make a group of your friends and prepare manure for flower farming in your school premises. 3. Prepare a nursery bed for flower cultivation at your home and prepare a report about it. 4. Cut and paste or collect the pictures of various flowers you have seen in your surroundings. Occupation, Business BOOK 113 6and Technology Education

2Lesson An Introduction of Medicinal Plants (Herbs) and their Importance Nepal is rich in biodiversity. Various species of animals and plants are found in different parts of the country. Some species of plants having medicinal value have been identified here. The root, leaves, stems, branches, flowers and fruits of such plants have been used as medicines since ancient time. Important medicinal plants and herbs like Neem, Tulsi, Yarsagumba, Ghiukumari, Bojho, Dhaturo, Titepati, Dalchini, Timur, etc are found adequately in different places of Terai, Hilly and Mountain region. Such medicinal plants are also used as raw materials for making medicine, cosmetics, perfumes, soap, incense, etc. Nowadays medicinal plants are produced as commercial farming in some places. If such medicinal plants and herbs are produced, processed, sold and exported, our country can get a lot of economic benefits. Introduction of some medicinal plants and their importance Amala (Emblica): Amala is a small tree found in the forest of Hilly and Terai region. It is the best source of vitamin ‘c’. Its leaves, roots, flowers, fruits and barks are the useful parts. Amala, Harro and Barro are used for preparing Triphala in Ayurveda. It is very useful for the treatment of diseases and health hazards like diarrhea, asthma, jaundice, anemia, scurvy, Amala hair fall, loss of appetite, etc. Amala is one of the ingredients of Chyawanprash. If it is taken a spoonful before meal every day, it increases good immune and appetite. Ghiukumari (Aloe Vera): Aloe Vera is used as Ghiukumari medicinal plant since very long. Its leaves are thick and fleshy. The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth. The sticky and jelly liquid juice found inside the leaves can be used for body pains. It is used to get relief from burning sensation. 114 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

If we take the jelly liquid juice of an Aloe Vera leaf with water, it relieves gastric, stomachache, headache, constipation, pain during menstruation, etc. It is beneficial for liver disease, blood pressure and sugar patients. Shampoo, cream and other various items are also prepared from Aloe Vera. The commercial farming of aloe vera is becoming popular occupation nowadays. Ghodtapre (Centella Asiatica): It is a Ghodtapre creeping herb with round shaped leaves and slender stems. The leaves of Ghodtapre are used as medicine for various diseases. If we take 4-5 leaves of Ghodtapre before meal in the morning, it relieves from fungal skin disease. It can be used to increase the memory power also. It purifies blood and cures urine infection if taken with water. Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum): This is a holy plant of Hindu people generally planted in court- yard. It is an erect and branched sub-shrub with simple green or purple leaves that are strongly scented. Its leaves, flowers, seeds and stem are useful. Tulsi is a medicinal plant having antiviral, antibacterial and anti fungal Tulsi character. It is mixed with black pepper, turmeric powder, etc and used to cure the diseases like cough, common cold and sinusitis. It also can be used in tea. Neem (Azadirachta indica): Neem is also a medicinal plant. Its barks, leaves, flowers, seeds and oil have medicinal value. Neem products are widely used for their medicinal properties as Neem is believed by Ayurvedic practitioners to be anti fungal, antibacterial and Neem antiviral. Neem oil is also used for healthy hair, to improve liver function, detoxify the blood and balance blood sugar levels. Its leaves have also been used to treat skin diseases like psoriasis, eczema, etc. Neem oil is used for preparing cosmetics such as creams, balms, shampoo, soap, toothpaste, etc. Neem twigs are used Occupation, Business BOOK 115 6and Technology Education

as toothbrush and tongue cleaner which cure bad smell from mouth, bleeding from teeth, weak teeth, etc. If its leaves are boiled in water and used to clean our body, it cures skin diseases. Bojho (Acorus calamus): Bojho is a small evergreen Bojho plant. Its root is called rhizome which is the main part to be used as medicine. It is useful in the treatment of several diseases like cough, common cold, toothache, throat problem, diarrhea, fever, etc. Its leaves, stems and roots are used in various Ayurvedic medicines. Barro (Terminalia bellitrica): Barro is a tall tree Barro found in the hilly and mid hilly region. Its fruits and flowers are used as medicine. Its fruit is one of the constituents of Triphala in Ayurveda. It is useful to control blood pressure, fever, ulcer, headache, etc. It is also used as tonic and to make our teeth stronger. Titepatee (Artemisia indica): This is a medicinal plant found everywhere in the Hilly region of Nepal. Every part of this plant can be used as medicine. It cures typhoid fever, eye pain, wounds, skin diseases, etc. If its leaves are kept inside shoes for few days, bad odor and smell from shoes and socks can be avoided. Joint pain can Titepatee be healed by using heated or steamed Titepatee for applying heat. It is also used to lessen the side effect of Acupuncture by health practitioners. It is popular green manure, fodder for sheep and goats. People use it as offering gods and goddesses as well. Asuro (Justicia adhatoda): Asuro is a medicinal plant Asuro widely used in Ayurvedic medicine. It is found at the height up to 1200m above sea level from Terai to hilly region. It grows on waste land as shrub. This is the best green manure for agricultural products. People plant it as hedge plant on their land. Its leaves and flowers are useful for medicinal purpose. We can use it to control and treat cough, asthma, fever, etc. 116 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum): Timur is Timur a medicinal plant that grows at high altitude of hilly region. Its barks, flowers and fruits are used for many purposes. Its seeds are commonly used in spices. Timur is useful for toothache, skin disease, scabies, indigestion and cholera as a medicine. It is also used to cure nasal problems. We can use it in pickle also. Activity Prepare a list of medicinal plants with their parts like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, etc which can be used as medicine. Discuss this list with your friends in the class. Importance of medicinal plants Medicinal plants have significant importance in our life. They have been used for medicinal purposes since the ancient time in Nepal. Various kinds of medicines, cosmetics, perfumes, etc are prepared from these medicinal Yarsagumba and Jatamasi plants in Ayurveda. Medicinal plant parts like roots, leaves, stems, fruits, flowers, etc are often used as paste or dry mixture to be taken with water or applied on the body parts as medicine. They can be used to make scented oil, cosmetics, and perfumes, incense, etc too. Some of these plants can be used to make botanical pesticides and insecticides as well. All these medicinal plants are commercially important as they can be processed and exported to other countries to gain economic benefits. It has been estimated that there are 700 species of medicinal plants in Nepal. Among them 219 species are sweet-smelling plants. Identification and collection of local medicinal plants The useful parts of the medicinal plants should be identified before collecting them and then collected in appropriate way and time. The following points should be kept in mind while collecting the herbs grown in the forest: Occupation, Business BOOK 117 6and Technology Education

1. Identify the useful and important part of the plant. 2. Have an adequate knowledge about the harvesting technique and appropriate time of collection. 3. Collect only from the matured plants. 4. Leave adequate amount of seeds, roots, fruits, etc propagating materials in its original place, so that it can grow again and again in the same place. 5. The collectors should have perfect knowledge about the medicinal plant. Otherwise, there will be a chance of mixing other unwanted plants or materials with the collection which may reduce the quality of the medicinal plant. Activity Write the technique of collecting any two medicinal herbs in your locality. Discuss about it in the class. Conservation of local medicinal plants Various techniques should be applied to conserve medicinal plants. The conservation of medicinal plants prevents them from extinction and increases the production of such plants. Some cottage and small scale industries can also be run by the conservation and use of locally available medicinal plants. To increase the quality and quantity of such plants, the following points should be kept in mind; 1. Establish organizations to conserve medicinal plants at local level. 2. Encourage the medicinal plants farming and their conservation. 3. Launch training programmes regarding the farming technique of medicinal plants in the collaboration of NGOs, INGOs and government agencies. 4. Organize the programmes like fair, exhibition, seminar, etc to aware the people about importance and conservation of medicinal plants. 5. Develop improved technology for collection and processing of medicinal plants. 6. Establish a nursery for conservation of seeds, distribution of seedlings and publicity of rare medicinal plants. 118 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity 1. Collect the useful parts of medicinal herbs found in your locality and show to your teacher. 2. Discuss about the local techniques of conserving medicinal herbs with your friends. 3. Make a list of medicinal plant which can be used for common cold, fever and diarrhea. Discuss about it in the class. Word meaning Acupuncture : treatment with needles Adequate : enough Appetite : a natural desire for food Collaboration : working together Constipation : difficulty in defecation Export : send goods abroad Extinction : state of being or becoming extinct Hedge : a means of protection against something Immune : natural body resistance against diseases Menstruation : monthly discharge from womb Propagate : create new plants Rare : not happening or found often Rhizome : underground stem Serrated : having sharp v-shaped teeth like saw Twigs : a small branch Occupation, Business BOOK 119 6and Technology Education

Exercise A Fill in the blanks with the clues given in the brackets. 1. Nepal is rich in............................(biodiversity/economic prosperity). 2. Medicinal plants are also used as.................................(raw materials/ semi-finished goods) for making medicine. 3. ..................................(Amala/Timur) is the best source of Vitamin ‘C’. 4. .....................................(Tulsi/Aloe Vera) is a holy plant. 5. ..................................(Bojho/Neem) is a small evergreen plant. B Answer the following questions. 1. Write the name of any 10 medicinal plants and their uses. 2. What are the useful parts of Amala? 3. Why is Aloe Vera important? 4. For what purposes Tulsi is used? 5. What medicinal plants are included in Triphala? 6. What are the uses of Neem? Practical Work 1. Collect the leaves, roots, stems, flowers of any five medicinal plants found in your locality and exhibit in your class. 2. Paste the leaves of any ten medicinal plants in your copy and write their name. 3. Write the name of any two medicinal herbs used locally to cure diseases. And mention how they are used. 4. How can the medicinal herbs found in your locality be conserved? Discuss and collect the suggestions. 120 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

UNIT11 Animal Rearing and Livestock Farming Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Identify the different local and exotic breeds of domestic animals like sheep, goat, cow, buffalo, pigs, poultry and fish.  Describe about the housing management of sheep, goat, cow, buffalo pigs and poultry.  Mention about the feed and pasture management of sheep, goat, cow, buffalo, pigs and poultry.  Identify some common diseases in sheep, goat, cow, buffalo, pigs, poultry and fish. Occupation, Business BOOK 121 6and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Introduction of Animal Rearing Animal rearing refers to the occupation of raising domestic animals for farming purpose. It is also known as livestock farming. The domestic animals like sheep, goat, pig, cow, buffalo, poultry, rabbit, etc are raised in animal husbandry. Indeed, livestock farming provides us different useful materials like meat, milk, eggs, fur, leather and so on. It also provides us a good source of income. In order to get good production, the domestic animals need to be looked after properly. A. Sheep Farming Sheep is a domestic animal. It is mainly reared in the mountain highland. It is reared for wool, milk and meat. Sheep grazes on grass and leaves on pasture land. There is a large varieties of breeds of sheep in Nepal. Basically, two varieties of sheep like local and hybrid or exotic are available in our country. They are describe below. a. Local Breeds of Sheep These breeds of sheep are locally available in different parts of Nepal. They are basically available in the mountain and high hill in the country. They do not need special care and feed as for the exotic breeds of sheep. They also do have more immunity power against the diseases and can be reared easily. The breeds like Kage, Vyanglung, Baruwal and Lampuchhre are commonly reared in the country. i. Kage Kage Sheep BOOK This breed of sheep is found in the mid hilly 6Occupation, Business region, especially in Kathmandu, Pokhara, Banepa and Trishuli. It is also found in the and Technology Education inner-Terai region. It is usually found in white colour. Black and white with red patches colour are also found occasionally. 122

It bears straight ears. Its weight is around 25 kg. It can provide around 2 kg of wool in a year. ii. Baruwal The sheep of this breed are found in the Baruwal Sheep mountain region of Nepal above the altitude of 4,000 meters. They weigh around 25-30 kg on average. They are black from half of the body to the head and remaining half of their body is white in colour. They can provide around 1.5 to 2 kg wool in a year. This wool can be utilized for knitting of Radi, Pakhi and Galaicha. iii. Lampuchhre Lampuchhre Sheep This breed of sheep is found in the Terai region of our country. It has got heat tolerance capacity. Its body shape is similar to Kage but the tail is longer ranging from 10 to 13 inches. It is slightly bigger than Kage. It weighs around 30 kg. It can provide around 0.5 to 1 kg wool in a year. iv. Vyanglung Vyanglung Sheep This breed of sheep is mainly found in the himalayan region of our country. This breed is originated from the Tibet and mainly available in Mustang, Marfa and Dolpa. It weighs around 60 to 90 kg on an average. It can provide about 2 kg of wool in a year. Its wool is of high quality and expensive. b. Exotic Breeds of Sheep The exotic breeds of sheep are brought in our country from different parts of the world. These breeds can give more meat and high quality of wool compared to our local breeds. Basically, Merino, Ramboullet and Border Leicester are the popular exotic breeds of sheep in Nepal. Occupation, Business BOOK 123 6and Technology Education

i. Merino Merino Sheep Ram Boullet Sheep This breed of sheep has white face and is of medium sized body. It is famous for wool production. Its body is fairly covered with fine wool. The male sheep (ram) has horn but female (ewe) lacks it. It is also popularly known as golden footed sheep. ii. Ram Boullet The sheep of this breed has a large sized head with hair around its nose and ears. The rams may have horns. Its whole body is fairly covered with dense wool. It is also popular for its fine and high quality wool. iii. Border Leicester This breed of sheep is originated from England. Its entire body is covered with long hairy wool. Its body weight ranges around 105 to 150 kg. This breed is raised mainly for meat. B. Goat Farming Border Leicester Sheep Goats are domestic animals. They are raised mainly for meat. They are reared in almost all parts of the country; particularly in Terai and Hilly region. People can make good source of income from goat rearing. Goat farming is possible through small amount of investment. Some of the breeds of goats are as follows: a. Local Breeds of Goat Local breeds of goats are locally available in the country for a long period of time. These breeds have good resistance power against the disease and can be reared with very small amount of investment compared to the exotic breeds. Consumers prefer the meat of local goat. 124 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

i. Terai Goat Terai Goat The goat of this breed is mainly found in the Terai region. It is the cross breed of Jamunapari and native breed of our country. It is found in different colours like black, red, brown with white stripes. It weighs around 15 to 18 kg. It is good for the production of meat and milk. ii. Sinhal Sinhal Goat Khari (Aule) Goat This breed of goat is found in the high hills of Nepal from the altitude of 1,500 to 3,000 meter. Its weight ranges between 25 to 30 kg. It is generally found in black colour. It is also found in brown and white colour with coarse hair. iii. Khari (Aule) This breed is commonly found in mid-hill of our country. It is widely available in black and gray colour. The female weighs up to 25 kg and male’s weight grows up to 35 kg. It gives birth to more than two kids per birth parity. It is popular in hilly region. iv. Chyangra This breed of goat is reared in the high Chyangra Goat mountain and inner himalayan region. Its whole body is covered with long hair and inside there, a fine under coat of Pashmina is available. It’s face is of black and white colour along with white stripes. It can give around 50 to 200 grams of pashmina in a year. It weighs around 35 kg on an average. Occupation, Business BOOK 125 6and Technology Education

b. Exotic Breeds of Goat These breeds of goats grow faster in comparison to the local breeds of goats. At the same time, they can give more meat than the local breeds. The goats like Barbari, Sannen, Beetal, Boer and Jamunapari are the popular exotic breeds in Nepal. i. Barbari Barbari Goat This breed of goat has short ears, short legs with red and white stripes on body. It looks like a deer. It is popular for both meat and milk production. Male can be as big as 41 kg and female can be up to 35 kg. ii. Sannen Sannen Goat Sannen is a Swiss breed. This breed of goat is generally fairly all white or cream colour with forward facing ears. It has no horns. Male weighs up to 95 kg and female weighs up to 65 kg. It is famous for meat and milk production. It can produce 2 to 4 liters of milk in a day. iii. Beetal Beetal Goat This breed of goat is generally found in black, white and brown colour. It has curved horns sloping backward and male has beard. The male weighs upto 59 kg whereas the female weight reaches around 35 kg. This breed gives birth to offspring two times in a year. iv. Boer Boer Goat BOOK Boer goat is an Australian breed. It grows faster 6Occupation, Business and gives birth to two kids in one birth parity. Its meat is in high demand due to low cholesterol and Technology Education level in its meat. It is popular for meat production. 126

v. Jamunapari Jamunapari Goat This breed of goat was originally introduced in India. The goat of this breed is tall and large in size with hanging ears. It is also commonly called as Lamkane goat in Nepal. Usually, it is white in colour. The weight of the adult goat of this breed ranges between 30 - 60 kg. C. Housing Management for Sheep and Goat Sheep and Goat are kept in a pen. A pen should be made according to the local environment and climate. Both local and modern technology can be used for the construction of pen. There must be optimum use of local resources and materials so that the pen can be constructed with low investment. The floor of the pen should be raised about Goats eating grass at Hayrack (Tatno) 3 feet above the ground level. The locally available materials like dry wooden planks, bamboo, etc can be used for the construction of pen for the goat and sheep. The pen must be constructed in an appropriate place considering the availability of fodder, grass land and market. In the Hill and Mountain region, the pen should be constructed facing towards South or East and in the Terai, it must face towards North or West. The following factors need to be considered while making pens for goat and sheep: • Goat and Sheep are usually infected by respiratory diseases so they should not be kept in enclosed space without ventilation. Occupation, Business BOOK 127 6and Technology Education

• The floor must be smooth and slope has to be made for cleanliness and drainage. • There should be provision of hay-rack and concentrate feeders. • Adequate space for eating, drinking, resting and moving the limbs should be managed. • Sanitation of the pen must be maintained in a proper way. • A separate partition for sick animal in the pen should be constructed. D. Feed and Pasture Management Proper feeding is very important for the goat and sheep like other animals. They need adequate quantity of nutrients like carbohydrate, fiber, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins and water in their feeding. For commercial farming of goat and sheep, they should be provided with adequate amount of leguminous green grass, leaves, weeds and grains for their proper growth. The grains like wheat, corn, barley, rice, pulses, mustard cake along with dry fish and salt can be mixed up according to the recommendation in the feed. For the pregnant goat and sheep, green grass along with the fodder containing 14 to 16% protein must be given at the rate of 200 to 250 grams in a day. The feed of lactating goats should contain adequate nutrients than other goats. In addition, there must be provision of pasture land for goat rearing. Pasture land means the grazing land for livestock. The pasture land must be properly fenced and unwanted weeds and grass need to be removed. The grasses like Clover, Napier, Amriso, Lucern, Berseem, Rye grass are the good sources of feed for the goats. Similaly, the fodder trees like Tanki, Koiralo, Ipil- Ipil, Kimbu, Badahar, Chyuri, Khanyu, etc are also considered as the good source of diet and roughages to the goats. For the proper growth and production there must be proper feeding to the animals. E. Some Common Diseases of Goat and Sheep Like other animals, goats and sheep are also attacked by various kinds of diseases. Pneumonia, gastroenteritis, mastitis, PPR, foot rot, blot and diarrhea are some common diseases of the goat and sheep. They are described below: 128 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

i. Peptides, Peptitis Ruminants (PPR) It is a common disease of goat and sheep caused by the virus called Morbilli. It is a highly infectious disease. It spreads to other animals due to their mobility. If treatment is not done in time the infected animal dies within a week. Symptoms • Fever (up to 104° to 106° foreign height at fever) • Red eyes • Wound in the nose and mouth • Running nose • Sneezing • Loss of appetite Prevention and Control PPR Infected Goat • Keep in isolation in clean and ventilated area. • Antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline) should be given. • Vaccine against PPR should be given in every two years. ii. Gastroenteritis This disease is related to the digestive system. It is caused by toxin, virus, bacteria and protozoa. Symptoms • Weakness • Indigestion • Loss of body weight Prevention and Control • The medicines like Neblone, Gastroenteritis Infection Goat Pergocare and Salphaproper should be given. • If the disease is caused by parasites. Medicine should be provided against them. Occupation, Business BOOK 129 6and Technology Education

iii. Bloat (Acidosis) It is a disease in which there is accumulation of excess gas in stomach. It is caused by the formation of gas by the bacteria and parasites in the stomach. It is also caused by excessive eating of maize, immature grass and poisonous grains. Symptoms • Difficulty in respiration • Abdominal pain • Cries frequently • Left side abdomen becomes extended • Constipation occurs Prevention and Treatment • Stop feeding grains. • Provide antibiotics. • Vitamin B should be given. A goat suffering from Bloat • Avil injection should be given. • Afamin, Blotocil or Timpol should be given. iv. Foot Rot Foot rot is an infectious disease of goat and sheep. It occurs within the hard shell of hoof and adjacent soft structure. It is caused by the bacteria called Fusiformis nodosus. Symptoms • Inflammation in the heels • Swelling of the horns • Wound is seen in the hoof Prevention and Control Hoof infected by Foot Rot • Vaccine should be given to the animals against the disease. • Aureomycin violet spray can be provided at the infected feet. 130 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

v. Pneumonia It is a respiratory disease of goat and sheep. It is caused by a number of factors like wet floor, cold, bacteria, virus, fungus and lungs parasites. The main causative agent of the disease is the bacterium called Pasteurella haemolutica. This disease if untreated can kill the infected animal. Symptoms • Difficulty in respiration • Discharge from eyes • Cough and fever • Dropping ears • Loss of appetite • Running nose Pneumonia Infected Goat Prevention and Control • Keep the animal in warm place. • Cyaflone powder should be given. • Streptomycin injection of 3 to 5 ml can be given for 3 to 5 days. Activity What species of goats and sheep are found in your locality? Prepare colorful drawing of those goats and sheep and show it to your friends in the class. Word meaning Accumulation : gathering together Adjacent : next to or adjoining Antibiotic : a medicine that destroys micro- organism Birth parity : birth order Exotic : originating in foreign country Lactating : breast feeding Occupation, Business BOOK 131 6and Technology Education

Leguminous : plants having root nodules containing nitrogen- fixing bacteria Oilcake : a mass of compressed oilseed left after oil has been extracted Partition : division into different parts Pashmina : fine high quality wool of sheep Roughage : fibrous fodder for animal Toxin : poison produced by microorganism A Match the following: Exercise Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Acidosis the sheep originated from Tibet Sinhal cholera of goat and sheep Vyanglung a goat found in Kathmandu, Pokhara and Trisuli Kage a gastroenteristis disease of goat/sheep PPR swiss breed of sheep B Answer the following questions. 1. ‘Goat farming has become a foundation of economic prosperity’. Justify it. 2. Write a short report on food management for goat and sheep. 3. Give your view on housing management for goat and sheep in your locality. 4. Briefly explain about any two goat species of our country. 5. Explain any two diseases of goat and sheep. 6. Describe about native species of sheep of Nepal. Practical Work Prepare a chart about the name of the diseases of goat and sheep listing their symptoms and causes along with preventive measures. Show it in the class. 132 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Cow and Buffalo Rearing A. Cow Farming Cows are the most common domestic animal. Cow farming is done basically for milk and milk products, like curd, ghee, cheese, Panir, etc. Their dung and litter can be used to prepare organic manure for crops and biogas energy. The bulls are tamed to plough field and to drive cart. Cows are basically found in two categories like local and exotic breeds. They are described below: a. Local Breeds of Cow The local breeds of cow are reared in almost all parts of the Hill and the Terai region of our country. They provide milk even in ordinary feeding. They can be reared in small investment too. Some of the local breeds are explained below: i. Kirko (Lulu) Kirko (Lulu) Cow The cow of this breed is found in the high Achhami Cow altitude of our country. They are dwarf and humpless. They have been adapted in coldBOOK 133 environment. They can provide milk even in ordinary feeding. ii. Achhami The cow of this breed is of very small body size so they are also called as sanogai. They are smaller in height. They also give milk to us even in ordinary feeding unlike the exotic breeds. Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

iii. Pahadi This breed of cows are available across Pahadi Cow the Mid-Hill of Nepal. They are adaptable to cold, drought and harsh climatic condition. They are also able to provide milk to us even in ordinary feeding. The milk of this breed of cow contains more proportion of fat. iv. Yak The male is called Yak and the female is Yak in Mountain called Nak. They are the mountain cattle. They are raised for meat and milk. Yak milk is rick in protein. The milk products like cheese and Churpi made from the yak milk is famous throughout the country. They give around 2 liters of milk in a day. b. Exotic Breeds of Cow The exotic breeds of cows are high milk yielding animals compared to their local counterparts. They are bigger in size than the local cows. They need more care when compared with the local breeds of cows. Some of the exotic breeds of cows are mentioned below: i. Holestine Holestine Cow Holestine cows are black and white in colour. They have large udder, long narrow and straight head. They give around 7,000 liters of milk in one lactation period. ii. Sahiwal Sahiwal Cow BOOK The cows of this breed have long head 6Occupation, Business with medium sized forehead. They have short but thick horns. They have short and Technology Education 134

legs and well developed udder. They provide around 4,000 liters of milk in one birth parity. iii. Jersey Jersey Cow This breed of cow is raised in the Terai and Inner-Terai region of Nepal. The colour vary from light red to black. The muzzle is black and has a light encircling ring. They have well developed udder. They produce around 5,000 liters of milk in one lactation period. B. Buffalo Farming In Nepal, like cows buffaloes are also the common type of domestic animals. Buffalo farming is also done for milk and milk products, like curd, ghee, cheese, etc. Their dung and litter can be used to prepare organic manure for crops and biogas energy. The male buffaloes are tamed to plough field and to drive cart. They are found in two categories like local and exotic breeds. a. Local Breeds The local breeds of buffaloes are reared in almost all parts of the lower Hill and the Terai region of our country. They need adequate water. They can provide milk even in ordinary feeding compared to their exotic breeds. Some of the local breeds are described below: i. Lime Lime Buffalo This breed of buffalo is found in the mid hill of western Nepal. They have slightly grey body colour. They have short feet and move fast. They bear curly horns. They give approximately 2-3 liters of milk per day. Occupation, Business BOOK 135 6and Technology Education

ii. Parkote Parkote Buffalo Terai Buffalo This breed of buffalo is available in mid hills of western and mid-western region of Nepal. Their body colour is slightly grey. They have short and strong feet. They give around 2 to 4 liters of milk per day. iii. Terai Buffalo It is a local breed of Terai region of Nepal. Its colour is generally black and brown. The horns are long and flat. It is medium sized breed. It gives around 4 liters of milk in a day. iv. Gaddi The breed of this buffalo is black in colour with round patches on the forehead. These are large sized animals with good milk production. b. Exotic Breeds Gaddi Buffalo The exotic breeds of buffaloes provide milk in larger quantity compared to the local breeds. They are bigger in size than the local breeds. They need more care when compared with the local breeds of buffaloes. Some of the exotic breeds are mentioned below: i. Murrah Murrah Buffalo This breed of buffalo is brought from India. It has curly horns. It has jet black skin, black body and small head. It gives around 25 liters of milk per day. ii. Nill-Ravi Nill-Ravi Buffalo BOOK The buffalo of this breed has black skin 6Occupation, Business and hair. This breed has white marking on forehead, face, muzzle, tail and legs. It has and Technology Education short horns with broad nose. 136

C. Shed Management of Cow and Buffalo For the proper rearing of the cows and buffaloes, management of sheds for them is also considered as an important thing. They are made to protect the animals from cold, wind, rainfall, direct sunlight and other unfavorable conditions. We should utilize locally available resources for the construction of sheds for the animals. So that it can be prepared with small amount of money. Some factors that need to be considered while constructing sheds are as follows: • The size of the shed must be according to the number of animals. • There must be different compartments in the shed for the animals according to their stages and conditions (i.e. pregnant, lactating, sick, calves, etc). • The shed should be well ventilated with adequate sunlight. • There should be proper management of feeding vessels. • There should be proper management of dung and sludge. Types of Sheds There are two types of sheds for cows and buffaloes. They are described below: i. Closed Shed In this type of shed or barn, cows and buffaloes are kept inside the shed. Animals are kept either in tail to tail, facing against each Cows at the closed shed other or head to head. Such type of shed is good for the protection of animals from cold environment. There must be adequate provision of fodder and water facility in the shed. At the same time, their must be proper aeration facility. • Head-to-head system: In this system, animals are kept in two rows with their heads facing each other. • Tail-to-tail system: In this system, animals are kept in two rows with their tails facing each other. Occupation, Business BOOK 137 6and Technology Education

ii. Open Shed In this type of shed, animals are kept free except during the time of milking and at the time of treatment. This type of shed is appropriate in warm area. There should be The cattle kept at the open shed provision of common feeding and water channel. Animals need to share their food and water with others. Animalsenjoymovementinthistypeofshed,howeverthereishighchanceoffight between them. Cost of construction of this type of shed is very low in comparison to the closed shed. Activity What types of sheds are constructed for the cow and buffalo in your locality? Discuss your finding about the management of the sheds in the class. D. Feed Management Cows and buffaloes need balanced diet which includes carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins. Balanced diet is essential for their sound health, growth and milk production. A cow or buffalo with the weight of 100 kg needs 2.5 kg dry matters like bran, straw, molasses, etc. There are various sources of feed for cows and buffaloes in our locality. They are as follows: • Roughages: Straw, dried hay, sugarcane top, etc • Concentrate: Bran, oilcake and molasses • Fodder: Foliages of trees Improved breed of cattle are stall fed. They are fed with green grass and chopped straw mixed with the concentrate feed. As it is said earlier, nutritious diet is required to the cattle for the maintenance of body, growth of the fetus and milk production after calving. Since its rumen won’t be developed, newly born calves should be fed with colostrums only for the first 3-5 days after parturition. 138 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Observe the feed management practice in your locality and discuss in the class. E. Some Common Diseases of Cow and Buffalo The domestic cattle are infected by several diseases. They are as follows: i. FMD (Foot and Mouth Disease) It is a communicable disease. It is caused by the virus called Picorna. It transmits from infected animal to another animal through common feeding and watering places. Signs and Symptoms • High fever up to 106° to 107° F • Loss of appetite • Presence of wounds between two hooves • Wounds also appear on lips, gums, tongue and oral cavity • Drooling of saliva • Difficulty in walking Prevention and Treatment Infected by FMD • 3.5 ml H. S. vaccine should be given against FMD in the month of Baisakh every year. • The infected animals can be treated with medicines like Medacin, Teramycin, Tetracycline, etc. ii. Black Taurper (Charchare) It is also a communicable disease. It is caused by the bacteria called Clostridium Chauvoei. Signs and Symptoms • High fever up to 104° to 106° F Occupation, Business BOOK 139 6and Technology Education

• Difficulty in walking Cow Infected by Black Taurper • Swelling of thigh muscle • Crepitation sound (Charchar) comes while pressing on the swollen part • The infected animal may die if not treated in time Prevention and Control • Vaccination against the disease before summer season. • The infected animal can be given Penicillin injection in every six hours. iii. Rabies It is the disease in the cattle from the bite of rabies infected mad dog, cat, jackal and other infected animals. It is a viral disease caused by Rhabdo virus. Signs and Symptoms • Salivation • Hydrophobia • Difficulty for respiration • Severe pain at the throat • Finally, the animal dies Cow Infected by Rabies Prevention and Control • Kill the mad dog, jackal and other infected animals. • Provide anti-rabies vaccine to the animals on regular basis. • Consult the veterinary doctor if the animal is infected by other mad animals. • Isolate the infected animal from other animals. iv. Mastitis It is also an infectious disease. It is caused by various causative factors like bacteria, fungus and virus. In this disease, there is inflammation of the udder in the lactating cattle. The animals kept in the poor hygienic condition are at the risk of this disease. 140 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Signs and Symptoms • Inflammation of the udder and tits • Fever • Clotting pus and blood in milk may be observed • Decrease in milk production Cow Infected by Mastitis • Swelling of nipple Prevention and Control • The floor and bedding should be clean. • Tits of the cow should be cleaned with Luke warm water before and after milking. • Veterinary doctor should be consulted if the cow or buffalo is infected. Activity 1. Identify the different species of cows found in your locality. Make colorful drawing of them and show it to your friends in the class. 2. Identify the different species of buffaloes found in your locality. Make colorful drawing of them and show it to your friends in the class. Word meaning Adapted : being adjusted with the new condition Aeration : ventilation Barn : a shed or house for housing livestock Bran : grain husk separated from flour after milling (bhush) Concentrate : animal food like bran, oil-cake, molasses, etc. Fodder : food for cattle Parturition : birth Rumen : the first stomach of a mammal which receives food and partly digests it and passes to the second stomach (reticulum) Occupation, Business BOOK 141 6and Technology Education

Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Black Taurper closed shed Lime bran, molasses, oil, cake Head-to-head system fodder tree Concentrates local breed Lpil-Ipil Charchare B Answer the following questions. 1. Write down the general characteristics of local breeds of cow available in Nepal. 2. Write down the general characteristics of exotic breeds of buffalo commonly found in Nepal. 3. Describe the feeding practice of cow and buffalo in Nepal. 4. How can you distinguish local and hybrid species of cattle? 5. Differentiate between closed shed and open shed. 6. Write a short note on the disease called Mastitis. 7. Mention the causative agent, signs and symptoms, prevention and control measures of Foot and Mouth disease (FMD). Practical Work Observe the diseased cows and buffaloes of your locality. Write a small report about signs symptoms, causes, prevention and control measures by consulting your guardians and J.T.A. 142 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Poultry Farming Rearing of variety of domesticated birds like chicken, duck, turkey, ostrich and Battai in commercial way for meat, egg, etc are called poultry farming. It is an important part of agricultural economy. At present many people are engaged in poultry farming in Nepal. A. Breeds of Fowls Fowls are reared in all parts of the country. They are raised for meat and eggs. There are basically two types of fowls like local breeds and exotic breeds. a. Local Breeds These breeds of fowls are available in different parts of our country since a long time ago. They do not need any kind of specially prepared feed. So that they can be reared easily with low investment compared to the exotic breeds of fowls. The breeds like Sakini, Ghati Khuile and Dumse are popular and found in almost all parts of the country. i. Sakini Sakini Cock The native or local breed is called Sakini in Nepal. It is popular all over the country. It is famous for its meat and eggs. It is of muti-coloured. The average adult body weight is around 1.5 to 2 kg. It gives around 60 eggs in a year. ii. Ghati KhuileBOOK Ghati Khuile Cock It is also a native breed of Nepal. It is also found in all parts of the country. It has no feather on the neck. It is found in 143 different colours. The average adult body weight of male is around 2.5 kg and female is around 1.8 kg it gives around 60-80 eggs in a year. Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

iii. Dumse This breed of fowl is also found in all parts of Nepal. It is found in different mixed colours. The body weight of adult male is around 2 kg and female is around 1.5 kg. It is also popular for meat. b. Exotic Breeds Dumse Cock Exotic breeds give more eggs and meat. New Hampshire, Australop and White Leghorn are the main breeds found in Nepal. i. New Hampshire This breed is originated from USA. It is red in New Hampshire Cock colour. It bears red wattle and yellow shanks. The body weight of adult male is around 4 kg and female is around 3 kg. It gives around 200 eggs in a year. ii. White Leghorn This breed is originated from Italy. It is white in colour. White Leghorn Cock Its shanks are yellowish in colour. It lays around 250 eggs in a year. So, it is famous for egg production. iii. Australop This breed is originated from Australia. It is in black colour. The average body weight of adult male is 4 kg and female weight is around 3 kg. It can lay around 200 eggs in a year. B. Breeds of Ducks Australop Cock Ducks farming is also being popular in Nepal as a part of poultry farming. Ducks are growing on farm with vegetables, grains, swimming on fresh water pond and moving around open pasture. Different breeds of ducks 144 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Ducks have strong immune system. So, fungal, bacterial and viral attack is low compared to chicken. Some of the popular breeds commonly found in Nepal are Indian runner, Australian spotted, Crested Perkin, Rajhansa, Maskovi, etc. Usually ducks weigh around 2 to 4 kg. They are good for meat and egg production. Activity Write a report on breeds of chickens and ducks found in your locality. Feed Management Poultry feeds are important for their growth and development. Poultry requires varying levels of feeds and nutrients in order to grow and develop properly. The poultry feeds must contain the nutrients like protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, fats and much more. Lack of these nutrients might lead to numerous problems in the health and growth of poultry. The main sources of their feeds are cereals, oil cakes, limestone, dry fish, cereal by-products, etc. The types of feeds for the poultry of different age and type are described below: a) Starter Feed This type of feed is given to the chicks for a period of 6 weeks after hatching. It contains around 20% of protein. It is popularly called as one number feed in Nepal. b) Grower Feed This type of feed is given to the chickens from 6 weeks to 16 weeks of age. It contains around 15% protein. It is commonly known as two number feed in our country. c) Layers and Breeder Feed This type of feed is given to the hens during egg production period. These feed contain about 15% protein and high amount of calcium. They are also called as there number feed. Occupation, Business BOOK 145 6and Technology Education

d) Broiler Feed This type of feed is given for the meat producing broiler chicken. The broiler feed is found in the following three types. They are as follows: i. Starter (Bo): This type of feed is given to the chicks for a period of two weeks of age after hatching. ii. Grower (B1): This type of feed is given to the chicken from 2 weeks to 4 weeks of age. iii. Finisher (B2): This type of feed is given to the chicken from 4 to 6 weeks of age or until marketing. Housing Management for Poultry: The type of housing used for poultry depends on the management system for raising the birds by the poultry keepers. There are mainly three types of poultry housing systems. They are as follows: a) Free-range or Extensive System This is the oldest system of all and has been used for centuries by farmers. It is very common in the village, where there is no shortage of land. In this system, birds are left freely in the open field. The birds can survive by eating herbage, seeds, insects, and other feeds by themselves. The birds can roam freely along the range during the day. There must be overnight shelter for their safety. b) Intensive or Deep Litter System In this housing system, birds are kept indoor and are never allowed outside. This system is appropriate where land is limited and expensive. The materials like straw, saw dust, rice husk, dry leaves are kept on the floor as the litter bedding. The thickness of the bedding must be up to 8 inches. In this system, up to 25 thousand of birds can be raised in a house with proper supervision of few persons. c) Semi-intensive System In this system of housing the birds are kept fenced and are restricted to a yard. At the same time, for night accommodation a shed is built at the edge 146 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

of the enclosure. Feed and water must be managed both inside the house and in the fenced yard. d) Cage or Battery System In this system, each hen is confined to a small cage. It is appropriate for the layers especially in city area where there is limited open land for the poultry keepers. Many small cages can be assembled together. If necessary, it may be prepared in multi-storied also. Activity Visit the poultry farms of your locality. Observe their housing systems and prepare a small report on their types. Common Diseases of Fowls and Ducks i. Newcastle Disease (Ranikhet) It is a viral disease of fowls. It infects all birds of all ages. It is caused by the virus called myxo-virus multiform. Signs and Symptoms Newcastle Disease • Difficulty in breathing • Shaking head • Sneezing • Watery discharge from nose • Retarded growth • Green watery diarrhea • Twisting of neck • Conjunctivitis • Facial swelling • Loss in egg production in egg laying birds Occupation, Business BOOK 147 6and Technology Education

Prevention and Control • Birds should be given vaccine against this disease. • Sanitation needs to be maintained properly. • The infected birds must be separated from the flock. ii. AVIAN Influenza (Bird Flu) It is highly pathogenic viral disease. If the birds are infected by this disease, it becomes the cause of mass killing. It is caused by the virus called Orthomyxo virus. This disease may be transmitted through contaminated crates, shoes, clothes as well as infected carcasses and manure. Signs and Symptoms • Abnormal breathing sound • Swelling of face and wattles • General diarrhoea • Respiratory problem • Dullness Safe disposal of bird flu infected poultry • Loss in egg production among egg laying birds • Blood tinged discharge from the nose Prevention and Control There is no specific treatment of this disease. For prevention of this disease, strict quarantine, sanitation and destruction of all infected flocks, egg and their feeds must be done to stop bird flu outbreak. iii. Fowl Pox (Avian Pox) It is also an infectious viral disease of the poultry. This disease is caused by the virus called Pox virus. It is transmitted by direct contact and mosquito bite. Signs and Symptoms Fowl Pox in Poultry BOOK • Conjunctivitis • Eyelids may stick together 6Occupation, Business 148 and Technology Education

• Wart like lesions appear in hairless parts of the body like combs, wattles and face • Respiratory problem occurs • In laying hens infection results in decline in egg production Prevention and Control • The birds can be prevented from this disease by providing vaccine. • Vaccine should be given against the disease to the birds at the age between 6 to 8 days. • This disease can be controlled by killing mosquitoes. iv. Cocciodiosis It is highly infectious protozoal disease. This disease is caused by the protozoa called Coccioda. Signs and Symptoms Cocciodiosis in Poultry • Loss of appetite • Dropping of feathers and tails • Blood tinged watery stool • Loss of body weight • Decline in egg production in laying hens Prevention and Control • This disease can be treated by the medicine like Tetracycline and antibiotics. • The poultry house must be made hygienic with proper sanitation facilities. v. Pullorum Bacillary White Diarrhea (BWD) It is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria called Salmoriella Pullorum. This disease spread through the egg, from hen to chicks. It can also spread through contaminated incubators, hatchers, chick boxes poultry by-products, etc. Occupation, Business BOOK 149 6and Technology Education

Signs and Symptoms • White diarrhea • Weakness • Loss of appetite • Huddling and droopiness • Dullness and depression • Chalk white faces BWD Infected Poultry • Death of infected chicks begins at 5 to 7 days to age Prevention and Control • This disease can be controlled by testing the birds and eggs and disposing the infected ones. • The medicines like Sulfadiazine, Nitrofuran or antibiotics can be given. Activity Make a list of different diseases observed in your community. Prepare a small report of them by consulting the poultry keepers and discuss in the class. Word meaning Bedding : materials used to provide bed for animals Carcasses : the body of dead animals Distress : suffering or discomfort Drooping : hanging down Herbage : plants of the pasture land Huddling : a closely gathered group or mass Lesion : wound caused by injury Limestone : a mineral consisting calcium carbonate 150 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education