Occupation, Business and Technology Book 6_2077 Edition

Business/Vocational Part Orientation 2 According to the curriculum, there are altogether eleven units in this group. They are: Unit-4 General Vocational Skills (Soft Skills) Unit-5 Business Unit-6 Trade and Marketing Management Unit-7 Vegetable Farming Unit-8 Fruit Farming Unit-9 Dry Fruits, Vegetables and Foodstuff Unit-10 Farming of Flowers and Medicinal Herbs Unit-11 Animal Rearing and Livestock Farming Unit-12 Arts and Crafts Unit-13 Clay Work Unit-14 Sewing Knitting and Fabric Painting Note: Among these eleven units, unit 4, 5 and 6 are compulsory. Moreover, anyBOOK51 four units need to be chosen from unit 7 to 14. Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

UNIT4 General Vocational BOOK Skills (Soft Skills) Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Tell the meaning of general vocational skills or soft skills.  Write the importance of soft skills.  Mention the application of soft skills.  Tell the meaning and importance of communication skill.  Introduce and demonstrate team work skill.  Mention the meaning and demonstrate the importance of interpersonal skill. 52 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

1Lesson Introduction and Importance of Soft Skills Soft skill is simply known as personality trait. It is the combination of basic skills and vocational education. It encompasses social grace, communication, language, personal habits, friendliness and optimism. It is mandatory to keep relationship intact with other people. Indeed, soft skill is a personal quality which is essential to enhance job performance and professional career development. Soft skills include various kinds of skills such as communication skill, leadership skill, negotiation skill, etc. In addition, problem solving skills including team work skill, creativity and flexibility skill and self-management skill also come under the area of soft skill. Similarly, supervisory skill along with counseling, monitoring and creativity skills also can be incorporated in soft skills. These skills really help people to communicate and collaborate efficiently for competitive and productive job performance. A professional giving leadership training to the traineesBOOK53 Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

Hence, the organization should provide on the job training to the employees working there to enhance soft skill. After all, this skill support for the institutional development and success of the organization. Importance of Soft Skill Some of the importance of soft skills are mentioned as follows: • Soft skills promote self-esteem and self- confidence on individuals. • It enables individuals to carry out decision making action effectively. • It provides opportunities for team work. • It helps to create safe and dignified working environment. • It is important to settle down the conflict between employees and management. • It provides room for good working environment. Activity What sorts of soft skills are mandatory for working in an office? Discuss in the class. Word meaning Career : opportunity for progress Collaborate : work jointly Incorporated : included Mandatory : compulsory Vocational : related to occupation 54 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Soft skill employment Entrepreneur business owner Job workers Employees requirement Mandatory personality traits B Answer the following questions. 1. Prepare a list of soft skills. 2. Mention the importance of soft skills. 3. Give a brief introduction to soft skill. 4. Show the relation between soft skill and professional development. 5. What is vocational skill? Explain with examples. Practical Work What sorts of skills are required to be a successful entrepreneur? Discuss with friends and present a small report in class. Occupation, Business BOOK 55 6and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Application of Soft Skill The basic sources of general vocational skills are education and training. It is essential for job and professional training. This skill prepares individuals how to manage themselves while working in an organization or running their own business. The professional skill and strength are salable in the labour market. So, possession of this type of skill helps to get employment opportunity. Soft skill is needed for the transformation of knowledge into skill. With the help of soft skills, it is possible to transfer academic education into practice. Education becomes meaningful only when the acquired A shopkeeper performing his interpersonal skill skills and knowledge can be utilized in a day to day work. Soft skills can be helpful to address the following aspects: • To know about the nature of work, occupation or profession. • What sort of skills to be possessed to get success in a profession. • Where to get these skills from. • How to get these skills. • Relation between profession and skill. • To develop cordial relation with others. 56 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Discuss with friends about the methods of application of soft skill. Word meaning Integration : combination Organization : a business company or government department Training : teaching of particular skill Transformation : change Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Education and training are not considered as the source of vocational skills. 2. Vocational skill helps individuals to manage themselves while working in an organization. 3. Soft skill plays an important role to transfer academic education into skill. 4. Education becomes meaningful when it can be useful in our daily life. 5. Vocational skill can not give idea about the relation between occupation and skill. B Answer the following questions. 1. Give a brief introduction to soft skill. 2. How do you apply your soft skill to be a successful self-employer? 3. Mention the professions which require soft skills? 4. What is vocational skill? 5. Give any four importance of application of vocational skill. Practical Work What sorts of soft skills are required to be a manager of an organization? Prepare a small report through discussion with your teacher. Occupation, Business BOOK 57 6and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Communication Skill Communication is the process of sharing information, idea and feeling from one person to another. Communication skill is also one of the components of soft skill. Communication can be done through different ways like verbal, written, signal, etc. Communication is an important part of work, business and everyday life. The communication also includes non-verbal messages like tone of voice, gesture, body language, facial expression, etc. It helps to develop the capacity of listening to others responsively. Similarly, this skill helps an individual to speak fluently and effectively to others. At the same time, it also helps a An Expert Communicating person to develop negotiation skill in a systematic manner. Communication skills of course help in many ways in our profession, vocation as well as in our day to day activities. Effective communication is important in our everyday life due to the following reasons: • It enables individuals to share feelings and emotions with others. • It helps to improve relationship at home, work place and social setting. • It develops trust between two parties. • It promotes the strength of team work, decision making and problem solving ability. • It helps to minimize the chance of misunderstanding and conflict among family members, friends and organizations. 58 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Why is communication skill essential in a professional life? Discuss with friends and write a small report with the help of your subject teacher. Word meaning Conflict : disagreement or struggle Gesture : movement of part of the body to express something Social setting : in the system of society Verbal : in the form of words Exercise A Fill in the blanks. 1. .......................................is the process of sharing information. 2. Communication skill is the component of........................................ 3. Non-verbal message includes................, ................and body language. 4. Effective communication skill helps to minimize...................................... among family members, friends and organizations. 5. .................................helps to.................................between two parties. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is communication skill? 2. How does interpersonal skill influence the communication skill of an individual? 3. Write any four importance of communication skill. 4. An individual or organization needs communication skill. Why? 5. Compare between verbal and non-verbal communication skill. Practical Work Discuss the different elements of communication process that is given below: a) Sender b) Medium c) Feedback d) Message e) Receiver Occupation, Business BOOK 59 6and Technology Education

Lesson 4 Team Work Skill A team is formed by the unity of individuals. A person alone cannot accomplish the task effectively but a team creates power for doing any kind of work. So, a team is essential to accomplish the work successfully. Team work means working in a group. In team work, the individuals should take share of responsibility. While doing a team work, the feeling and aspiration of all the concerned persons need to be honored. Indeed, the common sense of “we feeling” is developed by following the principle of unity is strength. Hence, all the People working in a team team members should develop the capacity of understanding other’s ideas and working strategies. A team leader should have capacity to mobilize his/her group effectively. Sometimes, there is a chance of misunderstanding while doing work in a group. It must be considered positively and the ability to solve these problems need to be developed accordingly. Indeed, a team work is very essential for any sort of vocational or professional activities and social work as well. Activity Divide the class into different groups with convenient number. Each group will make model of houses with the use of waste materials. Teacher will monitor those group activities. 60 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Accomplish : complete Aspiration : hope or ambition Mobilize : prepare people for service Professional : belonging to a profession Strategies : plans A Match the following: Exercise Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Team share of responsibility Leader capacity to mobilize group Individuals unity is strength Team work group of individuals We feeling working in a group B Answer the following questions. 1. What is team work? 2. What skills are essential in a team work? 3. Mention the roles of members in a team work. 4. What are the responsibilities of a team leader? 5. Write the importance of team work in an organization. Occupation, Business BOOK 61 6and Technology Education

Lesson BOOK 5 Interpersonal Skill Interpersonal skill is the life skill that we use in day to day life to communicate and interact with others. In other words, Interpersonal skill is the ability to deal with other people. It includes the ability of confidence, conflict management, negotiation, decision making and problem solving skills. These skills are highly valued in the work place and organizations. A chef and his team members taking decision before cooking It is an important aspect of social skills. It helps to foster the hidden quality of an individual. A person develops his/her rapport with individuals, groups and organization according to their basic nature. At the same time, it also helps to control and manage the emotional factors such as anger, fear, anxiety, etc. After all, interpersonal skill plays an important role in professional and social life. Activity Divide the class into different groups. Discuss the interpersonal skills that you have observed in each other in the class. Based on the discussion, make a list of interpersonal skills that you have and other five more skills you need to develop. 62 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Word meaning Anxiety : nervousness or uneasiness Foster : promote or develop Interpersonal skill : skill of establishing relation between people Negotiation : agreement Rapport : close and harmonious relationship Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Communication skill is an example of interpersonal skill. 2. Interpersonal skill helps to settle down conflict. 3. Interpersonal skill does not have any role in the control of anxiety. 4. Interpersonal skill is essential for an individual’s socialization. 5. The ability of negotiation is a part of interpersonal skill. B Answer the following questions. 1. What are interpersonal skills? 2. Write any four importance of interpersonal skills. 3. Why does a business person need interpersonal skill to do his/her business? 4. Give any five examples of interpersonal skills. Occupation, Business BOOK 63 6and Technology Education

UNIT5 Business BOOK Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Give introduction of business.  Write the importance of business.  Mention the traditional occupations of Nepal.  Identify small level local business in the community. 64 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

1Lesson Introduction and Importance of Business Any firm, company or organization which invests resources in some economic activities for profit is called business. In broad sense, business consists of individual activities, agricultural activities, service activities, tourism activities and any other kinds of economic activities for profit. Local level small business includes tea shops, retail shops, grocery, cyber cafe, saloon, tailoring, etc. In general five “Ms” (man, money, material, method and management) are essential to run business. These activities are related with production and selling of goods and services for earning and getting profit. Similarly, business is an economic activity which is related to production and distribution of goods and services with the ultimate goal of profit. In other words, trading of goods and delivery of service with the purpose of making profit A modern business complex is called business. It helps in economic progress and provides employment to the people. A good business makes our life easy by supplying goods and services as per our requirement. At the same time, it is considered more important in the present context due to its important role in social and economic development of the nation and in earning foreign currency as well. Activity Divide your class into different groups and visit any two enterprises nearby your locality. Compare those enterprises on the basis of the following criteria and discuss in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 65 6and Technology Education

Criteria: (i) Type of enterprise (ii) Investment level (iii) Volume of goods and services (iv) Customer’s purchasing capacity (v) Profit Word meaning Business : commercial activity Enterprise : a business company Firm : a company or business partnership Invest : put money in financial scheme for profit Micro level : small Purchasing : buying Exercise BOOK A Fill in the blanks. 1. Five “Ms” like man, money.............., ...............are essential for business. 2. Retail shops, saloon and cyber cafe are the................................. 3. Business is done for.............................................. 4. Trading of goods with the................................is called business. 5. Business is........................................activity. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is business? 2. Mention any four importance of business. 3. Give any five example of business enterprises of your locality. 4. Mention any five micro level business activities of your community. 66 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

2Lesson Traditional Business in Nepal (Rupesh studies in grade VI. Gaurav sir teaches Business Occupation and Technology. A short conversation between them) Rupesh: Sir ! I have heard the word business but I really don’t know what does it mean. Now, could you please tell us about traditional business? Gaurav Sir: Good questions Rupesh! Metal Work Listen, your friend Saroj’s father works in the field; Suman’s father makes clay pots; Gita’s uncle mends shoes and Mina’s elder brother makes copper utensils as well. You know? They have been involved in different kinds of business activities since their forefather’s period. Since these occupations have been carried out for long time they are called traditional business. In these occupations, family members get involved themselves and learn to handle such business. New generation also can continue these traditional business. Clay Work Rupesh: Sir! then what is meant by agro-based and non-agro based business? Gaurav Sir: I am happy with your question. A genuine question, Rupesh! Different types of materials and goods are essential for doing Occupation, Business BOOK 67 6and Technology Education

business. For example, leather is essential for shoes, wool for Radi-pakhi, iron ore for Khukuri; maize flour for noodles. The business which is based on the agricultural raw materials is called agro-based business. On the other hand, the business based on the nonagricultural raw materials is called non-agro based business. Rupesh: Sir ! If so, can we say that the occupation in which juice is made from fruits is an agro-based business and the occupation in which a pot is made from copper is a non-agro based occupation? Gaurav Sir: Yes, you are absolutely right! Rupesh: Thank you Sir ! I must leave for the next class. Bye Sir. Gaurav Sir: Bye. Take care. Activity 1. List down the occupations that you have observed in your community and discuss among your friends in the class. 2. Observe a local level business of your locality. Discuss with the entrepreneur and prepare a small group report on the basis of the following aspects : (a) Sources of raw materials. (b) Machineries and equipment used. (c) Description of manufactured goods. (d) Market of those manufactured goods. Word meaning Radi-pakhi : homemade garment made of sheep wool Utensils : tools for household use 68 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Floriculture traditional Saroj’s father potter Agro-based farmer Radi-pakhi flour mill Suman’s father cultivation of flowers. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is meant by traditional occupation? 2. Give a short introduction to agro-based industries. 3. Illustrate non-agro based business with examples. 4. Write the difference between agro-based and non-agro based business. Practical Work Classify the given occupations into the category that are given below: ● Rice mill Non- agricultural Occupation ● Horticulture ● Dairy ● Marble industry ● Floriculture ● Carpentry Agricultural Occupation ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ BOOK 69 Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

3Lesson Introduction of Small Scale Local Business Date: 28 Magh, 2074 Belbari-1, Morang Dear friend Sweta, It has been almost six years we have been migrated here. This year, I am in grade X. You are always in my memory. Now, I am writing a letter to you about my everyday life that I am spending here. This year, we have cultivated seasonal vegetables in 15 Kattha (0.5 hector) land. Here, we get all sorts of technical assistance from the J.T.A. for the management of improved breed of vegetable seeds, bio-pesticides, preparation of compost manure and selection of the vegetable and fruits according to the soil type and season. My parents are solely engaged in farming. We produce various kinds of off-seasoned vegetables and fruits in different seasons throughout the year. In this season, we have cultivated different varieties of vegetables like Cauliflower, cabbage, brinjal, potato, spinach, carrot, onion, radish, Kurilo, Gheu simi, etc. We have also cultivated papaya in one hector land this year. We sell these vegetables and fruits in nearby budhabare bazar by taking marginal profit. It helps to maintain our family expenditure as well as me and my brother’s tuition fee. We can make a small amount of saving also. It has made us economically independent. We have made proper utilization of waste water collected from the kitchen and bathroom at the kitchen garden. We also make compost manure from domestic organic waste materials. We are also planning to cultivate fruits like mango, litchi, pomegranate and banana from next year. How is your poultry and fishery business there? I hope that you are doing good in your study too. Please reply me soon. Thanking you. Your’s loving friend Smita Gurung 70 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Visit an agricultural farm of your community. Examine the advantages of that farm to the farmer and local people and present your report in the class with the help of your subject teacher. Word meaning Compost manure : decayed organic fertilizer J.T.A. : a technical person in agriculture sector Organic : without the use of chemical fertilizer Pesticide : substance for removing insects from the plants Exercise A Fill in the blanks. 1. Smita’s family has cultivated vegetables.....................................land. 2. Farmers get all sorts of technical assistance from................................... 3. ............................does not decrease the productivity and quality of soil. 4. The local market in the village is called............................................... 5. We can make compost manure from.....................................wastage. B Answer the following questions. 1. How do you help your parents at home? 2. Who is J.T.A .? 3. How does J.T.A. help farmers? 4. Why do people do farming? 5. Write any four advantages of vegetable farming and horticulture. Occupation, Business BOOK 71 6and Technology Education

UNIT6 Trade and Marketing BOOK Management Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Write the meaning of trade.  Tell some importance of trade in our society.  Explain the types of trade.  Able to apply marketing skill in their life.  Mention the basic nature and importance of Haat Bazar in local business. 72 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Introduction of Trade We consume different kinds of goods and services in our daily life. But we cannot produce all those things by ourselves. This situation gradually led the society towards trade and commerce. In simple words, the exchange of goods and services in terms of money or equivalent goods or service is called trade. In other words, trade is the transfer of ownership of goods and Local Trade of Goods services from one person to the other by getting something in exchange from the buyer. In ancient times, trade was conducted through bartering of goods. Here, barter system means exchange of goods for goods and exchange of goods for service as well. Trade is important in many aspects. For instance, it provides employment to the people. It promotes local and national economy of the country. Moreover, it supplies essential goods and service to the people. Activity List down the benefits of trade that you have observed in your community and discuss among your friends in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 73 6and Technology Education

Word meanings BOOK Bartering : exchange goods for other goods or services Equivalent : equal in value Ownership : possession of something else Exercise A Write True or False to the following statements: 1. Consumers produce goods for others. 2. Exchange of goods and services in terms of money is called trade. 3. Bartering denotes exchange of goods for goods. 4. Trade provides employment to people. 5. Trade does not play any role for economic development. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is trade? 2. What is barter system? 3. What was the trade system in the ancient times? 4. Write the difference between the trade system now and then. 5. Write some importance of trade. Practical Work Prepare a report by visiting the shops of your locality on the basis of the following points: (a) Investment to run the shop. (b) Volume of sale of the goods. (c) Benefit to the shopkeeper. (d) Benefit to the customers. 74 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Types of Trade On the basis of its nature and scope, trade can be classified into domestic trade and foreign trade. Depending on its nature, domestic trade can further be categorized into wholesale trade and retail trade. Similarly, foreign trade can be divided into export and import trade. A. Domestic Trade Domestic trade is also known as internal or home trade. In this kind of trade, the buying and selling of goods and services take place inside the country where both of the buyers and sellers belong to the same country. For example, the goods produced in Biratnagar sold in different parts of the country is regarded as domestic trade. The domestic trade can further be classified as wholesale trade and retail trade. (i) Wholesale Trade: The wholesale trade refers to buying and selling of goods in large quantity. A wholesaler needs to keep a large stock of goods. So, a huge amount of investment is needed for a wholesale trade. Wholesale Trade (ii) Retail Trade: The retail trade implies to buying and selling of goods in small quantity. A retailer buys goods from the wholesaler and sells them to the customers. The retailer maintains link between wholesaler and consumer. A retailer keeps a wide variety of goods and establishes personal contact with the customers. Occupation, Business BOOK 75 6and Technology Education

B. Foreign Trade Foreign trade is also known as external trade or international trade. The buying and selling of goods and services that takes place between two or more than two countries is regarded as foreign trade. In foreign trade, a business person buys the goods and services from one country and sells to another business person in different countries. For instance, export of orthodox tea, coffee, cardamom and import of machineries, petroleum products, automobiles in our country is considered as foreign trade. The foreign trade further can be classified as export and import trade. (i) Export Trade It is a kind of foreign trade in which goods and services are sold to the foreign countries. For example: Nepal exports orthodox tea, coffee, garments, Pashmina, carpets, handicrafts and herbal products to different countries in the world. (ii) Import Trade It is a type of foreign trade in which goods and services are Handicrafts Export Trade purchased from foreign countries by domestic buyers. For example: Nepal imports petroleum products, dry foods, textile, machineries, automobiles and so on from different countries for domestic consumption. Activity Visit a Haat Bazaar nearby your community. Make an observation of the items sold in the stalls of different shops. Then present your report in the class. 76 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Automobiles : motor cars Categorized : classified Consumer : a person who buys goods and services from the market Consumption : utilization Further : moreover, in addition Stock : supply of goods or materials for sale or use Textile : cloth or woven fabric A Match the following: Exercise Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Domestic trade buying and selling of goods in large quantity. Retail trade selling goods to the consumers. Export trade trade of petroleum in Nepal. Import trade selling of orthodox tea. Wholesaler trade internal trade. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is domestic trade? 2. What is foreign trade? 3. Mention the difference between domestic trade and foreign trade. 4. Discuss the difference between wholesaler and retailer. 5. Explain the types of foreign trade. Occupation, Business BOOK 77 6and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Trader’s Skill The place where buying and selling of goods occurs is called a market. The persons who sells goods to the consumers are called traders. There is a large number of traders selling goods and services of the same kind in the market. But all traders do not become successful. For instance, same A man showing trading skill traders are selling huge volume of goods whereas others are not able to sell even a small quantity of the same goods. The following skills are needed for a successful trader which help to promote his/her trade or business: • A trader should have clear idea on how business works. • He/she has to identify needs of customer. • He/she should have good communication skill. • He/she should know detail information about the products that he/she is selling. • He/she must have ability to demonstrate the goods and services in an attractive way. • He/she must be loyal and honest to the consumers. • He/she must have patience and should be able to manage resources even in difficult time. • He/she should have adequate knowledge about market channels, government’s trade and enterprise rules and policies. 78 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Observe the trading skill of the shopkeepers of the Haat Bazaar of your locality and demonstrate their skills through role play method in the class. Word meaning Customer : a person who buys goods and services from the market Huge : extremely large Policy : a course of action Trading skill : buying and selling skill Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Communication skill is not required to a trader. 2. Market is a place where people buy goods and services. 3. Traders can be successful by ignorance. 4. A trader should be honest and loyal to the consumers. 5. All traders cannot demonstrate the same level of trading skills. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is trade? 2. Who is a trader? 3. What is trading skill? 4. Mention any five basic trading skills. 5. Write some advantages of trading skill. Occupation, Business BOOK 79 6and Technology Education

Lesson BOOK 4 Haat Bazaar There is ‘Mangalbare Bazaar’ nearby Manika’s house. The sellers and buyers come there from the close location. In such Bazaar, the local products like, vegetables, clothes, pulses, utensils, dairy products, fish, sweets, fruits, rice, handicrafts, etc. are put in temporary stalls by the sellers. These local markets are also called Haat Bazaar. Indeed, Haat Bazaar is a temporary market where buyers and sellers meet together to exchange goods or services with money. Haat Bazaar This kind of market is held one or two days a week. In such Bazaar, there is no wholesaler. In a Haat Bazaar, a producer directly brings his/her products and consumer can buy those products directly from the producers. The sellers bring goods by the local means of transport like bicycle, rickshaw, bullock cart in the morning to the Bazaar and in the evening they return to their home after selling those goods. This kind of Haat Bazaar is common and popular in the rural area of our country. 80 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Activity Visit a Haat Bazaar of your community and observe the shopkeepers how do they sell their goods. Then discuss in the class. Word meaning Handicrafts : skill of making decorative objects by hand Stall : a compartment for the sale of goods in the market Wholesaler : a trader who sells goods in large quantity to the shopkeeper Exercise A Fill in the blanks. 1. Haat Bazaar is a.......................................................market. 2. The................................and.....................................are from the close location in the Haat Bazaar. 3. In the Haat Bazaar, there is no.................................................. 4. In Haat Bazaar, ....................................can buy local products directly from the............................................. 5. Haat Bazaar is popular in................................of our country. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is Haat Bazaar? Explain. 2. Write the importance of Haat Bazaar. 3. What items are available in the Haat Bazaar? 4. How do local people get benefit from the Haat Bazaar? Occupation, Business BOOK 81 6and Technology Education

UNIT7 Vegetable BOOK Farming Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Select and prepare a kitchen garden.  Tell the methods to preserve fertility of soil and demonstrate it.  Select the soil and vegetables according to the season.  Become familiar on the methods of irrigation.  Select seeds, prepare nursery bed, and produce seedlings and transplant them.  Introduce compost manure and use it. 82 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Kitchen Garden We need fruits, vegetables and flowers in our daily life. We plant different varieties of vegetables, flowers and fruits in a small area of land near the kitchen of our house. This land is called kitchen garden or Karesa Bari. Fruits, vegetables and flowers according to the seasons are grown there. Such farming done in the Karesa Bari or kitchen garden is called kitchen garden farming. Preparation of kitchen garden Vegetable farming needs fertile soil having water absorbing capacity, enough facility of irrigation and drainage, land free from stone and plastic, etc. Compost manure is appropriate for vegetable farming. Area should be selected according to the types of vegetables. Proper ploughing or spading is Kitchen Garden necessary. The field should be dug about 15-20 cm and well-leveled. Proper amount of decomposed organic manure should be mixed in the soil. Selection of vegetable on the basis of nature of soil and season There are various types of soil like clayey, loamy, sandy, etc. All vegetables do not grow in the same type of soil. Radish, carrot, turnip, onion, potato, garlic, etc grow well in the loamy soil as it has more water absorbing capacity. Water melon grows in sandy soil. Clayey soil is not good for vegetable farming but it can be easily improved by adding organic manure. Sticky soil is better for fruit farming than vegetable farming. After knowing the type of soil of kitchen garden, it is better to select vegetable and grow them according to the season. Occupation, Business BOOK 83 6and Technology Education

Activity What types of vegetables are grown in the kitchen gardens in your community? Discuss and prepare a list of them. Selection of Seeds: We should pay attention in the selection of seeds before we start vegetable farming. Good and healthy seed is necessary to increase the production. Seeds with higher germination rates should be selected for Kitchen Garden farming. The following things should be kept in mind while selecting the seeds: a. Genetically pure b. Free from disease c. Big in size, good luster, homogeneous, and well grown d. At least 90% productive capacity e. Physically pure and free from the attacks of any types of insects f. Having moisture in appropriate level Activity 1. Ask to your guardian and vegetable farmer of your neighborhood about the points to consider while selecting the seeds and make a list of them. 2. Collect the seeds from your home and community and sow the best quality seed in the compound of your school. Preparation of Nursery bed A man preparing nursery bed BOOK Nursery bed is an area of soil 6Occupation, Business prepared for plants or an area where particular plants are grown. and Technology Education Bed is prepared after the field is well plowed for 3-4 times. For the preparation of nursery bed, each plot generally should have at least the size of 15 cm height, 1 m 84

breadth and 6 m length. There must be 30-40 cm gap between the plots. Bed is the land prepared for the farming of vegetable, flowers, fruits, etc. So it should be prepared according to the requirements and availability of land for farming. Stones, plastics and unnecessary weeds should be avoided and required amount of compost manure should be mixed in the bed. Care of Seedling A young developing plant that has grown from a seed must be well taken cared. Seeds are sown or seedlings are transplanted in the well prepared bed. Seed sowing or seedlings transplantation should be done in line maintaining 8-10 cm distance and 1-2 cm depth. Moisture level should be maintained in the bed. Seedlings should be kept safe from over irrigation, excess sun light, heavy rainfall, frost or hailstone. It should be protected from weeds, insects, diseases, etc. Irrigation method in the bed and seedlings It is necessary to irrigate the beds slightly in the evening after seed sowing. Depending on the composition and type of soil and weather, bed should be irrigated slightly from all sides with the help of a watering can or other sprinkle method. It is better to irrigate the bed 6-12 hours before uprooting the seedlings. Activity Prepare an irrigation schedule for the bed and seedlings. Irrigate according to the schedule. Make a list of points that should be kept in mind while irrigating the bed. Compost manure Compost manure is prepared by decaying plant materials like crop stubbles, dried leaves, straw, litter of animals, kitchen wastage along with cow dung and urine. Compost is a well-decomposed form of plant material which is very important for plants. It provides the necessary nutrition to the plant. It preserves the purity of the soil. Compost fertilizer can be prepared within short period of time. It is better than chemical fertilizer for plants. Occupation, Business BOOK 85 6and Technology Education

Compost manure can be prepared in the following ways: Pilling method In this method compost is prepared without digging a pit but composting materials are put in a pile layer by layer in the open field. When the pile becomes a height of about 1.5m, the top should be smeared with mud and cow dung which needs turning over after a month. After some period, it will be ready for use. This Compost preparation from pilling method method is common and suitable in the hilly and mountain region of Nepal. Pit method In this method, the materials to be used for compost manure are cut into small pieces and kept in a compost pit. Small pieces get decomposed faster and easily. It is better if these materials are used as the bed for animals for some days and then kept into the pit. The top part of the composting materials should Compost preparation from pit method be plastered by cow dung and mud and left it be for about a month. Turning over should be done each month. From this method, compost manure is prepared within 2.5-4 months. Compost manure should not be kept in the sunlight. It should be taken out from the pit only when it is the time to use it in the field. Pit method is better than pilling method for the preparation of compost because it is easier for preparation, better from sanitation point of view and nutrients can be preserved in this method. Activity 1. You have seen the preparation of compost manure. How is the compost manure prepared in your locality? Search the tools, materials and methods to prepare compost and show to your teacher. 2. Mix compost manure with the soil to increase fertility of soil and show to your teacher. 86 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Absorbing : soaking up a liquid or take in nutrients of chemicals gradually Compost : decayed plant matter Decomposed : fully decayed Drainage : a system of pipes or channels that carries water or sewage away from a place Genetically : naturally Homogeneous : similar in nature Luster : a bright and shiny condition Manure : fertilizer made from dung Nursery : a place where plants are grown commercially Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Karesa bari in nursery bed Compost manure provides sticky soil Fruit farming is better in good production Healthy seed gives a nutrition to the plants Slight irrigation in necessary kitchen garden B Answer the following questions. 1. Write the importance of Kitchen garden. 2. How is the bed prepared in Kitchen garden? Explain. 3. List the vegetables grown in the kitchen garden. 4. How is the compost manure prepared in Pit method? Practical Work 1. Prepare a nursery bed in the school premises and sow seeds of any one seasonal vegetable. 2. Observe the use of fertilizer and irrigation technique in your kitchen garden and write a description in your exercise book. BOOK 87 Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

UNIT8 Fruit BOOK Farming Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Identify the fruit farming at local level.  Present the information of seasonal fruit farming.  Find out the diseases and insects that harms fruit farming.  Take care of the plants and seedlings of fruits. 88 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Lesson 1 An Introduction of Fruit Farming at Local Level Fruit farming is common and done almost everywhere in Nepal. Various types of fruits according to the soil, weather, temperature, humidity and geographical structure are cultivated here. Apple, apricot, walnut, etc are cultivated in the high Himalayan region. Banana, grapes, mango, jackfruit, etc are produced in the Terai region whereas orange, pummelo, pear, guava, plum, peach, persimmon, etc are produced in the valleys and hilly region. Appropriate temperature, moisture, environment, climate and rainfall play very important role in fruit farming. Activity List the various types of fruits produced in your locality. Fruit farming at local level Different types of fruits are cultivated in various parts of Nepal. Some of the major fruits are: a) Apple: Apple is the most popular fruit in the world. It is highly nutritious and delicious. Apple farming is done in the districts like Solukhumbu, Sindhupalchowk, Rasuwa, Manang, Rukum, Jajarkot, Humla, Baitadi, Darchula, etc of Nepal. It has been produced commercially in Jumla, Apple Farm Mustang and Dolpa districts. Different varieties of apple are farmed basically in 1200-3800 meter height above sea level where the climate is cold and snowfall is common in northern parts of Nepal. Commercially important varieties of apple that are grown in Nepal are: Golden Delicious, Cox’s Orange, Jonathan, Anna Tropical Beauty, Red Royal, etc. Occupation, Business BOOK 89 6and Technology Education

b) Pear: There has been pear farming in Pear Farm Nepal since ancient period. It can be cultivated commercially at an altitude of 1200-2200 meter above sea level. It needs deep loamy soil having enough water and nutrient holding capacity. Hilly region is suitable for its farming. Popular varieties of pear are: Pharping’s Local, Bartlett, Beurre Hardy, etc. c) Orange: It is cultivated at an altitude Orange Farm of 800-1400 meter above sea level and 5-35 degree Celsius of temperature. It is a sub-tropical fruit. An area with enough fertility and well drained sandy loam soil is better for its farming. The popular varieties of orange being cultivated in Nepal are: Dhankuta’s local, Pokhara’s local, Nagpuri, Satsuma, Markat, etc. d) Mango: Mango is one of the major tropical fruits found in Nepal. It can be cultivated at a height of 700 meter above sea level in well drained loam to sandy loam soil. It needs 20-30 degree Celsius temperature and 160- 250 cm rainfall. Varieties of mangoes are produced in the Terai region from east to west of Nepal. They can be used to make pickle, juice, jam, marmalade, squash, etc. The popular varieties of mangoes being farmed in Nepal are: Mango Farm Deshehari, Bombay Green, Maldah, Mallika, Neelam, Calcutta, Supari, Chausa, Gopal bhog, etc. e) Banana: It is one of the traditional fruits Banana Farm of Nepal which can be grown up to 1000 meter above sea level. Some improved varieties of bananas are found in Nepal like Jhapali Malbhog, William hybrid, 90 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Harichhal, Basaral, Chinichampa, Robusta, etc. Mungre, Nangre, Ratuwal, etc are local varieties of banana. It can be used for vegetable and pickle also. At present there is commercial farming of banana in the Terai region of Nepal. f) Guava: It is also known as apple of poor people. It is grown in the hills, terai and inner terai of Nepal. It has been produced commercially in the districts like Sankhuwasabha, Kavre, Dhading, Bara, Chitwan, Tanahun, Nawalparasi, Rupandehi, Dang, Kanchanpur, etc. It is farmed in 1500 meter above sea level Guava Farm and loamy soil rich in fertility and water holding capacity. The popular varieties of guava are: Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow-49, Chinese Guava, Banarasi, etc. Word meaning Commercially : from a profit-making point of view Humidity : the amount of moisture in the air Marmalade : citrus fruit jelly Moisture : wetness Tropical : very hot and often combined with a high degree of humidity Exercise A Answer the following questions. 1. Make a list of fruits cultivated in your locality? 2. Make a table as given below in your copy and write the name of fruits and months of bearing fruits by taking help from your seniors. Name of fruit Month 3. Identify the improved or local varieties of fruits produced in your community and show to your teacher. Improved variety of fruit Local variety of fruit Occupation, Business BOOK 91 6and Technology Education

2Lesson Identification of BOOK Fruits According to Climate Fruit farming should be done according to the climate so that the farmers can make profit and uplift their life standard. Some fruits need hot climate whereas some fruits grow, develop and yield well in the cold climate. Fruits are classified according to the climate in the following ways: a) Tropical fruits: Nepal’s Terai and Chure Bhawar region experience hot and humid climatic condition. This region receives 1200-2000 mm rainfall and 40-42 degree Celsius temperature in summer season. Mango, banana, guava, jackfruit, litchi, papaya, coconut, etc are successfully cultivated in this region up to an altitude of 500m above sea level. b) Sub-tropical fruits: This type of climate is found in the mid hill and its lower part at an altitude of 700-1300m above sea level. This region experiences 1500-2000mm average annual rainfall, warm summer and about 35 degree Celsius summer temperature. Citrus fruits like lime, lemon, orange, citron, pomelo, grape, etc and other fruits like pineapple, guava, banana, papaya, pomegranate, mulberry, avocado, etc are cultivated in the districts and places like Dhankuta, Chitlang, Ramechhap, Sindhuli, Gorakha, Pokhara, Parbat, Gulmi, Baglung, Surkhet, Doti and Dailekh where this type of climate is found. c) Temperate fruits: Northern Himalayan region of Nepal above 1600-3000m above sea level experience this type of climate. Apple, pear, peach, walnut, almond, etc are produced in the places like Jiri, Jumla, Humla, Daman, Rasuwa, Manang, Mustang, Dolpa, etc where temperate climate is found. Care of fruit seedlings The seedlings of fruits should be cared well. The following are the points to keep in the mind while caring for the fruit seedlings: • Seedlings should be protected from the adverse effects of climate. 92 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

• Seeds should be sown in the bed or pot to produce seedlings in the nursery and from botanic method. • Young seedlings should be irrigated carefully. • It should be protected from frosts, cold, weeds, insects, diseases and other enemies of plants. • Daily care should be done to protect seedlings from humans and other animals. Care of fruit plants • Provision of good irrigation system. • Proper use of fertilizer. • Cleaning, digging and clearing the weeds regularly. Identification of diseases and insects that attack fruits and their traditional prevention Fruit farmers are not able to take appropriate benefits from their fruit gardens in our country. Its main cause is the attack of destructive insects and diseases which are not identified and prevented in time. The production may be doubled if these diseases and insects are timely identified and prevented. The following measures should be considered to prevent the spread of insects and diseases in the fruit gardens: • Lessen the source of destructive disease and insects. • Plough, clean and care of the fruit gardens. • Destroy the parts of plants with disease and worms. • Clear the possible sources of disease and insects. Harmful insects cause damage to the fruits’ plants in the following ways a) Chewing: Caterpillars, snails (Khumre), etc chew the soft parts of plants like leaves, flowers, fruits and suck cell saps from the plants. b) Laying eggs: Insects prevent the growth of plants by laying eggs in the leaves and young shoots of plants. Occupation, Business BOOK 93 6and Technology Education

c) Piercing in stems and branches: Many insects pierce in the stem or BOOK branch of the fruits’ plants that helps the disease to spread through it and ultimately plants start to wither. d) Spread disease: Usually the insects transfer diseases from one plant to another. Aphid transfer viruses from plant to plant as they feed on them. Mites also suck the liquid from the leaves of plants and damage them. e) Nematode: It attacks roots and lower parts of the plant. It is micro-organism which is also known as plant worm. Diseases a) Mildew: It damages the plants and also causes various other diseases in the plants. b) Bacteria: It attacks in the various strands of fruit plants and causes the diseases like cankers, clitella, etc. Virus: It affects the production of the plants but may not kill the plant. Traditional preventive methods a) Field sanitation: It is very essential to keep the fruit garden clean for preventing the attack of insects and worms. The following measures can be applied for it: a. Avoid the weeds. b. Destroy the infected plants or parts of plants. c. Plow the garden. b) Crop rotation: It is a practical method to control the insects/worms which attack the same crop and can’t go far away. While making cropping schedule, the successive crop which can’t be attacked by the insects should be selected. c) Use of healthy planting materials: The seeds to be sown in the nursery should be free from the disease or insects. The seedlings also should be virus free to prevent the spread of virus. 94 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

d) Changing the time of sowing or planting: Some kinds of diseases and insects attack the plants only in the certain period. They grow only in the suitable environment. Outburst of the diseases and insects can be controlled to some extend by changing the time of sowing or planting. e) Using resistant varieties: Among the different varieties of the fruits, some are local and some are improved varieties. If the improved and resistant varieties of fruits are selected, a successful fruit farming can be done. f) Treatment of soil: Enemies of plants can be controlled by using various chemicals like insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides, etc before sowing or planting. Locally available materials like ash, dust of Neem’s leaf, mug-wort (Titepatee), cow’s urine, etc can also be used in the field to control the insects. g) Fencing around the stem: Fencing around the stem with wire, net or clothe can save the plants from rats, mice, rabbits, etc. If these rodents prick or scratch the stem of the plant, the disease and insect spread through there and plant may die. h) Removing infected part of plant: Infected part of the plant should be destroyed to control the attack of diseases. The bacteria like canker can be controlled by removing the whole infected part of the plant. i) Biological control: By identifying and introducing the natural enemies, we can control weeds, insects and disease. For example: birds eat worms, lady-birds control aphids, cats controls rodents and so on. j) Use of Pheromone: Male insects can be made infertile by using pheromone which can control their reproduction. Activity 1. Make a list of insect pests that damage the fruit plants. Discuss how they harm the fruit plants. 2. Collect the name of the diseases that infect the fruits by consulting with a fruit farmer of your locality and discuss in your class. Occupation, Business BOOK 95 6and Technology Education

Word meaning Adverse : creating unfavorable results Aphid : insect that feeds on plants Canker : a disease that creates open wounds on the trunks and branches of woody plant Destructive : causing or capable of causing destruction Frosts : frozen water Mildew : gray or white fungus that grows on walls, paper, leather, etc. Nematode : a tiny worm with a cylindrical body Pierce : to make a hole through something Sowing : planting seed Exercise BOOK A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 1. Guava is known as apple of poor people. 2. Apple is produced in the Terai region of Nepal. 3. Orange is sub-tropical fruit. 4. Biological control method is not appropriate to control weeds, insects and diseases. 5. Locally available materials like ash, cow’s urine, Titepatee, etc can also be used in the field to control the insects. B Answer the following questions. 1. Describe any two fruits produced in your locality. 2. Why plants need to be cared? How would you do it? 3. How do the insects harm the fruit plants? 4. Why is the hilly region of Nepal called the region of citrus fruits? Give reasons. Practical Work Prepare a list of any 10 fruits farmed in your locality and collect their leaves. 96 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

UNIT9 Dry Vegetables, Fruits and Foodstuffs Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Identify the methods of drying vegetables and fruits.  Introduce the tools required to cut vegetables and fruits and use them safely.  Prepare dry fruits and vegetables and store them in a safe storage.  Make slices or Sukuti of fruits and vegetables.  Identify the foodstuffs produced and processed at local level.  List out the tools and materials required to produce and process the foodstuffs.  Describe the methods of production, processing and storage of Gundruk, turmeric, Sutho, Maseura and Titaura.  Manage the market for produced items. Occupation, Business BOOK 97 6and Technology Education

Lesson BOOK 1 Process of Preparing Dry Fruits and Vegetables Nepal is a country of geographical diversity. Various types of fruits and vegetables are produced here all the year round. Due to the insufficient facility of transportation system, it is difficult to distribute the fruits and vegetables at all the different parts of the country on time. It is not possible to keep these products fresh for a long time. They have to be preserved using local technique as there is lack of big cold stores to save them for long period of time. Fruits and vegetables are produced in a certain season but used throughout the year. Therefore, if we can keep these products for off season and supply them during its off season, we can earn huge profit from them. We can also prepare dry fruits and vegetables from various processes. Some common processes of making dry fruits and vegetables are: a. Blanching and canning b. Simple drying c. Making slices and Bhujiya d. Local process a. Blanching and Canning: Vegetables like potatoes, cauliflowers, etc are cut into small pieces and blanched with edible soda for 8-10 minutes. They are to be dried in sunlight properly and kept into the can. These can be used whenever we need. b. Simple Drying: The vegetables and fruits are cleaned and cut into pieces. They are dried in the sunlight for 3-4 days and kept for future use. This method of food processing is suitable for vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, radish, tomatoes, mushroom, beans, broccoli, bitter gourd, etc and fruits like apple, jack-fruit, mango, guava, pear, peach, etc. c. Making Slices and Bhujiya: We can prepare slices or Bhujiya from radish, Iskus, potato, gourd, raw banana, etc. They should be cut into tiny 98 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

pieces and dried in the sunlight for 3-4 days which can be kept for future use. Fruits also can be preserved in this method. If they are kept in an air- tight container, it can not only be used for eating but also for commercial purpose. d. Local Process: There has been a tradition in our communities to preserve the fruits and vegetables for long term use using local technique. Maize, garlic, onion, etc are usually hanged from the rope. Ginger is preserved in a pit. Similarly Iskus, cabbage, orange, apple, etc are also kept in a pit with the straw covering. Activity 1. What methods are used to prepare dry fruits and vegetables in your community? Ask with your guardian and write. 2. If there is any other method than mentioned above to preserve dry fruits and vegetables in your community, discuss about it in your class. Methods of preparing some dry vegetables Dry Vegetables When the vegetables and fruits are produced in large amount, the dry fruits and vegetables are prepared for the use in off seasons. Dry vegetables are prepared from tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, carrot, beans. These vegetables should be fresh and healthy. The place where they are dried should also be clean. The cutting tools are to be used cautiously. Vegetable leaf, radish, carrot, etc should be cut into small pieces and dried on mat or a winnowing tray. When they get dry, we should keep them in a dry and clean air-tight box. Activity List the vegetables that can be dried in your home for future use? What are to be done to prepare them? Make a list consulting with your family members. Occupation, Business BOOK 99 6and Technology Education

Methods of preparing slice or Bhujiya of vegetables Radish, cauliflower, gourd, etc are sliced and dried to be used during the shortage of fresh vegetables or to make pickles. There is a tradition of slicing the vegetable during its season, drying it and then keeping them for off season. Vegetables should be clean, fresh and healthy for this purpose. It is necessary to care, repair and keep the cutting tools Preparation of slice from radish in a proper place. Cutting tools and place to dry should be clean and healthy. The box for storage should be dry and clean as well. Activity Which vegetables are used to prepare slices (Chaana) at home? How are they made? Ask with your family members and prepare a list. Methods of preparing potato chips Potato Chips BOOK We all have eaten potato chips that are easily available in the market. Potato chips can be 6Occupation, Business prepared in potato growing season for snacks, light meal, etc. It is easier to prepare snacks from it and Technology Education and can give a good economic return if produced in large amount and supplied to the market. Required materials 1. 2 kg of medium sized (oval shaped) potatoes 2. Knife and chopping board 3. Two spoonful salt Procedure • Peel the potatoes and clean with water. • Cut potatoes with knife making thin slices. 100