Occupation, Business and Technology Book 6_2077 Edition

Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal ORceacudpmaotrieon, Business and Technology Education 6Grade Authors Ram Kumar Rai Matrika Pd. Lamsal

Published by: TU Road, Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 4672071, 5187211 Fax: 00977-1-4672073 E-mail: [email protected] www.readmorenp.com  Copyright, Publisher 2074 BS : 2072 BS First Edition Re-print : 2074 BS Revised and Updated Edition : 2075 BS Re-print : 2076 BS Re-print : 2077 BS Readmore welcomes any suggestions regarding the textbook. Layout: Readmore Desktop Printed in Nepal You can exchange this book from your nearest book shop if any binding errors are found. Read to help others read! We are pleased to inform that a certain amount from each book is allocated to the Readmore Charity Fund. The fund is provided to deserving and needy students all over Nepal. The charity always welcomes co-operation and support from all well wishers and agencies.

Preface This text book (Occupation, Business and Technology Education) has been written according to the curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Center (CDC), The Government of Nepal and covers all the contents of the syllabus. Every possible efforts have been provided to make the subject matter easy, clear and systematic for the grade VI students. We hope that this book meets the objective set forth by the CDC and fulfills the requirement of the students of Grade 6. This book has been written as far as possible in simple language. We believe that illustration with pictures will make the text more readable and adds to its utility. Activities and practical works in each lesson will help the students foster their inherent strength and aware them of diverse fields of work and occupations. Salient Features of this book: • The entire curriculum has been divided into 16 units. • Every lesson has been supplemented with suitable pictures and illustrations. • Evaluation exercises are presented in various ways such as class room activities and exercise including subjective and objective questions, project work, report writing and presentation. • The meaning of difficult words are given at the end of every lesson for the convenience of the students. We wish to express our sincere regards to the Readmore Publishers and Distributors for providing all possible help and support to produce this book. Last but not least, we are highly indebted with the great contribution and support provided by the layout designers Sameer Shakya and Sunil Maharjan, without their skillful hand this book would not have been produced in this standard. We also apologize for any error or discrepancy despite the sincere effort to make this book credible as possible. We humbly request all the colleagues, students, subject teachers and well wishers to provide their valuable feedback and suggestions. Authors

Contents PART - I Occupation/Professional Education 7-50 Unit - 1 Professional Education 8-26 Lesson : 1 Introduction and Importance of Profession ....................... 9 Lesson : 2 Traditional Profession in Nepal ............................................ 11 Lesson : 3 Local Vocational Professions ............................................. 13 Lesson : 4 Teaching Profession ............................................................. 15 Lesson : 5 Agriculture Related Profession ............................................ 17 Lesson : 6 Trade Related Profession ...................................................... 19 Lesson : 7 Construction Related Profession ......................................... 21 Lesson : 8 Public Service Related Profession ...................................... 23 Lesson : 9 Sewing and Knitting ............................................................... 25 Unit - 2 Employment, Training and Education 27-45 Lesson : 1 An Introduction of Employment and Its Importance ........ 28 Lesson : 2 Relationship between Employment and Education ......... 31 Lesson : 3 Relationship between Employment and Training ............. 33 Lesson : 4 An Introduction of Vocational Training Institutions and their Programmes ......................................................... 36 Lesson : 5 Technical Schools Under the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry .............................. 38 Lesson : 6 Skill Development Training Center ...................................... 40 Lesson : 7 Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee .... 43 Unit - 3 Information Related to Employment 46-50 Lesson : 1 The Sources of Information Related to Local Employment ................................................................ 47

PART - II Business/Vocational Orientation 51-210 Unit - 4 General Vocational Skills (Soft Skills) 52-63 Lesson : 1 Introduction and Importance of Soft Skills ......................... 53 Lesson : 2 Application of Soft Skill ........................................................ 56 Lesson : 3 Communication Skill ............................................................. 58 Lesson : 4 Team Work Skill ..................................................................... 60 Lesson : 5 Interpersonal Skill .................................................................. 62 Unit - 5 Business 64-71 Lesson : 1 Introduction and Importance of Business .......................... 65 Lesson : 2 Traditional Business in Nepal............................................... 67 Lesson : 3 Introduction of Small Scale Local Business ....................... 70 Unit - 6 Trade and Marketing Management 72-81 Lesson : 1 Introduction of Trade ............................................................. 73 Lesson : 2 Types of Trade ....................................................................... 75 Lesson : 3 Trader’s Skill .......................................................................... 78 Lesson : 4 Haat Bazaar ........................................................................... 80 Unit - 7 Vegetable Farming 82-87 Lesson : 1 Kitchen Garden ...................................................................... 83 Unit - 8 Fruit Farming 88-96 Lesson : 1 An Introduction of Fruit Farming at Local Level ................ 89 Lesson : 2 Identification of Fruits According to Climate ...................... 92 Unit - 9 Dry Fruits, Vegetables and Foodstuff 97-107 Lesson : 1 Process of Preparing Dry Fruits and Vegetables .............. 98 Lesson : 2 Methods of Making Some Food Items .............................. 103 Unit - 10 Farming of Flowers and Medicinal Herbs 108-120 Lesson : 1 An Introduction of Floriculture ........................................... 109 Lesson : 2 An Introduction of Medicinal Plants (Herbs) and their Importance ........................................................................... 114

Unit - 11 Animal Rearing and Livestock Farming 121-175 Lesson : 1 Introduction of Animal Rearing ........................................... 122 Lesson : 2 Cow and Buffalo Rearing .................................................... 133 Lesson : 3 Poultry Farming .................................................................... 143 Lesson : 4 Pig Farming ........................................................................... 152 Lesson : 5 Fish Farming ......................................................................... 162 Lesson : 6 Bee Keeping .......................................................................... 170 Unit - 12 Arts and Crafts 176-191 Lesson : 1 Introduction of Paper and its Importance ........................ 177 Lesson : 2 Origami and Kirigami .......................................................... 182 Lesson : 3 Making Things from Cane, Bamboo, Straw and Babiyo ... 186 Lesson : 4 Making Items from Waste Products ................................. 190 Unit - 13 Clay Work 192-199 Lesson : 1 Introduction and Things Made from Clay Work .............. 193 Unit - 14 Sewing Knitting and Fabric Painting 200-210 Lesson : 1 Sewing and Knitting ............................................................ 201 Lesson : 2 Fabric Painting ..................................................................... 207 PART - III Technology 211-238 Unit - 15 Local Technology 212-220 Lesson : 1 Our Local Technologies ....................................................... 213 Lesson : 2 Common Tools used at Local Level ................................... 217 Unit - 16 Modern Technology 221-238 Lesson : 1 Introduction and Importance of Modern Technology..... 222 Lesson : 2 An Introduction to Information Technology and its Importance ...................................................................... 229 Lesson : 3 Computer as a Source of Information .............................. 232 Lesson : 4 An Introduction to Alternative Energy and its Importance .. 235 Specification Grid ................................................................................. 239 A Set of Model Question ...................................................................... 240

Part Occupation/Professional 1Education According to the curriculum, there are altogether three units in this group. They are: Unit-1 Professional Education Unit-2 Employment, Training and Education Unit-3 Information Related to Employment Note: All three units from this group are compulsory.BOOK7 Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

UNIT1 Professional BOOK Education Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Introduce profession.  Tell the importance of profession.  Identify and become familiar on the agricultural and non-agricultural traditional vocational professions.  Become familiar on the local level vocational occupation and explain them. 8 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

1Lesson Introduction and Importance of Profession In our society, we can see the people engaged in different kinds of occupations. For example: farming, manufacturing, medical, construction, teaching, trade, etc. The occupations which people follow in order to earn money or payment for their living are called professions. People gain required skills, knowledge, qualifications and efficiency for their profession from training, study or experience. When an individual gets involved in any profession or occupation, s/he utilizes the potentiality and gains further experience and competence. We fulfill our needs by the goods and services produced by different profession or occupation. People involved in agriculture produce fruits, vegetables, crops, etc. These things satisfy our hunger and we remain healthy. People involved in tailoring profession protect us from cold and hot by making clothes to cover our body. Cobblers help us by making, A Farmer Ploughing mending our shoes, belts, bags, etc. People involve in transportation profession help us to travel from one place to another. Similarly health workers, doctors, nurses, etc cure the patients and provide various health services. Some professions are adopted for the benefits of the people, society or community. These professions can be handful to earn for a living. There are various other professions which help and benefit the individual and society such as; driver, pilot, engineer, teacher, banker, etc. BOOK Activity 9 1. Discuss about the professions followed by your family members? 2. Prepare a list of professions that are followed by the people in your community? Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

Word meaning Adopt : choose to take up or follow Construction : the process of building something Manufacture : production of something Occupation : the job by which somebody earns a living Practitioner : somebody who practices profession especially medicine Satiate : satisfy desire Exercise A Fill in the blanks with the given clues. occupations, money, potentiality, transportation, adopted 1. Many people living in the society hold different kinds of.......................... ............. 2. Some professions are......................................for the benefits of the people, society or community. 3. People get......................................for their living from occupation. 4. S/he utilizes the...............................and gains further experiences from occupation. 5. People involved in..............................profession help us to travel. B Answer the following questions. 1. Write the meaning of profession with examples. 2. Why is profession important? Write any three points. 3. Which profession have you planned to do in future? 4. The people of your community may have adopted various professions. Research and fill the following table. S. No. Professions Beneficiaries Types of benefit 1 2 3 10 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Traditional Professions of Nepal People follow different profession for various reasons such as; to earn, to serve, for passion, etc. The professions being followed in our locality/community since a very long period are called traditional professions. There are various professions prevalent in the different parts of our country. Such professions require various skills, knowledge and technology. Animal husbandry, pottery, farming by applying local methods, weaving basket from bamboo flakes, making sickles and spades, tailoring, wood carving, shoe making, carpentry and knitting are some examples of traditional professions in Nepal. Activity What traditional professions are followed in your community? Discuss and make a list of them. Types of Traditional Profession Traditional professions are categorized into two types. They are: Agriculture based professions and Non-agriculture based professions. a. Agriculture Based Professions Animal Husbandry The professions related to agriculture are called Pottery agriculture based professions. For example: fishery, bee keeping, horticulture, hatchery,BOOK 11 animal husbandry, rice making, beaten rice producing, Gundruk making, etc. These professions are operated differently in different places. b. Non-agriculture Based Professions The professions which are not related to agriculture are known as non-agriculture based professions. The professions beyond agriculture are based on teaching, civil service, banking, co- Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

cooperative, etc. For example: pottery, building constructions, carpentry, cloth knitting, weaving baskets with bamboo flakes, etc come under non- agriculture based profession. Activity 1. What materials are used in your home based on agriculture? Discuss. 2. What types of non-agricultural based professions do the people of your community embrace? Discuss. Word meaning Animal husbandry : care of farm animals Prevalent : found frequently Sickle : tool for cutting grass Spade : digging tool Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘B’ Column ‘A’ traditional professions bee keeping, fishery, horticulture Agriculture based professions pottery, banking, carpentry Non-agriculture based professions into two types Traditional profession is categorized Tailoring, shoe making, etc are B Answer the following questions. 1. What is traditional profession? 2. Into how many types the traditional profession is categorized? Discuss them in short. 3. Make a list of any five each of agriculture based and non-agriculture based professions. 12 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 3 Local Vocational Professions The activities done for earning livelihood are called vocation. The specific job done on the basis of qualification and capacity is called vocational profession. Agricultural profession, industrial profession, tourism profession, trade, etc are some examples of vocational profession. Local, national or international trade, industrial operation or some other services are provided in these vocations. Normally people have a desire or want to work according to their knowledge, skill, experience and capital. Such desire and wants lead them to adopt a certain vocation. Local vocational professions can be run with less investment and using locally available labour and technology. These professions can be based on agriculture or non-agriculture. An individual earns income from such vocational professions. Vocations create employment opportunity using the skill of local people and technology. Weaving baskets with bamboo flakes, carpet, mat and sack making from jute, etc are some local vocations. Activity Read the given paragraph and answer the following questions. Kamala had studied up to class 10. She discontinued her studies because of poverty. She wanted to get involved in a vocation but she didn’t have any specific skills. She was worried and she didn’t know what to do. One day she saw a notice in the newspaper about free incense stick making training. She Incense Sticks Making joined the training and after the completion of her training, she started the vocation of producing incense stick. She earned profit. Her incense stick were demanded even in other villages. Occupation, Business BOOK 13 6and Technology Education

Now she supports and helps other people who are willing to take training and BOOK be vocational like her. She has provided job to others. She has made her life vocational. Nowadays she helps other people to realize that no job is bigger or smaller. Success can be gained in any vocation through handwork, interest and dedication. 1. Mention the reasons behind Kamala’s success in her vocation? Discuss and write. 2. Make a list of people in your community who are involved in vocations similar to Kamala. Word meaning Employment : working for pay Experience : involvement in something over time Investment : use of money for future profit Technology : application of tools and methods Vocation : somebody’s job Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Activities done for earning a living are called vocation. 2. Vocations create unemployment. 3. Agricultural profession is an example of vocational profession. 4. Local vocational professions need more investment. 5. An individual earns income from vocational professions. B Answer the following questions. 1. What are the local vocational professions practiced in your community. Making a list of them. 2. Write the importance of local vocational professions. 14 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Lesson 4 Teaching Profession You must have seen many people in your society holding different profession. You have seen your teachers teaching in school. Such teaching activity is called teaching profession. A capable, productive and innovative human power is produced by the teaching profession. There are many schools of different levels in our country. Child Development Centers are opened to teach the kids in first level. In these centers, the assistant teachers teach the children of 3-4 years of age. The classes from 1 to 12 are run in the school. Bachelors and Masters level classes are run in the college and university education. The teachers with academic qualification of at least Bachelors Degree, Masters Degree, M. Phill and Ph. D. or equivalent are there to teach in different levels in school and university. The teachers who teach in child development centers are called assistant teachers, who teach in schools are called teachers and who teach in universities are called professors. They teach about discipline and knowledge to the students. The Education that is imparted in the school, college or Teaching Profession university is called formal education. In addition to the formal education, there is a provision of informal education as well. The informal education programme is conducted to teach reading and writing for those who are deprived of getting the opportunity of formal education. Literacy classes are operated to impart informal education. Assistant workers support the learners to read and write in these classes. In such classes, adult literacy class, alternative school, open school, housewife educations, etc are arranged. Specific academic qualification is required to be involved in teaching profession. Occupation, Business BOOK 15 6and Technology Education

Activity Discuss with your teacher about the required qualification for the teaching profession and prepare a report. Word meaning Assistant : helper Imparted : to give, share or convey something like knowledge Informal : unofficial Innovative : new and creative Productive : producing much Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Teaching activity is called teaching profession. 2. In colleges and universities, there is a teaching of Bachelor and Master level. 3. The teachers who teach in child development centers are called professors. 4. Specific academic qualification is not required to be involved in teaching profession. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is teaching profession? 2. Why is the informal education programme conducted? 16 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 5 Agriculture Related Profession Majority of Nepalese people depend on agriculture. Agriculture is the main source of income of Nepal. Therefore, agricultural profession is the main basis of economic development of Nepal. Agricultural profession has been adopted in Nepal since ancient period as a traditional occupation. Nowadays agriculture has been modernized Tomato Farming in order to increase the production. In the agriculture related profession, the farmers, senior farmers, technicians like J.T.A, J.T and other experts are involved. The agriculture sector has also become well established occupation in Nepal. Mushroom farming, fruit farming, vegetable farming, poultry farming, pig farming, fishery, etc are Poultry Farming professionally adopted occupations. This field creates scope for other various works. Dairy business from the cows and buffalo farming, production of beaten rice, production of molasses and sugar from sugarcane, production of sweets from wheat flour, etc also come under this profession. Mushroom Farming Fruit Farming Occupation, BusinessBOOK 17 6and Technology Education

Activity 1. What professions related to agriculture have been adopted in your community? Prepare a list. 2. Make a list of development activities carried out in your home, locality or community and discuss it in your class. Word meaning Dairy : relating to milk product Economic : financial Modernized : made something more modern Molasses : syrup from sugar refining Poultry : domestic bird kept for its meat and eggs, especially a chicken Professionalized : made something professional Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Major source of income of Nepalese expert Modernized agriculture agriculture Pig farming increases production Senior technician is called vocational occupation B Answer the following questions. 1. List out the technicians related to agriculture profession. 2. “Agriculture is the main profession of Nepal.” Justify this statement. 3. Make a list of professionally adopted occupations in Nepal. 18 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 6 Trade Related Profession The activities of buying and selling of agricultural or industrial production are called trade. Those who sell the goods are called traders or sellers whereas those who buy are called consumers or buyers. There are various types of trade. From a small tea shop to large departmental stores do trading activities. Trade related Retail Trade profession is done between the individuals, business firms and country to country. Generally, the trade is divided into two scales such as wholesale trade and retail trade. Wholesalers sell the goods in large scale whereas retailers sell the goods in small scale. The retail trade is run by only Wholesale Trade an individual but there are many employees in wholesale trade in addition to the traders. Some sell the goods, some pack the goods, some keep the account and some prepare the bill in wholesale trade. The trading activities are not limited only within the country but can be done outside of the country also. Proper skill and training are required for such works in trade related professions. Occupation, Business BOOK 19 6and Technology Education

Activity What kinds of skill are required to run trade business? Discuss in the class and prepare a report. Word meaning Consumer : a buyer of goods or services Convey : transfer something through carrier Individual : a specific person Retailer : seller of goods directly to consumers Wholesaler : seller of goods to retailers Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Buying and selling activities wholesale Large scale selling trade Small scale selling consumers Buyers of goods retail B Answer the following questions. 1. What is a trade? What are the individuals involved in trade called? 2. Into how many types is trade divided? 3. What is the difference between the wholesaler and retailer? 20 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 7 Construction Related Profession The building construction, road Building Construction construction, bridge construction, etc Bridge Construction are construction related professions. Construction may be of different kinds like the construction of house, bridge, building, hospital, water dam, etc. Various organizational or individual companies and firms are established for such constructional works. Various skilled man powers like engineers, contractors, technicians and labours are employed in such companies and firms. Carpenters, masons, labours, plumber, designers, drafts man, sub-overseer, overseer and engineers are also involved in the construction related profession. Technicians like consultants are also required in this field. Technicians are those who have special skill and ability. Map work, estimation, accounting, etc fall in the technical work in this field. Activity 1. Make a list of man powers required for construct a house and discuss in the class. 2. Discuss in your class about the special skills and abilities needed in the technical works. Occupation, Business BOOK 21 6and Technology Education

Word meaning Accounting : profession of maintaining the business records of a person or organization Contractor : somebody who makes contract Drafts man : technical designer Estimation : calculating something roughly Mason : somebody who works with stone or brick Overseer : somebody who supervises works done by somebody else Plumber : somebody who installs and fixes pipes Technician : somebody highly skilled Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. The building constructions are construction related professions. 2. Skilled man powers are not needed in the construction related professions. 3. Map work, accounting, etc are not the technical work. 4. Consultants, contractors, etc are required in construction related professions. 5. One does not need to have special skill and ability to do technical work. B Answer the following questions. 1. “Why are the technicians very much important in the constructional work?” Clarify. 2. What kinds of works are done by technicians? 22 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 8 Public Service Related Profession The service oriented professions managed by the state for the welfare of its people are called public service related professions. A state makes an arrangement of various services like education, health, security, etc for its people. District Administration Office keeps peace and security and provides passport and citizenship certificates to those who have completed 16 years of age. Various district offices are opened in district level for different services. Schools and universities are established for education. Health posts, primary health centers, hospitals, etc are arranged for health service. For security, police, armed police and army are arranged. The registrations of birth, death, migration, marriage and so on fall under public services. Various organizations have been doing constructional works. The state is formed A staff working at office with these services. Professions can be of individual or group. Teachers, health practitioners, police, army, administrators, etc come under public service related profession. The professions related to banking, communication, health, agriculture service, etc are also called public service related professions. Activity 1. Discuss the services included in the public service related profession. 2. Visit a public office nearby, ask what public services are being provided from there and discuss in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 23 6and Technology Education

Word meaning Passport : official permission to travel in or through a country Citizenship : the legal status of being a citizen of a country Registration : act of registering Migration : the process of moving from one region or country to another Administrator : manager in organization Exercise A Fill in the blanks with the given clues. 1. The professions managed by.................................(state/people) for the welfare of its people are.................................(public/government) service related professions. 2. .................................(Citizenship/Marriage) certificates are provided by District Administration Office after the completion of 16 years of age. 3. Health posts, hospitals, etc are established for..................................... (banking/health) service. 4. Police and army force provide........................................(communication/ security) service. B Answer the following questions. 1. Write the name of institutions that provide public services in your community and write the services that they provide. 2. What services do we get from District Administration Office? 3. Clarify the meaning of public related professions with examples. 24 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 9 Sewing and Knitting The work of making, repairing or fastening clothes by stitching with thread and needle or with sewing machine is called sewing. A cloth is sewed after a person’s body parts are measured and cutting is done accordingly. Sweaters mufflers, woolen caps, woolen socks, etc Women Knitting Woolen Items are prepared by knitting the thread of wool. Sewing and knitting are important traditional professions. This profession has been extended from local to international level. Various ready-made clothes of different size are available in the market nowadays. Sewing and cutting are needed for the preparation of such materials. These works have provided employment in local level. Cutting clothes, putting button and sewing are done in sewing profession. Sewing profession has been developed as an industry at present. A large number of people have got job opportunity in large garment industries. Many people are now earning their livelihood through sewing and knitting profession. Sewing Machine Occupation, Business BOOK 25 6and Technology Education

Activity BOOK 1. Who makes or stitches your clothes and where? Discuss. 2. Visit with a person involved in sewing, ask about the tools and materials that are required for simple sewing and skills needed for it? 3. Discuss about the knitting, with the people in your family and community who are involved in knitting sweaters. Prepare a report and present it in class. Word meaning Engaged : became involved Extended : having wider range Opportunity : lucky or good chance Ready-made : already prepared Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Thread and needle or sewing machine is needed of sewing. 2. Sewing profession has not been developed as an industry at present. 3. Sweaters are knitted from wool. 4. Sewing and knitting are important traditional professions. B Answer the following questions. 1. Write any two differences between sewing and knitting? 2. Why do people involve in sewing and knitting? 3. How can we develop sewing and knitting as an industry. Write your opinions. 4. Make a list of tools needed for sewing clothes. 26 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

UNIT2 Employment, Training and Education Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Introduce the types of employment.  Identify the employment of local level.  Find out the relationship of employment with education and training.  Tell short introduction of general and vocational training.  Explain the importance of general and vocational training.  Introduce the training institutions and training programmes. Occupation, Business BOOK 27 6and Technology Education

1Lesson An Introduction of Employment and its Importance People are engaged in different kinds of jobs in order to earn money for livelihood. Some people work in the field or shop or factory. Some work in school or office. People earn money for their living from these works. The professions adopted for earning money is called employment. An individual or organization provides employment to people. Men working at workshop Employment can be categorized into three types: private employment, self-employment and government employment. Under private employment people work for other’s industry or business firms. Under self-employment people run their own industry or business to make them employed. Under the government employment, people work in the government offices. Likewise, jobs done at local level are local employment, jobs done at national level are national employment and jobs done at international level are international employment. An individual gets employment on the basis of his/her qualification and ability. Beauticians at their work Activity Read the following passage and discuss in your class. Ram Bahadur passed B. Arch. He wanted to do something and become self- employed since he didn’t wish to work in others’ office or business firms. He established an institution for constructional business. He needed various man powers in his business. An announcement for the vacancy was made and he recruited the manpowers. Thus, the institution established by him was self-employment for him and the employees working there were provided employment to work in his institution. The institutions and industries mentioned below may be the source of self-employment for some people and employer for some people. 28 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Institutions/Industries a. Saving and Credit Cooperative b. Cottage industries c. Fruit farming d. Goat farming e. Silk farming f. Bee keeping Only with the involvement of a single person, the above institutions or industries cannot be run. The person who begins the project is called self-employee and those who get job in that project are called employee. Employment is done for getting sa lary or wages. The business run with one’s investment is self- employment. These employments may be Self-employment different on the basis of time, climate, etc. Some jobs are done throughout the year and some are done seasonally. Thus, employments are of two types such as seasonal and regular employment. a. Seasonal employment: The employment which demands the employees and provides jobs to the workers for a specific time period in a season is called seasonal employment. In this type of employment, jobs are provided to the employees for a particular season only. For examples: jobs Jobs in tourist season are provided in the sugarcane production season only instead of the whole year. Similarly, jobs provided to the people in the tourist season only are called seasonal employment. After completing tenure of these jobs the employees should search another job for the rest of the period. This type of employment is provided according to the qualification, experience and skills. b. Regular employment: It provides job to the people throughout the year or for long period of time. These types of employments are categorized according to the qualification and ability. Permanent job of teachers, government employees as well as private sector employees are the Government job holders examples of regular employment. Regular employment is considered more important than seasonal employment in terms of livelihood and job security. Occupation, Business BOOK 29 6and Technology Education

Activity 1. What are the seasonal employment opportunities available in your community? Make a list of them. 2. What types of jobs are done in the society? Discuss with your friends. Word meaning Categorized : divided Cooperative : profit-sharing organization Recruited : enrolled somebody as a worker or member Vacancy : vacant position Exercise BOOK A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Professions adopted for living or earning money is called employment. 2. Regular employment is considered less important than seasonal employment. 3. The business run with one’s investment is private employment. 4. Under the government employment people work in the government office. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is employment? 2. Give short introduction to each of private employment, self employment and government employment. 3. What types of employment opportunities are possible in your community? Under which category do they fall regular or seasonal? Clarify. 30 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

2Lesson Relationship between Employment and Education There is a relationship between employment and education as education opens the door to employment. Certain skills, ability and knowledge are necessary for getting jobs. These jobs cannot be accomplished with the same kind of knowledge and skill. Some jobs require special skill. For example: an engineer cannot do the job of a doctor and a doctor cannot do the job of an engineer. Therefore, it is necessary to have knowledge, skill, qualification and ability according to the nature of job. We can acquire such knowledge, skill, ability through education, trainings and orientations. Some of the professions need special ability, skill and training. Education is an important factor for making skilled, competent and trained man power. Employees get salary and employers get earning from these professions. Education creates the following opportunities: Women Literacy Programme a. Education opens the door to job opportunities by providing required knowledge. b. Job oriented education provides foundation base for the development of society and nation. c. It helps to produce capable and competent human resource for the development, planning and policy making process. d. It plays a great contribution in shaping the mind and developing creativity among the people which is needed for the professional development. Education produces highly qualified and sharp minded human power and employment provides responsibility to human power for better jobs performance. Occupation, Business BOOK 31 6and Technology Education

Activity Discuss about the role of education to open the door to job opportunities. Word meaning Accomplish : complete something successfully Acquire : get something Competent : able A Match the following: Exercise Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Education is reduces economic pressure Job opportunity the basic infrastructure of development Employment strength of the nation Human power is consumes skills B Answer the following questions. 1. How is the relationship between employment and education? Write in short. 2. Make a list of employment opportunities available at local level and the required qualifications for them. 3. Mention the opportunities that education creates for job. 4. What do we acquire from education? 32 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

3Lesson Relationship between Employment and Training Training is the activity of acquiring and imparting skills. It helps to develop special kind of skill. Trained workers can do their job perfectly. Untrained workers can do the job but that may not be up to the standard. Employers seek required ability, skill and technical knowledge in employees. They want employees to have the ability and skill to use the tools and equipments required in the job. In the same way, trained workers hold the knowledge and consciousness that is to be considered while doing a job. Trained workers have sufficient knowledge regarding the profession or job. So, the people who are trained get employment easily than the untrained ones. Therefore, there is an important relationship between employment and training. One must have adequate knowledge and skill of the related subject to work in any profession or business. An individual with sufficient knowledge and skill provides good service and can work easily for production. One must learn knowledge and skill to do the work easily. The activity of Women Empowerment Training learning and teaching such skill and knowledge is called training. There are certain objectives of training. Trainers, classrooms, workshops, tools and other materials are used to run the training programmes. Importance of Training Trained persons can do their job with proper understanding, knowledge and skill than untrained persons. Trained individual becomes successful in any business. The quality of the goods produced by trained workers is better. They can give better service even in business with less investment. Thus, training is an important factor for getting employment and carrying out jobs successfully. Occupation, Business BOOK 33 6and Technology Education

Types of Training BOOK There are various types of training. Generally trainings are categorized into two groups: a. General Training b. Professional Training a. General Training: The activities done for learning skills and knowledge is called general training. General trainings are taken to begin any profession or job or to obtain knowledge and skills for their development. There can be higher level of knowledge than skill. General trainings are conducted not only to work in any business but also for the planning of such business or to keep the account or to provide the information on similar types of work. b. Vocational Training: Skillful training is provided to do the skillful job in any business and to begin the new business according to need is called vocational training. The following benefits can be obtained from the vocational training: 1. To get the technical knowledge for the skillful job 2. To calculate the essential measurements while doing work 3. To identify the market of production or service 4. To keep the account of profit and loss in the business 5. To adopt safety measures while doing skillful jobs A person, who has taken vocational training can be entrepreneur, can run business or can get employment in any industry or business. The people who get vocational training can do the work more efficiently and give better results. Word meaning Employee : a paid worker Employer : person or group that hires workers Entrepreneur : risk-taking businessperson Sufficient : as much as is needed Workshop : place where manual work is done 34 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Exercise A Fill in the blanks with the given clues. 1. Trainings help to develop special kind of....................(skill/inequality). 2. There is........................(important/satisfactory) relationship between employment and training. 3. The activity of learning and teaching skill and knowledge is called ........................(training/output). 4. Trained persons can do their job with proper...................................... (misunderstanding/understanding). 5. Generally trainings are categorized into...................(two/five) groups. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is training? 2. Write the name of any five trainings taken by your family members or neighbours. 3. What is vocational training? 4. What can a person who has taken vocational training do? 5. Why is the training important? 6. What benefits do we get from the vocational training? Occupation, Business BOOK 35 6and Technology Education

4Lesson An Introduction of Vocational Training Institutions and their Programmes There are government and private institutions in Nepal to provide vocational trainings. These training institutions are in operation as government and non- government institutions. Some of these institutions and their programmes are mentioned below. The training activities conducted by various government institutions in Nepal are as below: S.N. Training institutions Beneficiaries 1 Cottage and Nepali citizens who want to learn skills Small Industries and be entrepreneurs under local level Development entrepreneurship development program in Department 27 districts of Terai region. 2 Cottage and Small Industries Nepali citizens who want to learn skills Development and be entrepreneurs under local level Committee entrepreneurship development program in 3 Technical School 48 districts of Hilly region. 4 Labour Supply Centre Nepali citizens who want to learn skills for the local level industries and for probable 5 Skill project for subjects required to establish industries. employment Nepali citizens who want to work at local level by learning skills under local authority. Nepali citizens who want to be employed, entrepreneur or self-employed at local, national and international level Besides these, there are many other institutions in non-government or private sectors that have received government permission for providing vocational trainings in Nepal. Word meaning License : official permission to do something Technical : skilled in practical subject 36 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Exercise A Answer the following questions. 1. Write the name of any three government institutions providing vocational trainings in Nepal. 2. Who can be benefited from the trainings conducted under Cottage and Small Industries Development Committee. 3. Who are the beneficiaries from the trainings run by Skill project for employment. B Identify the pictures of different trainings and write their name with the help of given clues. Beautician, Leather processing, Hair dressing, House wiring, Wood carving, Dhaka cloth knitting. Occupation, Business BOOK 37 6and Technology Education

Lesson Technical Schools 5 under the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry Various technical schools under the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FNCCI) have launched their training programmes in the different parts of the country. These technical schools provide short- term trainings for local people to produce human power who can get jobs in industries and business. The trained people can easily enter in the labour market. These centers also provide information and consultation to trainees regarding the industry or business where such man powers are required so that they can get employment easily. The Technical Schools (trade schools) running at present The technical schools have been running in different places of the country. They are in Damak (Jhapa), Dharan (Sunsari), Lahan (Saptari), Kalaiya (Bara), Bidur (Nuwakot), Chahare (Gorkha), Parasi (Nawalparasi), Birendranagar (Surkhet), Bhimdatta municipality (Kanchanpur) and Kusma (Parbat). The trainings on the following subjects are given there: SN Subjects of Training SN Subjects of Training 1. Electrical appliance repairer 18. Jewelry maker 2. Community agriculture assistance 19. Wood carver 3. Furniture maker 20. Motorcycle mechanics 4. Steel fabricator 21. Beautician 5. Baker 22. Brick maker 6. Hand embroider 23. Sawmill operator 7. Off season vegetable farmer 24. Bamboo artisan 8. Mason 25. Seller mill technician 9. Spinning operator 26. Fashion designer 10. Electrician 27. Cookery 11. Basic welder 28. Computer hardware (basic) 12. Offset printing operator 29. Stone block 13. Sewing machine operator 30. Auto CAD 14. Agriculture livestock 31. Mobile repairing 15. Painting (fabric, wall, board, etc) 16. General mechanics (refrigerator, TV, etc) 17. Plumber 38 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity 1. Visit a training center or technical school established nearby your community and also make a list of trainings provided by it and show to your teacher. 2. Write an application to the training center to include you in the training in which you are interested. Word meaning Consultation : exchange of opinion Fabrication : act of making something Offset : printing process using ink transfer Sawmill : factory where wood is sawed Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Baker one who does hair styling manicures and other beauty treatments Beautician a person who bakes and sells bread, cakes, etc Mason a skilled worker capable of building or repairing machinery Mechanic one whose occupation is to build with stone or brick B Answer the following questions. 1. What is the objective of technical school? 2. Where are the presently running technical schools in our country? 3. Make a list of any ten trainings which are conducted by the technical schools run under FNCCI. 4. What benefits do we get by taking trainings from technical schools? Write your answer in short. Occupation, Business BOOK 39 6and Technology Education

Lesson BOOK 6 Skill Development Training Center Skill development training centers provide job oriented trainings to produce semi-skilled and skilled human resource. These training centers work under the labour department. It provides trainings on the basis of local needs from local experts. While selecting the type of training, the subject which develops entrepreneurship gets prioritized. Under the labour department, there are 15 skill development training centers in operation in the country. These training centers produce skilled human resource needed for the local, national and international employment. They have launched the following trainings in the country: a. Short-term training for entrepreneurship business (7 days to 3 months) b. Basic training for the supply of vocational labourers (Six months/600 hours) c. Special training to those who want to go for foreign employment (4 weeks) Subjects of Basic Training These are the subjects on which basic training is given:- Bamboo work, knitting, cutting, sewing, motorcycle repairing, auto mechanics, electricity wiring, hair designing, computer, general mechanics, residential women training. Subjects of Four Weeks Special Training to be Provided for Foreign Employment These are the subjects on which special training of four weeks is given to those who want to go for foreign employment:- Waiter, waitress, scaffolding, barmen, baker, front office, nursery management, mushroom farming, Thanka painting, village livestock, steel fixtures, shuttering, carpentry, mason, security guard, cook, hotel management, care giver, health worker, sales person, office secretary, housekeeping, women security guard, etc. 40 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Thanka Painting Cook Security guard Locations of Skill Development Training Centers • Vocational and skill development training center, Bhaisepati (Lalitpur) and branch office, Tripureshwor, Kathmandu, • Skill development training centers are located in various zones of Nepal. They are in Jhapa, Itahari, Okhaldhunga, Janakpur, Dhanusha, Rautahat, Hetauda, Butwal, Bhairahawa, Jumla, Dang, Nepalgunj, Dhangadhi, Mahendranagar, Kushma, Pokhara. Training Program in Partnership Vocational and skill development training center has also been running vocational and skill oriented trainings in the partnership of various authorities. The partner authorities are Municipalities/ Rural Municipalities, non- government organizations and clubs. In such partnership 6 month’s basic vocational and skill oriented trainings are conducted. On the basis of the proposals of such authorities, the vocational skill development trainings in the partnership are conducted. Tailoring Training Activity There may be some training centers in your community, visit a training center and prepare a report explaining the types of training and how an individual can get the training from there. Occupation, Business BOOK 41 6and Technology Education

Word meaning Authorities : administrative bodies Launch : begin campaign Prioritize : rank things according to importance Residential : relating to housing Scaffold : framework to support workers Semi-skilled : with or requiring some skill Shutter : door or window cover Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 1. Bamboo work is not the subject of basic training. 2. Training centers produce skilled human resource. 3. Training centers are operated under labour department. 4. Municipalities/Rural Municipalities are partner authorities to run training programs. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is skill development training center? What kind of training does it provide? 2. Make a list of the subjects on which skill development training center provides training. 3. What are the subjects of four week’s special skill trainings given for foreign employment? 4. Prepare a list of subjects on which basic trainings are given. 5. Where are the skill development training centers located? 42 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

7Lesson Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee (CSIDC) is a recognized committee by Nepal government. It was established in order to develop cottage and small industries. Its headquarters is at Tripureshwor, Kathmandu. It provides skill development and self-employment trainings. The Cottage and Small Industries Development Committee has established its offices in many districts of Nepal. This committee conducts training programmes as per the local market, means, resource and demand. The trainings given by cottage and small industries development committee are useful to get employment in local level to international level. The following trainings have been conducted by this committee: Bee Keeping Fabric Painting BOOK Bamboo and Cane Work Electronic Items Repairing 43 Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

Trainings run by Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee Incense stick making Hosiery Bakery Mason Hemp processing and spinning House painting Bamboo and cane work Shoes stitching and repairing Embroidery House wiring Metal utensil making General electrical works Dhaka cloth knitting Improved smokeless cooking stove Spice making Rope making Woolen cloth knitting Cement tiles making Pottery Leather processing Hair dressing Cycle-rickshaw repairing Fabric painting Noodles making Hand looms Carpentry Fruit processing Chalk making Dairy products Solar heater Vegetables processing Pickles making Computer training Soap making Plumbing Beautician Tika making Signboards painting Beads (Pote making) Ketchup making Brush making Radio and TV repairing Potato chips Lapsi processing Photography and videography Bee keeping and honey processing Cutting and sewing Tyre repairing Carpet weaving Coffee processing Bee hive construction Motorcycle repairing Envelopes, files and stationery Woolen spinning Socks knitting Candle making Wood carving Fiber handicraft Khukuri making Box making Mechanical works Cement hollow block Bag knitting Jute carpet knitting Jute bag knitting Yarn and thread dyeing 44 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Hemp fabric knitting Block printing Jam making Silk thread cutting Metal handicraft Besides these, there are various programmes depending on the demand of local people and the availability of the resources. Word meaning Hemp : the cannabis plant Hosiery : socks and stockings Pottery : objects made of baked clay Processing : preparing food in food processor Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 1. CSIDC does not provide skill development and self-employment trainings. 2. The trainings are not useful to get employment. 3. The headquarters of CSIDC is in Tripureswor, Kathmandu. 4. Incense stick making is also one of the trainings provided by CSIDC. B Answer the following questions. 1. Give a short introduction of Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee. 2. What type of trainings are provided by Cottage and Small Industry Development Committee? 3. Name any ten trainings that use modern technology. 4. Write any ten trainings which provide job opportunity even in international labour market. Occupation, Business BOOK 45 6and Technology Education

UNIT3 Information BOOK Related to Employment Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Tell the various sources of information of local employment.  Get information related to local level employment from reliable sources. 46 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

1Lesson The Sources of Information Related to Local Employment There are many factories, government offices, NGOs, clubs, cooperative society and other different organizations and enterprises at local level. Those organizations are providing various kinds of services to the people in the community. The local level organizations and agencies need qualified and skilled human power. People get information about employment from various sources like F. M. radio, local newspapers, locally established television. Besides this, information of employment also can be obtained from the public notice (advertisement) about People looking at public notice the vacancy of job pasted on the notice board of the local organization’s office. As per the law of our country, any organization (private, government or non- governmental organizations) should produce public notice for the vacancies. These organizations should issue public advertisement providing information like: i. Nature of work ii. Qualification iii. Experience iv. Training v. Working period vi. Number of employee needed vii. Selection/Recruitment procedure, etc Occupation, Business BOOK 47 6and Technology Education

The organizations and agencies like Rural Municipality Office, the Office of the BOOK District Development Committee, the District Office of Cottage and Small Scale Industries, District Education Office and community schools are the reliable sources from where people get information about the local employment. People also get detail information about the employment from the website of these agencies. It is needless to say that means of mass communication at the local level like F.M radio, local newspapers, locally established television and the organization’s monthly, half yearly or yearly bulletins including websites are the major sources through which people get information about local employment. We should remember that means of mass communication is the effective means for disseminating public notice to the people. Means of Communication Activity Observe the types of human resource required for the factories and business of your locality. How do the factories and business centers recruit employees? Visit a business organization or factory of your nearby locality and prepare a small report in a group of that organization or factory. 48 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Word meaning Advertisement : public notice Agencies : government offices or departments Cooperative society : organizations owned and run jointly by its members Enterprise : business or company Vacancy : unoccupied position or job Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Community based organization is also known as government organization. 2. F. M. radio is the local source of information. 3. Radio, Television, Newspaper are the means of mass communication. 4. The organizations like Rural Municipality and Municipalities can recruit employees without the advertisement of vacancies. 5. Newspapers disseminate information about job vacancies. B Answer the following questions. 1. List down the various sources of information about local employment. 2. How do you get information about the local employment from the rural municipality/municipality offices? 3. How are local newspaper and F. M. radio considered as the reliable sources of information about local employment? 4. What kinds of public notice are obtained from the office of the local NGOs, Cooperative Organizations, and community schools? 5. Why is the office of District Development Committee chosen to issue notice about local employment? Occupation, Business BOOK 49 6and Technology Education

Practical Work BOOK Read the vacancy that is given below and discuss in the class under the guidance of your teacher: Date: 16-08 -2074 Readmore Publication Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Wanted for the post of marketing officer Post: Marketing Officer Responsibility: Marketing and sales promotion No. of vacancies: 3 Minimum qualification: 1. Bachelors or equivalent degree with minimum second division (preference will be given to Business Studies). 2. Having at least one year experience in marketing in related field. 3. Good command in written and speaking Nepali and English. Salary: Negotiable (Basic + Allowances) ● Contact with Bio-data, citizenship and recently snapped two PP size photographs. ● Deadline for application: Seven days from the application of this notice. TU Road, Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 4672071, 5187211, 5187226 Fax: 00977-1-4672073 E-mail: [email protected] www.readmorenp.com 50 6Occupation, Business and Technology Education