Occupation, Business and Technology Book 6_2077 Edition

Lesson 1 Sewing and Knitting Clothing is one of the basic necessities of human being. Sewing and knitting are essential for the preparation of clothes. Sewing is the craft of attaching clothes with the help of stitches with a needle and thread. It is the oldest occupation of the textile arts. Nowadays, this vocation has become a popular vocation for many people. A. The Essential Tools Used in Sewing and Knitting Different kinds of tools are required for sewing and knitting. They are mentioned as follow: a) Needle It is an important tool used in sewing. It is a long slender tool with a pointed tip. It bears pointed tip in one side and an eye to carry thread on the other side. There are various sized needles with different numbers in the market. Among them 6, 7, and 8 number needles are Needles of Different Size hand use needles. While, 14, 16, 18 and 20 number are made for machine use. Similarly, 18 and 20 number needles are used for thick and jeans clothes. b) Thread BOOK Threads with Different Colours 201 Thread is found in different colours, strength and thickness. We need to select the thread as per the colour and type of clothes. It is an essential tool for stitching the pieces of cloths. We should use polyester thread to sew silk and polyester cloth. Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

c) Measuring Tape Measuring Tape It is a tool used to take measurement of body and cloth. It is made up of fiber, metal or plastic. Generally, it is found in five feet long. In which, one side of the tape reads centimeters and another side reads inches. d) Working Table Cutting board or table is flat board used for cutting cloth. It is also needed to do the iron work. It should be smooth, plane and clean enough. e) Pencil, Eraser and Tailoring Chalk Cutting Table for Tailoring Sample piece of paper should be used before cutting the cloth. Pencil can be used for marking the measurement. Similarly, erasers can be used to erase the mistakes. Light coloured pencil is suitable for this purpose. Similarly, tailoring chalk is made up of special chalk used to trace the temporary marks on clothing. Pencil Eraser Tailoring Chalks f) Scissors It is used to cut the cloth for tailoring. Generally, 8 or 9 inch scissors is good for cutting cloth. Similarly, 10 or 15 cm scissors are appropriate for cutting paper models. Scissors for Cutting Cloth 202 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

g) Thimble A Metal Thimble It is made up of either plastic or metal. It is kept on the finger from being prickled by the needle while sewing clothes. It also helps to push the needle through the clothes while sewing and prevents the finger from injury. There are different sizes of thimble in the market from 6 to 11 number. h) Pin and Pin Cushion Pin and Pin Cushion It is a special type of pin which can be used to sew the silk cloth. It saves the needle from going off the track. After the use of these pins, they should be kept properly on the pin cushion. i) Tailoring Ruler Mostly, 24 inches special ruler is used in tailoring or sewing work. Its one side is straight and the other side is curved. It can be used for A Tailoring Ruler measuring, straight marking and cutting the cloth straight or curved. It carries centimeters and inches in opposite sides. j) Iron It is used to make the clothes smooth, remove shrinks and put crease. It is used before and after sewing cloth. We need to be careful to adjust temperature according to the type of clothes. k) Sewing Machine Electric Iron It is used to stitch clothes together with thread. They are of different kinds like hand machine, paddle operated machine and electric machine. In addition, industrial sewing machines are larger, faster, more complex and varied in their size in comparison to other kinds of sewing machines. Occupation, Business BOOK 203 6and Technology Education

Hand Machine Paddle Machine Electric Machine Industrial Sewing Machine l) Iron Board Iron Board It is also an important sewing tool. It is a portable small folding table with heat resistant surface. It is useful to iron the clothes. Activity Prepare a list of essential tools that are used in the sewing work asking the tailors of your locality. B. Types of Basic Stitches in Sewing Stitching is very important in tailoring. Knowledge and skill of stitching is essential for sewing clothes. There are various kinds of stitches like basic and decorative stitches. Some of the basic stitches are given below: a) Raw Stitch/Basting Stitch (Kachcha Tanka) It is a temporary and rough stitch. This stitch Basting Stitch is used before sewing the clothes by hand or machine. Generally, this stitch is taken at the span of 1 to 3 cm. It helps to keep the clothes piece straight and prevents the clothes from moving. This stitch is commonly used for making coat. The basting stitch is removed after stitching the clothes properly. b) Running Stitch (Sarsari Siune Tanka) It is a type of basic stitch commonly used in hand Running Stitch sewing and embroidery. This type of stitching is 204 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

made by passing the needle in and out of the cloth. It is the advanced form of Basting stitch. This stitch is mainly used for sewing falls of sari, frocks, etc. It is also useful for repairing old clothes. c) Hemming Stitch (Autarne Tanka) This type of stitch is used for stitching the dress from inner side. Thread is less seen at the front side and more on inside. It is used in the collar, fore of the frock, pants, handkerchief, etc. It also can be used for joining inner side of the dress while repairing them. d) Back Stitch Hemming Stitch This type of stitch is used for double stitch in the dress. In this stitch, we need to put the needle from the place where it has been ejected first. Back stitch is the strongest stitch of all other kinds of stitches. In this stitch, the sewing is seen continuously linking each other. There are two types of back stitches. They are mentioned below: i. Full Back Stitch It is that kind of stitch in which we stitch the clothes without leaving gaps between two stitches. It look just like machine stitch. ii. Half Back Stitch Full Back Stitch Half Back Stitch It is that type of stitch in which we put stitch in the clothes leaving gaps between the stitches. In comparison, the half back stitch is weaker than the full back stitch. Occupation, Business BOOK 205 6and Technology Education

Activity Take a piece of cloth, practice different types of stitches and show this to your teacher. Word meaning Basting stitch : a loose temporary sewing stitch Craft : activity such as weaving carving pottery Embroidery : a decorative needle work up on cloth or canvas Stitching : to join together with thread Exercise A Fill in the blanks. 1. Sewing is the...............................of attaching the clothes with the help of needle and................................ 2. ...............................is a flat board used for cloth. 3. The ruler carries...........................and...........................in opposite sides. 4. Back stitch is the................................ 5. ...............................is also called basting stitch. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is sewing? Explain with examples. 2. Prepare a list of tools required for sewing cloth. 3. Distinguish between basting stitch and back stitch. 4. What is hemming stitch? Explain it with the help of a diagram. 5. Write short notes on: a) full back stitch b) sewing machine Practical work Take a piece of cloth and try all kinds of stitches and show it to your teacher. 206 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Fabric Painting A. Introduction of Fabric Painting Fabric painting is an art of coloring clothes to make them attractive. In fabric painting, there is filling of permanent colour in the cloth with the help of brush. It can be used in different clothes like T-shirt, handkerchief, towel, pillow cover, table cloth, wall hangings, TV cover, etc. At the same time, fabric painting Skillful Hand in Fabric Painting made in the cloths can be used to decorate the room. Fabric painting is best suited in the silk, linens and cotton cloth. Different Tools and Materials that are Needed for Fabric Painting: • Carbon paper • Pencil • Rings for tightening cloth • Needle • Colours of different kinds. • Cups • Tailoring chalk • Water Occupation, Business BOOK 207 6and Technology Education

• Scissors • Design book • Painting brush with different sizes and designs • Fabric • Colourful threads B. Points to be Considered in Fabric Painting Since fabric painting is a technical work, we need to develop some basic skills on it. It should be done neatly and fairly. At the same time, colour matching and patterns is very essential in fabric painting. In this context, some of the important points in fabric painting are mentioned below: • There must be selection of appropriate cloth for painting. • There should be use of proper size of painting brush while painting. • There should be use of suitable colours. • There should be proper use of carbon paper for tracing the design. • There must be use of proper and matching colour for filling. • We should have proper knowledge about primary and secondary colours. Activity Visit a workshop of a fabric painter in your locality and learn the skills of fabric painting from him/her. C. Making Handkerchief With Fabric Painting A handkerchief is a small folded square piece of cloth. It is a very useful fabric. It can be carried in our pocket or purse. Normally, it is used for the purpose of personal hygiene. Fabric painting makes our handkerchief look attractive and may increase its demand in the market. 208 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Method of Fabric Painting in Handkerchief • Take a piece of cloth in proper shape and size • Wash, dry and iron it. • Fit the piece of cloth in the ring to maintain its surface plain and rigid during painting. • Trace the design from the design book with the help of carbon paper. • Select appropriate colour and brushes of appropriate size according to the design. • Start filling the colour. • Use the same colour that is used in filling while drawing the outer line. • Use separate brush for shedding. (Firstly, we need to shade by the same colour then after we need to shade with the designing colour) • Leave the decorated hanky to dry for about some hours. • Then put iron on medium heat directly over the paint with a pressing cloth on top over the hanky for 30 seconds. • Now, our handkerchief is ready. Activity Invite a resource person in your school. Observe his/her art of fabric painting in a table cloth, handkerchief and other pieces of cloths. Occupation, Business BOOK 209 6and Technology Education

Word meaning Fabric : cloth or textile Linen : cloth woven from flax Rigid : not moving, fixed Shading : the representation of different colour or light in painting Silk : a fine, strong and soft fiber produced by silkworms Tracing paper : strong transparent paper for tracing Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Do not leave the decorated handkerchief to dry. 2. Trace the design from a carbon paper. 3. There is filling of permanent colour in fabric painting. 4. Varieties of brushes are used in fabric painting. 5. A ring is necessary to dry the painted cloth. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is fabric painting? Explain with examples. 2. Mention the points to be remembered for fabric painting. 3. Describe the process of fabric painting in handkerchief. 4. Write the importance of fabric painting. Practical work Make a handkerchief using fabric painting and show it to your subject teacher. 210 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Technology Part According to the curriculum, there are altogether two units in this group. 3 They are: Unit-15 Local Technology Unit-16 Modern Technology Note: All two units from this group are compulsory.BOOK 211 Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

UNIT15 Local Technology Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Tell the introduction and importance of local technologies.  Use tools and equipments required in daily use properly. 212 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Lesson 1 Our Local Technologies People have developed various machines and systems to make their life comfortable and easier. These machines and systems are called technologies. Technology reduces human effort to complete the work. Every country has developed its own technology and brought into practice. These technologies are called local technologies. For example: Khal, Janto, Dhiki, Tuin, Panee Ghatta, Aaran, etc are some of the local technologies developed in Nepal. Local technologies are based on local resources, skills and need of people. Certain kinds of technologies are popular in the different parts of country. Guinthaa is popular in Terai region whereas plough, woolen carpets, water mills, etc are popular in the hilly region. The technologies of making metal idols and clay pots are popular in Kathmandu valley. As Nepal is a country of geographical diversity, the traditional technologies based on climate, geography, available resources and culture are suitable to be used in professions. Local technologies are less expensive, reliable and long lasting. These are environment friendly as well. Activity What are the local technologies used in your community? What are they used for? Discuss. Local technologies in use We have developed various kinds of local technologies in our country. Some of them are still not unexplored and some are on the threshold of extinction. Among them, some technologies which are still in use nowadays and their importance are mentioned below. Aaran Aaran is a fireplace in which heat is produced by burning fuel in order to make iron tools and copper utensils. It helps to make household materials Occupation, Business BOOK 213 6and Technology Education

such as axe, spade, sickle, etc. Coal is used Aaran as a source of fuel in Aaran. Khalati, a local device made from leather and wood is used to blow air in order to produce heat and fire in the Aaran. The trend of using Khalati has been gradually replaced by hand rotating tools or electric power operated tools. When copper or iron, kept in the Aaran is heated in very high temperature and get melted, blacksmiths convert it into many shapes of desired tools. Tuin Tuin is a cable way to be used for crossing rivers. There is an iron cable above the river which is supported by the pillars installed in both the sides of the river. A trolley or box is hung on the iron cable with the help of pulley. Those who want to cross the rivers, sit in the trolley and pull the cable with both their hands and cross the river. Somewhere, we can see the people crossing the Tuin rivers in Tuin when someone pulls the rope from other side. Tuin is very much useful alternative means of transportation and mostly used in mountain and hilly regions where there isn’t any bridge in the river. It can also be used even to cross the gorges that reduces the distance to travel. It is less expensive and important local technology. Pottery Pottery Pottery has been found as a popular occupation in the different parts of our country especially in Kathmandu valley. This is an occupation of making items by molding or shaping moist clay and hardening them by heating in a kiln. Various types of earthen pots, vases and sculptured articles like Ghyampo, Gagro, Handi, Bhunko, Gamala, Surahi, Makal, etc are made in the pottery. 214 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

For pottery, a kind of wheel is made generally from wood. The potter’s wheel is supported by a strong iron rod at the center. A handle is fixed at a side of the upper part of wheel for rotating it. The well prepared clay for pottery is kept on the middle of the wheel and the wheel is rotated. When the wheel starts to rotate, both the hands by applying water are used to give a desired size and shape of earthen pot. The prepared structure is detached from the wheel using strong thread or wire and dried under the sun for some days. After these earthen pots are baked in a kiln or Bhatta, they are ready for use. These earthen items have religious and cultural importance. Pottery can help to utilize domestic means, resources and skill and to be self dependent. Nowadays, the plastic utensils are gradually replacing the earthen items and pottery has become less important. So, this indigenous technology should be preserved and promoted as it is our cultural heritage also. Activity Make a list of earthen utensils that you have been using at your home. Panee Ghatta (Water grinding mill) Panee Ghatta is a local technology in Nepal for grinding cereals like maize, wheat, millet, rice, etc. This indigenous machine is operated by using water energy. Panee Ghatta is popular in hilly region of Nepal where there are plenty of rivers and rivulets. The upper part of wooden Madani Panee Ghatta is fixed with the upper grinding stone and its lower part is rotated by water directed through a wooden chute (Dundi). When the wooden Madani starts rotating, the upper grinding stone also rotates along with the Madani whereas lower stone plate remains constant. A hopper (Soli) containing cereals is fixed above the grinding stone and a system is made to flow cereals slowly in thin stream into the feeding canal on the upper grinding stone. In this way the grinding process starts. Panee Ghatta is very useful to make flour by grinding the food grains. It reduces the human effort and saves time as well. Occupation, Business BOOK 215 6and Technology Education

Word meaning Chute : slope to drop things down Hopper : funnel-shaped dispenser Indigenous : belonging to a place Kiln : industrial oven Plenty : large amount Threshold : starting point Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Aaran for making earthen items Tuin for grinding cereals Pottery for crossing rivers Panee Ghatta for making iron/copper tools B Answer the following questions. 1. What is a local technology? Give its short introduction. 2. Write any three importance of local technology. 3. Give short introduction to Aaran technology and Panee Ghatta. 4. ‘Tuin technology is very important in the hilly region.’ Justify this statement. 5. How are the earthen pots made? Explain in brief. Practical Work 1. What kinds of local technologies are used in your locality? Make a list of their process of making and their working system. 2. Make a model of a Tuin. 3. Make a model of wheel for pottery. 216 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

2Lesson Common Tools Used at Local Level Nepal is an agriculture based country. Various tools are used in the agricultural field. These tools are produced at local level. They differ from place to place. Some traditionally made kitchen appliances are still in use. Traditional kitchen appliances also vary from place to place depending on culture, lifestyle, availability of local resource, etc. Chulesi, Lohoro, Silauto, Belna, Chimta, Theko, Madani, Khal, Tai, etc are common tools generally used in the common Nepalese kitchen. 1. Tools used in home and kitchen Knife and Chulesi: We have to Knife cut the vegetables like cauliflower, cabbage, gourd, potato, etc into pieces for cooking them to make vegetables ready to eat. A knife or Chulesi is used to cut vegetables in the kitchen. Knife Chulesi is used with chopping board. Knife or Chulesi is made up of iron or steel with one side sharp and the other side blunt. The way of using Chulesi is different than the way of using knife. While cutting the vegetables with Chulesi, the lower wooden part is fixed by pressing by a foot and upper blade part is used to cut the vegetables. Lohoro and Silauto (Mortar and Pestle):BOOK Lohoro and Silauto We use Lohoro and Silauto in the kitchen to grind 217 the spices like garlic, ginger, cumin seeds, chilly, coriander, turmeric, etc. They are also used to crush tomato, radish, etc to make Chatni and pickle. Lohoro and Silauto are made up of stone. Silauto is a flat or concave shaped stone on which the materials to grind are put and Lohoro is a cylindrical or round shaped stone to roll back and forth on the Silauto to grind the materials. Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

Belana and Chauki (Rolling pin and Rolling board): We use Belana and Chauki mainly to prepare Roti or Chapattis from wheat flour or Maida. Belana is a cylindrical shaped wooden rod and Chauki is a circular shaped wooden board with smooth surface on its upper side. When the flour is well kneaded, it Belana and Chauki is put on the Chauki and rolled by the Belana to make Roti or Chapattis. Activity Make a list of tools used in your kitchen. 2. Tools used in agriculture Our country is based on agriculture since the ancient time. Various tools are necessary to work in the field. The agricultural tools may vary from place to place based on the nature of soil, culture, available means and resources. Agricultural tools like plough, Khanti, Gal, Foruwa, Dante, Basilo, Kuto, Dalletho, Kodali, Kodalo, sickle, etc are commonly used tools in our country. Plough: Ploughing or digging a field is necessary to loosen the soil for farming. A plough is used for ploughing. It is a traditional agricultural tool in which animal power is used to plough the field. Phalee, Karuwa, Haris, Anau, Thendi, Jotara, Nara/Hallund, Juwa and the main body part of plough (Halo) are the important parts needed to make a ploughing ready to use. Oxen are used for pulling the plough. The trend of ploughing fields in the Terai region has been gradually replaced by tractors but it is still in use in the Mountain and Hilly region. Juwa Beam (Haris) Handle The Plough (Halo) Ploughshare (Phalee) 218 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Discuss about the ploughing tools used in your community. Sickle: Sickle is one of the important tools needed Sickle in the agriculture. It is used to harvest crops like paddy, wheat, maize, millet and to cut grass, fodder, firewood, vegetables, etc. Its shape is like question mark (?). The inner side of the curved part of sickle is sharp and is used for cutting. Whetting stone is used to sharpen the sickle or sometimes it is taken to Aaran to sharpen it. The lower part of the sickle is pointed and inserted strongly and fixed into the wooden handle so that it can be used easily holding its wooden handle. Spade: Spade is a traditional digging tool used in the agricultural field. Its front part is made of iron and the handle is made of wood. There is a wide cutting blade in the front part of spade which is used to dig the field. A wooden handle is inserted People digging the field using spade tightly in the slot at the back of the iron (Paso). Spade (Kodalo/Bauso) is one of the common agricultural tools in the Hilly region for digging the field, breaking the clods, leveling the field, cleaning or making the irrigation canal, etc. Word meaning Blunt : not sharp Chapati : South Asian flat bread Clods : a large lump of soil Harvest : to gather a crop for use or sale Occupation, Business BOOK 219 6and Technology Education

Knead : to work up moist flour or clay into dough or paste Sharp : able to cut Whetting : sharpen tool or weapon Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Chulesi for digging a field Lohoro and Silauto for cutting grass Belana and Chauki for plowing a field Plough for cutting vegetables Sickle for grinding the spices Spade for making Roti or Chapatti B Answer the following questions. 1. Make a list of tools used in the kitchen. 2. Why do you use Lohoro and Silauto? What is it made up of? 3. Describe Belana and Chauki with a sketch. 4. What are the important parts of a plough? 5. What are the uses of a sickle? 6. Write about the spade and its uses. 7. “Our local technologies are Eco-friendly.” Justify this statement with examples. C Practical Work 1. Observe the tools used in the agricultural field and draw a well-labeled diagram of any three tools in the drawing sheets. 2. Draw the picture of any three tools used in your kitchen and describe their functions. 220 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

UNIT16 Modern Technology Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Explain need and importance of modern technology and its use.  Start and shut down computer by acquiring knowledge about its main parts.  Use computer by getting knowledge of technology about computer operating system.  Realize the importance of information technology and use computer, telephone and mobile.  Tell the introduction and importance of alternative energy. Occupation, Business BOOK 221 6and Technology Education

1Lesson Introduction and Importance of Modern Technology We use various machines in our daily life to do our work faster and conveniently. Washing machine is used for washing clothes, dishwasher is used for cleaning or washing dishes, micro wave oven is used for cooking food, etc. The technology used in these modern machines is called modern technology. Modern Accessories for Domestic use Washing Machine Different accessories and tools are used in our daily domestic works. They help us to make our work easier and faster. Pressure cooker is used to cook food faster with less consumption of fuel. Telephone or mobile phone is used to talk to people living far away. Television or computer is used to listen and watch worldwide news. The technology being used in these accessories and tools is called modern technology. The use of modern technology makes our work faster and better. a. Iron Iron is an electronic tool. We use iron to make our Electric Iron dress attractive and smooth. It is used to remove creases or wrinkles in our clothes. The heat and weight of iron helps to stretch the fibers. Coal iron is also used which does not need electricity. Method to use Iron a. Insert the iron’s plug in the socket. b. Adjust the temperature according to the type of clothes (cotton, nylon, woolen, etc). c. Switch on the electric power. 222 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

d. When the iron gets heated and the lights get off, start ironing the clothes. e. Switch off the electric power when the ironing is finished. Safety Measures a. Balance the temperature of iron with the type of clothes. b. As it is an electronic appliance, do not touch its uncovered wire with wet and bare hand. It may cause electric shock. c. Use it with enough attention as it is hot; do not touch it immediately after use. b. Heater We use heater to keep our body and room warm in the winter season. Both the electric and gas heaters are available in the market. We need to balance the temperature according to our need and environment. Method to use Electric Heater Electric Heater a. Insert the heater’s plug in the socket. b. Switch on the heater. c. Balance the temperature as per need. d. Switch off and unplug the line. Method to use gas Heater Gas Heater a. Fit the gas heater with gas cylinder properly. b. Press the knob downward and turn left to switch on the heater. c. Balance the temperature as per need. d. Turn the knob right to switch off heater after use. Safety Measures a. In case of electronic heater, do not touch its uncovered wire with wet and bare hand. It may cause electric shock. Occupation, Business BOOK 223 6and Technology Education

b. Immediately turn off the heater in case of gas leakage. c. Keep the windows open while using heater since the oxygen consumption increases which may result in suffocation and even death due to the increase of carbon monoxide and decrease of oxygen in the room. c. Pressure Cooker Pressure cooker is a kitchen appliance. We use it to cook food faster with less consumption of energy. Method to use Pressure Cooker Pressure Cooker a. Put foodstuff in pressure cooker and mix water as per need. b. Close it by its lid and put it on the gas stove. c. When the pressure cooker gets heated, the pressure inside increases and starts whistling. d. Food is cooked according to the content, if there is rice 2 or 3 whistle is enough. e. Take of pressure cooker from the gas stove when the food is cooked. Safety Measures a. Before putting its lid check the lid and whistle. b. Check the pressure regulator and make sure that the vent pipe is open. If necessary, clean it. c. In case of high pressure, automatic air vent can explode itself and save from accident to occur. Do not touch the pressure cooker if air vent is exploded. Activity What similarities and differences are found in the methods of cooking meal in traditional cooking vessel with firewood oven and in pressure cooker with gas oven? Ask with your parents or teachers about the advantages and disadvantages of using both the methods of cooking meal and fill the following table: 224 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Similarities Differences Cooking meal in vessel Cooking meal in pressure cooker Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages d. Rice Cooker Rice cooker is an electronic tool which is used to cook meal. It saves time and fuel. Methods to use Rice Cooker a. Put rice and water in right proportion in rice Rice Cooker cooker and cover it with lid. b. Insert the rice cooker’s plug in the socket and switch on button. c. Press the COOK button down to start cooking rice. After the meal is cooked, COOK button automatically goes up and keeps the food warm. Safety Measures a. Do not touch the wires or plugs with bare and wet hand. b. Outer part of the rice cooker’s inner vessel should always be kept dry. e. Filter Water is very much essential element for our body. The water that we drink must be clean and pure. A filter is used to purify the water. There can be different kinds of germs, dust particles and other harmful substances in water. We use filter to separate these impurities and make water drinkable. Methods to use Filter Water Filter a. Boil the water to kill the germs and put it into filter for filtration. b. Cover the lid. Occupation, Business BOOK 225 6and Technology Education

c. Water drops in the lower part through candle’s pores filtering all the impure substances. d. Get the water from the tap joined to the lower part of the filter. Safety Measures a. Clean the candles weekly. b. As the candles are delicate, it should be cleaned properly with care. Activity Observe the filter kept in your school and discuss in the class about its structure, process of purification, cleaning process and its proper use. f. Stove We use stove as an oven to cook meal. Kerosene is used in it as the fuel. There are two types of stoves. They are: a. With wick. b. Without wick. As the stove without wick is used mostly, its Stove methods to use and points to keep in mind are mentioned below. Methods to use Stove a. Fill the kerosene in the stove and cover the lid. b. Pump the stove slightly. c. When the kerosene comes out of the burner, stop pumping and lit the kerosene. d. Let it burn for some time. When the burner gets heated, pump again until the stove burns properly. e. Use stove pin if necessary to clean the hole of burner. Safety Measures a. Fill the kerosene in stove after filtering. b. Do not overdo the pumping of the stove, it may cause accident. 226 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

g. Gas Oven Gas oven has become popular nowadays as it burns with gas and it is difficult to use firewood as fuel these days. The use of kerosene has also decreased. The gas company fills the gas in cylinder and we use gas cylinder until the gas is fully burnt. Methods to use Gas Oven a. Connect gas cylinder, regulator, Gas Oven gas pipe and oven properly. b. Press the knob down and turn it left to burn the gas oven. c. Use lighter if oven is not automatic. d. Turn knob right to off the oven after use. e. Turn off the regulator when the cooking is finished. Safety Measures a. It smells if gas is leaked. In such situation, turn off regulator and open the window and door immediately. b. Use good quality regulator and gas pipe. c. Regularly take the support of skilled manpower for its maintenance. d. Keep oven above the gas cylinder. Activity 1. Prepare a list of your friends who use pressure cooker in their home and discuss in the class. 2. Prepare a list of your friends who use gas oven in their home and discuss in the class. 3. How do you use filter? Demonstrate it in your class. Occupation, Business BOOK 227 6and Technology Education

Word meaning Convenient : making life easier Slightly : a little Suffocate : die from lack of air Vent : opening for air Exercise A Fill in the blanks with the given clues. 1. We use various machines in our daily life to do our work........................ and conveniently. (faster/slower) 2. ........................keeps our body and room warm in winter. (Heater/Iron) 3. ..................................is an electronic tool which is used to cook meal. (Pressure cooker/Rice cooker) 4. ..................................is used to purify the water. (Filter/Stove) B Answer the following questions. a. Write the name of any two home appliances used in your home. b. What safety measures need to be followed while using gas oven? c. Why is Iron necessary? Write the methods for its use. d. What are to be considered while using pressure cooker? e. Write the importance of filter. 228 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

2Lesson An Introduction to Information Technology and its Importance The present time is the era of information technology. Information technology is the data collection, processing, converting into information, storing and providing it to the users with the help of computer. Remarkable achievement can be possible with the proper application of information technology (IT). We can talk with our relatives and friends in any part of the world promptly with the use of telephone, mobile phone, computer and internet. Web camera is used for visual interaction. The application of IT increases creativity, enhances the level of knowledge and fosters the modernization. The development of information technology has made the whole world a global village. The Areas of IT Application a. Education Use of information technology in the classrooms can make the teaching- learning activities more effective, informative and enjoyable. Students can easily learn the lesson. Nowadays the interactive boards have become more popular and have replaced the chalk, dusters and black boards. Information technology plays vital role to promote distance education widely and effectively. In distance education, the students can learn at home using computers to interact with their teachers. b. Transportation Information technology is used in air/ train ticketing at international level and for their traffic control. c. Medical Sector IT is used for patients’ operation, sharing the information about the patients and research of medicines in the medical sector. Besides these, information technology is used for communication, entertainment, business, banking system, agriculture, etc. Occupation, Business BOOK 229 6and Technology Education

General Information of Computer and its use Major Components of Computer The present age is the age of information technology. There are three types of work to be done by a computer to make the use of information technology wider and easily available. These three works are receiving data and instructions, processing them and generating information using processed data. All these works are performed by different The different components of computer components of computer. These components are input device, processing device and output device. Input Device Input devices are used to receive data and instruction from outside in a computer. Input devices provide information to processing device of computer. The important input devices of a computer are Key board, mouse, joystick, webcam, etc. Processing Device Processing device is very important component of computer. It receives data from the input devices, processes it as the command given and transforms into information. We use processed information. Mother board, microprocessor, random access memory (RAM), etc are processing devices. Output Device Computer provides processed information to users through the output devices. Monitor, printer and speakers are the examples of output devices. Procedure to Start Computer a. Switch on the power supply button. b. Press the power button on the CPU of the computer. c. Computer gets started after a few seconds. 230 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Procedure to Shut Down Computer a. Click on the start button at the left bottom of the screen. b. Click on the shut down button. c. Switch off the main power supply switch. Activity Discuss about the major components of computer in the class. Word meaning Creativity : being creative Foster : develop something Interaction : communication between or involving two or more people Remarkable : unusual Replace : substitute for something Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. The application of IT increases creativity. 2. IT is not useful in medical sector. 3. Remarkable achievement is possible with the proper application of information technology. 4. Processing device is not important component of computer. 5. Present age is the age of information technology. B Answer the following question. 1. Explain the role of computer in the world of information technology. Practical Work Collect the information about any one heritage of Nepal using computer. Occupation, Business BOOK 231 6and Technology Education

3Lesson Computer as a Source of Information The network of the computers of the world is called Internet. The computers connected to the network share information at very high speed. We can connect our computer to this network through Internet. If our computer is connected to the network, it can share the information linking with any computer within this network. After Internet is connected, we can get necessary information through web browsers like Firefox, Google Chrome, etc. Some of the Web Browsers are as follows: a. Internet Explorer b. Mozilla Firefox c. Google Chrome Procedure of Searching Information in the Internet 1. Select any one browser in the computer with the help of mouse and double click on it. 2. Type the required information in the Google or other browser and click on the search button. We can see the required source of information and related links on the computer screen. We can read and hear different news with the help of computer and Internet. We can read in the computer screen and hear the news of our country if we type http://www.nepalnews.com in the browser and press enter key. In this way the computer connected to the Internet can provide us the required information immediately. Therefore, the computer is a very important source of information. 232 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Telephone and Mobile Phone Telephone We use telephone to communicate with our friends and relatives living at a distance. Procedure of Using Telephone 1. Pick up the receiver of the telephone Telephone set and check for the dial up tone. If there is dial up tone, dial the phone number. 2. If somebody receives the phone then we have to respond to the receiver. 3. After the completion of conversation, place the receiver in the same place. Mobile Phone The use of mobile phone is increasing day by day as Mobile Phone it is a cable less phone. It is easy to carry and use anywhere and anytime. In addition to making and receiving calls, mobile phones can be used for several purposes like playing games, listening music, sending SMS, using internet service, digital camera and many more. Procedure of Using Mobile Phone 1. Dial the required telephone number and press call button (green button). 2. Talk when the phone is received and after finishing the talk cut line pressing call abort button (red button). Safety Measures 1. Never use mobile phone when it is in charge. 2. Do not keep the mobile phone in a wet place. Occupation, Business BOOK 233 6and Technology Education

Activity 1. Type http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitwan_National_Park in the browser of computer and search Chitwan National Park. 2. Find the information about the tourist spot of your district from the website and present in the class. Word meaning Browser : software for searching web Procedure : an established or correct method of doing something Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Network of computer computer Web browser means of communication Source of information mobile Phone Telephone google Chrome Sending SMS internet B Answer the following questions. 1. Write the procedures of using telephone. 2. What are the safety measures to be remembered while using mobile phone? Write. Practical Work Collect the information of Swayambhunath Stupa and Lumbini using computer and Internet. 234 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

4Lesson An Introduction to Alternative Energy and its Importance A kind of energy is needed for doing any activity in our daily life. Such energy helps us perform our activities. We use energy produced from various sources. For example: a. Heat energy required to cook food is obtained from fire wood, kerosene, gas or electricity. b. Energy produced from diesel or petrol is used to operate vehicles. c. The energy obtained from kerosene or electricity is used for lighting. d. Television, rice cooker and many other electronic appliances receive energy for operation from electricity. Firewood, gas, kerosene, diesel, electricity, petrol, sun light, etc are sources of energy. Some sources of energy last forever and some gets finished after some time from the earth. On the basis of characteristic of sources of energy, they can be classified into two groups. They are Non-renewable source of energy or Conventional source of energy and renewable source of energy or alternative source of energy. a. Non-renewable Source of Energy The naturally made sources of energy stored in the nature for millions of years is called non-renewable source of energy. This is also called conventional or mineral source of energy. Petrol, diesel, gas, coal, etc are the fuels or sources of energy obtained from the mineral source. These sources of energy are found Gas Plant in specific place of the earth. Non- renewable source of energy cannot be made by human being. They cannot Occupation, Business BOOK 235 6and Technology Education

be replaced or regenerated quickly and are limited. If continuously used, it will be one day used up completely. So, they should be used sensibly to prevent the energy crisis in the future. b. Renewable Source of Energy The energy sources which are continuously available in the nature and do not get finished are called renewable source of energy. Solar energy, biogas, wind energy, hydro power, biological energy, etc are the energy obtained from the renewable source of energy. These sources of Solar Panel energy are available in every part of the earth in different form. Renewable source of energy are used as the alternative of mineral source of energy. So it is also called alternative source of energy. This type of energy can play a major role in solving the problem of energy crisis in the future. Need and Importance of Alternative Source of Energy The importance of renewable sources of energy, which can be regenerated has increased in the present world as the naturally stored mineral source of energy is rapidly decreasing. The mineral source of energy has caused the increase of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, etc which are creating various environmental problems. It increases global warming, excessive rain, scanty rain, acid rain, flooding and so on. Therefore, the importance of renewable source of energy has increased. On the other hand, these sources of energy are continuously available and environmental friendly as well. In the context of Nepal, renewable source of energy is more consistent and reliable than non-renewable source of energy. It is economically difficult for Nepal to invest for the excavation of mineral source of energy. At the same time a huge amount of capital has to be invested to import petrol and diesel from abroad. Nepal is rich in dense forest and has the possibility of generating hydro electricity and biodiversity. So, Nepal needs to invest for renewable source of energy. 236 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Nepal can produce a large amount of energy from the renewable source of energy which can expand the approach of energy even to the village area. Nepal has many rivers and rivulets which can be used to generate hydroelectricity. Various researches state that we can locally produce 14 megawatts electricity from small and medium hydro power, 8 megawatts per day from solar energy, 19 lakhs biogas plants and 31 lakhs metric ton of natural oil from 16 different plants. All these sources are not utilized yet in Nepal. Some are used but not in optimum level. Local level technology can also be used to generate alternative energy. Production of energy at local level is cheaper than the cost of expanding national grid extension. Although the alternative energy technology seems to be a bit costly at starting phase, it is less expensive and much beneficial in long term. The Importance of Alternative Source of Energy Can be Summarized as below: a. Environment friendly. b. Reduces global warming, green house effect, acid rain, etc. c. It will never finish. d. Helps in creating employment and generating income. e. Load shedding problem can be reduced. f. More reliable and effective than non-renewable source of energy. Activity 1. Collect the samples of non-renewable source of energy and present in class. 2. Discuss about the renewable source of energy used in your locality. Word meaningBOOK 237 Beneficial : producing a good or advantageous effect Biogas : organic gas used as fuel Conventional : usual or established Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

Crisis : dangerous or difficult time Global warming : increase in world’s temperature Scanty : inadequate Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Nepal does not have mega potentiality of generating hydro electricity. 2. A kind of energy is needed in every activity to be done in our daily life. 3. On the basis of characteristics of source of energy, they can be broadly classified into three groups. 4. Local level technology can also be used to generate alternative energy. 5. The importance of alternative source of energy is equally stressing need for future generation. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is alternative source of energy? 2. Give short introduction of renewable and non-renewable source of energy. 3. Write the name of alternative sources of energy. 4. List the importance of alternative source of energy in Nepal? Practical Work 1. Observe and make a list of alternative source of energy used in your locality. 2. Write a paragraph on the topic ‘Reduce the use of non-renewable source of energy and increase the use of renewable source of energy’ with examples. 238 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Specification Grid Occupation, Business and Technology Education (Theoretical) Subject Areas Units No. of Full Knowledge Skill Higher Remarks Questions Marks Ability Occupation/ 1. Professional 1 5 1 Professional Education 1 5 1 1 5 Education 2. Employment, Training 1 and Education 3. Information Related to Employment 4. General Vocational Skills 5. Business 15 1 6. Trade and Market Management 7. Vegetable Farming Business/ 8. Fruit Farming Vocational 9. Dry Vegetables, Fruits and Foodstuffs Orientation 10. Farming of Flowers and Medicinal Herbs 4 20 1 21 11. Care of Animals and Birds 12. Arts and Crafts 13. Clay Work 14. Sewing, Knitting and Fabric Painting Technology 15. Local Technology 15 1 Education 16. Modern Technology 1 5 1 Total 10 50 3 52 Distribution of Marks for Practical Examination Total Marks 10 S. No. Description 5 1 Report presentation by Research 20 2 Record of practical works 10 3 Construction of materials and their use 5 4 Micro project work (drafting plan) 50 5 Oral Examination BOOK 239 Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

A Set of Model Question Occupation, Business and Technology Education (Theoretical) Grade: VI Full Marks : 50 Time: 1:30 hrs Pass Marks: 20 Answer the following questions: (10 x 5 = 50 Marks) Group A: Occupation/Professional Education 1. What is meant by profession? Why is it necessary to us? 2. What is professional training? What things are taught under this training? 3. How are local newspaper and F.M radio considered as the reliable sources of information about local employment? Group B: Business/Vocational Orientation 4. Write the difference between agro-based and non agro-based occupation. Attempt any four questions from this section. 5. List the vegetables grown in the winter season and explain the preparation method of nursery bed. 6. Why is the hilly region of Nepal called the region of citrus fruits? Give reason. 7. Write down the steps to prepare Gundruk. 8. What is floriculture? How do you care flower plants? Mention in four points. 9. Answer any one question from the following: a) Briefly explain about any two goat species of our country. b) Compare between closed shed and open shed of cattle. c) Describe any two common diseases of poultry. d) Write a short note an feed management for pig. e) Enlist the local and exotic species of fish found in Nepal and explain any two of them. f) How can we manage feed and pasture for bee keeping? 10. What is origami? Mention the process of making any one origami item. 11. How can you knead clay? Explain its steps. 12. What is hemming stitch? Explain it with the help of a diagram. Group C: Technology Education 13. Write about the spade and its uses. 14. How can we search necessary information in the Internet. Write its procedure. 240 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education