Occupation, Business and Technology Book 6_2077 Edition

Quarantine : isolation of birds with the communicable diseases Roam : walk with no fixed direction Shanks : leg Tinged : get mixed with Wart : a small hard non cancer tumor Wattle : a fleshy lobe hanging down from the chin Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Avian Influenza is caused by Orthomyxo virus. 2. Birds are not allowed to move out in battery system. 3. Starter feed contains about 10 percent protein. 4. Ducks have less immunity power compared to chickens. 5. New Hampshire is originated from Australia. B Answer the following questions. 1. Give brief introduction to different types of breeds of chicken available in Nepal. 2. Write the importance of poultry farming. 3. Briefly explain some common disease of poultry. 4. Describe the types of housing system of poultry farming. 5. Write a short note on different types of feeding practices for poultry. Practical Work Visit a poultry farm in your community. Observe the management system of that farm. Prepare a small report and present it in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 151 6and Technology Education

Lesson 4 Pig Farming Pig farming is an important part of agriculture. It has become an occupation for some farmers of Nepal. Pigs are farmed for meat production. They are reared traditionally in the hilly and Terai areas in Nepal. Farmers in rural areas keep their pigs in back side of their house. Nowadays, some people are attracted to commercial swine farming. Swine farming is beneficial from commercial point of view. A. Breeds of Pig There are swines of two categories like local and exotic breeds in Nepal. Jangali bandel, Pudke bandel, Chwanche, Hurrah are the indigenous or local breeds whereas Yorkshire, Landrace and Hampshire are among exotic breeds found in Nepal. a) Local Breeds of Swine These breeds are locally available in different parts of the country. Compared to exotic breeds, they are smaller in size and of low weight. They are mentioned as follows: i. Jangali Bandel (Wild Pig) They are found in the jungle of Terai and Hill. They are considered to be the ancestors of domestic pigs in many parts of Asia including Nepal. They are either black or gray coloured. They have long face, long legs and teeth bending upwards and exposed outside the Jangali Bandel mouth. An adult Bandel weighs around 200 to 250 kg. They feed on wild fruits, rhizomes, grains, left over fleshes found in the jungle. 152 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

ii. Pigmy Hog (Pudke Bandel) They are the smallest wild pig found in the Terai jungle. Their body are covered with rusty brown or black hair. They have short tail and small ears. The adult hogs weigh around 20 kg. iii. Hill Pig (Chwanche) Pudke Bandel They are called ‘Chwanche’ amongst the Magar community and ‘Suungur’ in the other communities of western hills. They are popularly known as ‘Pundi’ in the Eastern hills. They are very small in size. They are black in colour. They have short ears and narrow shoulder and white spots Chwanche Pig on the forehead. The adult female Chwanche weighs around 38 kg and male weighs up to 25 kg. They are reared mainly in free range system. They give birth to 6-7 piglets in one birth parity. iv. Terai Pig (Hurrha) They are the domesticated native Hurrha Pig breed of Terai region. They are raised mainly in the central and western Terai. They are grayish black in colour. They have long feet and tail. The hair on the back and neck are erected. They give 5-6 piglets in one birth parity. The adult Hurrha weighs around 50 kg. v. Pakhribas Black Pakhribas Black Pig This breed is the cross between Tam worth, Saddle black and Fayon. This breed is suitable for the hilly region of Nepal. This breed was introduced by Pakhribas Agriculture Centre. Its body is covered with black hair. It gives around 9-10 piglets in one birth parity. The adult pig weighs around 160 kg. Occupation, Business BOOK 153 6and Technology Education

b) Exotic Breed of Swine Exotic breeds means those breeds which are not native or originally not belonging to our country. They are brought in form different countries of the world. They are bigger and grow faster than local breeds. York shire, Landrace, Hampshire, Tamworth and Duroc are the main exotic breeds of swine in Nepal. i. York Shire York Shire Pig The yorkshire breed was originated from England. They are white in colour and have erect ears. They can give around 11-13 piglets in one birth parity. They have long neck long loins and slightly arched back. The adult male weighs around 300- 450 kg whereas female weighs up to 350 kg. ii. Landrace Landrace Pig Landrace is the native breed of Denmark. They are white in colour. They have long body, short feet and big ears. They give around 10- 11 piglets in one birth parity. The adult male’s weight reaches up to 400 kg while the weight of the female reaches up to 330 kg. iii. Hampshire Hampshire Pig This breed of pig has been brought form USA. They are medium sized pigs. They are black in colour with white stripes along front legs and neck of the body. Their legs are small and ears are erected. They can give around 8-9 piglets in one birth parity. The adult male 154 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

weighs around 300 kg and female up to 250 kg. They are found in Eastern Terai of Nepal. iv. Tamworth This breed is thought to be the descendant of the indigenous species of the wild pig of UK. They are red in colour. They have elongated head, long narrow body and erected and pointed ears. They are considered as medium sized Tamworth Pig pigs. The adult boar weight reaches up to 370 kg and Sow weighs up to 300 kg. They can give 6 - 10 piglets in one birth parity. v. Duroc Duroc Pig This breed of pig was originated from USA. Red is the dominant colour of Duroc. They have drooping ears. The weight of the boar reaches up to 450 kg whereas sow weighs up to 350 kg. They can give up to 10 piglets in one birth parity. Activity Prepare a short report on the breeds of pigs found in your locality. B. Swine Housing System The housing for pigs should be good and comfortable. The business of pig farming generally depends on the condition of housing system. There are basically two types of housing systems. Occupation, Business BOOK 155 6and Technology Education

i. Open Range Housing System Open range housing system Indoor range housing system In this type of housing system, the pigs are kept outside for scavenging. They find enough space for grazing and getting food. Generally, this type of housing system is commonly practiced in the rural area. ii. Indoor Housing System In this type of housing system, the pigs are kept inside the shed. They are not allowed for scavenging. This type of housing system is being popular in the urban areas. A large number of pigs can be reared in one place in this housing system Points Should be Considered for Proper Housing Management: • The pigsty should get adequate sunlight. • The pigsty should be facing East or South in the Hill and to the West or North in the Terai. • The floor should be smooth and sloppy for proper cleanliness and drainage. • There must be separated compartments for piglets, sick pigs and pregnant pigs. • There must be provision of enough space and runway. • There must be provision of feeding and drinking facilities. • There must be provision of fresh flow of air. C. Feed Management Pig need balanced diet for their proper growth and development. The diet of pig must include proper amount of carbohydrate, fat, protein, minerals, vitamins and water. Grains, grains by-products, potatoes, cabbage, carrot, turnip, some species of grass, kitchen wastage (left over food) are the sources of feed for the pigs. Pigs require different quantities of concentrates along with the grass and weed according to their age group. It is given in the following table: 156 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Table1: Requirement of concentrates for the pigs of different stages and age groups Pig at different stages Daily requirement (kg) Body weight 7-19 days old piglets Pre-starter piglets Creep feed (Up to 2 kg) Starter piglets 1-2 20 - 40 kg Growing pigs 3-5 Breeding boar and sow 2-3 50 kg Suckling sow 4-5 100 kg Adult boar 3-4 Fattening Pigs 5 \" '' \" Activity Prepare a list of the materials required for the balanced food for the pigs at indoor housing system by consulting the farmer. D. Common Diseases of Swine Pigs are infected by several kinds of diseases. The most common diseases are Scabies, Foot and Mouth Disease, Swine Fever, Anthrax, Brucellosis among the pigs. They are described below: i. Scabies (Mange) It is a parasitic disease of the skin caused by mite called sarcoptes scabiei. Mites penetrate the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and cause severe itching and leave rashes everywhere in the body. It is a contagious disease, So it transmits from one infected animal to another through direct contact. Signs and SymptomsBOOK Pig Infected by Scabies • Skin irritation and rubbing scratching 157 • Ear shaking • Tiny red pimples over the skin • Scales appear in the affected area • Animals become lean and thin Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

Prevention and Control • Animals and their sheds should be kept neat and clean. • The infected animals should be isolated from other healthy animals. • The medicine called Holdn Lotion, Himix and Ectomin (5 ml) should be mixed with 5 liter water and the body should be cleaned. • The injection called Ieomac also can be given under the skin at the rate of 1 ml per 40 kg. ii. Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) It is the viral disease that infects cloven-hoofed animals. It is also called as hoof and mouth disease. It is caused by the virus called Picorna. This disease is an infectious disease. It is transmitted from an infected animal to other animals through contaminated farming equipments, vehicles and feed. Signs and Symptoms • In early stage, there is rise in temperature. Prefers to lie down • The infected animal becomes dull • Blisters come on the snout and the tongue • Loss of finger nails • Sticky , foamy and stringy saliva is produced Prevention and Control • The infected animals must be isolated from other animals. • Hygienic rules must be followed strictly in the farm. • Clean the wounds with Aluminum or Potas water. iii. Swine Fever This disease is also known as Hog Cholera. It is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs. Signs and Symptoms • High fever 158 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

• Loss of appetite • General dullness • Reddened and draining eyes. • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Cough and difficulty in respiration Swine Fever in Pig Prevention and Control • Vaccines should be given to pigs against swine fever every year. • There must be use of anti hog cholera serum in early stage. • Proper hygiene should be maintained. • Infected pigs should be separated from other animals. • Antibiotics should be given for the treatment of secondary infection. iv. Anthrax Anthrax is an uncommon infectious disease of pigs. It is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by the bacterium called Bacillus anthrocis. It is transmitted from one animal to another through common feeding places. Signs and Symptoms • Blood mixed faeces • Fever • Blue skin • Loss of appetite • Bleeding from the nose • Swelling on neck • Difficulty in respiration Prevention and Control Anthrax Infection in Pig • Anthrax can be controlled through vaccination programme. • Animals should be given vaccine annually in the affected area. • The infected animals should be separated from other animals. Occupation, Business BOOK 159 6and Technology Education

• The dead animals, manure, bedding and other contaminated materials must be buried safely and lime should be put on the ground. v. Brucellosis It is also called rock fever. It is caused by rod shaped bacteria called Rucella. This disease may transmit to human also. It generally affects the female pig during the breeding period. Signs and Symptoms Brucellosis in Pig • Sweating • Joint and muscle pain • Fever • Headache • Swelling of lever and spleen • Tiredness • Depression • Weight loss Prevention and Control • Animals can be vaccinated against Brucellosis against the epidemic. • If the animals are already infected, antibiotics can be given for the treatment. vi. Parasites Pigs are infested by a large number of parasites. There are internal and external parasites, which attack pigs. Internal parasites (endoparasites) include: Tape worms, Liver Flukes, Kidney worms, Lungs worms, Whip worms, Hook worms, Thread worms, Pin worms, etc. External parasites (exoparasites) includes biting insects like Black flies, Ticks Mosquitoes, Horse flies and non biting insects like House flies, Lice, Mites, etc. For the control of internal parasites, pigs should be given antiheminitic drugs on regular basis. For example: Piperazine and dmebendazole can be given against round worms. Similarly, Alberdazole can be given against tape worms and lungs worms. At the same time, Oxyclozanide can be given against Liver flukes. 160 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Mention the diseases seen in the pigs of your locality. Write a small report about their treatment measures by consulting farmers and JTA. Word meaning Antihenmintic : medicine against parasitic worms Drooping : ranging downward Lion : hip or abdominal region Exercise A Choose the best answer from the brackets. 1. Nowadays, people are attracted to...................................pig farming. (traditional/conventional/commercial) 2. FMD infects..............................animals. (webbed feet/cloven hoofed) 3. Rucella causes............to the swine. (Brucellosis/Anthrax/Hog cholera) 4. The swine of the age group 7-19 days is.............................................. (pre-starter/Starter/Suckling) 5. Fluke is present in the.................................... (Intestine/Stomach/Liver) B Answer the following questions. 1. Explain any three local swines of Nepal. 2. Explain the general characteristics of exotic pigs found in Nepal. 3. Write the importance of swine farming. 4. Explain any two swine diseases. 5. Mention the factors that should be considered in housing management of pigs. 6. Write a short note on feed management for pigs. Occupation, Business BOOK 161 6and Technology Education

Lesson 5 Fish Farming Fish farming is one of the important sector of agriculture. There are a lot of small scale fish farming in different places in plain and hilly region in Nepal. Our Country is rich in fresh water resources. These water resources can be used for commercial fish farming. Artificial ponds are being made in various places for fish farming especially in the Terai region . Hence, there is high potentiality for fish farming in Nepal. Fish farming is also being a popular business in our country. A. Species of Fish There are 185 species of fish in Nepal. Among them , few species are commercially also important. Naini, Rohu, Buhari, Katla species of local fish can be farmed commercially. Similarly, Common carp, Grass carp and Rainbow trout are the exotic species of fish found in the country. a) Local Species: The local species like Rohu, Naini, Bhakur and Katla are popular for commercial farming. i. Rohu (Labeo Rohita) : It is a warm water fish found in the Terai region of Nepal. It is belonged to the carp family. It can be raised in pond, river and lake. It feeds Rjai (Labeo Rohita) Fish on zooplankton and phytoplankton. It has elongated body with small pointed head. Its body is covered by scales. The eyes and fin tips are red coloured and body is white. It reaches around 1.5 to 2 kg weight in 2 years. 162 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

ii. Naini (Cirrhus Parigala) Naini (Cirrhus Parigala)Fish This species of fish is also found in the same climate of Rohu. It has a long slender body. Its upper part is brown and lower part is white. Breeding of this species of fish is possible through both natural and artificial ways. It is golden in colour. iii. Buhari (Wallago Attu) It is also found in warm water river Buhari (Wallago Attu) Fish and ponds of Terai region. It feeds up on other small fish. It has long and flat body with big head. It is of gray colour. b) Exotic Species The main exotic breeds of fish found in Nepal are Common carp, Grass carp, Silver carp, Big head carp, Rainbow trout, etc. i. Common Carp It is a wide spread fresh water fish of Nepal. The two different species of Common carps like German carp and Israeli carp are popular in Nepal. In which German carp has scales and Israeli carp does not bear scale. It grows faster in Common Carp Fish the warm water pond at 20-300C temperature. It has a small head. It feeds on water plants, insects as well as grains (artificial diet). It reaches around 1.5 to 2 kg weight in one year. It may grow up to 3 kg. ii. Grass Carp Grass Carp Fish It is a herbivorous fresh water fish. It has elongated body, relatively longer and Occupation, Business BOOK 163 6and Technology Education

head bigger than common carp. Its upper part is greenish brown and ventral part is white in colour. It grows well at the temperature between 20-300C. It reaches 1.5- 2 kg weight in one year. It may grow up to 5 kg. iii. Rainbow Trout It is a cold water fish which grow well in cold fresh running water at the temperature between 15–200C. Rainbo Trout Fish This species was imported from Japan in 1990 AD in Nepal. This breed does not have spines and scales. In one cubic meter of water 1.5 to 2 kg Trout can be produced. Its meat is boneless and delicious. It is carnivorous and can be reared by feeding high protein grains. It is in high demand and expensive too. It is commercially reared in the hilly region like Nuwakot, Pokhara, Dhading, Sindhupalchok and Kavre districts. Activity Discuss the species of fish found in your locality in the class. B. Types of Fish Pond There are various types of fish ponds according to the growth stage of the fish. They are explained below: i. Nursery Pond A nursery pond for growing fingerlings This pond is necessary for the recently hatched fries until they reach one month age. A constant flow of water in the pond is beneficial. Normally the area of the pond is 0.1 hector with 1 meter depth. 164 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

ii. Production Pond When the fish reached 5 gm weight they need to be transferred into the production pond. In this pond, fish are kept until they are sold to the market. iii. Reservoir Pond The pond, formed by the accumulation of rain water is called reservoir pond. Fish can be reared in such a pond for short duration of time. C. Feed Management A Temporary Reservoir Pond There must be proper management of feed for the growth and development of the fish in the pond. In commercial fish farming there are two types of feeds like artificial and natural feeds. They are described below: i. Natural Feed As a natural feed the fish can feed on small water plants (phytoplankton) and small insects and microorganisms (zooplankton) found in the pond. Natural feeds can be produced in the pond by using dung, compost manure, oilseed cakes, etc. At the same time, it is beneficial to add some chemical fertilizers like Urea, DAP and TSP in appropriate amount in the pond. ii. Artificial Feed In a pond, fish can find, natural food by themselves but only natural food may not be sufficient to the growing fingerling. They also need artificial feed for their proper growth and development. So, farmers should feed well balanced artificial food to the growing fish. The artificial feed can be prepared using rice bran, wheat bran, maize, millet, dry fish, oilseed cake, grass, banana leaves, etc. While preparing feed for the fish it should be remembered that Rainbow trout, Magur and fingerling need 30-35% protein. Adult fish should be fed 2 times in a day whereas fries should be fed 4 times in a day. Occupation, Business BOOK 165 6and Technology Education

Activity What things are required as raw materials to prepare natural and artificial feed for the fish. Discuss in the class. D. Common Disease of Fish Tricodina, White spot disease, Argulus, Larniya (Hookworm), and Gyrodactylus are the common diseases and parasites of fish. They are described below: i. White Spot Disease It is commonly known as fresh water itch. It is a common protozoan disease of freshwater fish. It is caused by the protozoa called Ichthyopthirius. Signs and Symptoms White Spot Disease in Fish • Laziness • Green skin • Wound and white spots in the body • Stops feeding Prevention and Control • The ponds should be kept clean. • Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease. • The water of the pond should be changed regularly. • This disease can be treated by sinking the infected fish in 2-3% salt solution (potassium permanganate) for 3-4 minutes. • Formalin and Malachite green solution can be added in the pond. ii. Gyrodactylus It is a parasitic disease. It infects gill, skin and wings. Fries and fingerling are severely affected by the leech like parasites. 166 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Signs and Symptoms • Sluggishness • Fin drops and folded against the body • Flashing colour • Itching and disordered fish movement Prevention and Control Gyrodactylus Infected Fish • The pond should get regular flow of water. • Dipteecs solution can be added at the rate of 0.25 ppm. iii. Trichodina It is a protozoan disease. It is caused by the parasite called Triochodiana. It attacks the gills, skin and fins of the fish. In the chronic stage it causes great loss of fingerling. Signs and Symptoms Trichodina Infected Fish • Restlessness • Loss of body weight • Tiredness • Finally fingerling die Prevention and Control • The ponds should be kept clean. • Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease. • The water of the pond should be changed regularly. • Formalin and malachite green solution can be added at the rate of 0.1 ppm. iv. Argulasis (Fish Lice) It is also an ectopararitic disease of fresh water fish. It is caused by the parasite called Argulus. It attaches on skin, head, fins and gills of the fish and sucks blood from the body. Occupation, Business BOOK 167 6and Technology Education

Signs and Symptoms • Faded skin colour • Eroded scales • Excessive mucus secretion • Scratch themselves • Frequently jump out of water Prevention and Control Argulosis Infected Fish • The ponds should be kept clean. • Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease. • The water of the pond should be changed regularly. • Formalin and malachite green solution can be added at the rate of 0.1 ppm. v. Larniya (Hook Worm) It is an ectoparasitic disease. These parasites attach on skin and insert their hooks into the body of fish and cause wound on it. Signs and Symptoms • Laziness • Lesion appear on head and body • Rub body on the wall of the pond Prevention and Control • The ponds should be kept clean. Hook Worm Infected Fish • Fries should be purchased that are free from the disease. • The water of the pond should be changed regularly. • Formalin and malachite green solution can be added at the rate of 0.1 ppm. Activity Make a list of diseases of fish found in your locality and discuss about their treatment measures by consulting farmers. 168 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Commercial : having profit as the main aim Ectoparasite : any external parasitic organism Fingerling : very young or small fish Fin tips : the end part of the fin Fries : young fish Lesion : a wound or infected patch of skin Phytoplankton : small free floating water plants Potentiality : having inherent capacity Predator : an animal that lives by eating other animals Slender : long and thin Ventral part : abdominal part Zooplankton : small organisms that float in water Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Ichthyopthirius argulosis Water plants phytoplankton Scale less rainbow trout Fries fingerling Faded skin colour white Spot Disease B Answer the following questions. 1. Enlist the local and exotic species of fish found in Nepal and explain any one of them. 2. What materials are required for the artificial feed for the fish? List down. 3. Describe the types of ponds that are used in fish farming. 4. Describe any diseases commonly found in the fish. 5. Compare between local and exotic fish found in Nepal. Occupation, Business BOOK 169 6and Technology Education

Lesson 6 Bee Keeping Farming of honey bee in a systematic manner is called bee keeping. It is also called apiculture. Bees are very useful insects. Bee keeping provides us honey, honeycomb and waxes. The demand of honey is increasing day by day. There are mainly three types of bees like queen (Rani mauri), drone (Bhale mauri) and the workers (Karmi mauri). In which, the main function of queen is to lay eggs. Generally, there is only one queen in a hive. The drones are smaller than queen in size. Their main function is to mate with the queen. Do you know the fact about the drones? They die after mating. The workers are in the largest population in the hive or colony. They work for the queen and drones. They have direct role to make honey in the hive. A. Different Breeds of Bee There are basically two groups of bees in Nepal. They are exotic and local. Both types of bees are kept by the farmers. They are described below: i. Local Breeds There are some species of bees in Nepal which are native and have been found for many years. The bees like Kathauri mauri (Apir Dorsata), Khago mauri (Apis floria), Bhir mauri (Laborisoa), and Cerena mauri (Apis Cerena) are some popular indigenous bees of Nepal. They are mentioned below: a. Apis Dorsata (Kathauri Mauri) Kathauri Mauri It is a wild species of bees. It is yellowish in colour and as big as housefly. It is found below 1,000 meter altitude from the Sea level (Terai and lower part of the Hill). It makes hive at tree branches, and leaves. It produces about 1 kg honey in a year from a hive. It has got high medicinal value. 170 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

b. Apis Florea (Khago mauri) They are also wild species of bees. They are found in the Terai and lower Hill up to 1,000 meter altitude Khago Mauri from the Sea level. They are bigger than Kathauri mahuri and black in colour. Generally, they build their hives on the branch of tall trees or roof of the house. They produce around 30 to 40 kg honey every year. c. Apis Laborisoa (Bhir mauri) It is a high altitude species of bees. They are found at an altitude ranging from 1,200 to 3,500 meter from the Sea level. This species is wild and furious. They Bhir Mauri can produce around 80-100 kg honey in a year. This honey is also called as rock honey. This honey is many times expensive than honey from other bees. d. Apis Cerena (Cereana mauri) It is also popularly known as Indian bee. It is found in many parts of hilly region up to the altitude of 3,400 meter. It is the domestic species of Nepal. It is kept in traditional hive. Around 20-30 kg honey can be collected from one hive in a year. ii. Exotic Breeds Creana Mauri The honey bees of this species produce larger quantity of honey compared to other local breeds. a. Apis Mellifera (Mellifera mauri) It is popularly known as European honey bee. It was originated in Africa and spread to Europe, India and China. They are light golden in colour and abdomens are striped yellow and brown. Their size is bigger than other local species of bees. They can be farmed up to the altitude of 1,500 meter from the Sea level. We can collect Mellifera Mauri Occupation, Business BOOK 171 6and Technology Education

around 80 to 100 kg honey from one colony. It is suitable to farm this species of honey bee in the Terai and Inner-Terai of Nepal. Activity List out the name of the species of honey bees farmed in your locality and discuss in the class. B. Management of Bee Hives Bees live in both of the natural and man- made hives. Some of the species of Beehives for Pasturing bees like Kathauri mauri, Khago mauri, Bhir mauri prefer to live in natural hives like shrubs hollowed-out trees, rocky sloppy hill and jungle. They do not live at man-made hive. On the other hand, some species of bees like Cerena mauri and Apis mellifera can be reared at man- made bee hives. Man-made bee hives can be classified into two types. i. Traditional Beehives Different species of local or indigenous bees are being reared from traditional beehives. They are made from wooden boxes and logs. In this type of hive, only one entrance Traditional Beehives is made for the bees to go in and come outside. There is no partition inside the box. The beehives need to be destroyed to collect honey. They are commonly found in village areas. ii. Modern Beehives Modern Beehives These hives are scientifically designed. There are different chambers (i.e. honey chamber and brooding chamber). The honey chamber is there for the collection of honey and brooding chamber is for brooding eggs, larva and pupa. In, this bee hive, honey can be collected without harming the bees. 172 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Discuss the types of beehives that you have seen in your community. C. Feed and Pasture Bee Feeding on Flower Nector Balanced feed is necessary for the proper growth and development of the bees. They feed on flower nectar, pollen, water and dew drops of the grass. The place where flowers blossom and nectar and pollen are available for the bees is called pasture of honey bee. The queen honey bee and growing larvae eat royal jelly and honey from the comb cells. During the off season, we need to give them man- made feed (mixture of sugar and pollen). The man- made feed helps them to survive and produce honey even in the off season. D. Common Diseases There are many diseases and predators among the honey bees. These diseases attack the bees in different stages of their life cycles. Some of the common diseases are described below: a. Brood Diseases i. American Foul Brood It is caused by the rod shaped spore forming bacterium called Paenibacillus larvae. It is the most destructive bee brood disease. Young larvae up to 3 days are most susceptible to infection. These bacteria kill the bee larva by completely consuming body tissues. This disease can be prevented and controlled the use of Terramycin (oxytetracycline hydrochloride). ii. European Foul Brood It is caused by the bacteria called European Foul Brood Melissococcus plutonius. This disease Occupation, Business BOOK 173 6and Technology Education

mostly attack young larvae up to 2 days. After the attack of this disease, larva’s colour turn white yellowish and brownish respectively. It can be treated with the antibiotics called Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC). We need to do regular replacement of brood nest combs to prevent the disease. iii. Sacbrood This disease is caused by a virus. It attacks the larva of bees. The attack of this disease changes the colour of the larva into yellowish, brownish and finally blackish. This disease attacks the bee colony mostly during Spring and Autumn season. b. Adult Diseases i. Noserna It is a parasitic disease. It is caused by the parasite called Nosera Apis. This disease attacks the digestive system of adult bees. After the attack by this parasite, bees cannot fly and the queen cannot lay eggs. There is swelling in the stomach. In the final stage they die. To control this disease, we need to spray fumagilin at the rate of 20 gm per liter water inside the beehive. In the case of severe condition we need to consult expert for the treatment and control of the disease. ii. Paralysis It is a bacterial disease. Generally, this disease attacks the bees during summer season. The bees cannot fly after the attack of this disease. Then eventually, the affected and paralyzed bees die out within few days. For the prevention and control of this disease, Vitamin B Complex must be sprayed inside the beehive. At the same time we need to replace infected queen with a new healthy queen. iii. Predators The predators like Wasps, Moths, Ants and Mites do kill the bees and adversely affects bee keeping. Honey Bee Eating Wasp 174 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Apiculture : the raising of bees for commercial purpose Chamber : partition/part Drones : male honey bees Mites : very small creatures that feed on other animal’s blood Parasites : organisms that live on another animal from which they get all nourishment Activity Visit a bee keeping farm of your locality. Observe the colonies and ask the farmer about the common diseases of the bees and their control measures. Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statement: 1. Apis Floria is an exotic species of bee commonly found in Nepal. 2. Meliossococcus plutonis can be controlled by OTC. 3. Apis Mellifera can live at hollowed out tree. 4. The main function of drone is to mate with the queen. 5. Generally, there is only one queen in a colony. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is beekeeping? Mention its importance. 2. Explain the general characteristics of the local or native species of bees of Nepal. 3. Compare between modern and traditional bee hives. 4. Explain any two diseases that harm bee keeping. 5. Write a short note on feed and pasture management for bee keeping. Occupation, Business BOOK 175 6and Technology Education

UNIT12 Arts and Crafts Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Tell the points to consider while making paper craft.  Demonstrate the method to use tools and materials required for paper craft.  Make envelope, file, greeting card, etc from paper.  Wrap or package gifts.  Demonstrate the procedures of using required tools and materials for bamboo/straw/Babiyo/cane work.  Make items from bamboo/straw/Babiyo/cane.  Make toys and other materials from waste products. 176 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

1Lesson Introduction of Paper and its Importance Paper is mainly used for writing, reading, drawing, printing, etc. Nowadays, it is not used only for writing and printing but also for various purposes. A good quality of paper is used for paintings. Various kinds of materials for decoration and toys for children can be prepared from paper. Paper is used for making kites, dolls, houses and so on for playing and protecting goods while delivering from one place to another. Envelope, invitation card, paper plates, napkins, etc are also prepared from paper. News is published in papers and these news papers are distributed to different parts of the world. Paper has diverse scope nowadays. Activity As per your knowledge, for what purposes paper is used? Make a list. Points to consider while making paper crafts Some important points to consider while making paper crafts: • Select the appropriate paper for what you are going to make. • Be clear about the size and shape of goods that you are going to make. • Be careful while cutting paper. It is better to mark with pencil and cut straight with scissors. • Use glue or gum fairly. • Keep the tools in a proper place when work is finished. • Work in peaceful environment and use bins to throw unnecessary paper pieces. Introduction of tools and their uses Various tools are used in paper crafts. Some of the tools and their uses are mentioned below. Occupation, Business BOOK 177 6and Technology Education

1. Board or table: A plain and clean board or table is used to keep paper for cutting in exact size and shape. It is used for marking on paper and applying gum or glue for pasting. 2. Knife: A knife is used to cut papers but it should be handled carefully. Paper knife is better and safer for this purpose. 3. Scissor: It is used to cut papers. A special kind of scissor should be used to cut papers decoratively. 4. Smother: It is used to mark and draw lines according to the requirement of paper. It is made up of wood or bamboo. 5. Compass: It is used to make circles and bisect the lines. 6. Ruler: Ruler is used in paper work for measurement. It is available in different size. 7. L-square: It is used to ensure whether the measurement of paper is right- angled or not. 8. Pencil: Pencil is used to draw lines and sketch figures. It should be sharpened time and again so that it is clean and easier to use. 9. Brush: A brush is needed to color figures. 10. Eraser: Eraser is used to avoid the unnecessary drawings. We can make our drawing neat and tidy by using a good quality eraser. 11. Gum or glue: It is used to stick things together. Various things prepared from papers are pasted using gum or glue. 12. Rag: It is a small piece of cloth to wipe hands and sometimes materials for cleanliness. 13. Clips: It is a device that grips or clasps loose things together. It is used to keep papers in order. 178 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

14. Plastic: It is used to protect paper works from dust. If paper works are covered by plastic, they can last for long time. Activity 1. Practice cutting papers in L shape, round shape, etc using scissor. 2. Practice cutting papers according to the measurement using scale, pencil and compass. Protection of tools All the tools are to be kept in a proper and safe place after cleaning them when the work is finished so that they can be available easily next time. Things to be prepared from paper Various items can be prepared from paper for decoration and playing. Box, bags, dolls, toys, etc can be made from paper. It is not necessary that paper should be unused one. We can use old and used newspapers also. Envelope An envelope is needed to send letters. Invitation card, greeting cards, etc are also put into an envelope. Envelopes are of different size. Normal size of envelope is 10/15cm. If we prepare envelope ourselves, it saves money and time. We can sell envelope and earn profits also. The following steps should be followed to prepare envelope of this size. A B 1. Take a plain paper of 33cm length and 24 cm breadth. 2. Write A and B from right to left at the top, C and D at C D A EB the bottom with a pencil. 3. Fold A, B and C, D by making it exactly half. Mark E at mid-point of AB and F at mid-point of CD. C D F B 4. Fold A, C and B, D by making it exactly half. Mark G A E at mid-point of AC and H at mid-point of BD. GH Occupation, Business BOOK CFD 6and Technology Education 179

5. Draw straight lines and join EHFG. AEB 6. Fold 9/9 cm from G towards H and H towards G. G H Similarly, fold 7/7 cm from E towards F and F towards C F D E. Cut out the unnecessary parts. AEB 7. Cut the paper into a rounded shape so that a corner is G H formed on the intersected points. CFD 8. Fold clearly the folded parts. 9. Apply glue on the edges and stick. 10. Now, a simple envelope is ready. Put letter inside it, apply glue on the edges of the cover and close it. Activity Make an envelope according to the instructions mentioned above. Paper File 30cm 20cm We can prepare useful files for personal and official use from paper. Some important materials like news print, cardboard paper, gum, scissors, marker, thread, etc are required to make files. The following steps should be followed to prepare paper files. 1. Taketwopiecesofcardboardpaperof30cmX20cm. 2. Apply gum thoroughly on one side of a cardboard paper and stick news print on it. 3. Again stick another cardboard paper on it to make it harder. 4. After drying it, fold it from length side. 5. Make two holes on the lower part and insert a thread Record File from outside. Fine No. 6. Now, a paper file is ready, you can use it to write Name:.............. Subject: ............ required information on outer side of file. 180 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Make a paper file as per the instructions mentioned above. Greeting Cards Greeting cards are widely used on the occasion of New Year, Dashain, birthday and other ceremonies. We can make greeting cards ourselves from thick cardboard paper. It can be made of various designs and colors. We can make attractive and artistic greeting cards as per our choice. Activity Make a greeting card for your friend to be given on the occasion of New Year. Word meaning Deliver : carry something to somebody or an address Envelope : paper cover for letter Indicate : to point something Wrap : cover something up Exercise A State ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements: 1. Paper has diverse scope nowadays. 2. News is published in papers and is distributed to different parts of the world. 3. A low quality of paper is used for paintings. 4. The materials for decoration cannot be prepared from paper. 5. An envelope is needed to send letters. B Answer the following questions. 1. What is the importance of paper in our daily life? 2. Write any four points to be considered while making paper crafts. 3. Make a list of tools needed for paper crafts. Occupation, Business BOOK 181 6and Technology Education

Lesson 2 Origami and Kirigami Origami Origami is a Japanese word. In Japanese language ‘Ori’ means folding and ‘gami/kami’ means paper. Its literal meaning is folding paper. An art of making varieties of shapes by folding paper is called Origami. We can make the toys of different sizes and shapes by folding papers. It can be used to give presents to our friends and even for daily activities. Nowadays there is a trend of packaging food items with paper. One can increase creativity and utilize the leisure time by this work. It can be done professionally to earn income. Process of making Cap (1) Use 20” × 20” Paper (2) Fold both (3) Take those corners up Fold diagonally in half. Corners down. as shown. . (4) Take bottom upper (5) Mountain Fold both sides (6) Cap is ready. layer up as shown. as shown. Turn the model 182 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Process of making Fish (1) Fold diagonally in half (2) Fold left side (3) Fold upward and unfold. Corner as shown. in half. (4) Fold both layers (5) Fold right hand side up as shown. on the dotted line. Turn model over. (6) Now fish is ready. (3) Mountain fold Process of making Aeroplane in half. You may find it easier to turn the paper (2) Fold edges to over and make meet the center a valley fold. crease.  (1) Take a rectangle paper. Fold in (4) Narrow still fourther by (5) Open the wings half and unfold. folding each of the folded up to go degrees. Lift each corner edges to the right hand and fold it to vertical edge. Turn the meet the center paper round so that it crease. (6) Your aeroplane is Ready. is horizontal Occupation, Business BOOK 183 6and Technology Education

Kirigami ‘Kirigami’ is a Japanese word. In Japanese language ‘Kiri’ means cutting and ‘gami’ means paper. In this way kirigami means an art of making flowers, materials for decoration, etc by cutting papers. This is a traditional art started from Japan. Various materials for decoration are prepared by cutting papers in different festivals. Kirigami depicts the art inside a person and provides a space to show one’s creativity. Process of making Kirigami flower 1. Fold a piece of paper in half by bringing the bottom half towards the top. 2. Fold in half again by bringing the right side towards Kirigami Flower the left side. 3. Fold in half again by bringing the left side towards the right side. It will look like a triangle with the bottom layers extending beyond the top layers. 4. Cut the folded paper into the shape of one petal. It will look like an ice cream cone. 5. Unfold this paper and you will get a beautiful flower. Gift Wrapping A trend has developed to present gifts on various occasions like marriage, Bratabandha, birthday, etc in our society. The gifts are wrapped with a colorful paper in an attractive style which creates curiosity and excitement while opening it. This is called gift wrapping. Gift Wrapping There are no rules for gift-wrapping. We can match any colors, textures, etc. It just needs a little creativity which makes our gifts very special and attractive. Activity 1. Discuss in your class about the local technique of making Toran. 2. Make a list of Origami/Kirigami prepared in your school for celebrating a cultural programme. 3. Wrap a copy in order to give as a gift to your friend on his/her birthday. 184 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Curiosity : desire to know something Depict : to show something in a picture, painting or sculpture Kirigami : the Japanese art of paper folding and cutting into ornamental shapes Leisure : free time Literal : following basic meaning Origami : the Japanese art of paper folding Texture : structure of something Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’ Origami art of folding and cutting paper into decoration shapes Kirigami used on occasions Gift wrapping is done with colorful paper Greeting cards art of folding paper B Answer the following questions. 1. What do you mean by Origami and Kirigami? 2. List the name of any ten things that can be prepared using paper. 3. Why do we decorate gifts? Practical Work 1. Make any five items from each of Origami and Kirigami technique and exhibit in your class. 2. Discuss with your friends and teachers on the following topics. a. Selection of paper for making various items. b. Methods of keeping tools needed for paper works. c. Importance and use of paper. Occupation, Business BOOK 185 6and Technology Education

3Lesson Making things from Cane, Bamboo, Straw and Babiyo As Nepal is rich in natural resources, we can make economic progress by utilizing such resources. These resources are used to make items useful for our homes, offices and vocational life. Doko, Daalo, Chakati, bags, Nanglo, etc can be made from cane, straw, Babiyo, etc. These products are cheaper and affordable. It develops the local skills and provides job opportunities. We can prepare Men Carrying Nanglo items using local resources and tools. It encourages the traditional skills and trade of the country. Ultimately, it can be the alternative source of income. Required tools for making things from cane, bamboo, straw and Babiyo: Sickle/Khukuri: This tool is made from iron. It is used for cutting, sharpening and giving proper shapes. Axe: It is used to cut huge logs, bamboo, etc. This is an iron made tool. Saw: It is a hand-operated tool with a toothed metal blade, used to cut wood or other hard materials. It is one of the modern tools. Other tools: Knife, hammer, drilling machine, measuring tape, scissor, etc are also used for making different local items. 186 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Make a list of all the tools used in making products from bamboo, cane, straw and Babiyo. Discuss in your class about this list. Making products from bamboo, straw, cane and Babiyo Pen Holder Pen holder: It is a holder for pens in the form of cup, rack or stand. We can make pen holder from wood, bamboo, plastic and so on. It is used to keep pens safely in our home or office. We can prepare a cheaper and attractive pen holder from bamboo. Saw, knife, drilling machine, etc are necessary for this work. Flower Vase: It is a pot used for holding out flowers in office, conference, houses. It can be made from metal, clay, bamboo and wood. We need different tools to make flower vase like saw, knife, hammer, etc. Broom: This is a brush with a head of twigs or bristle attached to a long thin handle, used Flower Vase for sweeping indoors or outdoors. Besides this, it can be used for coloring houses, plastering, etc. We can make brooms from Babiyo and a rope made from Babiyo. A handful of Babiyo is taken, tightened at the bottom and middle part with rope and cut a little bit from the top part to make a Broom broom. Rope: It is very useful material for domestic works. A rope can be made by twisting together threads of fiber, wires, Babiyo, etc. It is widely used in village area for carrying loads, making a bundle of grass, woods, etc. Rope Occupation, Business BOOK 187 6and Technology Education

Hand fan from straw and bamboo: It is a useful Hand Fan thing in our daily life. We use fan when we feel hot. A hand fan can be made using straw and bamboo. We need the tools like saw, thread, needle and knife for this purpose. Straw or bamboo strip is cut into the same size and weaved interlacing strips. A small hollow piece of bamboo is fixed properly as a handle. After cutting the unnecessary parts with scissors and cleaning it, we can use the fan as per our need. Activity 1. Consult with a local expert about broom and rope making by using local materials. 2. Discuss in your class about the process of making a hand fan from straw or bamboo. 3. Talk about the products, skills, tools, technology and capital required for above products with your teacher. Word meaning Alternatively : otherwise Bristle : hair on brush Conference : meeting for lectures and discussion Drilling : a tool that bores holes Interlace : weave things together Strip : take the covering off something Twist : make ends in opposite directions Ultimately : in the end Vocational : relating to job or career skills 188 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Exercise A Fill in the blanks with the given clues in the bracket. 1. Nepal is......................................(average/rich) in natural resources. 2. We can make....................................(economic/political) progress from traditional skills and resources. 3. Sickle is a tool made from......................................(iron/bamboo) used for sharpening. 4. A..................................(rope/broom) can be made by twisting together threads of fiber, wire, Babiyo, etc. 5. We can make broom and a................................(rope/vase) from Babiyo. 6. ..................................(Axe/sickle) is used to cut huge logs, bamboo, etc. B Answer the following questions. 1. List the items made up of bamboo in your house? 2. Mention the name and process of making things from Babiyo and straw. 3. Write the uses of items made from straw, Babiyo, bamboo and cane. Practical Work 1. Make a broom or a rope from Babiyo and display in your class. 2. Make groups of your friends and make an item from cane, bamboo, straw and Babiyo. Exhibit them in your class. Occupation, Business BOOK 189 6and Technology Education

4Lesson Making Items from Waste Products We have been producing piles of unused and waste materials every day. They can neither be thrown nor be used in the same condition. We even cannot store them. If we utilize our leisure time and our creativity, these unused and waste products can be used for making various useful items. We can use old sarees, woolen clothes, bangles, glasses, plates, plastics, etc for making varieties of other things to decorate. In this way we can reuse the waste products, save money and utilize leisure time. Old clothes: Old Sarees can be used to make Cushions different clothing items like Kurta, Frock, Suruwal, sofa’s cover, curtains, etc. Old pants can be used to make small size pants or half pants. Old bed covers can be used to make bags, pillow cover, cushion cover, etc. Plastic covers: Plastic cover and wrapping papers can be used to make bags, pen holders, doormat, rope, mat, etc. These are cut into pieces and knitted to make different items. Old paper: We can use old papers to make other Plastic Mat paper products after recycling them. Various stationery and decorative items can be made from old papers. Waste materials produced at home: Biodegradable waste materials produced at our homes can be used to prepare compost manure which is good for kitchen garden. If such compost is made in large amount, it can be sold and good Dolls money can be earned. Waste materials like broken glasses, old bangles, jute sacks, etc can be used to make materials for 190 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

decoration. We can make several dolls and toys from waste materials. If we develop this habit and attitude of reusing the waste materials and encourage other people too, it will help to make the surrounding clean and pollution free. Activity Make any two things by using waste materials. Word meaning Cushion : soft filled bag for sitting Recycle : to convert something for re-use Reuse : use of something again Exercise A Fill in the blanks with the given clues. 1. We can make.......................(single/several) things from waste materials. 2. If we develop the habit and attitude of reusing the waste materials, it can help to make our surrounding............................(clean/dirty). 3. ............................................(Bio-degradable/Non-bio degradable) waste materials can be used to prepare compost manure. 4. ................................(Plastic/Old clothes) can be used to make different clothing items. 5. By utilizing our time, money, creativity, we can reproduce.......................... (waste/harmful) products. B Answer the following questions.BOOK 191 1. Explain the use of waste materials. 2. Make a list of waste materials produced at your home. 3. What things can be made from old clothes? Practical Work Collect the plastic covers and make any two useful things. Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

UNIT13 Clay Work Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Identify and select the appropriate soil for clay work.  Recognize important factors while doing clay work.  Identify the tools and use them safely for clay work.  Explain the methods of preparing clay items.  Make clay items of different shapes. 192 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

1Lesson Introduction and Things Made from Clay Work Clay is one of the most important types of soil on the Earth. People use clay to make bricks, tiles, cup, plate, jar, flower vase, pots, etc. It is also used to make dolls, toy animals and toy fruits. Our country is famous for clay work. Different types of a clay items A. Identification and Selection of Soil for Clay Work All kinds of soil are not appropriate for the pottery and ceramic products. The clay that contains very low percentage of silt, sand and gravel is suitable for clay work. This kind of soil is moist and sticky. We can get the characteristics of porosity and plasticity in this type of soil. The soil of all kinds are not suitable for clay work. The fine clay is found 2-3 feet below the ground surface. It should contain very low proportion of silt, sand and gravels. It also should have the quality of porosity and plasticity. If the clay is not suitable, the clay pots might crack or get broken while drying. In our country, Dang is famous for high quality clay and Bhaktapur is popular for pottery. There are several kinds of clay like china clay, fire clay, verifiable clay, silicate clay and fusible clay. Occupation, Business BOOK 193 6and Technology Education

B. Factors to be Considered in Clay Work We should remember the following points while doing clay work: i. Wearing Apron Apron It is essential to wear apron while doing clay work. It can save our clothes from being dirty. If there is no special apron we can use our old cloth too. ii. Selection and Use of Appropriate Tools Different types of tools are there for the clay work. We should use the appropriate tools according to our requirement. We must handle them carefully to prevent ourselves from injury. iii. Observation of the Sample While making any item from the clay, we must observe the natural shape and already prepared items by others. It will help us to make attractive pieces of clay. iv. Proper Placing of Tools and Items The tools used in the clay work should be washed, cleaned and wiped properly after the work is finished. They must be kept in the right place. So, we can get them easily in need. Similarly, the items also should be stored carefully in safe place. v. Arrangement of Soap, Water and Towel The hands and feet get dirty while doing clay work. So, after completing the clay work we must clean our hands and legs with clean water and soap. Then we should wipe our limbs with clean towel. We also need to clean our nails properly. Soap Tap Towel 194 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Activity Discuss the important factors that need to be considered while doing clay work. C. Tools, their Use and Care We know that different kinds of tools are essential in clay work. They are useful to make the items attractive. So, these tools should be used carefully and need to be kept safely in the tool box. Some of the tools which are essential in clay work are mentioned below: i. Digging Tools We need to dig out clay form the depth of the Earth surface. So, the tools like spade, shovel, hoe, Khurpi, mini spade can be useful for digging and extracting the soil. Spade Shovel Karni ii. Wooden Hammer It can be made from strong wood. It is used to break Wooden Hammer clods and press the kneaded clay. Therefore, it is useful to soften the clay lump. iii. Sieve It is a tool made of fine iron-net fixed in a wooden frame Sieve around. It is useful to separate the powder clay from sand grits and other unwanted particles. iv. Law Wooden StoolBOOK Wooden Table It is made from wood. Its upper part or surface must 195 be plane and smooth. It is used to knead, roll, press and make clay ropes by keeping the clay on it. Occupation, Business 6and Technology Education

v. Wooden Roller Wooden Roller It is useful to make the kneaded clay flatten uniformly in a proper thickness. By rolling the clay into proper thickness, it can be cut into proper size as necessary. vi. Bucket and Mug Bucket and Mug A bucket and mug are needed to keep water for moistening the clay. They are also useful to clean tools and wash our hands and legs even after the work. vii. Iron Wire: Iron Wire It is useful as clay cutter to check whether the clay is kneaded properly or not. If pores are not seen the clay is believed to be kneaded smoothly. viii. Bamboo Knife and Needles Bamboo Knife and Needles They are needed to sketch desired arts and designs on the surface of the products. ix. Scale Scale Foot scale is useful for the production of items in proper size. It is essential to use scale to produce the clay items in the uniform shape and size. x. Paint and Painting Brush Painting Brush They are also useful tools to make the finished clay products look attractive. They are desirable to paint cup, plates and other clay items. D. Kneading and Preserving the Clay Kneading Clay BOOK a) Kneading Before using clay for making any item, we need to 6Occupation, Business make it appropriate by kneading it. and Technology Education 196

Activity Discuss the tools essential for clay work in the class under the guidance of your teacher. The Following Points Need to be Followed for Kneading the Clay • Hammer the clay until it is turned into dust form. • Sieve the powder clay to separate grits, pebbles and other unwanted particles from it. • Put the powder of clay in a bucket and gently pour water as per requirement. • It should be kneaded and formed into lump or block. • Put the lump or block of the clay on the low wooden stool or table and keep on hammering. • Cut the clay with iron wire or clay cutter time to time to check the clay’s readiness. • Continue kneading the clay until it is ready for making pots. b) Preserving The clay that we have kneaded may not be used up all at once. We can preserve it for the next time. The Following Rules Can Be Applied to Preserve the Kneaded Clay • We need to keep the clay inside a sack or plastic bag. • If we have to preserve the clay for a long time, the sack or bag must be made wet time and again. • The clay should be kept in a shady, damp and moist place. Activity How do clay workers knead the clay in your locality? Discuss in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 197 6and Technology Education

E. Drying the Clay Products The clay products need to be dried up. We should maintain the correct process of drying otherwise it may get cracks or break down. So, we should dry them in the shadow but not directly in the Sun. We Ceramic Pot and Vase should cover the products with straw in shaded area to maintain moisture. The correct process of drying helps for perfect drying of the products. F. Colouring Clay Items Painting and colouring the products is essential to make them look more attractive. The appropriate paint and paint brush are required to paint the products smoothly. We should use water-proof non-deterrent colour. We can buy enamel paint of different colours from the market. G. Preparation of Items from Clay We can make different simple items from clay. These items can be of different shapes like round, circular, oval, cubical, rectangular, pyramidal, conical, cylindrical, etc. These items may be useful for different works. We can also make household products from the clay. Some of them are Handi, Diyo, flower vase, cup, plate, bowl, Ghaito, etc. Round shape Flat shape Triangle shape Cubical shape 6Occupation, Business BOOK 198 and Technology Education

Activity Prepare a list of simple items made of clay found in your locality and show them in the class. Word meaning Apron : a garment covering the front part of the body Ceramics : the art of making objects from ceramic or fire clay Clod : a lump of soil Enamel : a coloured glassy compound that is used for decoration Mold : to give a shape Plasticity : the capability of being molded or given shape Porosity : having pores so that air and liquid pass easily Pottery : the craft of making earthen pots Exercise A Match the following: Column ‘B’ a shape of clay item Column ‘A’ Sieve Preserving a digging tool Khurpi famous for high quality clay Dang a tool made of iron-net fixed in a wooden frame around Pyramidal keeping in a shady damp and moist place B Answer the following questions. 1. Give introduction to clay work with examples. 2. Briefly describe the tools and equipments required in clay work. 3. How can we preserve the kneaded clay? Write its process. 4. How can you knead clay? Explain its steps. 5. Briefly explain the factors that need to be considered in clay work. Practical Work Collect the tools used in clay work and make any 5 items from the clay and show them in the class. Occupation, Business BOOK 199 6and Technology Education

UNIT14 Sewing Knitting and Fabric Painting Learning Achievement: After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  Introduce sewing and fabric painting.  Identify the different essential tools used in sewing and fabric painting.  Explain different types of stitches.  Demonstrate the process of fabric painting in handkerchief. 200 6Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education