Occupation, Business and Technology Book 8_2077 Edition

Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal ORcecaudpmaotrieon, Business and Technology Education 8Grade Authors Ram Kumar Rai Matrika Pd. Lamsal

Published by: TU Road, Kuleshwor, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 4672071, 5187211, 5187226 Fax: 00977-1-4672073 E-mail: [email protected] www.readmorenp.com  Copyright, Publisher 2074 BS First Edition : 2072 BS Re-print : 2073, 2074 BS Revised and Updated Edition : 2075 BS Re-print : 2076 BS Revised and Updated Edition : 2077 BS Readmore welcomes any suggestions regarding the textbook. Layout: Illustration: Readmore Desktop Dev Maharjan Printed in Nepal You can exchange this book from your nearest book shop if any binding errors are found. Read to help others read! We are pleased to inform that a certain amount from each book is allocated to the Readmore Charity Fund. The fund is provided to deserving and needy students all over Nepal. The charity always welcomes co-operation and support from all well wishers and agencies.

Preface This text book (Occupation, Business and Technology Education) has been written according to the curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Center (CDC), The Government of Nepal and covers all the contents of the syllabus. Every possible efforts have been provided to make the subject matter easy, clear and systematic for the grade VIII students. We hope that this book meets the objective set forth by the CDC and fulfills the requirement of the students of Grade 8. This book has been written as far as possible in simple language. We believe that illustration with pictures will make the text more readable and adds to its utility. Activities and practical works in each lesson will help the students foster their inherent strength and aware them of diverse fields of work and occupations. Salient Features of this book: • The entire curriculum has been divided into 16 units. • Every lesson has been supplemented with suitable pictures and illustrations. • Evaluation exercises are presented in various ways such as class room activities and exercise including subjective questions, various activities, practical works, report writing and presentation. • The meaning of difficult words are given at the end of every lesson for the convenience of the students. We wish to express our sincere regards to the Readmore Publishers and Distributors for providing all possible help and support to produce this book. Last but not least, we are highly indebted with the great contribution and support provided by the layout designers Sameer Shakya and Sunil Maharjan, without their skillful hand this book would not have been produced in this standard. We also apologize for any error or discrepancy despite the sincere effort to make this book credible as possible. We humbly request all the colleagues, students, subject teachers and well wishers to provide their valuable feedback and suggestions. Authors

Contents PART-I Occupation/Professional Education 7-61 Unit - 1 Professional Education 8-31 Lesson: 1 Intermediate and Higher Level Profession ........................................................... 9 Lesson: 2 Engineering Related Profession and Manpower ................................................. 14 Lesson: Agriculture Related Professions and Manpower.................................................. 16 Lesson: 4 Finance Related Profession and Manpower ........................................................ 19 Lesson: 5 Tourism Related Profession and Manpower.......................................................... 22 Lesson: 6 Teaching Related Profession and Manpower........................................................ 24 Lesson: 7 Profession based on Public Service and Manpower ........................................... 27 Lesson: 8 Relationship between Profession and Education.................................................. 30 Unit - 2 Employment, Training and Education 32-42 Lesson: 1 Institutions Providing Technical and General Education at Lesson: 2 Intermediate and Higher Level ................................................................................3 3 Lesson: 3 Institutions Providing Intermediate and Higher Level Technical Education ...... 38 Sectors of Profession and Selection Process ...................................................... 41 Unit - 3 Information Related to Employment 43-61 Lesson: 1 Information Sources of International and Foreign Employment.......................... 44 Lesson: 2 Methods to get Information about Foreign Employment...................................... 48 Lesson: 3 Basic Information Related to Foreign Employment............................................... 52 Lesson: 4 International Employment Opportunity and Challenges in Foreign Employment ............................................................................................ 59 Lesson: 5 Opportunity and Challenges in Foreign Employment .......................................... 59 PART-II Business/Vocational Orientation 62-264 Unit - 4 Life Skills 63-71 Lesson: 1 Decision Making Skill .............................................................................................. 64 Lesson: 2 Lesson: 3 Problem Solving Skill .............................................................................................. 67 Analysis Skill ............................................................................................................ 70 Unit - 5 Business Operation 72-82 Lesson: 1 Selection Process of Business ............................................................................... 73 Lesson: 2 Lesson: 3 Entrepreneurship Education ................................................................................... 76 Lesson: 4 Framework of Business Operation Plan ................................................................ 78 Industries at Local Level .......................................................................................... 80

Unit - 6 Vocational Orientation 83-92 Lesson: 1 Market Management ................................................................................................ 84 Lesson: 2 Lesson: 3 Relation between Market and Entrepreneurship .................................................. 86 Lesson: 4 Price Determination and Management of Income and Expenditure .................. 88 World Trade Organization (WTO) ........................................................................... 91 Unit - 7 Vegetable Farming 93-123 Lesson: 1 Off-season Vegetable Farming .............................................................................. 94 Lesson: 2 Inter-cropping Vegetable Farming .......................................................................... 98 Lesson: 3 Mushroom Farming ................................................................................................ 100 Lesson: 4 Rooftop Vegetable Farming .................................................................................. 103 Lesson: 5 Organic Vegetable Farming .................................................................................. 105 Lesson: 6 Identification of Vegetable Market ........................................................................ 108 Lesson: 7 Storage of Vegetables According to the Season ................................................ 110 Lesson: 8 Vegetables’ Seed Production and Storage........................................................... 112 Lesson: 9 Compost Manure .................................................................................................... 114 Lesson: 10 Vermiculture ............................................................................................................ 118 Lesson: 11 Modern Method of Protection from Diseases and Insects ................................ 121 Unit - 8 Fruit Farming 124-134 Lesson: 1 Seeds and Vegetative Reproduction of Fruit ...................................................... 125 Lesson: 2 Lesson: 3 Trimming of Fruit Plants ......................................................................................... 129 Lesson: 4 Fruit Storage ........................................................................................................... 131 Planning for Fruit Farming ..................................................................................... 133 Unit - 9 Dry Fruits, Vegetables and Food Items 135-147 Lesson: 1 Processing of Dry Vegetables and Fruits ............................................................ 136 Lesson: 2 Various Food Items ................................................................................................ 138 Unit - 10 Farming of Flowers and Medicinal Herbs 148-158 Lesson: 1 Construction of Flower Garden ............................................................................ 149 Lesson: 2 Use of Medicinal Plants ......................................................................................... 154 Unit - 11 Animal Care 159-209 Lesson: 1 Goat, Sheep and Chayangra Rearing ................................................................. 160 Lesson: 2 Cow, Buffalo and Chauri Farming ........................................................................ 167 Lesson: 3 Pig Farming ............................................................................................................. 173 Lesson: 4 Rabbit Farming ....................................................................................................... 179 Lesson: 5 Fisheries .................................................................................................................. 184 Lesson: 6 Poultry and Duck Farming .................................................................................... 192 Lesson: 7 Bee Keeping ........................................................................................................... 199

Unit - 12 Arts and Crafts 210-224 Lesson: 1 Construction of Paper Items ................................................................................. 211 Lesson: 2 Construction of Various Domestic Items ............................................................. 214 Lesson: 3 Reuse of Waste Material ....................................................................................... 217 Lesson: 4 Wood and Stone Carving (Wood Art) ................................................................. 220 Lesson: 5 Colouring and Shining Goods .............................................................................. 223 Unit - 13 Clay Work 225-240 Lesson: 1 Construction of Different Shapes ......................................................................... 226 Lesson: 2 Ceramics Pottery ................................................................................................... 231 Lesson: 3 Use of Colour in the Clay Pots ............................................................................. 235 Lesson: 4 Selling and Record Keeping of the Manufactured Goods ................................. 238 Unit - 14 Sewing and Knitting 241-265 Lesson: 1 Introduction to Sewing Machine ........................................................................... 242 Lesson: 2 Method of Taking Measure of the Body .............................................................. 245 Lesson: 3 Need and Importance of Drafting ........................................................................ 249 Lesson: 4 Apron ....................................................................................................................... 252 Lesson: 5 Button Placement Methods .................................................................................. 254 Lesson: 6 Darning .................................................................................................................... 258 Lesson: 7 Knitting of Muffler and Cap ................................................................................... 260 PART-III Technology 265-289 Unit - 15 Local Technology 266-275 Lesson: 1 Local Knowledge and Technology ....................................................................... 267 Lesson: 2 Development of Traditional Technology .............................................................. 269 Lesson: 3 Plough and Tractor ................................................................................................. 271 Lesson: 4 Improved Oven (Sudhariyako Chulho) ................................................................. 273 Lesson: 5 Rainwater Harvesting ............................................................................................ 274 Unit - 16 Modern Technology 276-289 Lesson: 1 Modern Home Appliances .................................................................................... 277 Lesson: 2 Some Modern Technologies and Appliances ..................................................... 280 Lesson: 3 Alternative Energy ................................................................................................. 284 Lesson: 4 Use of Internet and Code of Conduct in Information Technology .................... 287 Specification Grid (Theoretical) ................................................................................... 290 Specification Grid (Practical) ....................................................................................... 291 A Set of Model Question ............................................................................................... 292 Appendix ........................................................................................................................ 293

Part Occupation/Professional 1Education According to the curriculum, there are altogether three units in this group. They are: Unit-1 Professional Education Unit-2 Employment, Training and Education Unit-3 Information Related to Employment Note: All three units from this group are compulsory.BOOK7 Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

UNIT1 Professional BOOK Education Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  gain information about intermediate and higher level professions.  tell about the relationship between profession and education. 8 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

1Lesson Intermediate and Higher Level Profession Profession is an occupation that requires education as well as specialized training. People adopt different professions when they acquire necessary level of education and training. Public service, teaching, tourism, finance, forestry, agriculture, engineering, medical, etc are the different sectors of profession. The professions of different sectors are further classified into three levels. They are basic level, intermediate level and higher level profession. For example: Assistant Health Worker is basic level manpower or profession in the medical sector whereas Health Assistant and Doctors are the intermediate level and higher level manpower or profession respectively. Medical Related Professions and Manpower Dentistry, physiotherapy, nursing, pharmacy, ophthalmology, etc are the professions related to the medical sector. The manpower like pharmacist, ophthalmologist, nurse, physiotherapist, dentist and M.B.B.S. Doctors are the manpower in the medical sector. A short description about these professions and professionals, their importance and required qualification to enter into these professions are discussed below: A. Pharmacy and Pharmacist Pharmacy is the science or profession of dispensing medicinal drugs. Those willing to adopt this profession have to study medicinal science and pass the required level. The manpower who are involved in pharmacy profession are called pharmacist. Pharmacists provide the advices regarding the methods of the proper use and effectiveness of medicine. Medical Shop They do not give the medicine directly to the patients. They should give medicine to the patients according to the prescription of doctors. Pharmacy is studied at two levels in Nepal dividing into Diploma and Bachelor level. Occupation, Business BOOK 9 8and Technology Education

Those, who want to study Diploma level in pharmacy, should have passed SLC at least in second division. The course completes in three years. One has to pass Diploma in pharmacy to get admission in Bachelor level. The person who has passed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level in Science is also eligible to take admission in Bachelor Level. The course duration in the Bachelor Level of Pharmacy is four years. Importance Pharmacy and pharmacist are very much important in the field of medicine science. The importance of Pharmacy and pharmacist are mentioned below: • Only the pharmacists are allowed to sell medicine. • Pharmacists provide information about the medicine and it’s using method. • They advice people to use medicine as per the prescription of doctor. Activity Why do we need pharmacists? Discuss in your class. B. Ophthalmology and Ophthalmologist Ophthalmology, a profession in medicine science is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disease. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems as they check the conditions of eyes and perform operations on eyes too. They cure the Ophthalomology eye diseases and suggest the different preventive ways. A person who has passed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level in Science obtaining at least 50% mark is qualified for the study of ophthalmology. Importance • Ophthalmology teaches about the proper care of eyes and helps save people from blindness. • Ophthalmologist helps in the identification, treatment and prevention of eye diseases. 10 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

C. Nursing and Nurse Nurse with patient The profession of looking after the people who are sick or injured with the support of doctors in hospitals or health centers is called nursing. Nurse is a person who works in a hospital or health centers to administer the care and treatment of sick or injured people according to a doctor’s instruction. Nursing education can be obtained in two ways. One can be a staff nurse after completing the three years course of nursing after SLC. After three years of work experience, a staff nurse can study the course of B.N. (Bachelor of Nursing). The course duration of B.N. is two years. Similarly, a nurse who has completed the course of B.N. can join 2 years M.N. (Master in Nursing). If somebody wants to study B.Sc. Nursing, they should have passed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level in Biology of Science faculty. Nursing degree can be obtained after the study of four years B.Sc. Nursing. Importance • The nurses help in taking care of patients. • They monitor the patient’s medicine as per the doctor’s instruction. • They provide necessary and basic information regarding the disease and the patient’s health. • They provide personal care to the patients and make them feel cared in a hospital. D. Physiotherapy and Physiotherapist Physiotherapy BOOK Physiotherapy is a profession 11 concerned with the treatment of injuries and physical disabilities by a trained person under the supervision of a specialist in physical medicine. Sometimes, people may have some body parts not functioning properly due to injuries. High blood pressure also sometimes causes the problems in functioning of body parts. Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

In such situations, a physiotherapist teaches therapy to the patient according to the direction of a doctor. Anybody, who has passed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level in Science securing at least 50% mark, can enter into this profession. Importance • Physiotherapists teach and monitor exercises to those who have problems in the proper functioning of their body parts. E. Dentistry and Dentist Dentistry and Dentist Dentistry is a profession in the medical science related with the prevention and treatment of tooth and gum disorders and disease. A dentist is a person trained and licensed to practice dentistry. The study of dentistry up to Diploma and Bachelor level can be obtained in Nepal. The Bachelor level of dentistry is called Bachelor of Dental Surgery. Those, who want to study Bachelor of Dental Surgery should have passed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level In Biology in Science group securing at least 50% mark. Bachelor of Dental Surgery is a course of five years in which one year internship is included. Importance • Dentists solve our dental problems. • They suggest the preventive methods of dental problems. Activity What does a dentist do? Mention the required qualification to study dentistry? F. M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) Doctor BOOK This is the Bachelor Level of Medicine Science. Those, who have passed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level in Science or G.C.E. ‘A’ Level or equivalent 12 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

obtaining at least 50% mark are eligible to Surgery take the entrance exam. The M.B.B.S. study is a course of five and half years in which one year internship is included. After the one year internship, one has to pass the exam of Nepal Medical Council to practice medical treatment as a doctor in Nepal. To get specialization, after the study of M.B.B.S., one can join two years additional study. Such specialization in Medical Science is called M.D. Importance • The major job of a doctor is to give people medical treatment. • Doctors psychologically make the sick people stronger. Word meaning Prescription : written order for medicine Supervision : watching over an activity Surgery : medical procedures involving operations Therapy : treatment to cure Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What does a pharmacist do in medical sector? 2. How does an ophthalmologist help the patients? 3. What are the major responsibilities of a nurse? 4. Why is the physiotherapist important? 5. What is the main task of dentist? 6. What does an M.B.B.S. doctor do? B Give reasons: 1. Pharmacist is an important profession. 2. Nursing is a humanitarian service. Practical Work Visit a nearby hospital or pharmacy. Collect information about the manpower mentioned in the lesson, their job and experience and prepare a short report. Occupation, Business BOOK 13 8and Technology Education

2Lesson Engineering Related Profession and Manpower The professions involving technical designing are known as engineering related professionals. There are various professionals related to engineering sector. The engineers from basic level to specialized level are engaged in this sector. A person, who wants to study engineering, should have completed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level in Physics and Math in Science faculty. A. Engineering and Engineer An engineer doing survey The profession in which there is an application of science in the design, planning, construction and maintenance of buildings, machines and other manufactured things is engineering profession. Computer and mechanical engineering are also the professions of engineering sector. The manpower working in designing, quality maintaining and taking responsibilities of supervision in such work is an engineer. Importance • Engineers help in the development of physical infrastructure of a country. • They take out the solution when any technical problem is seen in the construction work. • They help in the assurance of durability, capacity, and minimization of lose caused by earthquake in every construction. B. Architect BOOK Somebody whose job is to design buildings and advise on their construction is an architect. Architects are concerned mainly with the design of the building. They design a plan from simple houses to the big complexes and shopping centers. 14 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Architects Importance • Architects design offices, palaces, houses, etc for comfortable and luxurious life. • They concentrate in the conservation of traditional arts, crafts and culture in the construction site. • They contribute in the development of modern construction preserving historical structures. Activity Study about the designs of offices, complexes and bridges located near your community and discuss in your class. Word meaning Assurance : guarantee Durability : permanence by virtue of the power to resist stress or force Earthquake : violent and sudden movement of the Earth’s surface Luxurious : being very fine and comfortable ExerciseBOOK 15 A Answer the following questions: 1. What does an engineer do? 2. Differentiate between engineer and architect. 3. Why is an architect needed? Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

3Lesson Agriculture Related Professions and Manpower Agriculture is a science or profession of cultivating the land, producing crops and raising livestock. There are various professionals involved in this profession. Agriculture experts and doctors fall under this profession. They have gained expertise and experience in the animal and botany sector. Now, the Agriculture University also has been established in Nepal. The teaching, learning and research on the agriculture related subjects are carried out there. There is an expectation that study and research will bring new dimensions and development in agriculture sector. A. Agriculture Expert There are various sectors in the agriculture field. A person who has gained expertise in any one sector of agriculture is called agriculture expert. Agriculture expert help technically to produce good seeds for increasing the production. They control and treat the disease in the crops. They develop new technology and use them for this. The main Paddy field areas of agriculture consist of crops and vegetable farming, fishery, bee keeping, animal husbandry, horticulture etc. Experts like fruit experts, crop experts, etc are engaged in Agriculture profession. A person who has passed B. Sc. in Agriculture Science can work as an agriculture expert. To get entrance in B. Sc. in Agriculture Science, one has to pass 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level in Science or complete three years diploma in agriculture after SLC. 16 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Importance • Agriculture experts provide technical support to the farmers. • They play vital role in developing agriculture sector as it is the backbone of economic development of our country. • Agriculture experts help in the scientific and effective farming according to the climate and geography. B. Veterinary Doctor (Veterinarian) Veterinarian Somebody trained and qualified in the identification and prevention of diseases and injuries of animals is called veterinarian. Veterinarians have studied medicine science which deals with health of animals. They can do diagnosis and treatment of the disease and injuries of the animals and birds. Necessary advices should be taken from veterinarians in the commercial farming of animals and birds. In this context, the veterinarians play an important role in animal health. Those, who have passed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level in Science, can study veterinary medicine. This is the course of four years. Somebody who has completed three years diploma in Animal Science too can study Veterinary Medicine. Importance • There is significant contribution of veterinarians in the field of animal husbandry. • Veterinarians play vital role for the prevention and cure of the disease and injuries of the animals. Activity Make a list of offices concerned with animal health located in your area. Occupation, Business BOOK 17 8and Technology Education

Word meaning BOOK Animal husbandry : the branch of agriculture concerned with breeding and rearing farm animals Horticulture : cultivation of gardens Preventive : protective Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What type of manpower is called agriculture expert? 2. Write the importance of veterinarian. 3. Mention the qualification required to be an agriculture expert. 4. List out any three roles of agriculture expert for agricultural development. 5. Differentiate between agriculture expert and veterinarian in three points. 6. Write the qualification required to be a Veterinary Doctor. Practical Work Ask the people of your community and find out what kinds of manpower or expert are consulted, when some problems occur in the agriculture and animal husbandry. 18 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

4Lesson Finance Related Profession and Manpower The profession or art of managing the monetary resources of an organization, country or person is called finance. Finance management is one of the professions related to the finance. Financial planning has to be prepared and implemented effectively for the financial management. Financial sector has a great role in organizations. For such activities, some professionals like accountant, auditor, finance manager, etc are involved in it. Among them, short description about the auditing and financial management profession and related manpower is given below: A. Audit and Auditor A formal checking of financial accounts to manage and conduct accounting system according to the rule is called audit. Somebody who checks Auditor accounts or conducts an audit of an organization is called auditor. A person working in account who is known as an accountant maintains the daily business records of a person or an organization. An auditor checks the works done by accounts. There are two types of audit. They are: internal audit and external audit. There should be regular checking of the financial records of business. It is expected that the checking helps correcting the errors. So, internal auditors are appointed permanently in the business house. The audit carried out by the internal auditors is called internal audit. The final checking of the account of a business is done by an external auditor. The external auditor submits the independent report to the management including his/her own opinion on the basis of proofs and records. It helps in keeping the financial records systematically. It prevents the trend of extravagance and motivates to be prudent by promoting morality. Occupation, Business BOOK 19 8and Technology Education

Generally, a person who has passed B.B.S. or B.B.A. can become an internal auditor but the certificate of accounting technician or charter accountancy course is a must to become an external auditor. To enroll in Chartered Accountancy course, the candidate must have passed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level in management. Importance • Auditors check the financial record of the institutions or offices. • It helps to make the financial activities of a company or an institution accurate and transparent. • It is a very important manpower to prevent the irregularity in the economy. B. Finance Management and Manager There should be a proper collecting and organizing of resources in the office or institution. The mobilization, administration and maintenance of resource and financial activities must be done effectively. Somebody who is responsible for directing and controlling of such works is called a manager. A manager arranges an environment for regular and lawful service delivery. An act of monitoring, regulating and controlling finance according to the law to achieve the objectives of the business is called finance management. Finance management is looked after by a finance manager. The role of finance manager is very essential in the financial activities. The main responsibility of a finance manager is to ensure the mobilization of resources, appropriate utilization of means and resources for optimum benefit. A person who has passed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level is eligible to enroll for the study of finance management or account management for 3-4 years. A study of Masters’ Level is required to get specialization in this subject. Importance 8Occupation, Business BOOK • A manager handles the works according to the plan. and Technology Education 20

• S/he takes the responsibility of mobilizing finance resource, collecting and purchasing required materials and holding activities. Activity Visit an office in your community and make a list of works that a finance manager performs. Word meaning Extravagance : excessive or wasteful spending of money Optimum : best of several outcomes Prudent : careful in managing resources Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Why is an audit important? Give reason in short. 2. What kind of roles should a finance manager play for the progress of business or institution? 3. Differentiate between auditor and finance manager in any three points. 4. Mention the required qualification to be an auditor and a finance manager. Occupation, Business BOOK 21 8and Technology Education

5Lesson Tourism Related Profession and Manpower Tourism is the activity of travelling in a leisure time for pleasure within a limited time. Such travelling may be internal or external. Tourism sector has become a good source of earning foreign currency in Nepal. Higher number of tourists visiting Nepal increases the earning of foreign currency. The increase of income indicates the economic growth of the country. The tourism sector and the manpower involved in it are the carrier of development. Hotel management is the important profession in tourism. In the tourism sector, the professionals are involved in rafting, trekking, hotel management, etc. Hotel Manager Hotel manager with staff Hotel Manager is a person who manages the necessary requirements of the guests from the basic to special demands. S/he is responsible for the hospitality and providing essential services and facilities for guests. S/he also takes the lead in accomplishing the daily administrative tasks effectively in the hotel. The main responsibility of a hotel manager is to make the staying of guests safe, comfortable and memorable. A hotel manager monitors all the departments of the hotel. The study of hotel management is required to be a hotel manager. A minimum academic qualification of 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level in Science or Hotel Management is needed for the study of hotel management at higher level. After the completion of B.H.M. (Bachelor in Hotel Management) and an experience of few years, one can be a hotel manager. 22 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Importance • Hotel Manager runs the hotel and fulfills the expectations of guests. • It mobilizes manpower in the hotel and coordinates with them. • It assures that the guests feel safe, valued and relaxed when they are in the hotel. Word meaning Carrier : a person or object that carries someone or something Expectation : a strong belief that will happen Pleasure : feeling happy, satisfaction and enjoyment Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. How can a person become a good Hotel Manager? Write in a paragraph. 2. Why is Hotel Management important in the tourism sector? 3. “Tourism sector has become a good source of earning foreign currency in Nepal.” Justify this statement with examples. 4. Explain the responsibilities of a hotel manager. Practical Work Visit a hotel or restaurant in your locality and collect some information about services they provide to the customers. Occupation, Business BOOK 23 8and Technology Education

6Lesson Teaching Related Profession and Manpower Teaching is a profession of conducting various activities to achieve the objectives set by the curriculum of a course. A person who teaches or is involved in teaching profession is called teacher. The main objective of teaching is to make the other person learned. Learning is the acquiring of knowledge, skill and attitude based on the fixed objectives. Various activities and processes are included in connection with teaching. A. Manpower in Teaching Profession Teachers, Professors and Headmasters are very important manpower in running the educational institutions. There is a great role of School Management Committee, College Executive Committee and guardians in the successful operation of such institutions. a. Teacher and Professor Teacher in the classroom i. Teacher: A person, who teaches in the school is called teacher. Teachers teach and facilitate in the teaching learning activities. The main responsibility of a teacher is to teach the concerned subject in an effective way. They even conduct the extra activities for all-round development of students. Different level of academic qualification is needed to become a teacher. A person who wants to be a teacher in basic level (class I – VIII) should have passed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level. S/he should have passed 10+2 or Proficiency Certificate Level in Education faculty or should have taken trainings on teaching methodology from a recognized college. In order to be a teacher at the secondary level, one should have passed at least B. Ed. in the related 24 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

subject or should have taken related subject’s teaching methodology training after passing bachelor level. Those, who have passed bachelor level in other faculties like humanities, management, etc need to pass ‘One year B. Ed.’ to become a teacher. ii. Professor: Professor giving lecture A teacher of the highest academic rank in a college or university is called professor. They deliver the content based knowledge and skill to the students to help them specialize in their chosen field. The minimum academic qualification required to be a professor is master level in the related subject. Importance • They deliver quality education by motivating the students. • They help to shape the future of students. • They help to produce competent manpower. b. Headmaster and Principal Principal at office The head of the school is called Headmaster and the head of college is called Principal. In order to become a headmaster or principal, one should have passed a required level. Headmasters or principals are appointed to run the daily administration smoothly in the school or college. Importance • They support to make teaching learning effective. • The teaching learning activities are conducted under the supervision of headmaster or principal. B. The Relationship between Education and Profession Education and profession are complementary to each other. There is interrelationship between education and profession in the socio-economic Occupation, Business BOOK 25 8and Technology Education

development. Market demands the profession. Education produces the required skilled manpower as per the demand of market. Colleges, technical schools and training centres are operated to produce such skilled manpower. Thus, the whole sectors related to profession are controlled, directed and run by education. Education also plays an important role in the promotion and preservation of these professions. Activity Make a list of the teachers of your school based on following format: Name Teaching Subjects Qualification Experience Word meaning Appointed : selected somebody for position or job Complementary : related to each other Curriculum : overall contents taught in a course Exercise BOOK A Answer the following questions: 1. What is teaching? 2. Name the manpower related to the teaching sector. 3. What are the functions of school’s headmaster? Write in short. 4. If you were the headmaster of your school, how would you manage the school? Practical Work Teach your favourite subject in the class after making a plan like your teacher. Collect the comments from teachers and students on your teaching. 26 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

7Lesson Profession based on Public Service and Manpower The sectors set up by the government for providing opportunity, facility, etc to the people is called public service sector. Public service sector is a vast sector. Administration, education, health, security, justice, etc come under the sectors of public service. The manpower in different levels is required to provide such public service. The professionals related to the public service are engaged in the government, semi-government and non-government offices or institutions. They deliver the services by holding the posts like section officer, officer and professional of different level in the office or institution. Telecom, Nepal Electricity Authority, Nepal Khane Panee Sansthan, etc deliver services under the leadership of general manager. Short description about the section officer, officer and manager is given below: A. Section Officer Officer at office There are different departments and branches in the public service which makes the service delivery convenient and easier. The section officers are appointed to work in such departments or branches. The preliminary duty of a section officer is to deliver the services concerned to the branch office. A minimum required qualification to become a section officer is Bachelor Level and one should have passed the exam of section officer conducted by Public Service Commission to become a section officer. B. Officer Officers are appointed as higher authority in the various central branches of institutions and district offices to deliver public service. Chief District Officer is appointed in the District Administration Office. Occupation, Business BOOK 27 8and Technology Education

Local Development Officer is appointed in the District Development Committee. Similarly, there is a provision of appointing District Education Officer to lead in the works related with education in every district. District Judge is the officer appointed in the District Court. The major function of officer is to facilitate the transparent delivery of services from the concerned office. For this, officers have to develop a service delivery plan. They have to distribute and manage the economic source appropriately. They also have to mobilize the available manpower in the office. C. Manager Managers are appointed in the government affiliated institutions. The major responsibility of the manager is to conduct the functions of the institutions smoothly and effectively. The managers are appointed in the institutions like Janak Education Material Center, Nepal Manager at work Telecommunication Authority, Nepal Electricity Authority, Nepal Khadya Sansthan, Khanepanee Sansthan, Nepal Airlines Corporation. The managers here work as higher authorities who are responsible for providing smooth and better service, facility and opportunity. They prepare and implement policy, strategy and work plan for the progress of the office where they work. The minimum academic qualification of Bachelor Level is necessary to be appointed as a manager. Importance: • Managers monitor and plan the delivery of the essential services to the people. • They manage the prerequisite to deliver a transparent service through direct contact with people. 28 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Mobilize : prepare forces for action Preliminary : primary Prerequisite : something needed as prior condition Vast : huge, immense Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What are the responsibilities of a section officer? 2. Write the functions of an officer. 3. Why is the role of a manager important? 4. Mention the required qualification to become a section officer. 5. What is public service sector? Practical Work 1. Visit an office nearby your locality and collect the information about the qualification, post and function of different professionals working in that office. 2. Play a role in the class as an officer. Occupation, Business BOOK 29 8and Technology Education

8Lesson Relationship between BOOK Profession and Education Education is the foundation of any profession. Professional skill and ability make the education of a person fruitful and introduce the education in the world of professionals. Education helps to develop professional skill and ability in people by providing in depth knowledge in the related field. Hence, education and professions are deeply interrelated. Professional from different fields The people with the professional skill and ability are the source of development of a country. Education and profession help in the economic development of a country by reducing poverty and unemployment. Education helps to accelerate the economic development, increase the productivity in the agriculture and industry and reduce poverty. The development, promotion and progress of youths belonging to different region and community mainly depend on the quality of their professional skill and ability. There is a great role of education in producing professional manpower. Since, the youths are the future of a country, they must be provided with skill-full and market oriented professions. Poverty and socio-economic backwardness can only be eliminated through education. 30 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Skilled and capable people love to work rather than sitting idle. As the professional skill is job oriented education, it makes an individual self dependent, skilled and self esteemed. It uplifts the life standard of people by producing the manpower like carpenter, cook, nurse, plumber, etc who are highly demanded in the national and international labour market. A capable, qualified and skilled manpower is required to develop the professional skill in an effective manner. Thus, the technical and vocational education is very important. Activity Discuss on the topic ‘Interrelationship between profession and education’ and prepare a short report. Word meaning Accelerate : pick up speed Eliminate : to put an end to something Uplift : improve Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Why is education considered as foundation of any profession? 2. Describe the relationship of profession and education. 3. “Education opens the door to employment.” Justify this statement with examples. 4. Explain the importance of technical vocational education. Occupation, Business BOOK 31 8and Technology Education

UNIT2 Employment, BOOK Training and Education Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  introduce the institutions providing technical and general education at intermediate and higher level.  search out the information about the programs run by institutions providing technical and general education.  select an appropriate sector on the basis of interest, ability and opportunity in future. 32 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

1Lesson Institutions Providing Technical and General Education at Intermediate and Higher Level There are two levels in school education system of Nepal. They are ‘Basic’ and ‘Secondary’ levels. Higher than the secondary level is called higher education. All the schools running in the country provide intermediate level education. Colleges are the institutions which are established under the affiliation of different universities to provide higher education in different faculties. The universities provide different subjective education under the department of different faculties. A short description on the faculties of Humanities, Management, Education, and Law has been given below: A. Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Humanities aims at perfecting the students in the subjects concerned with social science. The students studying in this faculty are taught the subjects like Arts, Population, Nepali, English, Geography, Political Science, etc. B. Faculty of Management Faculty of Management aims at making students more confident, skilled and capable for self-employment by educating them about industries and business. Various kinds of education are provided to enable them to handle the management. C. Faculty of Education The students, who study in the education faculty, achieve theoretical and practical knowledge about the curriculum, teaching methods, teaching materials and evaluation. The students are taught about the fields like child psychology, process of child centered facilitation and creation of child friendly environment in this faculty. Education faculty plays an important role to prepare the novice teachers for their jobs. D. Faculty of Law The students are taught about the sector of law and justice, courts and judicial institutions and legal problems raised in the daily life, etc in this faculty. Occupation, Business BOOK 33 8and Technology Education

It teaches the required knowledge and skills to argue a case in the court and BOOK interpret the laws, constitution, etc. Universities and their Programmes The institution consisting of the institutions of higher studies and faculties is called university. University is an institution where the various subjects of higher education are studied in different levels. The following are some universities run in Nepal: a. Tribhuvan University This is the oldest university of Nepal. It was established in 2016 BS. Thousands of students are studying in its different institutions and faculties. There has been the teaching and learning of many subjects like Arts, Commerce, Ayurveda, Sanskrit, Population, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Nepali, English, Forestry, Agriculture and Animal Science, Medical Science, Engineering, Education etc. The central office of this university is in Kirtipur, Kathmandu. b. Nepal Sanskrit University This university was established in 2043 BS. with an aim to promote the study of Vedic literature. This literature covers not only the linguistics but also some vocational education like science of rituals (Karmakanda), astrology (Jyotish), Yog, Ayurved, Naturopathy, Science of Architecture and Construction (Vastu Shastra), etc. The subjects like Veda, Grammar, History, Puran, Justice, Astrology, Philosophy, Buddhist Philosophy, Sorcery, Theology, etc are studied here. Nepali, English, Math, Economics, Education, etc are also taught here. The central office of this university is in Beljhundi, Dang. c. Kathmandu University This university was established in 2048 BS. It has been running the courses of Medical Science, Engineering, Nursing, Management, Education, Arts and various other subjects with a blend of modern technology of international standard. About 5,000 students are studying in this university. The central office of this university is in Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchok. 34 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

BOOKd. Purbanchal University 35 This university was established in 2051 BS. It has aimed at providing general, vocational and technical education. The subjects like Science, Arts, Management, Education, Law and Fine Arts are studied here. The central office of this university is in Morang. e. Pokhara University This university was established in 2054 BS. There are 49 affiliated campuses and 4 constituted campuses under this university. This university has been conducting its programmes in Management, Arts, Science and Technology faculties. The central office of this university is in Pokhara, Kaski. f. Lumbini Bouddha University This university was established in the name of Lord Buddha in 2061 BS. Its central office is in Lumbini. This university has mainly been established for teaching and learning of Bouddha philosophy, literature, education, culture and research. Under it, there are 5 affiliated campuses and one constituted campus. g. Nepal Agriculture and Forestry University This university was established in 2067 BS. It has aimed at producing skilled, competent and qualified manpower by teaching, learning and conducting research in the field of agriculture, forestry and animal science. The programmes of Certificate, Bachelor, Masters and Research level are under operation in this university. The central office of this university is in Rampur, Chitwan. h. Mid-Western University This university was established in 2067 BS. It has been providing the opportunity of standard and quality education through teaching, learning and conducting research in various subjects like Arts, Science, Medical Science, Law, Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

Management, Education and Technical and Vocational subjects. It was established under the concept of multi-university. The programs of under-graduation and post-graduation are running in this university. The central office of this university is in Birendranagar, Surkhet. i. Far-Western University This university was established in 2067 BS. The subjects like Arts, Science, Medical Science, Law, Management, Technical and Vocational education, etc are taught in this university. It has been providing quality and standard education through researches. The programs of under-graduate in Humanities and Social Science, Education, Management and Science and Technology are in operation in this university. The central office of this university is in Bhimdutta Municipality, Kanchanpur. Activity Find more information about the universities given in the lesson and fill the following table. S. No. University Date of Faculties Remarks establishment of study 1. Tribhuvan University 2. Nepal Sanskrit University 3. Kathmandu University 4. Purbanchal University 5. Pokhara University 6. Lumbini Bouddha University 7. Nepal Agriculture and Forestry University 8. Mid-Western University 9. Far-Western University 36 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

Word meaning Interpret : find meaning of something Novice : beginner Sorcery : witchcraft Theology : study of religion Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. Write about the education system of Nepal. 2. Write a short description about the following faculties. a. Faculty of Science b. Faculty of Management c. Faculty of Law d. Faculty of Education 3. What are Universities? 4. Although there are many universities established in Nepal, every year thousands of Nepalese students go abroad for their higher studies. In this context, how can we control such a large volume of students going abroad? Present your opinion. Practical Work Visit a college nearby your community and find what subjects are taught there. Occupation, Business BOOK 37 8and Technology Education

2Lesson Institutions Providing Intermediate and BOOK Higher Level Technical Education There have been several efforts in Nepal to provide technical education. For this, various universities have brought the programmes for teaching technical subjects. The facility of teaching-learning of technical education has been provided by some institutions, foundations and councils which are discussed below: 1. B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Science This institution was established under the technical and financial support of the government of India. The main objective of this institution is to produce qualified Doctors and Nurses by running educational activities at university level. 2. Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital This hospital is located in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It provides the teaching of medical science under the technical education. It aims at producing qualified and competent doctors and nurses. This hospital conducts various health care and research programmes in Nepal. 3. National Institute of Health Science This institute has been providing the study of medical science at university level. It aims at producing qualified and competent doctors and nurses. This institute is in Bir Hospital, Kathmandu. 4. Patan Academy of Health Science This academy has been running its academic activities through Patan Hospital, Lalitpur since 2054 B.S. It provides the study of M.B.B.S. with an aim to produce qualified doctor. 5. Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science It was established in 2041 BS. The initial objective of this institute was to produce J.T.A. but now, it produces agriculture experts of intermediate to higher 38 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

level. Similarly, it has started its works in the academic research and study too. It has got its own farm, lab and research centers. 6. Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT) This council was established to launch the training programs in technical education by formulating the rules in Nepal. It was established in 2054 BS. The major aim of this council is to produce technical manpower of basic and intermediate level. There are 418 institutions providing technical and vocational trainings of TSLC and Diploma level including 346 affiliated and 72 branches (including 45 annex). 7. Pulchowk Engineering Campus This is the central campus of engineering. Its main office is in Pulchowk, Lalitpur. There are well-equipped laboratories. Here, subjects related to the engineering like computer, mechanical, electronics, civil, architect, etc are taught. The main objective of this campus is to produce skilled engineers. 8. Thapathali Engineering Campus This campus is in Thapathali, Kathmandu. Mainly the subjects related to engineering professions like mechanical, electronic, industrial, automobile, etc are taught in this campus. It also aims to produce skilled manpower. Activity Remarks Visit any six technicians and make a list of works that they do. S. No. Profession of technician Involved institution Daily works Occupation, Business BOOK 39 8and Technology Education

Word meaning Affiliated : associated Competent : having enough skill or ability to do something well Initial : primary Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is the technical education? 2. Explain the importance of technical education in Nepal. 3. Fill the following table with institutions from the lesson and mention their programmes. S. No. Institutions Programmes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Practical Work Make an excursion to any institution that provides intermediate and higher level technical education and prepare a short report. 40 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education

3Lesson Sectors of Profession and Selection Process 1. Sectors Selection Process People engage in different professions. The interest and ability of an individual play an important role in selecting a profession. Therefore, everyone should study the subject of his/her interest and according to his/her ability from the school level. Generally, the traditional professions are selected in Nepal. The people of rural area mainly get involved in agriculture. The children of those who adopt trade as a profession often get engaged in their family trade as they already have the practical knowledge and experience of that profession. The selection process of profession may be different for different people. Some parents want their children to adopt a different profession than theirs. Whatever is the surrounding and the environment, the main factors that determine the selection of a profession are interest and ability of an individual. Points to consider while selecting a profession a. One must be interested in the profession. b. Knowledge, skill, ability and economic benefits should be considered before selecting any profession. c. The selected profession should be for long term. d. Various alternatives should be analyzed carefully before choosing the best profession for oneself. e. One should be able to identify the opportunity available in the society and have the capacity of utilizing the achieved opportunity. Activity Ask your friends about the profession that they will adopt in the future. Take notes and later present in the class. 2. Process of Planning Before selecting any profession, we should study, research and investigate in detail about it. We should be sure about the works that we would be doing in Occupation, Business BOOK 41 8and Technology Education

the profession. The knowledge about the opportunity, challenge and possible BOOK difficulties is necessary. We should be sure whether our interest, ability and available means and resource are the right one for the profession or not. The profession with a promising career should be selected and the plan also should be made accordingly. The following stages and aspects should be considered while planning for profession: a. First of all, gain the knowledge of the scope of profession. b. There should be detailed study, consultation and discussion on the available scope of profession. c. Make a list of the possible challenges and opportunities in the profession. d. There should be study and management of resource, ability, skill and knowledge. e. The profession should be selected on the basis of knowledge, skill, ability and available resources. f. Identify the positive aspect of the profession and begin planning and its implementation. Activity How would you make a plan if you need to select a profession? Discuss with your friends in the class. Word meaning Consultation : exchange of opinions Determine : decide something Investigate : explore Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What are the factors affecting the selection of profession? Explain. 2. What difficulties may come when the profession is selected without ability and interest? 3. What factors may affect in the planning process? 4. How is planning made and why is it important? Explain. 42 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

UNIT3 Information Related to Employment Learning Achievement After the completion of this unit, students will be able to:  tell the characteristics of the international employment.  get basic information about foreign employment.  tell the various sources of information of foreign employment.  search out the method of getting information about foreign employment.  explain the opportunities and challenges of foreign employment. Occupation, Business BOOK 43 8and Technology Education

1Lesson Information Sources of BOOK International and Foreign Employment The people of our country migrate to other different countries for employment. They are engaged in different kinds of jobs according to the level of knowledge, skill, and expertise they acquire. The foreign companies, agencies, and enterprises demand the human resource for their organization with the permission of the government of Nepal. They need to mention the nature of job and number of workers they require in the demand of labour. Manpower companies of Nepal facilitate them as agency for mediation in this work. The employment providing companies need to get detail information about the knowledge, skill, and training of the employee in the related field. Hence, they ask to mention knowledge, skill, training and expertise about the concerned occupation by the applicants while applying for the vacancy. Usually, foreign employment providing agencies give sole responsibility of selection process of employee to the manpower company of the concerned nation. However, sometimes employment companies themselves select the workers as per their requirement. People can get information about foreign employment through different agencies and sources. They provide reliable information related to foreign employment. Some agencies providing information for foreign employment in Nepal a. Department of Foreign Employment The Department of Foreign Employment has been established under the Ministry of Labour of the Government of Nepal. This department deals with all kinds of works concerned with foreign employment. It also works in the area of labour approval, labour insurance, health examination, labour contract, renew, etc. It updates the record Department of Foreign Employment of the individuals emigrated to different countries for foreign employment. It also provides sticker on the passport to allow 44 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

the Nepalese citizen for the foreign employment. The functions of Department of Foreign Employment are as follow: • Regulates the foreign employment businesses, including the issuance of renewal and revocation of a license to operate. • Investigates workers’ complaints against agencies or agents and initiates the process for prosecution if the investigation warrants it. • Controls fraud in regard to foreign employment by confirming that jobs advertised are legitimate and decent. • Protects the rights of migrant workers by scrutinizing the job notifications, the contracts, and the appointment letters. • Provides “labour approval” for foreign employment through the permits that are issued to departing migrants. b. Ministry of Labour The Ministry of Labour and Employment is the apex body that governs labour administration and management. It promotes safe, dignified, and decent foreign employment and serves to create an enabling environment for relation among employers, workers and other stakeholders. The Ministry of Labour manages and regulates the labour market. It provides information and notice about Ministry of Labour foreign employment to the public. It also disseminates information about the status of the employer. Moreover, it also provides information about the labour policy of the government along with salary and other facilities including the terms and conditions of the employer. It also provides information about the number of vacancies, nature of job along with the name of the employment providing agency and the destination country. In addition, the ministry also disseminates information about the essential training to be acquired by the employee in foreign employment according to the nature of job. c. Organization Working for Human Resource A person needs to know about the nature of job, expenses for air ticket, visa and other miscellaneous works along with terms and conditions of the job and Occupation, Business BOOK 45 8and Technology Education

salary and other facilities. The person interested Hotel management training institute in foreign employment should get approval from the Ministry of Labour of the Government of Nepal. This organization is responsible to make the public familiar about the required information about foreign employment through the means of mass communication like newspaper, radio, television along with seminars and awareness programmes. d. Websites of Foreign Organizations Different industrial countries of the world demand the required human resource for different sectors for their industries and other agencies. We can get such information through the websites of those job providing foreign organizations. This kind of information is considered more effective after having tripartite labour agreement between the countries. Therefore; people can see the website of foreign organizations to get information about foreign employment. e. Training Institutes Training Institutes are established to support the individuals by providing training, skill, and knowledge in the related field. These institutes provide trainings according to the necessity, interest, and capacity of the trainee. These trainings can be obtained by paying fee or free of cost. The training institutes Cook Training Institute also provide information about the required documents, visa processing along with the occupational training. In addition, it also provides counselling about the nature of job, duties, and responsibilities along with the culture of that country. f. Counselling Organizations BOOK The counselling organization provides information about opportunity and challenges to the persons going abroad for foreign employment. This organization provides counselling about code of conduct, documents required, visa process, culture, etc. It also awares the public of opportunity and challenges in foreign employment through the means of mass communication like newspaper, magazines, website, etc. 46 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

Activity Discuss the sources of information among the friends about the foreign employment in the class. Word meaning Employee : worker, labourer or staff member Expertise : special skill, knowledge, or judgment Labour approval : work permit Labour contract : legal agreement between the employee and the employer Exercise A Answer the following questions: 1. What is foreign employment? Explain with examples. 2. Name the agencies, which provide information about foreign employment and explain any two of them. 3. Explain the role of foreign employment in the economic development of the country. 4. What are the advantages of detail information about the foreign employment to the person going abroad for employment? 5. Why do people need to get training before going abroad for foreign employment? 6. Write down the functions of Department of Foreign Employment. 7. Write the need and importance of Ministry of Labour to make foreign employment safe, dignified and decent. Practical Work Search out the sources of information about foreign employment for your relative who is going abroad for employment. Occupation, Business BOOK 47 8and Technology Education

2Lesson Methods to get Information about Foreign Employment We can get information about employment through various sources. We can utilize directory and notice board of agencies working under the Ministry of Labour to get information about the foreign employment. We can also get this information from those organizations which are working for human resource. In addition, radio, television, newspaper, advertisement, seminars and interaction programs are also the reliable sources of information for the foreign employment. The method of getting information about foreign employment by identifying their reliable source are described below: a. Notice Board There is provision of notice board at the main door of each foreign employment manpower company. In that notice board, usually we can see the demand of workers by the foreign company for different category mentioning the following subject: i. Name of the country: Notice Board ii. Name of the company: iii. Designation of the workers: iv. No. of vacancies: v. Minimum qualification: vi. Monthly Salary: vii. Contract period: viii. Terms and conditions: ix. Service and facilities: b. Information Book BOOK The vacancies are wanted in the information book of foreign employment agencies, organizations, institutions, and counselling centers. It is also one of the methods of having reliable information for foreign employment. In such 48 8Occupation, Business and Technology Education

information book, we can get detail information for the wanted vacancies as given below: i. Name of the country: ii. Name of the company: iii. Designation of the workers: iv. Number of vacancies: v. Minimum qualification: vi. Skill requirement: vii. Training requirement: viii. Monthly Salary: ix. Contract period: x. Terms and conditions: Therefore, it is also considered as a Source: Sky Overseas Services Pvt. Ltd. reliable source of information about the foreign employment. c. Agencies Working under the Ministry of Labour Foreign companies and entrepreneurs contract Foreign Employment with the government agencies working in the area of Promotion Board foreign employment. Those foreign companies and entrepreneurs request the government agencies to supply human resource according to their demand. Those employers need to fulfil all the criteria and have to mention detail information about the facilities along with terms and conditions for the employee and the employer. Therefore, a person also can get reliable information about foreign employment from the agencies which are working under those Ministry of Labour. d. Manpower Companies and ConcernedBOOK Easy Overseas Pvt. Ltd. Persons Kathmandu, Nepal A person interested with foreign employment can Manpower Office get information directly through the manpower company and their agents. These organizations and their agents 49 Occupation, Business 8and Technology Education

can play the role of mediator and provide information to the person interested for foreign employment. e. Bulletins of Training Institutes We can also get information about the foreign employment through the bulletins of the foreign employment training institutes. It is also one of the effective and reliable sources of information about foreign employment. f. Websites The reliable information about foreign employment can be obtained through the website also. The persons having good computer knowledge can get information about the foreign employment through the internet. At the same time, they can also apply for the foreign employment through the internet or website. The other further process of confirmation of employment also may be possible through the internet. g. Newspapers and Magazines Different newspapers and magazines are published at national, international and local level. Advertisement and notice about the vacancies of foreign employment use to be published in such daily, weekly, and monthly newspapers and magazines. All kinds of required Newspapers information have been included in such advertisements published by the permission of the government of Nepal. h. Radio and Television In the context of our country, the difficult topography has made our life more hard. Generally, the life in hill and mountain is more difficult and challenging in comparison to Terai. Therefore, in these remote areas, Radio, FM, and Television have become effective and reliable sources of information and communication in relation to foreign employment. i. Public Relation In Nepal, the organizations like manpower company, training centres and counselling centres are working in the field of foreign employment. These organized institutions establish public relation in direct and indirect manner 50 8Occupation, Business BOOK and Technology Education