IML656 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN THE LIBRARIES NOWADAYS

Table of Content THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Puteri Nazihah & Farah Aida………………… 2 THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Najihah Ahmad Nazam & Norasyikin Akira………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13 THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Maisarah Farihin & Nurul Wahida………… 25 THE CHALLENGES OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIES FACED NOWADAYS By: Afiza Hanis, Nur Farah Husna & Nursyazwani…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35 THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Nurul Ainisah & Siti Nor Ain………………….. 49 LIBRARY TODAY: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES By: Hazatul Fitriah & Farehan………………………………………. 59 THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Rahil Asyiqah & Fatine Naddia…………….. 72 THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Alya Mahiroh & Ayu Zarina………………… 85 THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Wan Farahasikin & Nurul Hafizah………… 98 THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Razinizz Syahmi & Roselinda……………. 113 CURRENT ISSUES AND CHALLENGES AFFECTING THE LIBRARIES By: Morny Keen & Dora Sinto……. 127 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Ainnur Hasdiana & Nur Farahana…………… 136 THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Nur Aizadatul Azwa & Tengku Noraffrina ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 147 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARIES By: Nurul Fazrina & Marina Syuhaidah………………………….. 160 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARIES NOWDAYS By: Eve Maureena & Jessica Sebai………………… 169 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARIES NOWDAYS By: Muhammad Jazly & Mohamad Ikmal…..... 181 ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARIES NOWDAYS By: Nur Afifah & Siti Nur Fithriyaani……………… 190 1

THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Puteri Nazihah & Farah Aida ABSTRACT Libraries had become the most popular strategy unique place to meet the needs of a new generation in a digital age and had become as a center of learning. Library also useful to everyone who seek for information and knowledge. Despite, it has several issues and challenges in digital library. Keywords: Libraries, digital library, issues, challenges, information, learning INTRODUCTION The world library is derived from a French word “Librairie”; Latin “liber” = book. The library plays an important role in our academic and social lives. Library is an organized collection of information resources made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing and it comes from various form, such as books, magazine, journals, CD’s and research paper, maps, documents and other form. Library have different types like, academic library, school library, college library, state library and etc. As we know, library offer free education and entertainment to the masses which can be a student, professional workers or to community. So it can turns to an important communal spaces. It doesn’t care what our economic status is, we can come in have free access to books that can inform and transform ourselves. Without any hesitation, we can say library is storehouse for books of all kinds and on all subjects under the one root. The library also usually subscribes to practically all the important newspapers and periodicals so that these are made available to all those interested in these information sources. Nowadays, libraries play a very healthy role throughout our life. Libraries provide students very healthy environment, very calm and disciplined atmosphere for learning as well as making notes, completing an assignment and help to maintain student concentration on their studies. However, there are some issues and challenges in library nowadays that had to be faced. In this essay, we will elaborate the current issues and challenges in library nowadays. 2

Despite that, the library will still give the best services to its user. THE ISSUES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS 1. Budgets Currently, the operating and materials budget have been either reduced or stagnant and the near future will likely bring additional budget pressures. There are concerns about the effect of budget pressures on attracting and retaining staff, building collections, providing access to resources and services and developing and implementing innovative services. The libraries need to find creative ways to attracting funding and communicating their value in more quantitative ways to attract continued and greater funding from existing and new sources. E- resource budgets in the library have overtaken budgets for other types of resources. Currently, the budget for resources including online database is approximately 60 per cent of overall library budget including staff costs. Anytime and everywhere access on the library’s budget which is further exasperated. 2. Staffing Changes in technology and higher education have created a need for diverse skill sets. There is no concern about the leadership gap and memory loss associated with the retirement of librarians. This could be an indication that succession planning is in place and that there are prospective candidates waiting to fill the posts of retirees. There is also no indication of an increasing number non-Master of Library Studies (MLS) professionals working in academic libraries. 3. Mobile environment There is a high student expectation for mobile access to materials. Commensurate with this demand, access to library services and content are provided through mobile devices. Mobile is one of the alternatives to the student easy to gain any information that students want at any time and everywhere without comes to the library. So, that certain libraries nowadays lack of response from users coming to the library because of the mobile environment. The libraries nowadays should think some alternatives for attracting people to come library such as make some interesting activities or program. 3

4. Information literacy Information literacy is popularly delivered through mandatory foundation courses which provide a greater reach of students. There is coverage of critical subject areas, namely, plagiarism, referencing, database searching and finding and evaluating sources. Notwithstanding, this training there is a need for inclusion of dedicated critical thinking components, greater pressure on faculty for more embedded IL sessions and for further structuring of and evaluation of the IL program. 5. Information technology Technology will continue to change library services and required skills. However, it is interesting to note that only 40 per cent contend that technology continues to drive much of the futuristic thinking. Also, libraries will be monitoring the success of open source integrated library systems software. However, while social networking tools can help libraries go where their users are some academic libraries see challenges in determining which tolls to use, how much resources to devote to them and how to assess their effectiveness. This indicates an area for training of academic librarians and for inclusion in the Continuing Professional Development policy or program of libraries as social networking tools offer possibilities in reaching library users, particularly millennials. The issues in preserving digital resources in library: 1. Authority and quality control Information technology brought many new features and capabilities for digital resources, they made the task of illegal copying and distribution easier. Now, it possible to make changes in electronic resources without notice and permission. Authentication refers to the originality of a resource while authenticity refers to the quality of the resource. Both of these issues need to be taken into consideration for digital archiving. The librarian should make sure that archived materials are safe based on their originality and quality in the digital environment. 4

2. Scale The scale of digital preservation is an important issue for any library that is going to undertake digital archiving. Librarians should make it clear to what extent they want to store their library’s materials. The capacities of machines such as computers, CDs, filch memories, etc., are important for preservation. Although computer storage is increasing in scale and its relative cost is decreasing constantly, the quantity of data is also increasing and its challenges the capabilities of the library to capture it. Some libraries rely on repository systems for archiving, however even some repositories still face significant challenges in developing and maintaining scalable architecture and procedures to handle the huge quantities of data generated from sources such as the web. 3. Expertise Digital preservation needs highly skilled staff while in traditional archiving the scenario was different. It is obvious that the ability to employ and develop staff with appropriate skills in made more difficult by the speed of technological change and the range of skills needed. Continuous training and “learning by doing” are methods that can be adopted but both methods have their limitations. Libraries need to ensure that their existing staff and members can develop and continue to develop the range of competencies they need to manage the digital materials in their care. 4. Selection Speed of publication in the print area has been increasing steadily but the speed of electronic publication and the quantity of digital information is very high. The huge quantity of information being produced digitally, its variable quality and the resource constraints in those taking responsibility for preserving long term access make selectivity in preservation inevitable. Selecting quality materials for long-term retention is an important issue for librarians. Traditionally, lack of selection for preservation may not necessarily mean that the item will be lost but in the digital environment non-selection for preservation may well mean that the item is lost. While not all resources can or need to be preserved forever some will not need to be preserved indefinitely. This decision should be made as early as possible to help to save resources for the most valuable digital assets. In digital preservation, where there are multiple versions of an item, decisions must be made in selecting which version is the best for 5

preservation or whether more than one should be selected. 5. Intellectual property rights (IPR) Copyrights and other intellectual property rights are two important issues because of their substantial impact on digital preservation. Legal issues such as copyrights were established well for traditional archiving while for electronic materials this has not been the case. Copyrights and intellectual rights issues for digital materials are more complex and significant than for than for traditional media and if not addressed can prevent preservation activities. Libraries other than legal deposit libraries will probably want to take responsibility for digital preservation of materials they create or purchase. However, there is a lack 0of awareness of what the law allows. The current legal situation in the publishing industry need to be clarified and changes to the law could be considered if necessary. Changing copyrights law to facilitate legal deposit is one possibility and this is being pursued in some countries. The Challenges in Library Nowadays 1. Budget Moving on to the challenges of the library. Nowadays there are many challenges in library. Firstly, is budget. The term of budgeting refers to the process of budget planning and preparation, budgetary control and related procedures. It covers all items of work to be taken up over a specified period of time in future. A library must have an estimate of expected income and expenditure of the library for the coming year to make sure the smooth of using funding. Budgeting is usually be done on early basis to make sure the consistent of the planning. Librarians always have to face the challenges to develop, execution and provide library services with limited amount of fund. The first challenge to the librarian is the power to prepare library budget. The process of planning and evaluation of library services should be integrated. Once the prepared budget had reviewed and approved by the authority, the budget serves as a guideline for the delivery of library services in the subsequent year. But, most the organization prepared their library budget without any consultancy with the librarian. Usually, organization authority will decide the amount of fund to be utilized in any financial year for the library purpose. If the budget has been grooming carefully and steadily with the needs of the library, it will be found that some budgets do not need to be 6

expanded nearly as high. Gather as much information as possible to build budget requests; this is especially important in view of the financial crises we are all facing. The statement of the supporting budgets also must be precise yet make able to provide continuity. Rising cost of materials is the second challenge to the librarian. Cost of books, encyclopaedia, periodicals and audio-visual materials increases day by day and inflation rate is also high. This is why the allocation of fund for the library is getting difficulties in order to fixed rate to acquire the required documents for library. 2. Decline in reading The second challenge is the decline in reading. Nowadays, most students are less keen on developing their reading habits. W. Somerset Maugham had said, “To acquire the habit of reading is to construct for yourself a refuge from almost all miseries of life.” Reading habit has been a great way in developing language and input new knowledge. Besides increasing their creativity and imagination, it can help people make themselves more updated about the current issues, news and the present trends. When people spending their valuable time of reading, they also can create themselves to gain many perspectives about various topics and issues. Next, reading can help people in communicating their ideas in different ways. It helps them to understand the actual picture. It’s also is a kind of therapy which is it called bibliotherapy that can work wonders and act as a soothing balm to calm frenzied minds and frayed nerves. But unfortunately, today, latest edition of mobile phones, playing with funky applications like Snapchat, TikTok, Bigo seem to be the favorite of the day. The fastest line of internet, interactive medium of social media applications, and television had filling the minds of every stage of people, which is adults, modern youth and also children. This kind of things taking majority of their free time that should be use to do something that is very useful such as reading. There some reason for decline in reading habits. For example, everything has become instant and quickly so people are losing their patience to spend time in reading especially at library and learning things, the eyes also are easily strained and we can find most of the people nowadays are wearing spectacles. In addition to this, other factor like compressed work schedules, new gadget, high rates of books, exploration of outdoor activities comprising of biking, hiking, bowling and etc. As we can see mostly students also more prefer to see the movie made out of a novel rather than reading the entire novel. 7

It’s a big challenge of library to attract the students to keep on reading. Many parties especially the government and organization of library such as National Library are concerned with the students declining reading habits. The libraries keep on organizes and promoting the event that related reading activities. For example, campaign of “Jombaca”. 3. Equipping librarian with IT skills management and job training The third challenge is equipping librarian with the IT skills management and job training. It is imperative. Job training opportunities is vital in helping librarians overcome the challenges they face at work. Five to ten years ago, data visualization and communication were not required, but now it is compulsory for librarians to become effective at what they do. It is fairly standard nowadays to include requirements for some level of technology expertise in job descriptions for library staff. Since the environment is constantly changing, with new apps, interfaces, features, and capabilities, librarians must remain current in their knowledge of the technology. In order to assist the user with the library’s electronic resources and online library catalog, librarians must be familiar with new and various devices. For small libraries, it is vital that all staff members have at least a basic understanding of how to use and troubleshoot equipment, as there is not always a manager in the building. A lack of continuing education can lead to cases in which library staffers are unaware of technology solutions that may significantly improve customer service. Even though there are many resources available that were created to instruct and educate librarians, when attempting to balance job scope and duties, many staffers find that keeping current with library issues is something that must be done during off hours or not at all. This problem eventually leads to a gap in knowledge of the services and products available. Then, it’s a tough balancing act for small library when users demand for technology instruction, and access to equipment. In order to thrive in today’s world, users need technological skills. To develop and improve these skills, they must have access to technology. A hub for technological learning at small-town libraries is increasingly for patrons of all ages. The communities will be stronger, more competitive, and more vibrant places to live if small libraries are able to provide access to the newest technologies. Small libraries must continue to find ways to provide and manage IT services so that their communities don’t fall behind larger towns and cities. 8

4. Design of library learning spaces Moving on to design challenges with library learning spaces. The library community need to accept this challenge by creating and implementing inventive new facilities and services, so called “social spaces,” such as library cafes, collaborative group study spaces and “learning commons”. Libraries need to understand the learning style of new generations and provide spaces like information commons or learning commons to reinforce the social aspects of learning by combining technology, service, and atmosphere to create a dynamic, comfortable and collaborative environment. It is because libraries had become the most popular strategy place to meet the needs of a new generation on campus in a digital age. In libraries, there a lot of complained when social space are quite noisy. The libraries had to face the challenge in reduction of noise. The action that can take is manage the noise levels in different areas of the library. Such as providing areas for individual, quiet study vs areas for groups, gathering, and loud conversations and adding glass enclosures, ceiling baffles and or sound isolations technologies to manage noise levels. Then, challenge on accommodating teaching styles and the mission and culture of different learning partners that share the same space in the library by assessing partners’ needs early on so that librarians and architects are aware of the furnishing and management needs of learning partners they will be sharing space within the library. Next, challenge on providing enough power to support user-owned IT devices in libraries today and into the future and make sure there are enough power outlets for plugging in mobile devices and also enough electrical capacity for all of the outlets to be fully functional. Its so important because usually user brings their laptop to the library and need to plug in if the battery is running low when doing their work. 5. Understanding research trends and librarian’s role in the research cycle Turning to challenge in understanding research trends and the librarian’s role in the research cycle. It’s the process of connecting users to information goes beyond making content discoverable. In term to stay ahead of research trends and provide users with the most relevant content in this era of information overload, new skill sets such as data management are necessary for librarian. Research data management (RDM) is about ‘the organization of data, from its entry to the research cycle through to the dissemination and archiving of valuable 9

results’ (Whyte and Tedds, 2011: 1). RDM consists of a number of different activities and processes associated with the data lifecycle, involving the design and creation of data, storage, sharing, security, reuse, retrieval and preservation, all taking into account technical capabilities, legal issues, ethical considerations, and governance frameworks. By collaborating with third-party developers, librarians have embraced alternative discovery services to supply article-level links to subscribed and demand-driven content through the OpenURL link resolver services. For example, employs 360 Link from Serials Solutions (a division of ProQuest) to send the electronic serial and monograph holdings to Google Scholar. It is a monthly automated process that allows users who choose not to search the bibliographic databases the ability to find library-subscribed peer-reviewed content. When the users search from within Google Scholar, if an article or book chapter is available through online library, they can connect to the full-text content through the linkout. Usually, if a full- text version is available through an institutional repository or publisher’s open access website, Google Scholar will alert the user about it. Next, Auckland (2012) had identifies various ways in which librarians could have a role in supporting research (see also Brewerton, 2011; Garritano and Carlson, 2009). For example, offering advice on funding sources, embedded or support roles conducting literature reviews or current awareness alerts for research projects or group bibliometrics and impact measurement, support for the Research Excellence Framework, bibliographic software training, and data analysis advice, advice on copyright issues and advice on archiving of research records. 6. The value of librarians to researches The last challenge is conveying the value of librarians to researchers. Colleges or research libraries that house in-depth information on a particular subject are employ specialists research librarian to help user find information and conduct research for personal and professional work. Their job duties may change based on the type of library they work in, such as public, school, state or medical libraries. Research librarian positions usually require a Master of Library Science (MLS) degree. Their job scope is analysing information requests to determine which materials will best meet that researcher's needs. The librarians also will collect, organize and classify books, journals, audio visual and other materials relevant to their area of subject specialization. The librarians may work with outside groups or committees to 10

determine the needs of the research library in terms of acquiring books and other information materials. Next, librarians must be adept of using computers, doing online research, creating and maintaining electronic databases. Most librarians enjoy finding out more about a sector, subject area and helping others with their research. Even in basic level posts, responsibility for specific library function or subjects is common. When librarians developing skills and expertise through increasingly specialized or advanced roles, it will steadily advance career prospects. Last but not least, research librarians can value up themselves by improving these qualities. Firstly, communication skills, it’s important to make sure librarians can be able to explain ideas and information in ways that patrons and users understand. Secondly, initiative. The librarian must be willing and able to continually update the knowledge on the changes of new information, resources and technology to be effective at their jobs. Thirdly, interpersonal skills. With public or researchers, the librarians should be able to work in team or member. The most important is problem solving skills. Librarians must conduct and assist with research. This requires the librarian being able to identify a problem, figure out where to find information, and draw conclusions based on the information found. CONCLUSION Libraries around the world are facing similar challenges and issues. These current and emerging trends in library profession are affecting libraries and leadership as well. However, leadership cannot be in difficulties and disasters if leaders are eager to develop new set of skills and effective leadership traits. Furthermore, dynamic leadership is essential for libraries especially in times of challenging and emerging trends in libraries. A deficiency of new skills development among libraries leaders because they do not have constant support from their organizations, therefore, leaders do not participate in professional opportunities while institutional support and their personal interest are very important factors to develop new skills. Overall, more attention is needed to develop effective leaders for the future because a successful leadership role in academic library will depend on diverse set of skills, creative thinking and able to examine new ways of working. 11

REFERENCES Das, A., & Paul, G. (2012). Financial planning and challenges for college libraries in present era. Galyani Moghaddam, G. (2010), “Preserving digital resources: issues and concerns from a view of librarians”, Collection Building, Vol. 29 No. 2, pp. 65-69. Harris, S. (2017), “2016 top trends and issues in Jamaican academic libraries”, Information and Learning Sciences, Vol. 118 No. ½, pp. 17-47. Head, A. J. (2016). Planning and Designing Academic Library Learning Spaces: Expert Perspectives of Architects, Librarians, and Library Consultants. SSRn Journal. Retrieved October 31, 2019, from 10.2139/ssrn.2885471 Jennifer Bruneau. COMPUTERS IN LIBRARIES / Top Tech Challenges for Small Libraries Library Budget: Its Objective & Methods- Library & Information Science Network. Library & Information Science Network. Retrieved October 31, 2019, from http://www.lisbdnet.com/library-budget-objectives-methods/ Library Issues – Academic Librarianship. Retrieved on 31 October 2019 from https://www.libraryissues.com. Many, T., content, to, & discovery, content. (2016), January 5). The Many Paths to Content Discovery: A librarian’s Perspectives. Retrieved October 31, 2019, from https://www.wiley.com/network/researchers/blogs/the-many-paths-to-content- discovery-a-librarians-perspective Rose Mathews. Research Librarian Job Description. Retrieved October 31, 2019c, from https://work.chron.com/research-librarian-job -description-13734.html Top, T., Academic, C., & Librarians, A. (2016, September 14). The Top 10 Challenges Academic Librarians Face in 2016. Retrieved October 31, 2019, from https://www.wiley.com/network/archive/the-top-10-challenges-academic-librarians- face-in-2016 20 Reasons for Decline in Reading Habit. Retrieved October 31, 2019d, from https://www.bartleby.com/essay/20-Reasons-for-Decline-in-Reading-Habit What are the current issues in libraries? Speak Up For Libraries Workshop : 23rd November. Retrieved on 31 October 2019 from https://www.publiclibrariesnews.com/library- closing/conferences/speak-up-for-libraries-conference-23rd-november/what-are-the- current-issues-in-libraries-speak-up-for-libraries-workshop-23rd-november. 12

THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Najihah Ahmad Nazam & Norasyikin Akira ABSTRACT Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reflect on major issues and challenges in library nowadays and to develop solution to overcome this issues and challenges. Changing environment of impacted significantly on the knowledge, skills requirement and role of the librarians. The primary objective is to identify the key challenges in libraries and their suggestion to future perceptions are discussed. Design methodology – The aim of this paper is to facilitate as how to develop effective and successful reviewing the case studies doing by past researcher. The findings and recommendations in the paper are based on library as well as experience of librarians across the world. Findings – All libraries are facing similar challenges and issues across the world. This paper identifies that library need to be effective communicators, strategic thinkers, visionary, and able to examine the new ways of working in order to make known by users. Keywords: Digital library, User needs, Librarian skills, Knowledge, Technology INTRODUCTION Decades of research had discussed about the issues and challenges in library nowadays. However, there is no serious action taken by any organization. This is happening because user does not have any awareness about the library. They just think library is for a reading and bored place to go. Unfortunately, this occur because user especially young kids are not been trained to read book and use library for their goods besides they can fulfil their free time by joining activity in library. Libraries offer individuals an opportunity to experience hundreds of years of perusing material which makes them learned about the world in which they live. There are incalculable accounts of individuals who sourced their innovativeness from stories in books. Mr. Kamkwamba, a Malawian national, when perused a book on windmills. He utilized this information to construct his town's first turbine. His experience was productive to the point that it drove him to seek after a degree in the US. Given that understudies can't stand to purchase each book required for their exploration, libraries give an answer for their scrape. Understudies 13

can source data from different perusing materials in the library, refer to them and present them in school. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 1. Preservation challenge for librarian Librarians have customarily protected library assets for a long time with little change in their role. Digital materials include texts, databases, still and moving images, audio, graphics, software and webpages, among a wide and growing range of formats. They require intentional support and the board to be held. A considerable lot of these assets have enduring worth and essentialness, and ought to be secured and protected for present and who and what is to come. Saving digital media isn't equivalent to print media, and there are numerous issues for librarians to consider. Libraries are presently in a progress period from print to computerized accumulations. Traditional libraries are changing to digital libraries, and a few libraries are as of now changed into digital libraries. Nowadays, librarian are strolling into new openings as digital librarians. In the traditional libraries, librarian were liable for the protection of library assets for sometime later. It appears that while library materials are moving from print to electronic media, the obligation of documenting is shared among administrators and different associations who are the makers of advanced materials. Notwithstanding librarians, makers of advanced substance and establishments that go about as long term vaults for digital materials are likewise partners of computerized safeguarding. The inquiry is whether proceeded with access in the medium to long term can be securely left to distributers or whether this is better attempted by a free storehouse. Administrators are likewise worried about the filing of digital assets. They have had hundreds of years of involvement in documenting library materials. Besides, digital preservation needs exceptionally talented staff, while in traditional archiving the situation was extraordinary. Clearly the capacity to utilize and create staff with suitable abilities is made progressively troublesome by the speed of innovative change and the scope of aptitudes required. Continuous training and \"learning by doing\" are strategies that can be embraced, however the two techniques have their constraints. Libraries need to guarantee that their current staff and individuals can create and keep on building up the scope of capabilities they have to deal with the digital materials in their consideration. 14

2. Leadership skills Library leaders need to have expanded and broadened learning and abilities in their expert life. Initiative quality isn't just identified with a profoundly qualified individual, yet it likewise needs consistently practice to be successful as a leader, and transformational quality is additionally required for the future leadership. A normal practice needs positive methodology and frame of mind, confidence, and an open mind. Leader ought to set up their morals, values, have elevated expectations, ready to persuade others, settle on an aggregate choice and enable others. Open access material, choice and provide access to the library users isn't simple for libraries and librarians. This open access pattern needs aptitude in perusing substance, leader need to keep their abilities and capabilities up to date, simultaneously revelation and importance of assets will be tested for library users also. Changing mode of scholarly communication needs a new set of skills for the library leadership and emerging new form has become extremely important for libraries. Employers have been increasing anxiety to offer successful leadership in academic libraries because they are reshaping faster than ever to address emerging challenges and institutions need to develop new strategies to support traditional method of scholarly communication. Changing method of insightful correspondence needs another arrangement of aptitudes for the library leadership and rising new structure has gotten critical for libraries. Employers have been expanding tension to offer effective leadership in academic libraries since they are reshaping quicker than at any other time to address rising difficulties and establishments need to grow new methodologies to help conventional strategy for insightful correspondence. In addition, according to Riggs, 2001; Neufeld, 2014, Shrinking budget of libraries is a great challenge for the future of libraries. Financial support is an onwards issue for libraries and leaders as well. Other than that, selection and collection development is also a challenge for libraries within a limited budget. 15

3. Cost of providing service The expense charged is resolved, to some extent, by one of the accompanying valuing contemplations. Cost Situated. Costs are produced to settle full or halfway expenses or to create income in overabundance of cost. Costs are affected to a limited extent by what the client would need to pay to acquire that administration from an option accessible source. Request Situated. Costs fluctuate in connection to the quantity of individuals who utilize the administration specifically ways, during specific occasions, or at specific areas (e.g., charging a higher expense during peak load periods).Convenience Situated. Costs shift to mirror the estimation of the accommodation of the administration (e.g., setting up a charge for reserves).Societally Arranged. Costs are changed in accordance with reflect cultural goals (e.g., lower costs for poor people, more significant expenses to dishearten particular sorts of exercises, for example, overconsumption of restricted assets). An expense depends either on full or incomplete cost recuperation. Where halfway cost recuperation is utilized, the distinction between the charge gathered and the full cost of administration arrangement speaks to an open appropriation. The most usually utilized expense is the level rate or fixed charge. It is easy to build up and oversee and may experience less open obstruction than the variable rate which depends on such factors as recurrence of utilization, volume, and level of exertion required to meet individual data needs. Moreover, current charging practices extend from full cost recovery to completely financed PC search services. A few libraries recover fractional costs by charging a level expense for all hunts, others charge for the expense of the particular search. Particular evaluating has been applied in certain cases to separate in the charge plans between user groups such as student and faculty. Lastly, when fee per services had been charge user feel a little burden to do so. For example inter library loan is a service whereby a patron of one library can borrow books, DVDs, music, etc. and/or receive photocopies of documents that are owned by another library. On this cost user need to pay all the cost whenever they need the materials. 4. Management issue for the networked library Libraries are looked with a wide scope of potential outcomes for arrange associations. Most libraries presently have their very own inner library systems which bolster an assortment of facilities and services. The system gives access to issue and discharge functions and the catalogue for staff, and OPACs for the public at all service points. Staff approach email, the 16

Web and to the libraries very own Intranet server. Internal systems are never again observed essentially as interfacing branches to a framework community for giving books yet as a mind boggling blend of administrations conveyed to each help point. The administration of progressively complex inside organized administrations has brought about the production of new posts and new job description, many of a specialist nature. This procedure will increase further force with the presentation of the People's System. In addition, the normal age of staff in numerous libraries has fallen drastically. The loss of traditional information and abilities has not generally been adjusted by the improvement of significant new skills, for example, IT education and there stays an abilities gap which has been perceived by the administration. Preparing has become an increasingly urgent need for the board to connect this gap. The expansion in crime over the most recent ten years has likewise presented issues of security for libraries which they never needed to confront. The arranged library is requesting new abilities and learning from directors at all levels. Some of the administration issues which emerge from the networked library are well-known yet have been given another concentration and significance, for example, planning and co- usable adventures with outside organizations. Others are new, directly identified with the technology itself and to the staff abilities expected to oversee it and give administrations to the public. Last, but not least, IT has changed the manner in which individuals work. The more IT gets inserted inside the association the more impact it has in transit individuals work, paying little mind to the current structure. Old structures might be too firm to even think about reacting to change. Systems administration impacts interchanges inside the library. 5. How other industries respond to change According to McGahan (2004) in a Harvard Business Review article entitled “How industries change”. She contends unequivocally that to create technique and make proper investments in innovation within the organization requires a genuine understanding of the nature of change within the industry. This is obviously easy to say but difficult to evaluate, particularly to take a long-term look in a rapidly changing short-term context. The business world is littered with misinterpretations of signs. She recommends, however, four distinctive trajectories of change which is radical, progressive, creative and intermediating. 17

It’s believed that libraries and information services where depending on their nature are operating in an environment between intermediating and radical change. An industry on a radical change trajectory is entirely transformed, most likely over a timescale of decades with an outcome of complete reconfiguration where usually diminished. Organizations dealing with radical transformations it is proposed should move firmly to improve productivity in existing activities without huge investment, conduct experiments with new products and services and grow new distribution channels. Intermediating change is more typical than radical change. It is where the core assets are a knowledge, brand, content, patents are a retain much of their value if they are used in new manners. This requires the simultaneous protection of valuable assets and re-structuring of key relationship and means finding innovative and unconventional methods of extracting value from core resources. Managing with this dual track approach is extremely challenging. From a British Library point of viewed it keep on concentrating on productivity and streamlining traditional process. Besides, it attempted in finding innovative ways of exploiting the core assets of content combined with expertise and the opening up new channels of delivery largely through digital partnerships and new service advancements. This re-positioning in the digital library world, simultaneously as supporting the centre statutory capacities both for the print also digital domain, is a significant authority and the management challenge requiring changes in structure, skills and investments patterns. 6. Perceptions towards libraries Some observations of how libraries are perceived by the users, to offer context to the nature of the change and re-definition that may be required. In this, have been significantly helped by an ongoing report published by the Online Library Centre (2005). The report pursued on from an earlier environmental scan identifying some dissonance in expectations of libraries. User priorities were viewed as ease of use, convenience and availability, all regarded as equally important to the information consumer as information quality and trustworthiness (Online Computer Library Centre, 2003a). Libraries is seen as more trustworthy or credible and as providing more precise information than search engines. While search engines is seen as more reliable, cost effective, easy to use, convenient and fast. The library is not the first or only stop for many information seekers. Search engines are the favourite place to begin a search and respondents indicate that 18

Google is the search engine most recently used to begin their search. In addition, users also wanted more books and longer or more convenient opening hours. Through increasing familiarity with search engines and the web comes more prominent self-reliance of information consumers, who feel confident about their own assessment of sources of all kinds. Survey respondents are commonly satisfied with libraries and librarians yet most of them do not plan to improve their utilization of libraries. In reality, brand relationship of libraries gives off an impression of being rather depressingly nostalgic, traditional, and focussed on books. Indeed, even with their though enthusiastic connection to the possibility of the library there was clear disappointment with the physical and administration experience of the libraries they use. Poor signage, inhospitable surroundings, unfriendly staff, lack of parking, dirt, sold, hard-to-use systems and inconvenient hours were repeatedly mentioned by users. Therefore, user perception usually more on brand image. Most users feel that library is synonym with books. Books ruled responses over all regions surveyed and across all groups, despite libraries growing investment in electronic resources and digital activities. In summary, the opportunities are there for significant re-branding and re-positioning, both in terms of te design and delivery of digital and physical services. Also recognising that the information landscape will if anything become even more competitive and consumers will become even more discerning and willing to take what information they need from wherever they can conveniently get. 7. Equipment and software glitches The library has had some significant framework equipment failures, including memory modules, hard drive and disk controllers. One of the failures happened is a hard drive on the library staff server made a critical issue, all things considered, the RAID cluster was not able effectively restripe and system staff needed to arrange and switch over to a different server. The essential UPS system failed during a very brief power flicker. The Lied automated storage and retrieval (LASR) offered some support challenges at an early stage. The LASR connection enabling patrons to demand stored items had to be tweaked several times. Things have settled down as staff have experienced and turned out to be more familiar with how to fix common LASR equipment issues and after implementing some batch schedules to help bring the system back into service should it go down. Different 19

components on library PCs have gone out including monitors, hard drives, and NICs but none of this was unexpected. The library has spares to rapidly get units back in services and send the default parts back for replacement under warranty. Unfortunately, a major problem did develop with the PC flat panel LCD monitors. The monitors were failing intermittently but taken as whole at an inadmissibly high rate. After some research and work with the manufacturer, it was resolved that the monitors had a faulty system board. Similarly, software glitches have occurred where a glitch cropped up with the Uniprint system, basically shutting it down. To mitigate the downtime, the libraries switched to free IP printing to alleviate the immediate issue and incur minimal patron disruption. The issue was distinguished as a Windows NT restriction and the solution was to upgrade the Windows. In addition, another glitch allowed users to print multiple copies of a single item yet be charged for only one copy. A software update fixed this issue. Some other issues cropped up with other systems. At a certain point, the library’s electronic reserves Adobe Acrobat files would not print accurately. While things displayed properly on the screen, printouts came out mirror- imaged. Troubleshooting recognized a problem with the way a staff member rotated images during the initial scanning process within Adobe Acrobat. Some problems have been routine and somewhat expected, others were tricky and more serious. 8. New services required To adapt to the plentiful requirements of users, new services are needs to be implementing day to day in library. This show the library staff needs to upgrade their skills and capability to work in order to meet the new environment, even though a part of library staff already has enough qualification. Hence, it can influence the quality of services where either they can continue working and adapt with the new services. The ability to work by information technology professionally instead of manual in the past. In addition, providing new equipment in order to help the library effectively and adequately to store, to share and to disseminate their digital resources to the users. Numerous users from various areas, share and use the valuable information resources. The services environment and reading habit of users also has changed in the new era. The library has not only traditional books but e-databases which can share and disperse too many users at the same time as well. The library now is not only assessed by the number of users coming to but include the quality of the services provided, document availability and 20

users trust on the librarians. Besides, users currently have more opportunity to approach information needed that in the past because they can read books, magazines, newspapers, researches and any kinds of information existed on the internet. The information can be copied, shared to the community easily and freely. Therefore, they might do not need books in the library as it takes times to go and inconvenient than reading available, short and plentiful forms information on internet at home. RECOMMENDATION Firstly, for management issue for the networked library we can suggest that the new library requires another director, an administrator who is very much educated about IT and system issues, who effectively utilizes frameworks as opposed to leaving them to specialists. The job of the director is to proselytize, to advance familiarity with arranged administrations, to disperse information, sort out preparing for staff and manage issues of authoritative change in a compelling manner. There will be a need to go out on a limb with pilot projects which rise up out of new open doors introduced by organizations and financing plans. A lot of experimentation will be expected to test out answers for the vision of the People's System. Next is cost of providing service the library and information community use this study for discussion of fees with the objective of clarifying issues and making sound policy decisions. The first suggestion are more data can be collected on who is charging fees and for what services. Moreover, studies be undertaken to determine the effect of fees on: a) Access to information by patrons, in particular those least able to pay, b) User behaviour, and c) Library service. For additional recommendation are the identification of the use of revenues derived from fees; are revenues for the service for which they are collected. Other than that, an analysis of the various approaches to subsidizing fees. Moreover, for the preservation material the choice of media and record configurations is a significant issue in computerized conservation, as they will be dependent upon the impact of proceeded with innovative change? Save the first programming (and conceivable equipment) that was utilized to make and access the data. This is known as the “technology preservation \" methodology. It additionally includes safeguarding both the first working framework and equipment on which to run it. 21

Beside that Program future incredible PC frameworks to copy more established, outdated PC stages and working frameworks as required. This is the “technology emulation \" technique. Next, guarantee that the advanced data is re-encoded in new configurations before the old organization gets out of date. This is the \"computerized data movement\" methodology. Last, but not least the leadership skills. However, a few of staff individuals and leaders can go to the national and worldwide projects; library national and international should think of the technique to compose and offer at the nearby organization so greatest librarians may visit and profit by the administration improvement programs. Upgrading leadership skills should start at the local institution, it is a duty of the leaders and administrators to organize and workshop at their very own association. Finally, are the library leaders are being urged to coordinate with peers at the local and global level since this is an incredible chance to upgrade skills and abilities; it is significant and remunerating for the both leaders and organization. Informal organizations give chances to grow capabilities, sharing learning, and encounters at whatever point get an opportunity to meet in gathering. There are some important skills and abilities to deal with challenges successfully and these abilities can be developed with the willingness to adapt change, self- awareness and confidence, flexibility and networking abilities. Other than that, librarians should have developed strong communication skills and communicate effectively with the users, develop strategies for personal and professional development, motivate themselves and others. Besides, the need for much deeper comprehension of each of user communities also needed, where a much more developed sense of place as social context for services, and greater attention to relevance for future services. The ability to work by information technology professionally instead of manual in the past, skills in communication with users, the wide knowledge to consult their users are prerequisites must be accomplished by library staff. CONCLUSION Libraries are facing challenges similarly around the world because of shifting from traditional resources into digital format. Libraries have dynamically met the challenges of technology and are now the gateways to access the realm of information available in an electronic from online at any time and from any place. These current trends and issues are significantly influencing the libraries. Leadership and library profession as whole. Therefore, librarians need to update their traditional skills and abilities, which they have developed 22

previously. Raising the changes of the library to adapt in the new era with the overcoming of technology. That’s was a practical situation face by libraries. Libraries has to create new services and products so that they can alive in the era of computers, smartphone and modern technology facilities. Besides that, the investment on human resources and modern facilities through the projects of training staff and scanners system are implemented by the library. However, the difficulties will become challenges to help librarian improves their position in the community of users. Users expectations and desire on the libraries is to maintain things as efficiently as possible have fostered continual efforts toward refinement and expansion of what the library offers its diverse user population. As in the past, challenges will continue to arise as students evolve, the technology evolves, the librarian and community evolves. It is imperative that the librarians, as the custodians of the world’s knowledge create their own vision and contribution to this desired future by redefining the library to be relevant for this and future generations because the key to the survival of any information and library service is satisfying the needs of their users. 23

REFERENCES Aslam, M. (2018). Current trends and issues affecting academic libraries and leadership skills. Library Management, 39(1/2), pp.78-92. Aslam, M. (2019). Leadership in challenging times of academic library. Retrieved October 28, 2019, from https://www-emeraldcom.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/ insight/content/doi/10.1108/GKMC-03-2019-0038/ full/ pdf?title=leadership in- challenging-times-of-academic-libraries. Bridging the gap between print and electronic resources at a multi-campus university library. (2011). Retrieved October 28, 2019, from Bridging the gap between print and electronic resources at a multi-campus university library. Brindley, L. (2006). Re-defining the library. Retrieved October 28, 2019, from https://www- emerald-com.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/insight/content/doi/ 10.1108/07378830610715356/full/pdf?title=redefining-the-library. Collection Building. (1986). Collection Building, 8(1), 1-61. doi: 10.1108/eb023207 Gallimore, A. (1999). Managing the networked public library. Library Management, 20(7), 384-392. doi: 10.1108/01435129910285154 Galyani Moghaddam, G. (2010). Preserving digital resources: issues and concerns from a view of librarians. Collection Building, 29(2), 65-69. doi:10.1108/01604951011040152 Tran, H. A. T. (2014). Challenges in the digital information era. Retrieved October 28, 2019, from https://www-emerald-com.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/insight/content/doi/ 10.1108/LM-08-2014-0096/full/pdf?title=challenges-in-the-digital-information-era. Vaughan, J. (2004). Lied Library @ four years: technology never stands still. Retrieved October 27, 2019, from https://www- emerald.com.ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/insight/content/ doi/10.1108/07378830510586685/full/pdf?title=lied-library-at-four- years- technology-never-stands-still. 24

THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Maisarah Farihin & Nurul Wahida ABSTRACT A library is a place of collection of books that are used for reading or study. There are also users use library to access for information that they need for their own research. Library is a building or room where various types of collections is kept. The characteristics of the library have not changed but the services provided has been reinvented for many times. But nowadays, the challenges and issues that are facing by the libraries are reflective. The changes from technologies, financial constraints are putting a huge pressure to the libraries for their innovation. Keywords: library, libraries, challenges, issues, innovation INTRODUCTION Library is a place of collection of books that are used for reading or study. There are also users use library to access for information that they need for their own research. Library is a building or room where various types of collections is kept. The word originates from the Latin which is liber means “book,” whereas the Latinized Greek word is bibliotheca meaning the origin of the word for library in German, Russian, and the Romance languages. The characteristics of the library have not changed but the services provided has been reinvented for many times. But nowadays, the challenges and issues that are facing by the libraries are reflective. The changes from technologies, financial constraints are putting a huge pressure to the libraries for their innovation. Every type of libraries is traditionally part from a larger organization. So, they need to negotiate with their parent organization. Regardless of their policies for the administration and management in order to improve and overcome the challenges and issues. When there is no understanding between two agencies, it will be difficult to expect the library progress in the library development. Besides that, the technology nowadays also effects the changes of the library. With the development of the modern technology and Internet, it has created many opportunity, challenges and issues to the modern libraries. It affects the progress of handling the information, storing, organizing and communicate with the users. In this era, we can see 25

there are more libraries that are moving toward in a digitization by providing a digital environment. With the improvement of having digital environment, the access to remote library collections is making the usage of the electronic information resources to be more realistic and more attractive to the users. Most of the libraries goal is to provide a quick and complete link to the resources by using the best possible tools and techniques that are available these days. Moreover, with the existence of browsing materials or resources through the internet, the users prefer to search for their information needs through the internet rather than visiting the library. This is one of the challenges that need to be faced by most of the libraries now days, with the changing of electronic needs from the traditional collections of printed materials. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY Dealing with the issues and challenges in library nowadays while applying the complex hardware and software, digitization of library resources attitudes to a great deal of challenge to the main stakeholders. Which is the library management, the librarians, staffs, and library users. Not everything in the collection and materials is worth to be digitize because the idea of the library being digitized is a long way process. But with the existence of electronic resources, it actually gives benefit to the users too. Other challenges and issues might be facing by the libraries is with their electronic collections, the changing of electronic developments, financial constraints, users and others. Below are some of the challenges too: 1. Copyrights of Materials To digitize the collections in the libraries now days, the challenge that may be facing by the library is the copyright issues which is the legal aspects. The main challenge for the digitization of collections and materials is observing the copyright, intellectual property rights and related issues like plagiarism. This is one of the aspects where the librarians and researchers need to be aware. Moreover, there is an increasing disquiet among the members of the library community that copyright changes will poorly affect the capability of libraries to provide digital collections. Other than that, having copyright could end up avoiding the libraries from providing open access to the digital information that they have collect. It is important for the copyright 26

need to be managed so the digital information can be created and spread through the digital libraries in a manner that is reasonable for both in information producers and information customers. Copyright could become a challenging barrier to the development of the digital collections. Furthermore, according to Capurro in 2001, the issue of the copyrights also includes the information ethics. In the digital era, pretention is another important challenge for the libraries, and the challenges is to protect the intellectual property rights in an interacted world. Moreover, without permission to use the library network for the usage of access, copying and printing the copyright materials, it can become a serious impact of the library. Plus, because of the lack of understanding among the users about copying of a stream it become difficult to protect the intellectual property rights. 2. Users Information Privacy Next, it is important for the libraries to protect their privacy of the users who use the library. The protection of the privacy includes but not limited to the protection of the network from outside interferences to the information of users, but also includes the maintenance of data reliability inside the network of the library. The user privacy issue arises when the library provides access to the databases kept by the publishers. Therefore, in this situation a library will be an intermediate between the user and the publisher. Plus, being an intermediate it is compulsory for the library to protect the communications between content owners and users. According to Milberg, Smith & Burke (2000), they stated “Privacy is a condition of limited access to identifiable information about individuals”. Which means, in this virtual environment, privacy has become very important nowadays. The users are gradually developing the resources of library in a virtual environment. So, the user’s privacy is at risk in a library environment. Besides that, another form of record about the library users is the user’s borrowing cards and interlibrary loan. Between the user’s borrowing cards and interlibrary loan, the details of the users could reveal the private information of the users such as their identity card number and home address. These days, the amount of information of users that the library collect is numerous. Such as the users name, address, email address and phone numbers. Plus, these information data can easily be access by the intruders if the privacy has been broken or hack. 27

3. The Security of Information Although, there is difference between the computer security and information security. According to Ravi & Kumar (2004), they stated information security is the means and methods in protecting the data from unauthorized access, theft, changes, or loss and assuring the constant ability to access the data when it is required. As we know, computer security is only to secure the computer system. As for information security, it includes the information management, information privacy and also data reliability. Nowadays, the existence and availability to secure, efficient and cost-effective network to access the information will be the main capability of the libraries. Other than that, the information security maintenance in the digital environment is one of the important challenges in the libraries. According to Brainstorming Report in 2001, the availability, reliability and maintenance of data are the main functions for the libraries these days. There are two types of security that is important to take note that the information security includes which is the security of the user’s privacy and the security of the networks from the external and internal disturbances. Plus, it is important for the user’s data such as their names, address, and others need to be concerned and must be protected from sharing to other staffs in the library without any legal reasons. Otherwise, the users trust towards the ethics of the library staffs is one of the main priorities. It needs to show a little concern about the possibilities of the data and information sharing among the library staffs. Furthermore, it is one of the important challenges about the security of the users’ privacy for the libraries to secure the networks. Moreover, the internal disturbances in general have grown in number significantly. As for the external disturbances can also make a various example of disturbances such as viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and hacking. These disturbances can deactivate the network of the library and can access to the personal data of the users. 4. Storage and Preservation The next issues and challenges in library are the storage and preservation. The electronic information resources and materials which include abstracting and indexing services, full text materials such as the reference books, electronic journals, article delivery services and free resources on the Internet, CD-ROMs, digital libraries and also other electronic databases. It can be accessed through electronic networks from intermediate information 28

providers or local attachment inside the library for the electronic information resources. Though, there are a lot of electronic materials and collections are now available for free and electronic information resources for the use of academic purpose. For the electronic resources, the preservations require careful selection, acquisition, organization and should be made available and preserved in a different way compare to the traditional printed materials. As for the CD-ROMs, it is challenging to keep and handle the resource. Especially for the students that use the resources, who actually not aware with handling and using such resources and materials. Plus, CD-ROMs and other ICT facilities, conditions such as dust, heat and dampness have negative effects towards these materials. As we can see, to preserve the electronic materials and resources such as electronic journals, and CD-ROMs are more challenging. Providing permanent access to digital materials is a complex issue. As has been said, electronic resources are often fragile and have a short life span due to the limited lifespan of data carriers and software and hardware which make stored information available to users. Safeguarding the credibility and quality of the content is therefore a crucial challenge in dealing with long-term conservation. Irrespective of the approach chosen, permanent access calls for constant focus and action. The rapid pace of technological change means that long-term storage and accessibility techniques and procedures need to be constantly adjusted and improved (Oltmans and Wijngaarden, 2006). Information is increasingly available in digital form (whether digitized or born-digital materials) and will continue to increase. The increasing spread of digital information, combined with the considerable challenges of ensuring continued access to digital information, means that concerted action must be taken to overcome these challenges. There is evidence that many potentially valuable digital materials have already been lost. With the rapid increase in digital information, digital preservation in libraries has become increasingly important. 5. Maintenance and Security Issues Besides storage and preservation, maintenance of the library systems can also be one of the issues and challenges. A frequent maintenance for the library system and ICT is important to sustainability of any ICT services in the library. It is authoritative to have qualified technical personnel to manage and maintain the library ICT facilities, systems and also networks that the library system are using. Though, there are many libraries have insufficient 29

qualified ICT personnel that may cause problems to the systems and libraries when they made any errors. Plus, most of the traditional librarians nowadays have a low ICT skill and sometimes have technology phobia. They are not qualified expert to handle and maintain the library system. But there are some libraries have managed to train their own ICT experts but still failed to manage the systems. Therefore, most of the libraries depends on the ICT experts from outside which will also cause the library budgets. For example, from the previous article, the Sokoine National Agricultural Library relied on the expertise from Belgium throughout seven years of the library automation. Librarians used to submit paper volumes to bind and store in the library. Microforms have been used for some time. Data in a paper environment was not as vulnerable to failures and degradation as digital media. It's not easy to keep up to date with one format for a long time in a paperless society. Librarians need to be concerned about the fragility of digital media. Media on which electronic materials are stored is inherently unstable and without proper storage and management conditions can deteriorate very easily, even though they may not appear to have been affected externally. Even the precautions provided, the problem will not be resolved because technology is changing very quickly. Thus, even if the media is maintained in a stable condition, it may not yet be possible to access the information it contains, because new technology will make the current media obsolete. It is clear that technology will often evolve, and it is therefore not surprising that the collection managers cited in the Research Libraries Group (RLG) survey referred to technical obsolescence as the greatest threat to effective digital preservation. 6. Computer skills among librarian The computer skills of librarians in academic libraries on Ondo and Ekiti State in Nigeria were investigated by Ademodi & Adepoju (2009). It was found among professionals the shortage of computers and computer skills. The study recommended that more attention and funding be provided in Nigerian university libraries for the training and procurement of ICT infrastructure. Library administration should seek funding and assistant from foreign agencies and foundations interested in the cause for computerization purposes. Adomi & Anie (2006) concluded in their research on professional computer literacy skills in Nigerian 30

university libraries that most professionals do not have high computer skills and that their use of computer and technology is still maturing. Wijayaratne (n.d) investigated the challenges faced by developing world librarians in providing library services to support open and distance learning in Sri Lanka. It was concluded that the government's attitude towards libraries in Sri Lanka has changed over the past couple of years, and the government has made several approaches to developing libraries, especially university libraries. Government has established distance education ability to accommodate the vast number of A / L completers who are unable to gain admission to college. In India, Jestin & Parameswari (2002) has been exploring the challenges of the new millennium for library professionals. It found that there were various challenges faced by library professionals in India. It was a challenge for all librarians to introduce computers and new technology. The librarians should be willing to take part in the process of generating and distributing information and knowledge for the quality of life and education for all. Likewise, Dasgupta (2009) looked for the lack of standards and requirements for librarian training in India. The emergence of new LIS schools, insufficient faculty strength, lack of accreditation bodies, lack of adequate library facilities, inadequate physical facilities, low selection criteria, and lack of apprenticeship programs have found by Indian librarian. 7. Human resources A study by Katuu (as cited in Wamuloya and Mutula, 2005, p. 72) reveals a lack of knowledgeable and adequately trained staff, a high turnover of staff and a lack of funds and human and physical resources, as global problems that exist in many countries that have an impact on the production and collection of online information – and potentially also on legal deposits \"Familiarity with the resources in the collection, understanding the information needs of clients and sensitivity to clients seeking information\" is required, in particular with regard to digital preservation where multiple versions of an item may be available, decisions on selecting which version to preserve and difficulties when there is more than one version that needs to be maintained. This requires special skills (Moghadam, 2010). Efficient access to electronic information is enhanced 97 The legal deposit of electronic books through information technology (IT) (Mutula and Makondo, 2003) and therefore a sound knowledge of IT and IT procedures are additional skills required for the legal deposit of electronic books (Steenbakkers, 2002). 31

8. Financial Smith (2008) argued that financial sustainability relies on sources of funding and stakeholder buy-in. Institutions that depend on governments for financial support must also invest in collaboration (e.g. consortia) and the expansion of products and services to the international platform, e.g. public subscribed access to unique collections and content. While archives and libraries at both national and local level have a public duty to gather, preserve and retain material of historical interest, they often do not have a sufficient additional budget to do this in the digital domain, which the commentators believe is growing exponentially year on year (Kurzweil, cited in Spence, 2005). This adds to the pressure on national libraries to perform these duties. 9. Organizational Issue The cost of electronic preservation is an essential organizational problem and cannot be easily segregated from other organizational costs. Electronic preservation is simply about maintaining access over time and therefore the costs of all aspects of the digital life cycle are important. The cost of digital preservation seems to be much higher than the cost of traditional preservation. The need for expert staff and considerable expenditure on technological needs in access to digital resources is not easy in the context of rapid technology change. The costs of maintaining a digital copy must also be considered from the outset, whether these materials are produced as a result of digitizing analog materials or whether they are \"born digital.\" 10. Other Trends and Issue It is not easy for libraries and librarians to access open access material, select and provide access to library patrons. The open access movement requires experience in browsing content, leaders need to keep up-to-date their skills and competencies, while also engaging library users with exploration and relevance of tools. Academic libraries need policies and procedures to improve services to maintain and provide open access material, including maintaining an existing institutional repository of dissertations and research manuscripts (Wynne et al., 2016). Changing the mode of scholarly communication requires a new set of skills for library leadership, and emerging new forms for libraries have become extremely important. Employers 32

have become increasingly eager to provide effective leadership in educational 84 LM 39,1/2 libraries as they reshape more rapidly than ever to tackle changing problems, and universities need to develop new approaches to promote traditional methods of scholarly interaction (Dewey, 2005). Increasing demands in academic libraries for digitized content need to be maintained at all levels. In the fluctuating environment, learning commons also needed to redesign the education system and academic libraries in academic libraries as a demand for remodeling (Moropa, 2010). Academic libraries face learning common challenges because they need a variety of spaces, equipment and furniture, combine study space, group chat rooms, flexibility in the use of space, relaxation and being an all-in - one place for campus life (Chan and Spodick, 2014); Information resource reformatting has affected library users ' information-seeking behavior and how users engage in searching for library resources and services, while at the same time providing information is a challenge for libraries (Brown et al., 2015): Evolving developments in competition from other suppliers of information such as Amazon and Google have led to a decline in the use of online library catalogues; academic libraries have been increasingly challenged (Law, 2009). Shrinking library budget is a big challenge for libraries ' future. Financial support for libraries and leaders is also an ongoing issue. At the same time, the design of range and collection is also a challenge in a limited budget for libraries (Riggs, 2001; Neufeld, 2014). Turock (2003) identified the diversity of educational institutions and this population has grown faster each year, and libraries need more diverse leaders to operate in the twenty- first century. Consumers are looking for information resources from massive open access content as they also take online courses from a distance and on campus; that's why they need online library resources to use them from a distance, 24 hours a day, and 7 days a week. This means users are leaving the boundaries of the libraries and libraries must meet and support their information needs in a digital age without restrictions on access to information (Weiner et al., 2009; Moropa, 2010). CONCLUSION In conclusion, there are many issue and challenges face in the library. The librarian and top management in the library should think how to solve or manage the issue and challenges in the library because library is the right place that user can retrieve and gain the information. 33

REFERENCES Aslam, M. (2018), \"Current trends and issues affecting academic libraries and leadership skills\", Library Management, Vol. 39 No. 1/2, pp. 78-92. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM- 10-2016-0076 Cheng, J. (2019, February 25). The Top 10 Challenges Academic Librarians Face in 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2019, from https://www.wiley.com/network/archive/the-top- 10-challenges-academic-librarians-face-in-2016 De Beer, M., Van der Merwe, M., Ball, L. and Fourie, I. (2016), \"Legal deposit of electronic books – a review of challenges faced by national libraries\", Library Hi Tech, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 87-103. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-06-2015-0060 Emmanuel, G., & S. Sife, A. (2008). Challenges of managing information and communication technologies for education: Experiences from Sokoine National Agricultural Library. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 4(3), 137–142. Galyani Moghaddam, G. (2010), \"Preserving digital resources: issues and concerns from a view of librarians\", Collection Building, Vol. 29 No. 2, pp. 65- 69. https://doi.org/10.1108/01604951011040152 Gould, E., & Gomez, R. (2010). New challenges for libraries in the information age: a comparative study of ICT in public libraries in 25countries. InformationDevelopment, 26(2), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666910367739 Khan, Dr. Shakeel & Bhatti, Rubina. (2012). A Review of Problems and Challenges of Library Professionals in Developing Countries including Pakistan. 2012. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280049136_A_Review_of_Problems _and_Challenges_of_Library_Professionals_in_Developing_Countries_includi ng_Pakistan Kumar. R, V. (2016). A Study on Challenges and Opportunities For Academic Libraries In Migrating To E-Resources. International Journal of Digital Library Services, 6(3), 85– 94. Library Issues - Academic Librarianship Blog. (n.d.). Retrieved November 4, 2019, from https://www.libraryissues.com/ Morris, A. (2019). Public libraries – challenges and opportunities for the future. Department of Library & Information Science (DLIS), Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya Library. Retrieved from http://eprints.um.edu.my/11331/1/ICOLIS-2014-Proceedings.pdf Pringgoadisurjo, L. (1991). Issues and challenges in library development. Information Development, 7(2). 34

THE CHALLENGES OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIES FACED NOWADAYS By: Afiza Hanis, Nur Farah Husna & Nursyazwani ABSTRACT Purpose- The purpose of this study is to explore the key challenges facing academic libraries when the higher education system is changing in nature. As the time is changing, the kinds of challenges that library leaders face have also changed. Changing environment of academic libraries has impacted significantly on the knowledge, skills requirement and role of the library leaders, and how organizations can maintain and manage the changing nature of academic libraries as well as leadership while effective leadership is extremely required for the library leaders and organizations are concern about future scenarios. Authors of this paper observed by previous study of several research articles. Design/methodology/approach- The selective publications have been reviewed to find the best ways to leading changes and managing challenges in academic libraries. The findings and recommendations in the paper are based on personal experience of leadership positions in an academic library as well as experience of library leaders across the world. Findings- Academic libraries are facing similar challenges around the world. The author found that academic library leadership needs innovative skills and competencies, effective communication abilities and a new way of thinking to deal with challenges and create willingness to adapt the changes. Originality/value- This study would help for improving management in academic library. This manuscript adds value to the publications of library and information sciences and offers the literature in the field of leadership challenges and manage change in the academic libraries. It also provides guidelines to academic library leadership universally, and how can leaders work with change effectively. Keywords: Academic libraries, leadership, issues, challenges 35

INTRODUCTION In today's higher education climate, academic libraries face various challenges, including an inflow of information tools, transition from print to digital formats, services to diverse employers, and innovative technology. In a fast-changing environment of academic libraries, this article discusses more effective ways to navigate the challenges and essential leadership skills and competencies to overcome challenges. While effective leadership traits are vital to influencing the team to exert them eagerly and work together towards collective organizational goals. Good leadership is based on numerous key skills and abilities, these skills are highly necessary to be a successful leader in academic libraries, and the best leaders have honesty, promote spiritual, clear vision, and encourage creativity. Monitoring trends and issues is a critical task in modern data and information-driven societies and in which libraries serve an important supporting role. Identifying and acting on emerging trends help academic libraries to capture opportunities, improve or discard old practices, maintain relevance, spur innovation and make accurate forecasts. Schulte et al. (2018) reported that changes in today's work climate and institutions of higher education are pushing library leaders to change their duties and leadership roles that are insufficient to accommodate library patrons on and off campus. The Copyright Case of Delhi University (Jain, 2016) is one of the most important cases in recent times for all Indian educational institutions. In the sense of educational purpose, the case brought forward differences of opinion on \"fair dealing\" (Udale-Smith, 2012).The case under discussion relates to the one brought against Rameshwari Photocopy Services by the major academic publishers Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press and Taylor and Francis Group, the officially authorized photocopy shop on campus at Delhi University (Gohain, 2013). This situation leads us to ask the bigger question as to whether library professionals in India are aware of the different legal issues that may arise in library work. There are many occasions in the everyday working life of library workers when one can knowingly or unknowingly violate/ infringe the rule. For example, some cases include deduction or non- deduction of Source Tax when subscribing to Online Databases or buying technology from vendors who have / have no Permanent Account Number, applicability of Goods Service Tax in currency library transactions, liability for library services and liability of library resources and accountability for providing information, service / HR issues, library data privacy 36

safeguards, license / contract violations, and much more. The scope and number of such instances require practitioners from libraries to gain training and expertise to resolve similar issues with legal implications. Because of innovative technology and hybrid collections, the library profession is reshaping and it is important to recognize current requirements for academic libraries, mentoring and learning should build strong leadership (Ross, 2013). Academic library leadership is therefore extremely necessary in order to manage responsibilities and duties and maintain library value and status, as the current academic library situation is a challenge for both leadership and organization. Leading change and challenges are substantial parts of an institution, while academic libraries do not easily adapt change because they are traditional institutions; hence leadership needs to develop management diversity to address challenges. Indeed, leadership challenges are a serious threat to future academic library scenarios, leadership cannot ignore the reality that challenges have become a common element of institutions. As O'Conner (2014) explains that library leadership includes effective communication skills, teamwork, encouragement and inspiration skills, and a range of new skills along with outdated skills since academic libraries have undergone a difficult time of growth and expansion, the changes have not yet come to an end. Current trends and issues in academic libraries have undoubtedly increased leadership pressure to boost a new set of skills and abilities to succeed in the challenging higher education environment. In terms of leadership, it is an ability to put theory into practice and leadership attitude that plays a major role in turning an idea into reality, and leadership is a bridge that bridges the gap between organization and employees and encourages people to take on challenges during a change. Over the course of the two decades, academic libraries succeed in a constantly evolving organizational climate, while library management requires a clear vision and teamwork to meet the challenges ahead, and leadership needs confidence and self-esteem to handle change and challenges ahead. Literature Review A relevant literature reviewed leading change and how library leadership can deal with academic library's rapidly shifting environment, as well as the best ways to restructure libraries. According to (Carter, 2014), there are several perspectives in the GKMC literature that have the numerous ideas and experiences about leading change in all types of organizations, but this 37

paper focuses on current and upcoming leadership challenge scenarios and leading change in academic libraries. According to (Lembinen, 2018; Weiner, 2017; Leong, 2008), leaders are involved in strategic planning, implementation of change and innovative technology, conflict resolution, measurement and improvement of resources and services. According to Cummings and Worley (2009, p. 165) identified “leadership must give careful attention to each activity when planning and implementing organizational change.” Library professionals are continuously struggling with the present situation of academic libraries such as innovative technology, diversity in institutions, explosion of information including open access (Wynne et al., 2016; Weiner, 2017), wide-ranging services and debating toward future of academic libraries since past three decades (Schulte et al., 2018; Konya and Gurel, 2014; Stephens and Russell, 2004; Tam and Robertson, 2002). According to (Moropa, 2010; Chan and Spodick, 2014) the current changes in the nature of higher education pressure on academic libraries to offer effective services and contemporary facilities to the library users. Many organizations do not succeed at the time of change because of strategic decisions and planning, which bring change to the organization usually affect the process of change and risk of failing (Gilley et al., 2009). Therefore, it is vital to make the right decision and work out before implementing change, and communication is also a necessary tool to reduce a chance of unsuccessful and minimize the risk of failing (Harding, 2001; Tam and Robertson, 2002; Schulte et al., 2018). As Beerel (2009, p. 226) stated that “leadership is about facilitating the process of change,” leading change is one of the important leadership skills, which requires to learn how to manage to reshape the organization (Brown et al., 2015). New skills are equally significant for information environment today as gradually demand of higher education and depth to know how the profession require at the workplace in the changing nature of libraries (Weiner, 2017; Moropa, 2010).Brown et al. (2015) describes that new skills and knowledge are vital in the increasing demand of academic libraries that needed to assist faculty, students and researchers in the teaching and learning. According to (Cooper and Crum, 2013; Malenfant, 2010) as teaching has moved to focus more on engaging with student experiences, librarianship of reference and research needs to boost their knowledge and skills in information management and digital literacy, academic partnership communication in order to achieve successful change. Organizations need to cultivate employee motivation and ambition and prioritize the accomplishment of the organization's objectives by \"deciding acceptable goals and priorities to achieve them\" (Achua and Lussier, 2010, p. 371). 38

It has been suggested that leaders need a new set of skills and competencies to deal trends and issues in times of change, as Kotter (2013) stated that the present leadership methods are not sufficient to develop organizations in the twenty-first century; thus, leaders are needed to develop new set of skills in the interest to be successful in the competitive era as it is required to maintain and keep up with knowledge and skills (Delaney and Bates, 2015; Kotter, 2013; Leong, 2014). In their study, Galbraith et al. (2001) stated that a number of library leaders were satisfied with their leadership behaviors, attitudes and leadership methods, applied transformative leadership in their libraries, but were keen to enhance their leadership skills and skills because present skills are not sufficient for future leadership. On the other hand, Hernon and Rossite (2006) identified that emotional intelligence qualities are considered to be the most essential qualities that can be applied for transactional and transformational leadership practices. Library leaders and management team members of the organization both have different vision and goals while both work in the same way, motivate and encourage team and support them to achieve goals (Moropa, 2010; Kalin, 2008). While a global perspective on trends and issues in librarianship is informative and directional, given this paper's objective, the literature review focuses in particular on trends and issues in academic librarianship. Historically, Jamaican librarianship was inflected by Britain and more recently by the USA, who is held up as an example of what a developing country could achieve. Accordingly, the scope of the literature is further narrowed to trends and issues in academic librarianship within the UK and the USA over the past six years, with particular emphasis on the USA, whose dominance is more evident in Jamaica. In this regard, although there are many publications on trends and issues in academic librarianship, only the works of Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) (2012), Hurst (2013), Gwyer (2015) and the ACRL Committee (2016, 2014, 2012, 2010) were selected because of the specific regional focus (UK and US regions) and because of the explicit expressed emphasis on general trends and issues in academic librarianship rather than on a single trend or issue, such as technology or networks or collection development. Additionally, given that this study is a follow-up to Harris’ (2016) work, it follows that Harris’ (2016) paper was also included. 39

METHDOLOGY The method for this study is to choose the selective publications have been reviewed to find the best ways to leading changes and managing challenges in academic libraries. The findings and recommendations in the paper are based on personal experience of leadership positions in an academic library as well as experience of library leaders across the world. Results and discussion This article has been summarized in four key concepts, which focus on effective change, readiness for change, managing collaboration through change, current trends and challenges. The article also includes some suggestions and discussion on how to manage change and deal with challenges of academic libraries nowadays:  Effective change.  Readiness for change.  Managing collaboration through change.  Current trends and challenges. Effective change From previous studies back, previous decades the academic libraries have been continuous their experienced from changing because of change by the innovative technologies’ application, information or demand from the library user. The change of this academic library necessary for advance and growth of the organization for the positive effect on both organization and personnel. Other than that, the other changes more often demand more effective leadership competencies and skills; therefore, traditional way of leadership that has been developed in the past century is not satisfactory enough as changing environment of the organizations require new skills, creative thinking and effective styles of working. Leadership is about leading change with a fast-technological advancement, lead global higher education system and a competitive organization. According to Cummings and Worley (2009, p. 183) expressed their views “organizational changes frequently demand new knowledge, skills, and behaviors from organization members,” so, it is clear now that knowledge, abilities and skills are crucial toward manage organizational change. Effective 40

change process depends on the follower’s response and behavior. A healthy team environment is always created by leadership both skills and experience or personal qualities, which direct effect on institutional change procedures, while involvement of individual is vital toward an effective change in academic organization. Readiness to change Readiness to change is one of the key factors that makes’ an organization successful at times of change. Readiness demonstrates an awareness to do what is needed to achieve a positive result and to challenge ideas and views. Change in an organization can be achieved if there is a consultative view, which is a right step toward effective change. Readiness can be developed when subordinates realize what they want to do and more significantly. Managing collaboration through change This section focuses on how to build a collaboration in times of change in academic libraries and why is it important for leadership and libraries. Collaboration is one of the key abilities to manage change effectively. A number of academic libraries globally motivate library employees to engage with community outside the library. This component addresses the significance of collaboration and explores some notions of how to collaborate within and outside the library. Collaboration in academic library builds partnership in teaching, research and decision-making with university community, it supports library to develop a healthy collection, provide satisfactory services and facility. Current trends and challenges There are some common issues, which are faced by a majority of academic libraries today. Both academic libraries and leaders are facing challenges due to dramatic changes in technological advancement. Academic libraries will have to offer services, which arenites to the library patrons. Relevant, cost-effective and well-matched with the community’s informational needs and innovative technology. 41

CURRENT TREND & CHALLENGES 1. Protecting and Nurturing Libraries The challenges for academic library nowadays is to protecting and nurturing libraries. The librarians as educators to protect libraries for the student who are currently facing twenty- first century demands with twentieth century skills and knowledge, can go there when they need to find a safe community. Student place their trust in librarians, a trust student developed as a result of a lifetime of experiences in libraries. They provided them with a space of freedom. With their guidance student came to believe that they too could become an intellectual. But, the challenges facing librarians who are also being pushed to move at accelerated speeds to transform libraries into twenty-first century spaces supporting twenty-first century needs are immense. 2. Demands for new skills According to (Anyakoha ,2005) stated that the new information environment makes it necessary for librarians to acquire their skills and expertise especially for application of modern information and communication technologies, electronic publishing, digital information management and knowledge management. The training given to the libraries in the university library with respect to academic library that no longer keep it safe in the digital environment. The librarians have to remain relevant in the university libraries there is need for them to acquire IT-based skills. 3. Cost / Funding Next, the challenges for the libraries nowadays is though the cost of maintaining e- library in the university is high, it is even more risky maintaining the status quo. Librarians cannot afford to remain where they are, it is either they adapt to new trends or perish. As buttressed by (Adigun, 2015) stated the greatest challenge facing libraries in Nigeria is that of funding. The provision of improved, effective, efficient and sustainable information services, as well as access to a wide array of knowledge and information sources in the face of dwindling funding is not feasible. According to (Emezie & Nwaohiri, 2013) stated funds are needed to cater for a whole range of services in the library of the 21st century yet government subventions in the education sector are not adequate. 42

This no doubt validates the fact that fund is a prerequisite for effective management of university libraries in the digital age. Hence, to effectively manage libraries to meet their needs requires libraries to reposition itself. Lack of skilled manpower: There is dearth of skilled manpower to maintain the electronic resources in university libraries in the digital environment. 4. Lack of confidence in the face of increasingly information technology To effectively manage both human and infrastructural resources in university libraries requires confidence. Having a strong confidence to manage university libraries in digital environment requires the library manager being in touch with modern developments. Many librarians lack confidence in the face of increasingly information technology lack of maintenance of the culture which is one of the major challenges of managing university libraries in the digital environment is lack of maintenance culture. This attribute is not just synonymous with libraries but Nigerian government and leaders. Without the spirit of maintenance culture, managing university libraries in the digital libraries becomes problematic. 5. Resistance to changes According to (Maa, 2017) stated change is a phenomenon that is inevitable for progress. It is not easily accepted in any society because of fear of the unknown. Librarians are afraid of it. They are not sure of what change may bring to their profession. Resistance to changes in libraries will limit the extent that university librarian can go in managing university libraries. 6. Lack of well-defined ICT Policy University libraries yet to come up with uninformed ICT-based service policy. Such policy will articulate what is required for sustainable ICT-based library services in the digital environment, areas of digital library services to be given top priorities, ICT training need of library staff and strategic plan to ensure continuous maintenance of ICT facilities. Most university libraries do not have a well-defined ICT-policy to guide and regulate the application ICT to library services delivery. There is need to address pertinent issues relating to the expediency of ICT training needs of librarians, the nature of ICT-based library services, the ratio of library allocation that should go into ICT-based library services. 43

7. Lack of ICT literacy According to (Emezie&Nwaohiri, 2013), some professional librarians lack the requisite technological literacy needed for a 21st century library service. For them, lack of basic skills in the use of information technology has become a clue to better library services. 8. Managing of new generation of learners There are alternatives to libraries and information centers especially, in contemporary digital environment, these alternatives that are available to library users to exploit poses challenges to library managers. A click of the button using any search engine would yield millions of information sources in a second, in view of this, librarians are faced with the herculean task of designing means of ensuring that students in the university are not fully drifted away from the library environment. The new generations of learners are partially if not fully ICT compliant. Hence, to effectively manage libraries to meet their needs requires libraries to reposition itself. CONCLUSION It is evident from the literature that information technology has affected the skills and responsibilities of the librarians & academicians as well. Technology has changed not only the face of information but also the information seeking behavior of the users. Technology demands high level of technical skill set from library professionals in order to make maximum use of new technological tools for providing effective and better services to the users. This paper also has extensively examined the challenges of managing university libraries in contemporary digital environment. There is no doubt that effective management of university libraries in digital era is critical for the sustainability of the university. The paper reveals that demands for new skills, cost/funding, managing of new generation of learners, lack of skilled manpower, lack of confidence in the face of increasingly information technology, lack of maintenance culture, resistances to changes are the major challenges to managing university libraries in digital era. The study recommends strategies that could be adopted for effective management of university libraries in digital environment which include adequate funding of university libraries, effective communication, adopting of good leadership style, recruitment of 44

adequate/skilled staff and training/retraining of library. This paper thus concludes that university library is faced with myriad of problems in terms of management, therefore there is an urgent need for library administration in universities to take practical and innovative steps in ensuring that these problems addressed, then and then, can the management of university libraries in the digital environment yields it desired results. Now days it is a basic requirement for any academic libraries to develop e-resource. It is proved from above study that academic libraries should consider various tools and techniques while selecting an e-resource. Selection based on staff recommendation and subject relevance can make an impact on library collection development. Libraries can use different methods and techniques to acquire e-resource depending on their needs and user community to be served. However a consortium is the most common method used to acquire e-resources. One of the most difficult aspects of digital curatorial management is the blurring of customary boundaries the academic libraries provide in house training to the library staff to update their skills. Librarians must develop professional skills and abilities with application of right technology so that e-resources are managed well for effective accessibility and use by majority of users globally. E-resources have also come with many advantages giving solutions to many professional problems like solution to space problem, providing remote access, use of e- resources is increasing leaps and bound as shown by many user surveys. Technology has been behind the evolution and development of e-resources, and the same technology may be able to provide better solutions and more opportunities to have complete bibliographical control over world literature which is impossible in case of printed resources. More cooperation and interaction are required among library professionals, publishers, vendors/aggregators, users and software engineers to discuss common issues to waive at common goal of mutual interests to promote more production, use of these resources with their improved, maintenance and management to the maximum benefit of the users. 45

RECOMMENDATIONS 1. Librarians should acquire technical skills, IT skills, managerial skills and communication skills to work in digital environment. 2. To keep the librarians up-to-date and well aware of the new trends in the profession, continuing education and development programs (CEDP) should be started by Library Associations and LIS Schools. 3. It is recommended that Library Associations working in the country should organize useful training courses, seminars and conferences which may help in preparing well versed librarians in the country. 4. LIS Schools should play their role by organizing refresher courses to keep the librarian abreast of new trends in the profession. 5. All issues related to librarian’s scale, promotion and salary must be resolved on priority basis so that the librarians may get mental satisfaction and work with devotion. 6. Scholarships, fellowship and awards should be offered to promote professional competition among the professionals. 7. LIS curriculum must be re-structured keeping in view the new technological trends in the profession and demand of job market in digital era. 8. Professionals’ standards, norms must be developed for quality of services in libraries and information centers. 9. Apprenticeship programs should be offered to the newly qualified BLISc and MLIS students. 10. Library and Information Science Education Act should be established and Professional accreditation must be developed for providing quality of LIS education in Library Schools. 11. Adequate “Technical Facilities” such as well-furnished Internet Laboratory equipped with modern tools for providing digital services to the users must be provided in every LIS Schools/Departments. 12. Appointment of IT teacher having specialization in computer science must be made in each LIS Schools/Departments for developing IT skills among the students in real sense. 46

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THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN LIBRARY NOWADAYS By: Nurul Ainisah & Siti Nor Ain ABSTARCT Library and Information Science (LIS) have several problems that are caused by the changing nature of the discipline and the social, economic and cultural contexts in which LIS department functions. The aim of this article is to enumerate and discuss some of the common issues and challenges that facing by the library nowadays in order to create the best solutions for the future used. Therefore, all the librarians are facing the similar problems across the world. This article also identifies that all the library needs to be effective, knowledgeable, and able to examine the new ways of working in order to make known by the users. Keywords: Libraries, issues, challenges, lack of independent, lack of finance INTRODUCTION In the 21st century, several professions are adapting with changes and pacing with new useful technologies for their survival and advancement. In this century creation of new knowledge, capturing of new ideals promptly and their timely application is crucial for success in any endeavour. Integration of ideas to find solutions to complex problems, technological convergence to develop better and cheaper products and progression towards greater interface between policy, strategy, research, practice and service to clientele is taking place. A new kind of competitive work environment is emerging where cutting-edge knowledge, ingenuity and new ideas make a big difference in advancement and hence there remains a constant hunt for talent and hiring people having agility, requisite skills and competencies, inclination for updating, penchant for learning and doing work in a better way through constant innovative approach. The on-going processes of globalization and liberalization have led to intense competition in every sphere of life and set forth the need for immense search for ideas and application of knowledge for outperforming others, cutting costs and finding knowledge-based solutions to problems. Institutions and organizations having adequate and efficient knowledge supports system performing knowledge intensive work and leveraging success from knowledge 49