BIOLOGY NOTES 1ST YEAR

First year Biology complete notes FIRST YEAR Chapter-1 KINGDOM MONERA A kingdom, which includes single cellular prokaryotic organisms such as virus, bacteria and blue green algae KINGDOM PROTISTA

A kingdom, which includes single cellular eukaryotic plants and animals such as Euglena and Amoeba KINGDOM FUNGI A kingdom of single cellular (Yeast) and multi-cellular (Mushrooms) heterotrophs, which absorb organic matter. KINGDOM PLANTAE A kingdom of multi-cellular auto atrophic plants, which have chlorophyll and do photosynthesis KINGDOM ANIMALIA A kingdom of multi-cellular animals which are heterotrophic in nature e.g. man BIOLOGY AND ITS BRANCHES BIOLOGY A word of Greek Language that means “Study of living organism” ZOOLOGY Study of animals BOTANY Study of plants SOCIAL BIOLOGY: Study of relationship between various living organisms FRESHWATER BIOLOGY Study of organisms living in fresh water MARINE WATER BIOLOGY Study of organisms living in marine water MICROBIOLOGY: Study of micro-organisms is called microbiology. The organisms may be seen with microscope HUMAN BIOLOGY Study of biological status of a human being and its relationship with other organisms is called human biology SOCIAL BIOLOGY Study of inter-relationship of various living organisms is called social biology MORPHLOGY Study of external appearance of organism and its organs PHYSIOLOGY Study of functions of body parts CYTOLOGY Study of structure, function and composition of cell HISTOLOGY Study of tissues (tissue mean a group of similar cells) TAXONOMY Study of classification of animals and plants EMBRYOLOGY Study of development of and embryo ECOLOGY Study of relationship of plants, animals and their environment PALAENTOLOGY Study of fossils. PALEOZOOLOGY Study of animal fossil PALEOBOTANY Study of plant fossil ZOOGEOGRAPHY Study of distribution of animals on earth PHYTOGEOGRAPHY Study of distribution of plants on earth GENETICS Study of transmission of hereditary characters PARASITOLOGY Study of parasites BACTERIOLOGY

Study of Bacteria VIROLOGY Study of virus MYCOLOGY Study of fungi GENETIC ENGINEERING Study on artificial changes brought in genetic material such and DNA. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Study of the molecular basis of the chemicals found in cell ENTOMOLOGY Study of insects (animals with six legs are insects and they are also called (hexapods) PATHOLOGY Study of diseases EVOLUTION Step-wise changes in an organism over a period of time MYCOLOGY Study of Fungi HYPOTHESIS Statement of a scientist based on his observations MALARIA A word of Italian language which means “Bad Air”. It is a disease characterized by chill and fever PLASMODIUM The causative agent of malaria. It is single cellular protozoa, which lives half-life in man and remaining half in mosquito. ANOPHELES A genus of mosquito, which acts as vector of malaria. Plasmodium parasite completes its sexual phase (gametogony) in female mosquito. VECTOR An organism (particularly insect) which carries the infective stages of parasite and transmit it to host. For example, mosquito is the vector of plasmodium and Tsetse fly is vector of Trypanosoma parasites LAVERON-1878 A French army doctor who saw plasmodium parasites in the RBC of malarial patient. RONALD ROSS-1897 A scientist who found plasmodium in the stomach of mosquito. GRASSI-1898 He discovered the life cycle of plasmodium in mosquito KING-1883 An American scientist who suggested that female Anopheles mosquitoes are involved in the spread of malaria. SPOROZOITE A stage of plasmodium parasite. Sporozoites are small spindle shaped bodies, which are introduced by mosquito into man. CRYPTOZOITES In 30 minutes the sporozoites enter in liver and are called cryptozoites MEROZOITES When cryptozoites divide into small bodies, they are called merozoites. This initially happens in liver for 10 days and than in two times in RBCs SCHIZOGONY An asexual type of reproduction in which a big number of merozoites are formed by the process of multiple fission. TROPHOZOITES When merozoites enter into RBCs they are called trophozoites, which may be seen in ring stage and amoeboid stage. SCHIZONT A cluster of merozoites is called schizont. They are seen in RBCs. MICROGAMETE It refers to male plasmodium found in human blood MACROGAMETE It represents female plasmodium also found in human blood ZYGOTE

The fusion of micro and macro-gametes will form zygote. In case of plasmodium this takes place in the gut of mosquito. OoKINETE When the zygote changes into worm like structure it is called Ookinete. This also occurs in the gut of mosquito. ANTI-MALARIAL COMPOUNDS Drug/chemical that are used to kill malarial parasite. QUANA QUANA An anti malarial compound used to treat malaria. DDT An insecticide that is used to kill mosquitoes. It is now banned due to its harmful effects on other animals and plants. Moreover, this chemical is no more capable to kill the mosquitoes, because of the resistance developed by mosquito CHEMOTHERAPY Treatment of diseases through drugs GUMBOSIA FISH A fish, which eats the larvae of mosquito. It is used in the biological control of mosquito HYDROPONICS Cultivation of pf plants on the surface of water is called hydroponics. It is also called soil-less cultivation CLONING A modern technique to make copy of DNA, cells, tissues, organs or whole organism. The first mammal clone was a sheep called Dolly. It was cloned in Scotland in 1996. DOLLY It is name of sheep (First mammal) which was cloned through cloning. ATOM : The smallest possible unit of an element is called Atom SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES; Particles which make an atom are called sub-atomic particles. E.g. Proton, Neutron and Electron ORGANELLE: Parts of cell are called organelle. E.g. Mitochondria, POPULATION: Members of same species living in close association in an area is called population. E.g. Many human beings living in an area. COMMUNITY: Population of several species living together in an ecosystem is called community INDUCTIVE REASONING: Proving a hypothesis with the help of Experiments is called inductive reasoning DEDUCTIVE REASONING: Final experiments on the bases of if and then is called deductive reasoning ANTIBIOTIC: A substance which inhibit (stops) the growth of micro-organism such as virus and bacteria is called antibiotic. E.g. Penicillin CHEMOTHERAPY: Treatment of diseases and infections with medicines is called chemotherapy. RADIOTHERAPY: Treatment of medical problem (such as cancer and tumor) through rays is called radiotherapy. HYDROPONICS: Cultivation of plants on the surface of water is called hydroponics. It is also called soil less or water culture. CLONING: Production of duplicate copies of genetic material, cells, or entire living organism is called cloning. Dolly sheep was the first mammal which was cloned in 1996. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: Method to use one living organism to kill another organism is called biological control. E.g. Mosquito may be killed by introducing small fishes in water where mosquitoes breed. IMMUNIZATION: It is the process by which an individual is given special types of agents (vaccines) to boost his/her immune system against that agent. VACCINATION: A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to establish immunity to a disease ANTIBIOTIC: These are special types of medicines which are made from micro-organisms (such as virus and bacteria) and also

used against them. Pencilium notatum : It is a fungal organism from which the first antibiotic medicine was prepared. PRACTICE SHEET 1. Till now scientists have discovered and named -------------species of living organisms (a) 1.5 million (b) 2 million (c) 2.5 million (d) None 2. The smallest bacteria measure ----------- (a) 0.0001mm (b) 0.001 mm (c) Both a&b (d) None 3. The largest whale measures up to ---------- (a) 40 meters (b) 45 meters (c) 50 meters (d) None\\ 4. The maximum weight of whales is (a) 150 tons (b) 50 tons (c) 200 tons (d) None 5. The height of redwood tree is ---------- (a) 300 feet (b) 320 feet (c) 400 feet (d) 100 feet 6. The interaction within a population of animal species is known as (a) Social biology (b) Sociology (c) Ecology (d) None 7. Science that deals with use of data and techniques of engineering and technology for the study and solution of problems of human beings is (a) Biotechnology (b) Genetics (c) Embryology (d) All 8. ´·٠•●♥ dani ♥●•٠·` 9. Sugar, Amino acids, Fatty acids, Glycerol, purines and pyramidines are (a) Simple molecules (b) Conjugated molecules (c) Compound molecules (D) All 10. The part of earth inhabited by living organisms is terms as (a) Biosphere (b) Geo (c) Earth (d)None 11. It refers to a specific geographical area where living communities live together (a) Ecosystem (b) Ecology (c) Population (d) None

12. Two or more populations of different species living and interacting in the same area are known as (a) Community (c) Population (c) Ecosystem (d) All 13. Members of same species inhabiting in same area is known as (a) Population (b) Community (c) Ecosystem (d) None 14. Tentative statement of scientists is termed as (a) Hypothesis (b) Deduction (c) Reasoning (d) None 15. Efforts to prove or dis-prove a hypothesis through experiments is called (a) Inductive reasoning (b) Deductive reasoning (c) Both (d) None 16. Repetition of experiments on bases of ifs and buts is called (a) Deductive reasoning (b) Inductive reasoning (c) Hypothesis 17. In recent times the rate of infant mortality has (a) Increased (b) Decreased (c) Unchanged (d) None 18. The reduction in mortality and morbidity is mainly due to (a) Immunization (b) Vaccination (c) Both (d) None 19. The Vaccination was first introduced by Edward Jennir in (a) 1795 (b) 1700 (c) 1785 (d) 1800 20. Chemical substances which are low in concentration and inhibit the growth of micro-organisms are called (a) Antibiotics (b) Antigen (c) Antibodies (d) None 21. Agaracus (mushroom) is example of (a) Monera (b) Protista (c) Fungi (d) Planate 22. Yeast is a most popular fungi, it is (a) Single cellular (b) Multicellular (c) Both (d) None 23. Cynobacteria is the examples of (a) Protista

(b) Fungi (c) Monera (d) None 24. The first antibiotic developed was (a) Decadal (b) Septran (c) Penicillin (d) None 25. Pencillium notatum was isolated from (a) Monera (b) Fungi (c) Plant (d) Animal 26. Fleming, Florey and Chain are credited for development of (a) Antigen (b) Antibody (c) Antibiotic (d) All 27. Treatment of diseases by chemicals, drugs, medicines is called (a) Radiotherapy (b) Chemotherapy (c) Both (d) None 28. Treatment of cancer and tumor with rays is termed as (a) Phototherapy (b) Radiotherapy (Chemotherapy (d) None 29. The science of growing terrestrial plants in an aerated solution is known as (a) Hydroponics (b) Hydrology (c) Hydrants (d) All 30. One benefit of hydroponics is that it helps in control of (a) Weeds (b) Soil diseases (c) Both a&b (d) None 31. A technique used to produce duplicate copies of genetic material, cells or entire organism is called (a) Asexual reproduction (b) Cloning (c) Parthenogenesis (d) All 32. The first mammal clone was named as (a) Dolly (b) Dully (c) Both (d) None 33. The first mammal clone was done in (a) 1995 (b) 1993 (c) 1996 (d) None 34. One of the following is product of cloning (a) Identical twins (b) Non-identical twins

(c) Both a&b (d) None 35. Insulin, Growth hormones, interferon, and antithrombin production is achieved by (a) DNA recombinant (b) Cloning (c) Transgenic animals (d) None 36. By introducing small fishes will help eat the mosquito larvae. This may be termed as (a) Chemical control (b) Biological control (c) Neutral control (d) All

NUMBER KEY 1 CORRECT OPTION 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A 9 A 10 A 11 A 12 A 13 A 14 A 15 A 16 A 17 A 18 B 19 C 20 A 21 A 22 C 23 A 24 C 25 C 26 B 27 C 28 B 29 B 30 A 31 C 32 B 33 A 34 C 35 A 36 B B

First year Biology complete notes CHAPTER 02

BIOCHEMISTRY: The study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms BIO molecules: The organic compounds related with living organism are called bio-molecules. E.g. Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids etc. POLAR MOLECULE: A molecule in which atoms have separate charges in the chemical bonds. Water is a well-known example of a polar molecule. Its hydrogen has positive charge and oxygen has negative charge AMPHOTERIC MOLECULE: A molecule which can act both with acid and base is called amphoteric molecules. E.g. water molecule MACROMOECULE: A larger molecule which is made by the condensation of simple molecules is called macromolecule. E.g. Proteins is a macromolecules and made from amino acids which are simple MONOMERS: Simple units which make macromolecules are called monomers. E.g. Glucose is a monomer. When many monomers of glucose condense, they make a polymer of starch, cellulose and glycogen. POLYMERS: Macromolecules which are formed by the condensation of monomers are called polymers. E.g. Protein is polymer and amino acids are its monomers. CONDENSATION: A chemical process in which simple molecules meet with each other with the help of enzymes and make macromolecule is called condensation. During this process, a water molecule is always released. HYDROLYSIS: It is reverse of condensation. A chemical process, in which macromolecule is broken to make simple molecules out of it is called hydrolysis. This process always requires water molecule. This process requires hydrolytic enzymes. CHEMICAL BOND: Loosing, gaining and sharing of electrons between the atoms results in a force called chemical bond. IONIC BOND: It is a type of chemical bond which is formed due to loosing or gaining of electrons. COVALENT BOND: It is a type of chemical bond which is formed due to sharing of electrons. ESTER BOND: A bond formed between carboxylic acid and alcohol is called ester bond. AMIDE BOND: A bond formed between carboxylic acid and amine is called Amide bond. PEPTIDE LINKAGE: The bond by which amino acids are linked together to form protein is called peptide linkage. PRIMARY PROTEIN: A structure of protein in which amino acids are linked in linear sequence. SEONDARY PROTEIN: A structure of protein in which the amino acids are linked in spiral, coil or helix manner. TERTIARY PROTEIN: A structure of protein which is formed due to arrangement of secondary protein into three dimensions

QUATERNARY PROTEIN: A structure of protein which results due to association of 2 or more tertiary proteins. . E.g. Hemoglobin OLIGOSACCHARIDES: A kind of carbohydrates which are formed from 2 to 10 monomers of hexose monosaccharide mONOSACCHARIDE: A kind of simplest sugar. E.g. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose. ISOMER: An organic substance, which has same formula but different structure, is called isomer. E.g. Fructose and Galactose has same formula as glucose, but the structure is different. STARCHpolysaccharide. It is polymer made from monomers of glucose: A kind of . It is stored by higher plants. It is insoluble in water. GLYCOGEN: A Kind of polysaccharide. It is polymer made from monomers of glucose. CELLULOSE: A kind of polysaccharide. It is also polymer made from monomers of glucose. It is also known as animal starch. LIPID: A kind of organic substance found in living organisms. The term lipid was introduced by Bloor (1943). It is rich source of energy. ACYLGLYCEROL: A kind of lipid which is made from 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol. It is also called Triglycerol. SATURATED ACYLGLYCEROL: A type of acylglycerol, which is found in the form of solid fat in animals. UNSATURATED ACYLGLYCEROL: A type of acylglycerol, which is found in the form of oil in plants. WAX: A simplest kind of lipid which is made from one molecules of fatty acid and one molecule of alcohol. PHOSPHOLIPID: It is the most common kind of lipid which is made from 2 molecules of fatty acids and one molecule of AVG 2013.lnk phosphate. It makes the cell membrane. TERPENOIDS: A kind of lipid which build up of isoprenoid (C5 H8) units. It has three more types. ISOPRENOID: It is a polymer whose carbon skeleton consists wholly or partly of isoprene units joined end to end TERPENS: A type of terpenoid lipids which are volatile in nature and produce fragrance. E.g. Limonene, Mycerene, Geranoil. STEROID: A type of terpenoid lipid which are precursor for sex hormones (e.g. testosterone, estrogen and progesterone). The most common example is cholesterol which is also found in cell membrane. CAROTENOIDS: A type of terpenoid lipid which contains Xanthophylls and carotene pigments. It is responsible to produce red, orange, yellow cream and brown color in flowers and fruits. NUCLEIC ACIDS: It refers to DNA and RNA. NUCLEIN: A chemical which was found in the nucleus of pus cells. This chemical was discovered by

Friedrich Miescher. Later on nuclein was known as nucleic acids. . PURINE BASES: Bases of nitrogen which have double ring are called purine bases. E.g. Guanine and cytosine. PYRAMIDINE BASES: Bases of nitrogen which have single ring are called purine bases. E.g. Adenine and thiamine. . NUCLEOSIDE: When nitrogen base combine with pentose sugar, it is called nucleoside. NUCLEOTIDE. When phosphate combines with pentose sugar of nucleoside it is called nucleotide. A nucleotide is monomer on DNA which is polymer. MONONUCLEOTIDE: It refers to only one nucleotide of any of four nitrogen bases. DINUCLEOTIDE: Union of any 2 nucleotide is called dinucleotide. E.g. NAD POLYNUCLEOTIDE: Chain of mononucleotide which make DNA polymer are called polynucleotide. CONJUGATED MOLECULE: A molecule which is formed due to union of 2 molecules of different organic substances. GLYCOLIPID: A conjugated molecule made from conjugation of glucose and lipid. Galacteolipids and sulpholipids are 2 common examples and are found in chlorophyll. They are also found in brain. GLYCOPROTEIN: A conjugated molecule made from conjugation of carbohydrate and protein. They are commonly found in egg albumin, gonadotrophic hormone, and cell membrane. NUCLEOPROTEIN: A conjugated molecules made from conjugation of nucleic acids and protein. Nucleoprotein is found in chromosomes which are made up of nucleic acids and Histone protein. LIPOPROTEIN: A type of conjugated molecule made from lipids and protein. They help in transportation of lipid in blood plasma. They may be seen in mitochondria, cell membrane chloroplast etc. PURKINJE-1939 First scientist who used word protoplasm and described it. HUXLEY A scientist who considered protoplasm as “A Physical Basis of Life” CYCLOSIS It refers to the movement of protoplasm in cell. This movement is anti-clock wise. WATER IN CELL 70-90% per weight of cell is water. Water in cells is found in free and bound state. PROTEINS They are 10-20 % per weight of cell. Proteins are made of O, H, N, C, S, and P and are called building blocks of body. STRUCTURAL PROTEINS Proteins, which make the shape. For example Chitin makes exo-skeleton in arthropods. CATALYST PROTIEN

Proteins, which speed up reactions in cell. They are also called enzymes. For example, thrombin protein functions in the coagulations of blood at the time of injury. AMINO ACIDS It is the building blocks of protein. It means proteins are made up of amino acids. An amino acid is formed when amino group (NH2) makes bond with carboxyl (COOH) group. PEPTIDE BOND Union of NH2 and COOH is called peptide bond. It is required to make an amino acid DIPEPTIDE BOND Union of two amino acids is called dipeptide bond. When one amino acid binds with another amino acid, H2O is released TRIPEPTIDE BOND Union of three amino acids. POLYPEPTIDE BOND It refers to union of more than three amino acids. LIPIDS They are organic compounds. They are 2-3% per weight of cell. They are made up of C, H, and O. The proportion carbon and hydrogen is very high a compared with carbohydrates. STEARIN The fat of animals (such as Cow and Goat) is called stearin fat. . Its formula is C57 H110 O6. LINOLIN It is oil extracted from plants. Its formula is C57 H104 O6. TRIGLYCERIDE It refers to one molecule of lipid, which is made up of three molecules of fatty acids and one glycerol. LIPID AS INSULATOR In winter the lipids prevent coldness to enter through skin. This role of lipid is as insulator. Insulator is a bad conductor. CARBOHYDRATES They are organic compounds. They are 1% per cell weight. They are made up of CHO. Glucose, Fructose and Galactose are examples. MONOSACCHARIDE Simplest types of carbohydrates, which are sweet in taste, crystalline in shape and easily dissoluble in water. TRIOSE SUGAR A type of monosaccharide sugar having three carbon atoms TRTROSE SUGAR Another type of monosaccharide sugar having 4 carbon atoms. PENTOSE SUGAR Another type of monosaccharide sugar having 5 carbon atoms HEXOSE SUGAR A type of monosaccharide sugar having 6 carbon atoms. Hexose sugars are also called standard sugars. Glucose, Fructose and Galactose are examples of hexose sugars.

GLUCOSE The most abundant carbohydrate in world. It is hexose type of sugar FRUCTOSE The sweetest sugar in world. This is also hexose type of sugar CONDENSATION A process in which two monosaccharides meet to make a disaccharide. Here a H2O molecule will be released. DISACCHARIDE They are formed when two similar or dis-similar hexose monosaccharides condense. Maltoses, Sucrose, Lactose is the example. Disaccharides are not soluble in water unless they are boiled. SUCROSE Widely used most common of all disaccharides. It is found in sugarcane. POLYSACCHARIDE They are formed when thousands of hexose monosaccharide meets. Glycogen It is animal polysaccharide made from glucose. It is un soluble in H2O and is the stored form of energy. Every time you eat, 10 percent of total glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in body. Glycogen is re-converted into glucose when there is shortage of glucose in body. CELLULOSE It is plant polysaccharide made formed from 2000-3000 glucose molecules. It is mostly found in cell wall and is called structural polysaccharide. STARCH Another plant polysaccharide made from huge number of glucose molecules. This is the stored form of energy in plants such as glycogen is in animals INORGANIC SALTS Inorganic salts are 1 percent the chemicals found in cells. Some important inorganic salts are Iron, Iodine, Sodium, Potassium and Calcium.

PRACTICE SHEET TEST-01 1. The molecule of water is (a) Polar (b) Non-polar (c) Both (d) None 2. The water molecule the atoms are joined by (a) Ionic bond (b) Hydrogen bond (c) Covalent bond (d) All 3. within cells, all chemical reactions occur in (a) aqueous solution (b) Solid solutions (c) Both (d) None 4. Because water can act both as acid and base, so it is (a) Monomorphic (b) Dimorphic (c) Amphoteric (d) All 9. Water can also act as buffer. It means it helps to prevent changes in the (a) pH of solution (b) Temperature of solution (c) Structure of solution (d) All 10. Chemical substances, having carbon as basic element bounded with Hydrogen atom is called (a) Organic (b) Inorganic (c) Both (d) Variable 11. One of the following is example of organic substance (a) CO2 (b) CO (c) H2O (d) C6 H12 O6 12. The macromolecules which are composed of large number of low molecular weight building blocks are called (a) Monomers (b) Bi-mers (c) Polymers (d) All 13. The monomers of proteins are (a) Amino acids (b) Glucose (c) Fatty Acids (d) All 14. The monomers of starch are (e) Amino acids

(f) Glucose (g) Fatty Acids (h) All 15. The monomers of cellulose are (i) Amino acids (j) Glucose (k) Fatty Acids (l) All 16. The monomers of glycogen are (m) Amino acids (n) Glucose (o) Fatty Acids (p) All 17. The monomers of lipids are (q) Amino acids (r) Glucose (s) Fatty Acids (t) All 18. The process by which micro molecules joint together to form macromolecule is called (a) Dehydration (b) Condensation (c) Hydrolysis (d) Plasmolysis 19. The process by which macromolecules is broken to get micro molecule is called (a) Dehydration (b) Condensation (c) Hydrolysis (d) Plasmolysis 20. during process of condensation, one of the following is needed (a) Proteins (b) Enzyme (c) Both (d) None 21. One of the following is the reverse of Condensation (a) Plasmolysis (b) Hydrolysis (c) Glycol sis (d) None 22. In hydrolysis, polymers are broken into monomers with the addition of (a) water molecule (b) Enzyme molecule (c) Biocatalyst (d) All 23. One of the following is not requirement in protein (a) NA (b) C (c) H (d) N 24. Proteins constitute more that ---percent of the dry weight of cell (a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30

(d) 50 25. The name protein was suggested by Berzelius in (a) 1838 (b) 1938 (c) 1738 (d) None 26. The importance of protein was recognized by a Dutch scientist G.J. Murider in (a) 1887 (b) 1886 (c) 1883 (d) 1900 27. Proteins require C, H, O and Nitrogen. Some times ----------are also required (a) S (b) P (c) Both a and b (d) None 28. One of the following is not made of proteins (a) Hairs (b) Nails (c) Skin (d) saliva 29. One of the following is not major source of proteins (a) Egg (b) Meat (c) Pulses (d) Butter 30. The amino acids make proteins and they are linked with each other by a bond called (a) Ionic bond (b) Hydrogen bond (c) Covalent bond (d) Peptide bond 31. There are --------basic amino acids basically found in all proteins (a) 10 (b) 15 (b) 18 (d) 20 33. In polypeptide chain of protein molecule, the amino acids are linked together by a process called (a) Condensation (b) Hydrolysis (c) Both (d) None

CORRECT OPTION QUESTION NO. ANSWER KEY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

TEST-02 1. One of following is not required in carbohydrate a. Oxygen b. carbon c. hydrogen d. nitrogen 2. In carbohydrates the hydrogen has following ratio with oxygen a. 1:2 b. 2:2 c. 3:2 d. 2:1 3. Carbohydrates are about ___________ by weight. a. 1% b. 2% c. 3% d. 4% 4. All carbohydrates have sweet taste except a. Polysaccharide b. monosaccharide c. disaccharide d. All 5. One of the following are called simple sugar because they cannot be further hydrolyze. a. Polysaccharide b. monosaccharide c. disaccharide d. All 6. one of the following is not isomer of glucose a. galactose b. fructose c. maltose 7. Glysrose is example of _________ sugar. a. Triose b. tetrose c. pentose d. hexose 8. Glucohaptose is example of haptos sugar which has ______ atoms of carbon. a. 7 b. 6 c. 5 d. 4 9. The most common and abundant carbohydrates of Oligosaccharide are a. polysaccharide b. monosaccharide c. disaccharide d. All 10. When glucose unit are jointed in straight chain un-branched_____ is formed a. glycogen b. starch c. cellulose d. None 11. The term lipid was proposed by Bloor in

a. 1942 b. 1943 c. 1944 d. 1945 12. It is estimated that a person of average size contains approximately ____ kg of fate a. 16 b. 17 c. 18 d. 19 13 16 kg of total fat in human body can produced ______ K cal/mole amount of energy. a. 100000 b. 144000 c. 200000 d. None 14. Saturated acyelglycerol are _____ is ordinary temperature. a. liquid b. solid c. both and AV d. None 15. Saturated Acylglycerol are mainly found in a. animals b. plants c. fungi d. All 16. The lynoline is found in cotton seeds and contain ___ acids. a. Malic acid b. linolatic acid c. sulphuric acid d. None 17. One of the following liquid is found as protective coat on stem, leaves, fruits, skin, fur and feather a. terpenes b. waxes c. steroids d. none 18. One of the following liquid is associated to cell permeability and transport process a. terpenes b. waxes c. steroids d. Phospholipids 19. One of the following liquid is volatile in nature and produce special fragrance a. terpenes b. waxes c. steroids d. none 20. One of the following liquid is precursor for the sex hormones a. terpenes b. waxes c. steroids d. none 21. One of the following liquid is responsible to produce red, orange, yellow, green and brown colors in plants a. terpenes

b. waxes c. steroids d. Carotenoids 22. Swiss Physician Frideneischer removed a substance from the nuclei of pus cells and named it as _________ a. DNA b. Nucleic acid c. Nuclein d. None 23. The percentage of RNA present in Cytoplasm is a. 90% b. 95% c. 97% d. 98% 24. Nucleic acid is polymer of a. Nucleotide b. Nucleoside c. monomer d. All 25. Adenine and Guanine are example of _______ basis a. Purine b. pyrimidine c. AB d. None 26. When nitrogen base combine with pentose sugar it forms a. nucleoside b. nucleotide c. polynucleotide d. None 27. When phosphoric acid combines with pentose sugar it forms a. nucleoside b. nucleotide c. polynucleotide d. None 28. During conversion of ATP into ADP _______ energy is released a. 7.3 K.Cal b. 31.81Kj c. Both a & b d. None 29. NAD is an example of a. Mononucleotide b. di-nucleotide c. poly-nucleotide d. All 30. In RNA thymine is replaced with a. Uracil b. adenine c. guanine d. None

NUMBER CORRECT OPTION 1) D 2) D 3) A 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) A 8) A 9) C 10) C 11) C 12) D 13) A 14) B 15) B 16) B 17) A 18) B 19) B 20) D 21) A 22) C 23) D 24) C 25) A 26) A 27) A 28) A 29) B 30) C

CHAPTER 03. WWW.PREPARATIONFORETEST.WEEBLY.COM ENZYMES: Chemical substances which work in chemical reactions and speed up the reaction are called enzymes. They are also called biocatalyst and were found and named by Friedrich Wilhelm Khune (1878)

CHAPTER 03. WWW.PREPARATIONFORETEST.WEEBLY.COM RIBOENZYMES: When ribonucleic acid works like enzyme, it is termed as ribo-enzyme. INTRACELLULAR ENZYME: An enzyme which reacts with a substrate in a cell in which enzyme was produced is called intracellular enzyme or endo-enzyme. E.g. Pepsin is produced in stomach and it digests protein in stomach. EXTRACELLULAR ENZYME: An enzyme which is produced in one cell and works some where else is called extra cellular enzyme. E.g. Carbohydrase is an enzyme. It is produced in pancreas and digests disaccharide carbohydrates in small intestine. Extra cellular enzymes are also called exo-enzymes. ACTIVE SITE: An area in the molecule of enzyme where substrates molecule enters so that enzyme may act on it. LOCK AND KEY MODEL: A model introduced by Fischer (1898). According to this model the shape of molecule must be same as the shape of active site of enzyme. If shape is different, the enzyme will not act on substrate. INDUCED FIT MODEL: A model introduced by Koshland (1959). According to this model, it is not necessary that active site and substrate molecule should have same shape. A substrate molecule with different shape may induce inside the active site of enzyme and change its shape. Finally the enzyme will act on substrate. HOLOENZYME: A conjugated enzyme which is totally active is called holo-enzyme. This explanation was given by Euler (1932). APOENZYME: The protein part of enzyme is called apo-enzyme PROSTHETIC GROUP: The non protein part of enzyme is called prosthetic group. OXIDASES ENZYME: A type of enzyme which oxidizes the substrate. E.g. Oxido-reductases and dehydrogenises. TRANSFERASES: An enzyme which transfers carbon group from one substrate to another substrate. HYDROLASES: An enzyme which cleavages (breaks up) single bond between molecules of substrate by adding a molecule of water. E.g. glycosidases, phosphateses etc. LYASES: An enzyme which cleavage substrate without adding water. E.g. aldolases, dehydratases ISOMERASES: An enzyme which changes the structure of a substrate without changing its atomic composition. LIGASES: An enzyme which combines atoms to synthesize a new molecule. This enzyme is used in making ATP by adding one phosphate to ADP. COFACTOR: If the non protein part of an enzyme is made up of inorganic, it is called cofactor. COENZYME: If the non protein part of enzyme is organic in nature, it is called coenzyme. ACTIVATOR: A chemical which further increase the rate of enzymatic action is called activator. E.g. Mg INHIBITOR: A chemical which can reduce the rate of enzyme or even may stop the enzyme from work. COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR: When an inhibitor blocks the active site of enzyme and does not allow substrate to attach with enzyme, it is called competitive inhibitor. NON COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR: A type of inhibitor which comes from the opposite site of active site and changes its shape is called non-competitive inhibitor. ALLOSTEIC SITE: The opposite site of active site is called allosteric site.

CHAPTER 03. WWW.PREPARATIONFORETEST.WEEBLY.COM FEED BACK INHIBITOIN: A kind of inhibitory mechanism, in which the product gives the feed back to the enzyme and the enzyme, stops its activity. This happens when product is abundant. PRACTICE SHEET TEST-01 1. The biocatalysts are synthesized inside the cells and are also called (a) Allozymes (b) Enzymes (c) Co-enzymes (d) All 2. Friedrich Wilhem Khune coined word enzymes in (a) 1878 (b) 1879 (c) 1875 (d) None 3. statement that organic substances capable of catalyzing specific chemical reactions in living system fits on (a) Proteins (b) Carbohydrates (c) Enzymes (d) None 4. Thomas Chech and Sidney Altman discovered that one of the following molecules also function as enzymes (a) Ribonueclic acid (b) Deoxyribonucleid (c) Both (d) None 5. Generally enzymes are ---------in nature (a) Non-pretentious (b) Protenious (c) Activators (d) Inhibitors 6. The enzymes -----------the the activation energy of reaction (a) Lower down (b) Do not play any role (c) Speed up (d) None 7. If an enzyme acts in same cell, where is is synthesized, it will be known as (a) Inter-cellular (b) Intracellular (c) Extra-cellular (d) None 8. One of the following has same meaning as intracellular enzyme (a) Exo-enzyme (b) Endo-enzyme (c) Both a&b (d) None 9. One of the following enzymes are entirely made up of proteins (a) Amylase (b) Pepsin

CHAPTER 03. WWW.PREPARATIONFORETEST.WEEBLY.COM (c) Both a&b (d) None 10. Enzymes are specific in their nature and action (a) True (b) False 11. The action of enzymes may be further enhanced by adding (a) Activators (b) Inhibitors (c) Both a&b (d) None 12. All except one of the following are activators (a) Mn (b) Ni (c) Mg (d) Na 13. The size of enzyme molecule is -------than the size of substrate (a) Smaller (b) Equal (c) Larger (d) None 14. The enzymes remain unchanged during and after the chemical reaction (a) True (b) False 15. The area of enzyme into which the substrate fits for chemical reaction is called (a) Reaction area (b) Passive area (c) Active site (d) All 16. The Key and Lock model was proposed by (a) Kinley in 1798 (b) Fischer in 1898 (c) Lamark in 1899 (d) None 17. Particular enzyme can react with particular substrate. This theory was modified by Filder and (a) G.G. Weed (b) D.D. Woods (c) H.G. Wells (d) None 18. The induced fit model was proposed by (a) Koshland-1959 (b) D.D. Woods 1959 (c) H.G. Wells 1959 (d) None 19. When a substrate combines with an enzyme, id induces changes in the enzyme structure to enable the enzyme to perform activity. This explains -------------- model (a) Lock and Key (b) Induced Fit (c) Both (d) None 20. Enzymes which are only made up of proteins are called (a) Conjugated (b) Simple

CHAPTER 03. WWW.PREPARATIONFORETEST.WEEBLY.COM (c) Allonyms (d) None 21. Holoenzymes refer to (a) Conjugated enzymes (b) Simple enzymes (c) Both (d) None 22. An enzyme may be made up of protein and non-proteins parts. Its protein part is called (a) Apoenzyme (b) Prosthetic group (c) Both (d) None 23. An enzyme may be made up of protein and non-proteins parts. Its non-protein part is called (a) Apoenzyme (b) Prosthetic group (c) Both (d) None 24. A Holoenzymes in which prosthetic group is in-organic ions are called (a) Co-factors (b) Co-enzymes (c) Both a&b (d) None 25. 25. A Holoenzymes in which prosthetic group is organic ions are called (a) Co-factors (b) Co-enzymes (c) Both a&b (d) None

CHAPTER 03. WWW.PREPARATIONFORETEST.WEEBLY.COM 26. A co-enzyme constitutes about --------percent of the entire enzyme molecule (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 27. One of the following is example of co-enzyme (a) NAD (b) FAD (c) Both a&b (d) None 28. The presence of enzymes speed up the reaction and lower the energy utilization (a) True (b) False 29. The substance that an enzyme acts up on is known as (a) Product (b) Substrate (c) Active site (d) None 30. Enzymes are also known as (a) Bio-catalysts (b) Catalysts (c) Both a&b (d) None 31. Enzymes work properly at optimum temperature of –-----degree centigrade (a) 37 (b) 38 © 39 (d) 40 32. Proteins become denatured and are destroyed at--------degree centigrade (a) 90 (b) 100 © 80 (d) 85 33. Low temperature is relatively better than high temperature (a) True (b) False

CHAPTER 03. WWW.PREPARATIONFORETEST.WEEBLY.COM 34. For pepsin, the optimum pH is (a) 1.6 (b) 1.5 © 1.4 (d) None 35. Enzyme action is frequently accelerated or inhibited by the presence of other substances called (a) Co-enzymes (b) Inhibitors © Activators (d) Co-factors 36. When a co-factor is an organic molecule, it is called (a) Co-enzyme (b) Co-factor © Inhibitor (d) None 37. Inorganic substances which increase the activity of an enzyme are called (a) Co-enzyme (b) Activators © Inhibitor (d) None 38. One of the following is not an activator (a) Mg (b) Zn © NAD (d) All 39. Magnesium is activator for (a) Phosphotase (b) Carbonic enhydrase © Both a&b (d) None 40. Substances which decrease the activities of enzymes are called (a) Co-factors (b) Inhibitors © Co-enzymes (d) None 41. If an inhibitor resemble the substrate and compete for admission into the active site is called (a) Non-competitive inhibitors (b) Competitive inhibitors © Both a&b (d) None

CHAPTER 03. WWW.PREPARATIONFORETEST.WEEBLY.COM 42. When the inhibitor obstruct the enzymatic reaction by binding to a part of the enzyme away from the active site is called (a) Non-competitive inhibitors (b) Competitive inhibitors © Both a&b (d) None 43. In non-competitive inhibition, molecules which binds to an enzyme other than its active site is called (a) Allosteric site (b) Prosthetic site © Both a&b (d) None 44. Enzymes are------when they are exposed to ultraviolet light (a) Activated (b) In-activated © Inhibited (d) None 45. The penicillin blocks the active site of enzyme which helps the bacteria to make (a) Cell membrane (b) Cell wall © Ribosomes (d) None

CHAPTER 03. WWW.PREPARATIONFORETEST.WEEBLY.COM NUMBER CORRECT OPTION 24 1 25 2 26 3 27 4 28 5 29 6 30 7 31 8 32 9 33 10 34 11 35 12 36 13 37 14 38 15 39 16 40 17 41 18 42 19 43 20 44 21 45 22 23

CHAPTER 03. WWW.PREPARATIONFORETEST.WEEBLY.COM

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 First year Biology complete notes By: DARAKSHAN SHEIKH KAMRAN SHAUKAT

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 CELL It is the structural and functional unit of life (living organisms) GALILIO-1610 An Italian scientist who invented microscope. He was not a biologist, but a man of physics and astronomy. ROBERT HOOKE- 1665 First scientist, who discovered dead cell in the texture of cork. ROBERT BROWN-1831 First scientist who discovered nucleus in the cells of Orchids in 1831 CELL THEORY A theory, which was originally presented by Scheilden-1838, Schewan-1839. Later on the name of a third scientist (Virchow) was added in 1858. CELL THEORY POINTS This theory has three points (1) Cell is structural and functional unit of life (2) New cells are formed by old cells suddenly (3) All cells contain genetic material that is DNA. CELL WALL An outer most boundary of plant cells. It is made up of cellulose, lignin and pectin. Cell wall protects cell, and make its shape. Cell wall acts as semi-permeable membrane. It is also present in organisms of other kingdoms (e.g. Monera, Protista and Fungi), but there is difference in the chemical composition. Animal cells don’t have cell wall at all. PRIMARY CELL WALL

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 In newly formed plant cells, only primary cell wall is present on the outer side of cell membrane. Due to this wall, the cell is thin and delicate. SECONDARY CELL WALL When a plant cell become old, a secondary cell wall is produced on the inner side of primary cell wall. The secondary cell wall makes the cell thick and rigid. MIDDLE LAMELLA The layer between two plant cell walls is called middle lamella. CELL MEMBRANE The membrane around the protoplasm of cell is called cell membrane. It is semi-permeable in nature and performs functions like osmosis, diffusion, active transport, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. MEMBRANE PORES The tiny pores in the cell membrane through which material goes in and out of cell. DANIELL AND DAVSON Scientists who presented Lipid Bi-layer Model of plasma membrane, according to which, in cell membrane, there is mono-molecular layer of protein and two layers of lipid molecules. TYPES OF LIPIDS There are four types (1) phospholipids (2) glycolipids (3) cholesterol (4) sterol HYDROPBOBIC LIPIDS Lipids, which do not allow water to pass through. They are also called water-hating lipids. HYDROPHILIC Lipids, which allow water to pass through. They are water-loving Lipids. SINGER AND NICLSON Scientists who gave another model of plasma membrane called “Fluid Mosaic Model”. INTRINSIC PROTEIN When a molecule of protein is dipped into lipids, such proteins are called intrinsic. EXTRINSIN PROTEIN When a molecule of protein is half in and half out in lipid layer is called extrinsic. OSMOSIS Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration through semi-permeable cell membrane. DIFFUSION

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 Movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration without involvement of cell membrane ACTIVE TRANSPORT Movement of molecules from lower to higher concentration is called active transport. During this huge amount of ATP is used. PHAGOCYTOSIS Ability of cell to eat E.g. WBC phagocyte the microorganisms, which attack the body. PINOCYTOSIS Ability of cell to drink or uptake the fluids. ECTOPLASM Outer side of cell membrane ENDOPLASM Inner side of cell membrane ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) A rough and tough structure in cytoplasm SMOOTH ER Endoplasmic reticulum without ribosome on it. E.g. in fat cells, intestinal cells the endoplasmic reticulum is without ribosomes. ROUGH ER Endoplasmic reticulum having ribosomes on it. This is indirectly involved in protein synthesis MAIN FUNCTIONS OF ER 1. To transport material between nucleus and cytoplasm. 2. Detoxification of harmful drugs. 3. Provide space to ribosomes for attachment MICROTUBULES Smooth and straight lines in cytoplasm. They are made up of tubulin protein and are also called Cytoskeleton. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF MICROTUBULES 1. Make the shape of cell, 2. Helps in movement of pseudopodia, flagella, cilia and chromosomes in the cell. 3. Guide the chromosomes during cell division MICROFILAMENT It is a type of microtubules and is made up of actin protein. These are about 8 nm in diameter and, being the thinnest than all other microtubules INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT These are also types of microtubules. They are 10 nm in diameter and are made up of

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 TUBULIN A type of protein found in microtubules. RIBOSOMES They are made inside nucleolus and released into cytoplasm. They are named as ribosomes because they contain Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA). They are involved in protein synthesis PROTEIN FACTORIES Ribosome are called protein factories MITOCHONDRIA They are also called chondriosomes. Mitochondria are double membrane and contain two parts i.e. outer part matrix and inner part crystae. In crystae, ATP is formed. The mitochondria are never same in number but their size is 10u long and 2.5u wide. POWER HOUSE OF CELL Mitochondria are called powerhouse of cell GOLGI BODIES Golgi bodies are string shaped structures found in the cytoplasm of cell. An Italian scientist Comillo Golgi discovered them in 1898. They make cell wall in plant cells and lysosomes in animal cell and produce enzymes, proteins and hormones. They are also called secretion centers. CENTROSOMES They are present in cytoplasm very close to the nucleus and help in making three types of spindle fiber during cell division. These are continuous, discontinuous and aster rays. They help in cell division LYSOSOMES They are present in cytoplasm and help in the digestion of food, and destruction of foreign particles. LYSOSOMAL ENZYME An enzyme found in the lysosomes. Its function is to help in digestion of particles. SAUCIDE SACS When the wall of lysosome is ruptured, the lysosomal enzyme is released from lysosome destroys its own cell. That is why it is call suicide sacs VACOULE Cavities in the cytoplasm are called vacuoles. These cavities are formed due to colliding of protoplasm. Plant cells have very large and animal cells have just small vacuoles. Plant cells also use them for the function of lysosomes. TONOPLAST The membrane of vacuole is called Tonoplast FOOD VACOULE

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 Type of vacuoles that helps in digestion of food as in Amoeba. They are not present in all cells CONTRACTILE VACOULE Type of vacuoles that help in excretion of waste products, as in case of Paramecium. PLASTIDS Special bodies found in plant cells only. They are of three types. CHLOROPLAST PLASTIDS A type of plastid, which contain chlorophyll. They are mainly present in green parts of plant and help in photosynthesis LEUCOPLAST PLASTIDS A type of plastid, which carries no color pigment. They are found in roots and under ground stem. They convert sugar into starch and help in the storage of food material. CHROMOPLAST PLASTIDS A type of plastid, which represent all colors except green. They are found in flowers and fruits and give them colors XANTHOPHYLL A yellow colored pigment present in chromoplast plastid. It helps in trapping the sunlight CAROTENE An orange colored pigment found in chromoplast. It also helps in trapping the light. NUCLEUS A rounded structure mostly present in middle of the cytoplasm. Its size is 5 to 25um. In plant cells, it is located at side, because of a big vacuole present in the middle of cell. KARYOLYMPH The fluid present inside nucleus is called karyolymph. NUCLEOPLASM It refers to the karyolymph. CHROMATIN NETWORK Un-arranged chromosomes are called chromatin network. Chromosomes are always found in the form of network. During cell division (Prophase), this network is broken and chromosomes assemble in lines NUCLEAR RETICULUM Same as above CHROMOSOMES Thread like structures in nucleus. They carry genes on them, which control body traits. In every species, the number of chromosomes is different.

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 CENTROMERE A rounded structure which separates the arms of chromosomes. CHROMATIDS It refers to the arms of a chromosome. They are two in number. GENES Units of hereditary material found in chromosomes. DNA It stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a type of nucleic acid, which is made up of adenine, guanine, cytocine and thiamine nitrogen basis, having backbone of ribose and phosphate. RNA It refers to the Ribonucleic acid. It is another type of nucleic acid, which is made up of adenine, guanine, uracil and cytocine nitrogen basis, and backbone of ribose and phosphate mRNA It refers to messenger RNA that is found in nucleus tRNA It refers to transfer RNA, which is found in cytoplasm. rRNA It refers to the ribosomal RNA that is found in ribosomes. All three types of RNA work under DNA to make protein for cell. NUCLEOPORES The openings present in nuclear membrane. NUCLEOLUS A small structure in nucleus is called nucleolus. Its main function is to make ribosomes. PROKARYOTIC CELL Cell without nuclear membrane is called prokaryotic cell. It is also considered as the most primitive cell. In this kind of cell, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes and chloroplast are also missing. EUKARYOTIC CELL Cell with well-developed nucleus is called eukaryotic cell. It contains mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes and chloroplast. It is also called complete cell. LIGHT MICROSCOPE: A type of microscope in which visible light is used as source of illumination (light). X-RAY MICROSCOPE: An advance type of microscope in which short wave length x-rays are used as source of light.

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 ELECTRON MICROSCOPE: a type of highly advanced microscope in which electron beam is used as source of light. MAGNIFICATION: Technique which is used to increase the size of specimen by changing the power of lens is called magnification. RESOLUTION: Capacity of microscope by which various organelles are made clear is called resolution. CELL FRACTIONATION: A technique by which different organelles are isolated for further studies is called cell fractionation. PLASMODESMATA: Places in cell wall where deposition of cell wall material does not take place is called Plasmodesmata. AUTOPHAGY: When wall of lysosomes is ruptured, its enzymes destroy the cell. This destructive mechanism is called autophagy. ALPHA GLUCOSIDASES: An enzyme found in lysosomes. In case of its absence, the glycogen enters the lysosomes causing swelling of cell organelles. TAY SACH DISEASE: A disease which results from lysosomal disorder. Mental retardation, blindness are the main symptoms. GAUCHER’S DISEASE: Another disease due to lysosomal disorder in which liver and spleen enlarge in size and erosion of long bones occur. KRABBE’S DISEASE: Another disease due to lysosomal disorder in which there is loss of myelin, and mental retardation. PROPLASTID: Immature plastids are called proplastids. On maturation they become different types of plastids. PEROXISOMES: Small structures in cytoplasm which contain special enzymes. These enzymes transfer the hydrogen into hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic molecule which is immediately broken by water. Peroxisomes play important role in metabolizing alcohol. They are more in liver cells GLYOXISOMES: Smaller bodies which contain enzymes which metabolize some molecules involved in photosynthesis and respiration. They also break down fatty acids. MICROTUBULES: A type of cytoskeleton which are internally hollow and are made up of tubulin protein. They are 25um in diameter. MICROFILAMENT. A type of cytoskeleton which are internally solid. Their diameter is 7um. They are made up of actin protein.

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT: A type of cytoskeleton which is rope like and made up of keratin filament. It is mainly found in cells of skin and hairs. RIBOSOMES: Very small structure made up of ribose nucleic acid. They are made by nucleolus and than come into cell, where some attach with endoplasmic reticulum, and make proteins for cell. CENTRIOLES: small structure found in cytoplasm near nucleus. They are made up of nine triplet microtubules. Their main function is to help in mitotic and meiosis cell division. They are absent in higher plants, where cell plates perform the function of Centrioles. PRACTICE SHEET TEST NO. 1 1. The first microscope was invented by Galileo in (a) 1610 (b) 1615 (c) 1670 (d) 1700 2. The term cell was first used by -------------in 1665 (a) Robert Brown (b) Robert Hook (c) Leuen Hook (d) None 3. In 1831---------discovered nucleus (a) Robert Brown (b) Robert Hook (c) Leuen Hook (d) None 4. Schleiden (1838) and Schwann (1839) introduced (a) Molecular theory (b) Cell theory (c) Theory of evolution (d) None 5. Robert Hooke calculated -------------billion of cells in a cubic inch of cork (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4 6. A new born human baby may contain -------trillion cells (a) 4 (b) 3

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 (c) 2 (d) 1 7. While donating blood one has to give ----------billion cells (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5.4 8. Every day, human body can remove and replace ------------billion cells (a) 600 (b) 560 (c) 200 (d) None 9. In one of the microscopes, light is used as source of illumination (a) Light microscope (b) X-ray microscope (c) Electron microscope (d) All

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 10. In one of the microscopes, wave length x-rays are used as source of illumination (a) Light microscope (b) X-ray microscope (c) Electron microscope (d) All 11. In one of the microscopes, electron beam is used as source of illumination (a) Light microscope (b) X-ray microscope (c) Electron microscope (d) All 12. --------------refers to the increasing the means of apparent size of the object (a) Resolution (b) Magnification (c) Both (d) None 13. Electron microscope is capable to resolve any object up to (a) 10,000 times (b) 100,000 times (c) Both (d) None 14. Isolation of cellular components to determine their chemical composition is called (a) Cell fragmentation (b) Cell fractionation (c) Cell dis-integration (d) None 15. Prokaryotic cell contains all except one (a) Cell wall (b) Cell membrane (c) Ribosomes (d) Mitochondria 16. In plasma membrane, ----------------lipid is present (a) Phospholipids (b) Glycolipid (c) Cholesterol (d) Sterol 17. In plasma membrane-----------ends face each other (a) Polar ends (b) Non polar ends (c) Both (d) Variable 18. In certain animal cells cholesterol may constitute up to -----percent of lipid molecule (a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 40 (d) 50

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 19. Singer and Nicholson proposed a working model of plasma membrane in (a) 1972 (b) 1973 (c) 1974 (d) 1975 20. A class of proteins that are directly incorporated within the lipid bilayer are called (a) Integral proteins (b) Intrinsic proteins (c) Both a&b (d) None 21. A class of proteins located entirely outside of the lipid bilayer on the either extra- cellular or cytoplasmic surface is called (a) Peripheral proteins (b) Extrinsic proteins (c) Both a&b (d) None 22. Passive transport refers to (a) Diffusion (b) Osmosis (c) Both a&b (d) None 23. Passive transport does not require whereas active transport requires energy (a) True (b) False 24. When cell membrane enfolds in the form of vacuole and helps to take in material, it is called (a) Exo-osmosis (b) Endosmosis (c) Endo-cytosis (d) Exo-cytosis 25. When cell membrane picks solid particles, is called (a) Pinocytosis (b) Phagocytosis (c) Both (d) None 26. A process in which movement of material occur out of cell is called (a) Exo-osmosis (b) Endosmosis (c) Endo-cytosis (d) Exo-cytosis 27. The cell wall is non living in nature and one of the following is its chief component. (a) Lignin (b) Cellulose (c) Pectin (d) None

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 28. One of the following is the pure example of cellulose (a) Hairs of cotton seed (b) Cotton thread (c) Seed (d) Paper 29. Primary cell wall contains hemi-cellulose up to 50% cellulose 25% and little pectin (a) True (b) False 30. Secondary cell wall is formed by the deposition of cellulose inside the primary cell wall (a) True (b) False 31. A place in cell wall where deposition of cellulose material does not take place that area is known as (a) Plasmodestata (b) Middle lamella (c) Secondary cell wall (d) None 32. Nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown in (a) 1833 (b) 1832 (c) 1831 (d) 1930 33. One of the following terms refers to an organism in which there is group of nuclei (a) Coenocytic (b) Metazoa (c) Protozoa (d) None 34. The protein rich substance found in nucleus is called (a) Nucleoplasm (b) Karyolymph (c) Both a&b (d) None 35. Chromosomes with equal arms are known as (a) Metacentric (b) Sub-metacentric (c) Acrocentric (d) Telocentric 36. Chromosomes with un-equal arms resembling with J are called (a) Metacentric (b) Sub-metacentric (c) Acrocentric (d) Telocentric 37. Rod like chromosomes with one arm very small and the other very long is called (a) Metacentric (b) Sub-metacentric (c) Acrocentric (d) Telocentric

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 38. Location of centromere at the end of chromosome is called (a) Metacentric (b) Sub-metacentric (c) Acrocentric (d) Telocentric 39. One of the following is involved in the synthesis of ribosomes (a) Metacentric (b) Sub-metacentric (c) Acrocentric (d) Telocentric 40. One of the following is not a membrane bound organelle (a) Ribosomes (b) Centriole (c) Vacuole (d) Mitochondria 41. One of the following types of ER is not associated with ribosomes (a) Smooth (b) Rough (c) Both (d) None 42. Fat cells, Intestinal cells, liver cells and muscle cells have (a) Smooth ER (b) Rough ER (c) Both (d) None 43. Smooth ER converts cholesterol into vitamin D (a) True (b) False 44. Mitochondria is called power house of cells and it has its own DNA (a) True (b) False 45. Every animal gets its mitochondria from mother because it is absent in sperms. (a) True (b) False 46. Animal cells have single but plants cells have many Golgi bodies (a) True (b) False 47. In Plant cells Golgi bodies make cell wall and in animal cells it makes lysosomes (a) True (b) False 48. Lysosomes are single membrane and are produced by (a) Golgi bodies (b) Dictyosomes (c) Both a&b (d) None 49. The lysosomes are not found in plant cells (a) True (b) False

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 50. The main function of lysosomes is to (a) Destroy foreign particles (b) Warn out cellular components (c) Phagocytosis (d) All of above 51. When wall of lysosome is ruptured, it destroys its own cell. This process is called (a) Suicide sacs (b) Autophagy (c) Autotomy (d) All 52. When ∞ glucosidae enzyme is absent in lysosomes, it causes deposition of undigested glycogen in cells. Doe to this condition swelling of cell organelles occur (a) True (b) False 53. One of the following is not a disease caused due to lysosomes (a) Tay-sachs disease (b) Gaucher’s Disease (c) Krabbe’s disease (d) Diabetes 54. Plastids are found in plant cells and (a) Protests (b) Monera (c) Fungi (d) All 55. Chloroplasts like DNA has their own (a) DNA (RNA (c) Proteins (d) None 56. Chloroplasts have a------ chemical pigment which plays vital role in photosynthesis (a) Xanthophylls (b) Carotene (c) Chlorophyll (d) All 57. One of the following plastid is responsible for color combinations of flowers and fruits (a) Chloroplasts (b) Chromoplasts (c) Leucoplasts (d) All 58. One of the plastids develops in the absence of light and is found in under- ground parts of plants and store material as starch (a) Chloroplasts (b) Chromoplasts (c) Leucoplasts (d) All

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 59. Immature, and color less plastids found in meristematic tissues are called (a) Chloroplasts (b) Chromoplasts (c) Leucoplasts (d) Proplastids 60. The proplastids become chloroplasts on maturation (a) True (b) False 61. Single membrane bodies which contain enzymes for transforming hydrogen atom to oxygen forming hydrogen peroxide are called (a) Peroxisomes (b) Glyoxisomes (c) Both a&b (d) None 62. One of the following are very common in metabolizing cells and are believed to detoxify the alcohol (a) Peroxisomes (b) Glyoxisomes (c) Both a&b (d) None 63. A mitochondria has semi autonomous existance in cell (a) True (b) False 64. The lysosomes only occur in the cytoplasm of ----------cell (a) Animal (b) Plant (c) Fungi (d) Protista 65. There are 2 types of cytoskeleton which are (a) Microtubules (b) Microfilament (c) Microfont (d) Both a&b 66. The microtubules are hollow and microfilaments are solid (a) True (b) False

FIRST YEAR CHAPTER-04 NUMBER CORRECT 37. OPTION 38. 1. 39. 2. 40. 3. 41. 4. 42. 5. 43. 6. 44. 7. 45. 8. 46. 9. 47. 10. 48. 11. 12. 49. 13. 14. 50. 15. 16. 51. 17. 18. 52. 19. 20. 53. 21. 22. 54. 23. 24. 55. 25. 26. 56. 27. 28. 57. 29. 30. 58. 31. 32. 59. 33. 34. 60. 35. 36. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.