["m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. Ch\u00fang b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i trong \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y th\u00ec l\u1ed9 ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c b\u1ed3n tr\u0169ng. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea9u thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea9u m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1eady l\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng Pampas \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u01a1n c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed7 b\u00ed \u1ea9n. V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng ch\u1edd xem. 6. S\u00d3NG H\u1ea0 \u00c2M T\u1ea0O N\u00caN S\u1ef0 HUY\u1ec0N B\u00cd TRONG C\u00c1C NG\u00d4I NH\u00c0 MA \u201cNh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u1ebfn ph\u1ee5t t\u1eaft, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ma qu\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u1edbn l\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng ma, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i n\u00ean b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m thanh c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nghe th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Anh tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1. \u201cTh\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghe th\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m thanh n\u00e0y\u201d, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Richard Lord, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 \u00e2m h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m V\u1eadt l\u00fd Qu\u1ed1c gia Anh, \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, Lord v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u1ed1ng d\u00e0i 7 m v\u00e0 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00ean 750 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ed3i trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00f2ng ho\u00e0 nh\u1ea1c \u1edf London. C\u00e1c th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe 4 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ed3ng th\u00eam s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00eam s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng 22% cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 lo l\u1eafng b\u1ee9t r\u1ee9t, bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, \u1edbn l\u1ea1nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng, h\u1ed3i h\u1ed9p, khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 hay ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t. \u201cK\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00e2m thanh c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do h\u1ea1 \u00e2m\u201d, Richard Wiseman, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Hertfordshire, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Khoa h\u1ecdc Anh. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e2u nay v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa h\u1ea1 \u00e2m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. \u201cM\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i \u00e2m thanh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ma \u00e1m v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ma. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a","ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3\u201d. Wiseman n\u00f3i. C\u0169ng theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u00e3o, gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a, nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 voi c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp qua nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn hay l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ebb th\u00f9. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n, 1000 c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y, l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng 80 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 1.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng 7. L\u1ed0C XO\u00c1Y \u2013 HI\u1ec6N T\u01af\u1ee2NG THI\u00caN NHI\u00caN B\u00cd \u1ea8N M\u00f9a l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00ean cao tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 5. D\u00f9 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nguy hi\u1ec3m x\u1ea3y ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. * N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho bi\u1ebft l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i b\u00e3o m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean do b\u00e3o s\u1ea5m sinh ra. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t kh\u00ed c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh, tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o s\u1ea5m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o s\u1ea5m c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 sinh ra l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y. Roger Edwards, nh\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c Trung t\u00e2m b\u00e1o B\u00e3o thu\u1ed9c C\u1ee5c Kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c gia M\u1ef9 (NOAA), cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cPh\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng sinh ra l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n x\u1ea3y ra trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e3o s\u1ea5m sinh ra l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y\u201d. C\u1ea5p S\u1ee9c gi\u00f3 M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 F0 < 116 km\/g Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nh\u1eb9 F1 117-180 km\/g Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i trung b\u00ecnh F2 253 km\/g Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn F3 > 322 km\/g Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng F4,5 333 - 512 km\/g S\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y gh\u00ea g\u1edbm F6 > 513 km\/g B\u1ecb nghi ng\u1edd","L\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00fang \u1edf v\u00f9ng Alley Tornado. V\u00f9ng Alley Tornado \u1edf M\u1ef9 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam t\u1eeb Dakota t\u1edbi Gulf Coast, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi d\u00e3y n\u00fai Rocky v\u00e0 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi d\u00e3y Appalachian. Trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed kh\u00f4 b\u1ed1c l\u00ean t\u1eeb d\u00e3y Rocky g\u1eb7p kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1ea5m v\u00e0 \u1ea9m t\u1eeb v\u1ecbnh Mexico c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh B\u1eafc C\u1ef1c tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh, \u1ea9m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4 cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o s\u1ea5m v\u00e0 l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y. * \u0110i\u1ec1u tra C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m qua. Theo nh\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Greg Forbes, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 80% l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1950 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn. Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o. S\u1ed1 l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o t\u0103ng t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 600\/n\u0103m v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950 l\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng 1.200\/n\u0103m hi\u1ec7n nay. \u0110a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn, ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 5% \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 san b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ghi l\u1ea1i th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00e3nh th\u00fa v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u1eady. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Trung T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea5p 8 (hurricane), l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n nhanh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i \u0111u\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o s\u1ea5m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd hy v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y. Khi b\u00e3o sinh ra l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi ph\u1ec5u l\u1ed1c trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong vi\u1ec7c r\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin m\u1edbi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c NOAA \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe t\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111u\u1ed5i theo l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Tim Samaras \u1edf Denver, Colorado, \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u0103m d\u00f2 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1y c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba.","Nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n s\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean c\u1ef1c nhanh sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m b\u1ecb v\u00f9i d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6\/2003, Samaras v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 180 m g\u1ea7n Manchester, Nam Dakota. H\u1ecd th\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0 ... b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y khi l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y ti\u1ebfn s\u00e1t t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecd. Samaras n\u00f3i: \u201c\u00c2m thanh c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea1nh k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c\u201d. L\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7m r\u00fa ngay b\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u00e1y th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt khi \u0111i qua. Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00ed \u00e1p gi\u1ea3m 100 milibar b\u00ean trong l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y. Kh\u00ed \u00e1p gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n sinh ra nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh trong l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y v\u00e0 b\u00e3o. N\u1ebfu kh\u00ed \u00e1p gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb 1.000 milibar xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 900 milibar, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. T\u1eeb l\u00e2u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 nghi ng\u1edd l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3m kh\u00ed \u00e1p song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u0103m d\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Samaras l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. * Nh\u1eefng v\u00f2i xo\u00e1y kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Nh\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ted Fujita \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y tr\u00ean thang \u0111o t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p 0 t\u1edbi c\u1ea5p 6. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ebft h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o 6\/5\/1840 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Louisiana v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi Natchez v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 1 gi\u1edd tr\u01b0a. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eafm nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n, ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n \u0111i xa nhi\u1ec1u km. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 317 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8\/3\/1925, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n Ellington, Missouri. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i 352 km qua ba bang. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft 695 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i Missouri, Illinois v\u00e0 Indiana. \u0110\u00f4i khi, c\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o s\u1ea5m c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y, \u201cth\u1ea3\u201d ch\u00fang xu\u1ed1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 bom. \u0110\u1ee3t l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u00f9ng 3 v\u00e0 m\u00f9ng 4\/4\/1974 khi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u00e3o s\u1ea5m kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng Trung T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 sinh ra 148 l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y. H\u01a1n 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft khi c\u00e1c c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y n\u00e0y \u0111i qua t\u1edbi 13 bang t\u1eeb Michigan t\u1edbi B\u1eafc Carolina. S\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Dick Gilbert, phi c\u00f4ng l\u00e1i tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean giao th\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh WHAS \u1edf Louisville. Kentucky. Gilbert \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u00ean cao th\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c gi\u00f3 h\u01a1n 333 km\/g t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u1edf Louisville ngay sau 16 gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y 3\/4. Gilbert theo d\u00f5i l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y n\u00e0y t\u1eeb m\u00e1y bay khi n\u00f3 qu\u00e9t qua th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. L\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi","s\u01a1 t\u00e1n kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o s\u1edbm h\u01a1n cho d\u00e2n c\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0m l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra ngay khi ch\u00fang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh? Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o s\u1edbm v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tho\u00e1t n\u1ea1n h\u01a1n. Hy v\u1ecdng trong m\u00f9a b\u00e3o s\u1eafp t\u1edbi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 xo\u00e1y l\u1ed1c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p g\u1eb7p l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p ngay: Xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea7ng h\u1ea7m, chui xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc; n\u1ebfu to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea7m, h\u00e3y ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0o ph\u00f2ng trong c\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c \u1edf b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ea7u thang; tr\u00e1nh xa c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 v\u00e0 khom m\u00ecnh, hai tay che \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 di \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c xe \u00f4t\u00f4, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, \u00f4t\u00f4, n\u1eb1m \u00fap m\u1eb7t xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, hai tay che l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Jack Pettigrew v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng. 8. V\u00cc SAO \u0110\u1ea0N S\u00daNG TH\u1ea6N C\u00d4NG B\u1ed0C CH\u00c1Y KHI \u0110\u01afA L\u00caN M\u1eb6T BI\u1ec2N? Hai nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc Anh tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ed \u1ea9n t\u1eeb 26 n\u0103m nay, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n s\u1eaft l\u1ea1i b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u l\u1eeda l\u1edbn, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbt l\u00ean t\u1eeb con t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm? \\\"Ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecf l\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng to\u1ea3 ra khi chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n k\u00ea b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed1c kh\u00f3i\\\". Bob Child, hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Ph\u00f2ng tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 Wales \u1edf Cardiff, k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra n\u0103m 1976, khi Child \u0111ang b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt tr\u1ee5c v\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb con t\u00e0u HMS Coronation, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm n\u0103m 1961. Trong m\u1ebb l\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00e9o l\u00ean v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1n s\u00fang th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1eaft, b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u00e1t c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ea t\u00f4ng bao ph\u1ee7 sau 3 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u1eb1m y\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n. Khi d\u00f9ng b\u00faa \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0y, Child s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean bi s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean n\u00f3ng l\u00ean d\u1eef d\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e9n l\u1eeda sang chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n g\u1ed7 k\u00ea b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. Theo ph\u1ecfng","\u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u s\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean t\u1edbi 300 - 4000C. Ng\u00e0y nay, khi \u201ch\u00e2m n\u00f3ng\u201d l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, Child v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, David Rosseinky, cho bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 sau: \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb kh\u00fac x\u1ea1, \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t c\u1ea7u Khi chi\u1ebfc Coronation ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n, do b\u1ecb bao b\u1ecdc b\u1edfi n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n m\u1eb7n v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u oxy, nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u s\u1eaft b\u1ecb hoen g\u1ec9 m\u1ea1nh. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean, ch\u00fang n\u1edf ra, v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u bi s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f4i l\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng). C\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb t\u1eeb ch\u00ecm v\u00e0o c\u00e1t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1ea7ng c\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf c\u1ee9ng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 canxi. Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u1ed1i r\u1eefa \u1edf g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eed c\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecb oxy ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y, chuy\u1ec3n ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh s\u1eaft nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch kh\u1ed1i c\u1ea7u v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n gi\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng (m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ion s\u1eaft) v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. Khi \u0111\u01b0a qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u l\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 l\u1edbp v\u1ecf xi, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng oxy ho\u00e1 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ee9c th\u00ec, b\u00f9ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda. \u1ea2o \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai \u1edf xa. N\u00f3 tan \u0111i khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u1ea5m l\u1edbp kh\u00ed s\u00e1t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Stephen Fletcher thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Loughborough, M\u1ef9, cho r\u1eb1ng: Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi s\u1eaft b\u1ecb \u00f4xy ho\u00e1, n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u00ec qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u s\u1eaft c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng, n\u00ean di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft v\u1edbi \u00f4xy l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u00f4xy ho\u00e1 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ef1c nhanh, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y. 9. GI\u1ea2I \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C B\u00cd \u1ea8N C\u1ee6A NH\u1eeeNG B\u00d3NG S\u00c1NG K\u1ef2 L\u1ea0 H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i trong ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u01a1 l\u1eedng gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0. Khi b\u1ea1n nghi\u00eang \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 xem \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o","n\u00ean th\u1ee9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng nghi\u00eang theo... \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi Min Min light) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf Australia. K\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f4i khi \u1edf c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m km, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Jack Pettigrew, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Queensland \u1edf Brisbane, Australia, v\u1eeba kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Clinical and Experimental Optometry. Pettigrew \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u1edf Channel, mi\u1ec1n t\u00e2y Queensland, n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua. \u201cNgay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0ng \u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea3y n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft v\u00ec s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i\u201d, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i: Sao Kim, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ea1m ch\u00e1n v\u1edbi Min Minh light, Pettigrew t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sao Kim. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf, \u201cn\u00f3 \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m y\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fac\u201d. L\u1ea7n sau \u0111\u00f3, khi \u0111ang l\u00e1i xe v\u1edbi hai c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, Pettigrew tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1m s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 nh\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con m\u00e8o \u1edf c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 50 m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi h\u1ecd d\u1eebng xe v\u00e0 t\u1eaft \u0111\u00e8n pha, \u0111\u1ed1m s\u00e1ng kia v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1ea3y nh\u00f3t xung quanh nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tranh c\u00e3i k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1ch bao xa\u201d. B\u1ed9 ba \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e1i xe xuy\u00ean qua v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc la b\u00e0n tr\u00ean \u00f4t\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ra kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1m s\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng sau 5 km, la b\u00e0n tr\u00ean xe v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 300 km tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi\u201d. V\u1ec1 sau, ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u \u1edf \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1m s\u00e1ng. Pettigrew, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt \u1edf r\u1ea5t xa d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 treo ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi \u2013 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Min Min light. \u1ea2o \u1ea3nh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngh\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c n\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e1t v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n l\u1edbp kh\u00ed \u1ea5m \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00ean. Trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t chi\u1ebfu l\u00ean s\u1ebd b\u1ecb kh\u00fac x\u1ea1, v\u00e0 \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong \u00f4m l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, thay v\u00ec chi\u1ebfu th\u1eb3ng ra ngo\u00e0i (\u1ea3nh). Trong l\u1edbp kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, \u00e1nh","s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1ch xa ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m km, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Min Min light th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh trong \u0111\u00eam, Pettigrew \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Minh h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp t\u1ea1i Chicago Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, Pettigrew ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam c\u00f3 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i: \u0110\u00eam l\u1ea1nh sau m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y tr\u1eddi n\u00f3ng, \u00edt gi\u00f3. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng l\u00e1i xe 10 km v\u00f2ng qua m\u1ed9t khu \u0111\u1ed3i t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng). \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n 6 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan s\u00e1t v\u1eabn nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i l\u01a1 l\u1eedng \u1edf ph\u00eda ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi. Bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng sau \u0111\u00eam tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n, Pettigrew cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai \u1edf xa t\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng Min Min light \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. \u201cTh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb7ng n\u00fai \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ngh\u1ecbch nhi\u1ec7t, n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u01a1 l\u1eedng tr\u00ean cao v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tan \u0111i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t khi m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed s\u00e1t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Min Min light v\u00e0 \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh ban ng\u00e0y \u1edf Channel l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t cao, v\u00ec v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ed7 h\u01a1i tr\u0169ng, n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi. 10. SAO KIM QUAY NG\u01af\u1ee2C CHI\u1ec0U Sao Kim c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Sao Kim, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sao H\u00f4m, hay sao Mai l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh duy nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi quay t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4ng sang t\u00e2y, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u quay theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a Kim tinh. Hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Alexander Coreia v\u00e0 Jacques Laskar thu\u1ed9c trung t\u00e2m CNRS (Ph\u00e1p), cho r\u1eb1ng: Ban \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5c quay r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eang. Theo h\u1ecd, c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t hai c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u quay n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129, h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee5c quay 180 \u0111\u1ed9. S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh khi\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c quay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u00edch d\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb3n. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai cho r\u1eb1ng do s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn","\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7ng kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u1eafn b\u00ean trong b\u1ecb k\u00e9o theo, quay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u trong khi tr\u1ee5c quay kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh s\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, sao Kim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201canh em song sinh\u201d c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng 93% \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng 88%, c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ebb (c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda \u1edf hai h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y). Tuy nhi\u00ean, sao Kim kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n h\u00e0nh tinh xanh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t do \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cao g\u1ea5p 90 l\u1ea7n tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u00e2y d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9a acid sulfuric khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cb\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a sao Kim. Do c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng m\u00e2y kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 bao ph\u1ee7, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y cao \u0111\u1ebfn 4700C t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 sinh ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh.","11. L\u1eecA V\u0168 TR\u1ee4 V\u00c0 V\u1ee4 CH\u00c1Y B\u00cd \u1ea8N \u1ede CHICAGO \u0110\u00eam ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt, ng\u00e0y 8\/10\/1871, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 Chicago (M\u1ef9) \u0111ang n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t vui v\u1ebb th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y. L\u00ednh c\u1ee9u ho\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a k\u1ecbp ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ee7a k\u00edn nh\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u00e1nh Paul. Kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 c\u00f2i b\u00e1o ch\u00e1y h\u00fa vang... Chicago n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3 n\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 gi\u00f3\u201d. Nay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 g\u1eb7p l\u1eeda, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e0ng th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n. L\u1eeda m\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1ee9c gi\u00f3 b\u1ed1c cao d\u1eef d\u1ed9i v\u00e0 lan nhanh kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y n\u1eeda ti\u1ebfng sau, Chicago \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ecm trong bi\u1ec3n l\u1eeda m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang ho\u1ea3ng lo\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00e1o nh\u00e0o ch\u1ea1y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1eabm \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean nhau, chen l\u1eabn c\u00f9ng gia s\u00fac t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n. \u0110\u00e1m ch\u00e1y kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi s\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau. H\u01a1n 17.000 ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh tro b\u1ee5i, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed n\u1ea1n v\u00ec ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u1ecb gi\u00e0y x\u00e9o. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n, t\u1edd Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o Chicago v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0a tin: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do s\u01a1 su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 ch\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2 c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 h\u00fac \u0111\u1ed5 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u g\u00e2y ch\u00e1y chu\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y ph\u00e1t l\u1eeda t\u1eeb chu\u1ed3ng b\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 lan kh\u1eafp Chicago. Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y b\u1ecb \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n Chicago ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 huy tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tham gia c\u1ee9u ho\u1ea3 cho bi\u1ebft: Ch\u1ec9 trong ch\u1edbp m\u1eaft, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp trong bi\u1ec3n l\u1eeda, do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y lan ra t\u1eeb chu\u1ed3ng b\u00f2\u201d l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00f4 l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn l\u1eeda bay m\u1edbi nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady! C\u1ea3 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y, nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi tr\u00fat xu\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft sau v\u1ee5 ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: L\u1eeda gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u01b0a t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t li\u00ean bang M\u1ef9 cho bi\u1ebft: Bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Chicago, \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 Wisconsin, Michigan, Nevada v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai, \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ho\u1ea3 h\u1ea1n. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t l\u1eeda b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110i t\u00ecm v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9ng cho hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00ec l\u1ea1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 hoa c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m Chicago b\u1ecb nung ch\u1ea3y; gi\u00e0n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u d\u1ef1ng b\u00ean s\u00f4ng c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u1ea3y ra d\u00ednh v\u00e0o nhau, nhi\u1ec1u kho s\u1eaft th\u00e9p b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u1ea3y th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1ng... \u0110i\u1ec1u","\u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t cao. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u1eefa trong v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Chicago l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi th\u1ea7n l\u1eeda, ra t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4. Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh thi th\u1ec3 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eeda. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 W.Ximoberin, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia l\u1eebng danh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng: \u201cL\u1eeda \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn Chicago trong tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a sao b\u0103ng\u201d. Theo \u00f4ng, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sao ch\u1ed5i Bira (t\u00ean nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Ti\u1ec7p Kh\u1eafc t\u00ecm ra n\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1826). Sao ch\u1ed5i Bira c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 quay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 6,6 n\u0103m. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1846, trong khi bay qua tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u00e2n Bira b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 l\u00e0m hai m\u1ea3nh. Nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfp theo cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1852, hai ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 \u0111\u00f4i kia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch nhau t\u1edbi 2,4 tri\u1ec7u km \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t h\u00fat trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110\u00fang v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 8\/10\/1871, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n sao ch\u1ed5i Bira l\u1ea1i \u201cg\u1eb7p g\u1ee1\u201d tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m giao ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1eadn M\u1ef9. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a sao b\u0103ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y khi ma s\u00e1t v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i r\u01a1i \u00e0o \u1ea1t xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ho\u00e1 l\u1ecfng s\u1eaft th\u00e9p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 hoa c\u01b0\u01a1ng. Chicago kh\u00f4ng may m\u1eafn n\u1eb1m g\u1ecdn trong v\u00f2ng trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadn m\u01b0a l\u1eeda. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Ximoberin c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng, tr\u1eadn \u201cm\u01b0a\u201d n\u00e0y do s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a v\u1ea9n th\u1ea1ch c\u00f2n mang theo m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn kh\u00ed xyanua v\u00e0 dioxit carbon, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u201cti\u1ec3u kh\u00ed h\u1eadu gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3 ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi v\u00f9ng l\u1eeda, ra \u0111\u1ebfn ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, song v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t ch\u1ebft do ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eadm d\u1eb7c. Lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ximoberin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea9u thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt b\u1ecb l\u1eeda tr\u1eddi thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t hay c\u00e1c khu \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m... Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1c b\u1ecf gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ximoberin cho r\u1eb1ng, sao ch\u1ed5i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cthi\u00ean th\u1ec3 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t lo\u00e3ng\u201d, nh\u00e2n sao ch\u1ed5i n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 va qu\u1ec7t v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tai ho\u1ea1 v\u00ec tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m l\u00e1 ch\u1eafn r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, th\u00ec khi r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra ho\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1n. \u201c\u0110\u00e1m ch\u00e1y Chicago\u201d v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.","12. B\u00cd \u1ea8N NH\u1eeeNG T\u1ea2NG \u0110\u00c1 BI\u1ebeT \u0110I Tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean t\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang \u0111ang n\u1eb1m. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u1edf bang California (M\u1ef9), nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng h\u00e0ng n\u1eeda t\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u201cd\u1ea1o ch\u01a1i\u201d t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3 c\u1ea1n Restrake m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u00e0o. H\u1ed3 Restrake n\u1eb1m trong Khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u1edf thung l\u0169ng Ch\u1ebft, California. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1917, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 500C trong su\u1ed1t 43 ng\u00e0y. C\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 di chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, \u0111\u00f4i khi theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng zic-z\u1eafc, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c m\u00e9t, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n c\u00e1t. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng l\u0103n, kh\u00f4ng quay, m\u00e0 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddn\u201d tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u00e9o \u0111i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng sao ch\u1ed9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u201cdu ngo\u1ea1n\u201d. Song ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo d\u00f5i tr\u00e1nh xa m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, l\u00e0 ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1eeda m\u00e9t m\u1ed7i gi\u1edd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 theo d\u00f5i su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam quanh khu v\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf M\u1ef9. C\u00e1ch l\u00e0ng Gorodishe (g\u1ea7n Pereslavl-Zalesk, Nga) kh\u00f4ng xa c\u00f3 t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 Sin. Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, trong t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n \u01b0\u1edbc m\u01a1 v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII, nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111a th\u1ea7n. Cha Anufri, ph\u00f3 t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1edd, \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0111\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e9m \u0111\u00e1 Sin xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau, t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u1ea1i b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. 150 n\u0103m sau, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u1edf Pereslavl quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1p chu\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00ean xe tr\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0 k\u00e9o n\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t b\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed3 Plesheev. B\u0103ng v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u 5 m. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. N\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb di chuy\u1ec3n \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed3. V\u00e0o 40 n\u0103m sau, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f2 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd \u1edf ch\u00e2n n\u00fai Iarilin r\u1ed3i n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 \u1edf Tunguska. \u1ea2nh ch\u1ee5p n\u0103m 1953. \u1ede v\u00f9ng vi\u1ec5n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Nga, c\u00e1ch h\u1ed3 Bolon kh\u00f4ng xa, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng n\u1eeda t\u1ea5n, d\u1ea1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u00f2n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 ch\u1ebft. Tuy v\u1eady n\u00f3 c\u0169ng th\u00edch \u201c\u0111i du l\u1ecbch\u201d. B\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 khi n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t di chuy\u1ec3n.","Nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt vi\u1ec7n l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u201c\u0111i\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng \u201cleo\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean n\u00fai. V\u00ec t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y n\u1eb7ng 1.100 kg, n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u201cleo n\u00fai\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai c\u1ee7a t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 1.000 n\u0103m nay. N\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n theo m\u1ed9t tuy\u1ebfn x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, r\u1ed3i b\u00f2 xu\u1ed1ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, n\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n theo v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n. Th\u1eddi gian l\u00ean v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng n\u00fai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ch\u1eebng 15 n\u0103m. Th\u1eddi gian \u0111i theo v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n, 60 km, m\u1ea5t 50 n\u0103m. T\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3mg 50 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n xung quanh nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edt \u0111i\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd quan ni\u1ec7m cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb silic (ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1). Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u201ct\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa m\u00ec \u1edf B\u1eafc \u00c2u v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Baltic cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn tin m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng di chuy\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1ecdc l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn s\u1ea1ch. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201c\u0111\u00e1 lang thang\u201d. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb, v\u00ec \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 lang thang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cng\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u201d \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecba t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y sang ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng, s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u01b0a v\u00e0 gi\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do ch\u00fang tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t khi b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea9y. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf thung l\u0169ng Ch\u1ebft, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y t\u1ecf ra b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u00f3 m\u01b0a. Th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00f3 th\u1ed5i. N\u0103m 1995, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u1edf bang Massachussets (M\u1ef9) sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u1edf thung l\u0169ng Ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c. Theo \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. \u1ede thung l\u0169ng Ch\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y - \u0111\u00eam r\u1ea5t cao, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c gi\u1ecdt n\u01b0\u1edbc ban \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ecdng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh b\u0103ng. B\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u0103ng r\u1ea5t tr\u01a1n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 gi\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ee9t ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n.","M\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1 ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i qu\u1eadn Mirzapur. 13. TAI H\u1eccA B\u00cd \u1ea8N \u1ede SIBERIA KH\u00d4NG PH\u1ea2I DO THI\u00caN TH\u1ea0CH Tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e2u nay cho r\u1eb1ng: Tai ho\u1ea1 thi\u00eau tr\u1ee5i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n Siberia n\u0103m 1908 l\u00e0 do thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch g\u00e2y ra, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t Nga Vladimir Epifanov tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: V\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ea7n 100 n\u0103m, khu v\u1ef1c Tunguska \u1edf Siberia \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t tai h\u1ecda b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 30\/6\/1908, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 10 -15 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n TNT \u0111\u00e3 thi\u00eau tr\u1ee5i c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Italy cho r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m g\u00e2y tai ho\u1ea1 n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng nay theo \u00f4ng Vladimir Epifanov Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t Novosibirsc \u1edf Siberia, th\u00ec gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Italy c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e2m xu\u1ed1ng Siberia, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 s\u00e2u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i h\u1ed3 t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch. Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m va ch\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb n\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac g\u1ed7 kh\u00e1 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n). Th\u1ee9 ba, khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c v\u1ebft g\u00e3y, x\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e2y g\u1ed7, Epifanov th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao lao xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m g\u1eaby, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m ngang b\u1edfi v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t g\u00e2y n\u00ean. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Epifanov k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Tai ho\u1ea1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch g\u00e2y ra. Theo Epifanov, quang c\u1ea3nh \u1edf Tunguska nh\u00ecn gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng sau v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1. Theo \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t: Kh\u00ed metan ph\u1ee5t l\u00ean, b\u00f9ng ch\u00e1y, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u l\u1eeda kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 k\u00e8m theo ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5. Tunguska l\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. D\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t bazan d\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c r\u00e3nh n\u1ee9t ch\u1ea1y trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t. theo gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Epifanov, n\u0103m 1908, m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn","\u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0m h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda b\u1ecb n\u00e9n m\u1ea1nh. H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ch\u1ea1y d\u1ecdc theo c\u00e1c khe n\u1ee9t trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5t l\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m b\u1ee5i t\u1eeb khe n\u1ee9t c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t l\u00ean, t\u1ee5 \u1edf kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y b\u1ee5i t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t tia l\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00f3ng xu\u1ed1ng l\u1edbp h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Epifanov c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 hay c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch xung quanh t\u00e2m n\u1ed5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft \u201cthi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch\u201d v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Theo h\u1ecd, thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 v\u1ee5n \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0i km tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft g\u00ec. 14. V\u1eacT TH\u1ec2 BAY B\u00cd \u1ea8N KHI\u1ebeN N\u00d4NG D\u00c2N \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8 KHI\u1ebeP S\u1ee2 Xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00eam d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u201cqu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u xanh l\u00e8 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf t\u00eda\u201d, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, khi n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft b\u1ecfng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ea1i bang Uttar Pradesh, c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eed vong m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng. \u201cM\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 bay k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng anh \u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00eam\u201d, \u00f4ng Raghuraj Pal k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m Ramji Pal tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea5y h\u00f4m t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng Shanwa. \u201cB\u1ee5ng anh \u1ea5y b\u1ecb x\u00e9 r\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 anh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi hai ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3\u201d. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong l\u00e0ng c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m da h\u1ecd b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7y x\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong khi \u0111ang ng\u1ee7. C\u00f2n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0ng Darra, b\u00e0 Kalawati, 53 tu\u1ed5i, cho bi\u1ebft b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng l\u1eeda t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u1ed3i tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u201cV\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tia s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i lo\u00e0. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y da th\u1ecbt khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec \u0111au\u201d, v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, b\u00e0 Kalawati v\u1eeba ch\u00eca ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft b\u1ecfng r\u1ed9p v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean d\u1ea5u tr\u00ean c\u1eb3ng tay \u0111en. Khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qu\u1eadn Mirzapur, c\u00e1ch New Delhi 700 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Nam. C\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n v\u00e0 hoa v\u0103n c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb \u0111au. Trong khi","\u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. Theo h\u1ecd, m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y. \u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 7 cm. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed1t ph\u00e1t ban v\u00e0 v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t da\u201d, \u00f4ng Kavindra P.Singh, m\u1ed9t s\u0129 quan c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, cho bi\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00e2n c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua n\u1ed7i khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 n\u00e0y n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t. H\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ng\u1ee7 trong nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3ng b\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cch\u1ea3y m\u1ee1\u201d v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e2u n\u00f3i: \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng\u201d. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngay bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef \u201cnh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1 ngo\u00e0i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d. 15. V\u1eacT TH\u1ec2 L\u1ea0 XU\u1ea4T HI\u1ec6N \u1ede SRI LAN KA Trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n qua, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf v\u00f9ng trung B\u1eafc Sri lanka cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u b\u00ed \u1ea9n, ph\u00e1t ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng xanh tr\u1eafng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i du l\u1ecbch c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt tr\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Chandana Jayaratne, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Colombo (Sri Lanka) cho bi\u1ebft, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 tr\u00ean khu di t\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Dimbulagala, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. V\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch t\u1edbi v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 3 ng\u00e0y li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn UFO (V\u1eadt th\u1ec3 bay kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh). Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Miden c\u00f9ng Harri v\u00e0 Vivien Thomlison, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u1ecd cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m s\u00e1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef V, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao, v\u00e0 khi s\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p, n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t ra ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng vo ve c\u1ee7a ong. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong v\u00f9ng. M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean gi\u1ea5u t\u00ean trong \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u01a1n 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n trong l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y UFO. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng v\u1eady v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ecba \u0111\u1eb7t. Ch\u00f9m s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eebng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y...","N\u00f3 quay tr\u00f2n, \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 300 \u2013 400 m. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam: \u201c\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng l\u1ea1 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng r\u1eadm, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n. Theo ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ra ch\u00f9m s\u00e1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef V v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh\u201d. 16. L\u1edcI GI\u1ea2I CHO NH\u1eeeNG V\u00d2NG TR\u00d2N B\u00cd \u1ea8N TR\u00caN C\u00c1NH \u0110\u1ed2NG Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang \u2013 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n to nh\u1ecf do l\u00faa \u0111\u1ed5 r\u1ea1p xu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u2013 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u0129a bay, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1edbi, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ghi ch\u00e9p b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao... Nh\u01b0ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 cho l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 xo\u00e1y. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00f4ng l\u00faa n\u1eb1m r\u1ea1p xu\u1ed1ng \u1edf b\u00ean trong, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb g\u00e3y m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 qu\u1ea5n quanh r\u1ec5. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf d\u1ea1ng k\u00e9p, c\u00e1c b\u00f4ng l\u00faa \u1edf v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng qu\u1ea5n quanh r\u1ec5, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi l\u00faa \u1edf v\u00f2ng trong. \u0110\u00f4i khi, bao quanh v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf (v\u1ec7 tinh), th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i v\u00f2ng v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u201ccon k\u00eanh\u201d. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng l\u00faa kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea5n quanh r\u1ec5, m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m ng\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa v\u00f2ng trung t\u00e2m v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng l\u1edbn ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng v\u00f2ng trong k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. Nh\u01b0ng khi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 th\u00ec r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tin t\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i. C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eed, t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n do \u0111\u00e0n nh\u00edm hay ch\u1ed3n ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfm d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u0129a bay; t\u1eeb h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n chim cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00faa b\u1ecb l\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh do n\u1ea5m; t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u00f3n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1edbi. Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng hoa v\u0103n c\u1ea7u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 m\u1eaft. Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng \u201cbest seller\u201d: \u201cC\u00e1c v\u00f2ng trong nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng\u201d, hai k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, Pat Delgaldo v\u00e0 Colin Endrius \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n","ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng ghi ch\u00e9p b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u1ed1i cao. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c da \u0111\u1ecf v\u00f9ng Arizona th\u00ec cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u201c\u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Miden, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh. Theo \u00f4ng, tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 gi\u1eadt, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai n\u1eb1m ch\u1eafn ngang, s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c xo\u00e1y kh\u00ed. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ph\u00eda khu\u1ea5t gi\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai b\u1ecb xo\u00e1y th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh tr\u00f4n \u1ed1c, xi\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Khi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u00ec lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00ed xo\u1eafn tr\u00f4n \u1ed1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c b\u00f4ng l\u00faa r\u1ea1p xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u00e2m thanh gi\u00f3 r\u00edt ch\u00f3i tai ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Miden kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 8\/1991 khi Harri v\u00e0 Vivien Tomlison s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Hambldon \u0111ang d\u1ea1o ch\u01a1i ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1ea1 \u1edf c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00faa m\u1ef3 ph\u00eda b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 che ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd nghe th\u1ea5y \u00e2m thanh k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 r\u00edt l\u00ean. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, sau l\u01b0ng h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1eafm h\u1ecd m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u00e1i t\u00f3c Harri t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00ean d\u1ef1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft l\u00ean. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean, gi\u00f3 xo\u00e1y gi\u1ea3m h\u1eb3n r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. S\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 tan \u0111i, c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng l\u00faa ng\u1ea3 r\u1ea1p. Hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p kim nh\u00f4m d\u00e0i 20cm, t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Auid, Romania M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n do gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ioshikhiko Oshuki \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a Miden. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6\/1991, h\u1ecd th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c plasma (kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ecb ion h\u00f3a) do truy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0129a ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp b\u1ed9t nh\u00f4m, c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Miden c\u00f2n g\u1eafn nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n xa x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong cu\u1ed1n \\\"N\u1eef th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng: Nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u1ecda n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u00e9n b\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng hoa v\u0103n r\u1eafc","r\u1ed1i hay nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00f3 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1eeb th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 N\u1eef th\u1ea7n sinh s\u00f4i. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. 17. \u00c1NH S\u00c1NG V\u0128NH H\u1eb0NG TR\u00caN M\u1eb6T TR\u0102NG C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng tr\u00ean x\u1ee9 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u00e1nh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eaft. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 4 khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean r\u00eca mi\u1ec7ng h\u1ed1 Peary r\u1ed9ng 73 km c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Ben Bussey thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Jopkins \u1edf M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p c\u1ef1c m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng do t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 Clementine ch\u1ee5p n\u0103m 1994. H\u1ecd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng. Tr\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng nghi\u00eang 1,5 \u0111\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t quay quanh m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9a ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 qua m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1y h\u1ed1 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh mi\u1ec7ng h\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng \u201cv\u1ebft s\u1eb9o\u201d ch\u01b0a l\u00e0nh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y nay Gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eebng tin r\u1eb1ng: Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng m\u00e3i m\u00e3i, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc s\u00e1ng trong 95% th\u1eddi gian. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc John Hop-kins cho th\u1ea5y, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u1ef1c nam c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai n\u00e0o s\u00e1ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean \u2013 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong m\u00f9a h\u00e8 \u1edf m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. Ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o khoa h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 M\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng \u1edf Houston, Texas, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Ben Bussey c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng: Vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng theo m\u00f9a v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng (v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f3).","Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng s\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ea1m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u1ec7 tinh n\u00e0y. 18. T\u00ccM TH\u1ea4Y HI\u1ec6N V\u1eacT C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI H\u00c0NH TINH KH\u00c1C? Chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u1edbng bay c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch M\u1ea3nh h\u1ee3p kim nh\u00f4m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc r\u00ecu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1m x\u01b0\u01a1ng voi 1 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i \u1edf Auid \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ph\u00eda nam Romania \u2013 l\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 1 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i v\u01b0\u1ee3n. V\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, h\u1ecd m\u1edbi t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u00f4m. Hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed3m hai m\u1ea3nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh kim lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u 10 m\u00e9t d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf Romania. Sau khi x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, hai m\u1ea3nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng voi \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 1 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. C\u00f2n m\u1ea3nh kim lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p kim nh\u00f4m, d\u00e0i 20cm. Theo ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o: Hai m\u1eb7t khoan l\u1ed7 tr\u00f2n, xuy\u00ean th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5u treo (\u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u00e3y) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng \u1edf th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Ti\u1ec5n s\u0129 I. Niederkorn, Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1eb7ng kim lo\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau: 6,2% \u0111\u1ed3ng, 2,84% silic, 1,81% thi\u1ebfc, 0,11% cadmium, 0,0024% niken, 0,0023% coban, 0,0002% b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 89% nh\u00f4m. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, nh\u00f4m chi\u1ebfm \u0111a ph\u1ea7n trong h\u1ee3p kim n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 nh\u00f4m. N\u0103m 1825, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u00f4m m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u00f4m nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i nung qu\u1eb7ng nh\u00f4m \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 10000C. Khi nh\u00f4m nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t g\u1eb7p kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c n\u00f3 b\u1ecb oxy h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp oxit c\u1ef1c m\u1ecfng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t. L\u1edbp \u00f4xit m\u1ecfng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp nh\u00f4m nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t b\u00ean trong.","B\u1ed3n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng trung t\u00e2m m\u00e1y d\u00f2 (m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh) 19. \u0110\u1eb0NG SAU TAI H\u1eccA B\u00cd \u1ea8N \u1ede SIBERIA \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 gh\u00ea g\u1edbm m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a Siberia? C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n trong g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng m\u1edd s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 30\/6\/1908, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t l\u1eeda b\u1eebng l\u00ean. H\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n km2 r\u1eebng b\u1ecb thi\u00eau tr\u1ee5i v\u00e0 san ph\u1eb3ng... T\u1eeb l\u00e2u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao ch\u1ed5i hay thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec7ng h\u1ed1 n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n n\u00e0o thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Italia tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Sau khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5n, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng: K\u1ebb ch\u1ee7 m\u01b0u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ecf. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u1ecd c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u t\u1edbi trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 xa x\u0103m. * \u201cTh\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m\u201d \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra\u201d, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Luigi Foschini, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m cho bi\u1ebft. V\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 n\u00e0y, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a 1- 15 tri\u1ec7u t\u1ea5n TNT, x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng Siberia, g\u1ea7n khu v\u1ef1c Tunguska. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 s\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaby th\u00fa s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f9ng d\u00e2n c\u01b0 th\u01b0a th\u1edbt \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng. N\u1ebfu v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u00ec h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ngay sau ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5, \u0111\u00e1m ch\u00e1y b\u00f9ng l\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i trong khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. M\u1ed9t c\u01a1n s\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5n c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 lan \u0111i hai v\u00f2ng quanh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 su\u1ed1t hai ng\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3, tro b\u1ee5i m\u1ecbn trong kh\u00f4ng trung nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e1o v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam nh\u1edd \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng khuy\u1ebfch t\u00e1n","tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Lu\u00e2n \u0111\u00f4n, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 10.000 km. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y lao \u0111\u1ebfn Tunguska t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Nam, v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n 11 km\/s. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a ra danh s\u00e1ch \u201cnghi can\u201d, g\u1ed3m 886 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn \u0111ang bay tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quanh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, h\u01a1n 80% l\u00e0 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n? Qua \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 thi\u00ean th\u1ea1ch Mathilde \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0u Near- Shoemaker ch\u1ee5p n\u0103m 1997. Mathilde l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 v\u1ee5n v\u1edbi t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 v\u00e0 tan th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh trong kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 lan t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. 20. L\u1edcI GI\u1ea2I CHO S\u1ef0 M\u1ea4T T\u00cdCH B\u00cd \u1ea8N C\u1ee6A H\u1ea0T NEUTRINO M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u V\u1eadt l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1eeba kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n cho b\u00ed \u1ea9n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 30 n\u0103m qua: S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t neutrino (d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t) ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c neutrino \u0111\u00e3 \u201cthay h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ea1ng\u201d tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bay \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ea5t d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang! Neutrino l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00f3ng ma\u201d do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang chia th\u00e0nh 3 d\u1ea1ng: Electron \u2013 neutrino, moun \u2013 neutrino v\u00e0 tau \u2013 neutrino. C\u00e1c neutrino sinh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n trong l\u00f2ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng electron \u2013 neutrino. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 70, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng neutrino \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kho\u1ea3ng 1\/3 s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t so v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u? C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec sai s\u00f3t trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, hay nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 neutrino? Sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, Anh v\u00e0 Canada","\u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: Ch\u00ednh electron \u2013 neutrino, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cchu du\u201d t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi t\u1edbi tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a sang d\u1ea1ng moun \u2013 neutrino v\u00e0 tau \u2013 neutrino khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng electron \u2013 neutrino \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. * M\u00e1y d\u00f2 neutrino kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y d\u00f2 neutrino kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf Canada - \u0110\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Neutrino Sudbury (SNO). T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u 2 km trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ecf niken g\u1ea7n Sudbury, Ontario, g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u tr\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a 1.000 t\u1ea5n n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e1y d\u00f2. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a neutrino. Trong ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng, nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb n\u1eb7ng deuterum. Khi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eed deuterium \u2013 neutrino b\u1eafn ph\u00e1, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t proton v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t neutron. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, c\u00e1c m\u00e1y d\u00f2 \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y. Hai d\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a neutrino kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ebb g\u00e3y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed deuterium. So s\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c do m\u00e1y d\u00f2 \u1edf Nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c neutrino \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Nh\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 3 lo\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh bay \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, eletron \u2013 neutrino \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh moun \u2013 neutrino v\u00e0 tau \u2013 neutrino. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng: D\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c neutrino l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.","21. B\u00cd \u1ea8N C\u1ee6A S\u00c9T H\u00d2N Trong \u0111\u00eam m\u01b0a s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t, m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt s\u00e1ng l\u00f3a h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 cam hay qu\u1ea3 nho bay v\u1ee5t qua c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1edbt qua s\u00e2n, ch\u1edbp nho\u00e1ng trong v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y, ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u00f9i k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng\u201d s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u00e9t h\u00f2n. S\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eafn ch\u00fang v\u1edbi ma qu\u1ef7 hay v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 bay kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (UFO). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f3 t\u00ednh xem ch\u00fang l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c hay nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ec7ch trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5. Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a McNally (\u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960) kho\u1ea3ng 5% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u00e9t h\u00f2n. Trong m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi Nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o B\u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec7n London, Moris (1936) \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0m s\u00f4i c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t k\u00e9t n\u01b0\u1edbc. * \u201cB\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh\u201d c\u1ee7a s\u00e9t Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi c\u00f3 s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t. \u0110a ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng s\u00e9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tia s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh t\u1eeb m\u00e2y xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0i m\u00e9t. C\u00f2n khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh, ch\u00fang bay th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u00e9t h\u00f2n bay cao tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e9t h\u00f2n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y \u0111\u00e1nh nhanh xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. * Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f2n Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 0,01-1 m, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 0,1 \u2013 0,2 m. S\u00e9t h\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, da cam v\u00e0 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ban ng\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, tuy kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfm tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. * \u201cH\u00e0nh vi\u201d k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c S\u00e9t h\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m ngang v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c v\u00e0i m\u00e9t","m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng trung ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb tr\u00ean m\u00e2y bay xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang \u00edt khi bay l\u00ean nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 kh\u00ed c\u1ea7u n\u00f3ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 xoay khi \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ch\u00fang bay l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u1ee9ng hay tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. \u201cH\u00e0nh vi\u201d c\u1ee7a s\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e9t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u201cch\u00fa \u00fd\u201d t\u1edbi d\u00e2y d\u1eabn, v\u1eadt kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng k\u00e9m hay kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u00f2 m\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee1 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt: Bay v\u00f2ng quanh v\u00e0 bay theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u201ckh\u00e1m ph\u00e1\u201d c\u00e1c c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 treo gi\u1eefa kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cnh\u00ecn\u201d cho r\u00f5 h\u01a1n. S\u00e9t h\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o d\u00e2y th\u00e9p gai hay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i. Sau khi b\u00e1m, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ecdc theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt n\u00e0y. * T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i S\u00e9t h\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 5 gi\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ph\u00fat. \u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi quan s\u00e1t c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0m ch\u00e1y \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt hay l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y kim lo\u1ea1i. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a McNally n\u0103m 1996 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u00e9t h\u00f2n ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o b\u00ecnh n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng x\u00e8o x\u00e8o ph\u00e1t ra nh\u01b0 khi nh\u00fang m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng kim lo\u1ea1i nung \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f4i khi, ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t ra \u00e2m thanh nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng hu\u00fdt c\u00f2i. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1eedi th\u1ea5y m\u00f9i kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i ozone, sulphur ch\u00e1y hay oxit nitric. * \u0110\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp nh\u01b0 \u201cth\u1ea7n\u201d S\u00e9t h\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o nh\u00e0 qua m\u00e0n che hay \u1ed1ng kh\u00f3i. \u0110\u00f4i khi, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp qua c\u1eeda k\u00ednh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 k\u00ednh. C\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u00e9t h\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i. S\u00e9t h\u00f2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac to\u00e0n kim lo\u1ea1i, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong khoang m\u00e1y bay, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Uman n\u0103m 1968. * Ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u201cchuy\u1ebfn du ngo\u1ea1n\u201d S\u00e9t h\u00f2n ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 theo m\u1ed9t hai c\u00e1ch: Im l\u1eb7ng hay k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5. Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 im l\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra nhanh hay ch\u1eadm. Sau khi ph\u00e2n r\u00e3, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng s\u00e9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 hay ch\u1ea5t b\u00e3. Hi\u1ebfm khi quan s\u00e1t th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u00e9t h\u00f2n ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh hai hay nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e9t h\u00f2n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.","L\u1eeda St. Elmo tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3m, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 s\u00e9t h\u00f2n N\u0103m 1928, Reverend John Henry Lehn \u0111ang \u1edf ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm t\u1ea1i c\u0103n nh\u00e0 \u1edf Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania (M\u1ef9) th\u00ec nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e9t th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u l\u1eeda m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng c\u1ee1 b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 nho ngay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i r\u00e8m c\u1eeda s\u1ed5. N\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb xuy\u00ean qua t\u1ea5m r\u00e8m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m r\u00e1ch hay h\u1ecfng r\u00e8m r\u1ed3i l\u01b0\u1ee3n tr\u00f2n quanh b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n Reverend. Sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 bay v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1eadu d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y th\u00e9p tr\u00ean c\u00e1i n\u00fat ng\u1eaft n\u01b0\u1edbc. R\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau, Reverend g\u1eb7p tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u00e9t k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf b\u1ed3n t\u1eafm, c\u0169ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea3y c\u00e1i n\u00fat ng\u1eaft! \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 d\u00f9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ra ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 s\u00e9t h\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n bay ch\u1ea7m ch\u1eadm qua s\u00e2n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00e0n, n\u01a1i hai \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111ang ch\u01a1i \u0111\u00f9a. M\u1ed9t ch\u00fa b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t n\u1ed5. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 11 con b\u00f2 trong chu\u1ed3ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft, c\u00f2n hai c\u1eadu b\u00e9 v\u1eabn v\u00f4 s\u1ef1. \u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n bay quanh m\u1ed9t b\u00e9 g\u00e1i r\u1ed3i ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o ch\u00fa m\u00e8o con \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i trong l\u00f2ng b\u00e9. Ch\u00fa m\u00e8o ch\u1ebft t\u1ee9c th\u00ec trong khi em b\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng sao c\u1ea3. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u00fac v\u1eadt b\u1ecb s\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft, c\u00f2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u1ea3m c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3. * C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u00e9t h\u00f2n C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ea1p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean trong: - S\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed hay kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u201ch\u00e0nh x\u1eed\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00ed ch\u00e1y ch\u1eadm. - S\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, b\u1ecb nung n\u00f3ng \u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. - S\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i plasma c\u00f3 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn (Neugebauer, 1937). - S\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1edfi t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng do ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 sinh ra. Finkelstein v\u00e0 Rubinstein (1964) cho r\u1eb1ng plasma lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. - S\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed xo\u00e1y (gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng kh\u00f3i). - S\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 vi s\u00f3ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0nh \u0111ai plasma h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u","m\u1ecfng (Dawson v\u00e0 Jones, 1968). C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i: - Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao (h\u01a1n 100 MHz): Cerrillo (1943) v\u00e0 Kapitsa (1955) gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u00e9t h\u00f2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u1edbn, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y. - D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t: Finkelstein v\u00e0 Rubinstein (1964), Uman v\u00e0 Helstrom (1966) gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea1y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd co l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebft di\u1ec7n ngang \u1edf v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn cao (qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u). L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u00e9t h\u00f2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 khoang m\u00e1y bay hay t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m. - C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5? Arabadzhi (1957) gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u01a1n d\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m sinh ra s\u00e9t h\u00f2n. * B\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a s\u00e9t h\u00f2n S\u00e9t h\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf v\u00e1ch n\u00fai cao, c\u00e1c cao \u1ed1c hay c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m cao th\u01b0\u1eddng thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e9t kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 \u201ct\u1edbi g\u1ea7n\u201d c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1ea3ng tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc! Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u00e9t h\u00f2n: Soliton-Maser. B\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee5p t\u1ea1i Queensland, Australia n\u0103m 1987. M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, khi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e9t h\u00f2n, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u00e9t h\u00f2n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd Nga Nobel Pyotr Kapista (m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao) l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9nh l\u00fd, b\u1ed5 sung. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, Kapista coi s\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n phi \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c, t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng si\u00eau cao t\u1ea7n UHF, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u01b0a r\u00f5, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Peter H. Handel, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Misourri (M\u1ef9) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Soliton-Maser n\u0103m 1975. Theo \u0111\u00f3, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t maser kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u km3. Maser l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1","khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, maser t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ee9 (hay soliton), xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e9t h\u00f2n quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c soliton (c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3) do maser t\u1ea1o ra trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00f3 ba l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Soliton-Maser: \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00e1ch n\u00fai cao, nh\u00e0 cao t\u1ea7ng hay c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m cao th\u01b0\u1eddng thu h\u00fat c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e9t kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Soliton-Maser, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng gian ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9 cao l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u00e9t h\u00f2n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eafng, tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng cao 3 km v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi 10 km. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do s\u00e9t h\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: N\u00f3 \u201ct\u00ecm g\u1eb7p\u201d nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u00e1nh xa\u201d nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc! Th\u1ee9 hai, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i trong khoang m\u00e1y bay, t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m hay nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. Theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Soliton-Maser, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a maser trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 kho\u1ea3ng 10 jun, so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 jun ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng nguy hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ee9 ba, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i gh\u00ea g\u1edbm. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n UHF c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e9t h\u00f2n Ohtsuki v\u00e0 Ofuruton t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc Kurchatov, n\u01b0\u1edbc Nga, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90. * Nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i S\u00e9t h\u00f2n v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda St. Elmo (ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Elmo) th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m. L\u1eeda St.Elmo l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt d\u1eabn nh\u1ecdn khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u0103ng cao, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n do c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh. Gi\u1ed1ng s\u00e9t h\u00f2n, l\u1eeda St.Elmo c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi s\u00e9t h\u00f2n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u1eadt d\u1eabn, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00f3 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecdc theo v\u1eadt d\u1eabn. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u1eeda St. Elmo c\u00f3 l\u00fac th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n s\u00e9t h\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.","c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1,b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t 22. S\u00c9T H\u00d2N V\u1eaaN L\u00c0 KHO\u1ea2NG T\u1ed0I TRONG KHOA H\u1eccC M\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u c\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5, ch\u00f3i l\u00f2a, l\u01a1 l\u1eedng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c c\u01a1n d\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m \u2013 s\u00e9t h\u00f2n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 tin ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 s\u00e9t h\u00f2n m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ea7y b\u00f3i xem voi\u201d. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0ng gia Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng, v\u1ed1n ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u s\u00e1ng l\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed1 to b\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng r\u1ed5 tr\u00ean b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng khi n\u00f3 bay v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u1edf Oregon. Sau \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u l\u1eeda n\u00e0y chui xu\u1ed1ng t\u1ea7ng h\u1ea7m v\u00e0 g\u00e2y h\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y c\u00e1n v\u1ea3i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh 80 cm l\u1ea1i \u201ctr\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nga, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f4ng ta h\u01a1n 20 l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay, l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ma qu\u00e1i, l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 10.000 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng thu th\u1eadp trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tin r\u1eb1ng s\u00e9t h\u00f2n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm hoi. Theo ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0ng gia Anh, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau: - M\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u l\u1eeda s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 10 gi\u00e2y. - Qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y ch\u1ea1y quanh, \u0111\u00f4i khi lao xu\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c bay v\u1ee5t l\u00ean, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea9n v\u00e0o trong nh\u00e0 ho\u1eb7c xuy\u00ean qua c\u1eeda k\u00ednh. - Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t sau m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u1ed5, \u0111\u00f4i khi k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. * C\u00e1c \u201cth\u1ea7y b\u00f3i xem voi\u201d L\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng s\u00e9t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ef1c k\u00ec ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao s\u00e9t h\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n 100 W, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tan ch\u1ea3y k\u00ednh khi l\u01a1","l\u1eedng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda. S\u00f3ng ma xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nu\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u Theo m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn, s\u00e9t h\u00f2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi m\u1ed9t tia ch\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1nh xu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i silic dioxin trong \u0111\u1ea5t. H\u01a1i silic n\u00e0y ng\u01b0ng t\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ee5i m\u1ecbn, g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau nh\u1edd c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i, b\u1ecb \u00f4xi h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u00f9ng s\u00e1ng. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1ecb c\u00e1c tia ch\u1edbp ion h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f3a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u plasma n\u00f3ng v\u1edbi l\u1edbp v\u1ecf l\u00e0 ion v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0ng gia Anh l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n nay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n b\u00ed \u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u00e9t h\u00f2n, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u s\u00e9t, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e2u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 s\u00e9t h\u00f2n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00edch trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. 23. L\u1edcI GI\u1ea2I CHO NH\u1eeeNG V\u00d2NG \u0110\u00c1 B\u00cd \u1ea8N TR\u00caN B\u1eaeC C\u1ef0C C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra tung t\u00edch \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc\u201d \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1c n\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t Alaska v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Spisbergen \u1edf Na Uy: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c si\u00eau ph\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh l\u1ebdo v\u00e0 c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf b\u1eafc Alaska v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Spitsbergen t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n, nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u0111a gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea1ch s\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 tr\u00f2n tr\u1ecba nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n. Nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ngo\u00e0i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 hay c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c si\u00eau nhi\u00ean.","M\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn m\u1edbi \u00f4m h\u1ebft c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u201cCh\u00fang qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1\u201d, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Mark Kessler c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California t\u1ea1i Santa Cruz, cho bi\u1ebft. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5m h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t \u1edf v\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c hay tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u00fai cao, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m \u0111i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p b\u00ed \u1ea9n n\u00e0y, Kessler v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh 3 chi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e1, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong chu k\u1ef3 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00eam: N\u1edf ra v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u00e0 co l\u1ea1i khi b\u0103ng tan (hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: Qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng \u2013 tan b\u0103ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 t\u1eeb t\u1eeb nh\u00f4 l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, co c\u1ee5m l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, bao l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 tr\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec7ng h\u1ed1. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed3i, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng d\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1. Nh\u00f3m khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi cho gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00ec t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111a ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00f3i m\u00f2n, \u0111\u1ee9t g\u00e3y do \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. 24. B\u00cd M\u1eacT C\u1ee6A NH\u1eeeNG CON S\u00d4NG MA M\u1ed9t trang trong b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3o Voynich Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con s\u00f3ng th\u1ea7n \u2013 tsumani, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n, s\u00f3ng ma (freak wave) th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do g\u00ec. L\u00e2u nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u1ed5i v\u00ec sao t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng bi\u1ec3n y\u00ean b\u00ecnh b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t s\u00f3ng cao t\u1edbi m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c m\u00e9t.","Trong nh\u1eefng giai tho\u1ea1i do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i bi\u1ec3n k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, th\u00ec s\u00f3ng ma lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t hung th\u1ea7n, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a phi\u00eau l\u01b0u. Tuy nhi\u00ean g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Anh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng ma. N\u0103m 1978, con t\u00e0u ch\u1edf d\u1ea7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 Munchen (\u0110\u1ee9c), m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, n\u00f3 g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa Anh th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng con t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp, \u1eadp t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao xu\u1ed1ng. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u00f3ng ma. Hi\u1ec7n nay tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u nh\u1ecf b\u1ecb nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c con s\u00f3ng ma \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb v\u1ec7 tinh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng con s\u00f3ng ma n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1eadt. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng: S\u00f3ng ma xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, khi s\u00f3ng th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf \u201cb\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y nhanh ch\u00f3ng cu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c con s\u00f3ng \u201cb\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o n\u00f3, \u201cnu\u1ed1t\u201d n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t s\u00f3ng l\u1edbn. C\u1ed9t s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, \u00e0o l\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i tan ngay. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra r\u1ea5t nhanh, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00f3ng ma l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3. 25. V\u00cc SAO TR\u1ee4 S\u1eaeT DELHI KH\u00d4NG G\u1ec8? C\u1ed9t s\u1eaft 1.600 tu\u1ed5i t\u1ea1i Delhi (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb g\u1ec9 s\u00e9t","trong h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m qua, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft trong v\u00f9ng. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng, l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1eaft, oxy v\u00e0 hidro, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00f9ng tam gi\u00e1c qu\u1ef7 Bermuda C\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 s\u1eaft \u1edf Delhi cao h\u01a1n 7 m, n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n 6 t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean b\u1edfi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Kumara Gupta c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Gupta (th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb B\u1eafc \u1ea4n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 320-540). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho bi\u1ebft l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong kho\u1ea3ng 3 n\u0103m sau khi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0y l\u00ean r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm. Sau 1600 n\u0103m, b\u1ec1 d\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 1\/10mm. M\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 x\u00fac t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn ph\u1ed1t pho trong s\u1eaft, kho\u1ea3ng 1% (trong khi s\u1eaft th\u1eddi nay ch\u1ee9a l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed1t pho kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 0,05%). L\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed1t pho cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o s\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e9p th\u00e0nh th\u00e9p, h\u1ecd tr\u1ed9n n\u00f3 v\u1edbi than c\u1ee7i, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1t pho. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n kim hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i thay cho than c\u1ee7i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch x\u1ec9 qu\u1eb7ng kh\u1ecfi kim lo\u1ea1i. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u00e9p. Ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch x\u1ec9 qu\u1eb7ng, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u1ed1t pho \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. 26. B\u00cd \u1ea8N XUNG QUANH CU\u1ed0N DI C\u1ea2O VOYNICH TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 XIII S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng tam gi\u00e1c qu\u1ef7 Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kh\u1ed5 14,6 cm x 21,6 cm, g\u1ed3m 232 trang gi\u1ea5y da c\u1eebu v\u1edbi n\u00e9t ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea9y x\u00f3a, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda, h\u1eb3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc r\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00fat. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed vi\u1ebft n\u0103m 1666 cho hay, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Rudolf II (1552-1612) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c mua v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 cao kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp: 600 th\u00f9ng v\u00e0ng. V\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","nh\u00e0 b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri Roger Bacon (1220-1292) vi\u1ebft ra, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1eb3n ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00ed \u1ea9n v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng b\u00fat l\u00f4ng v\u1edbi n\u00e9t ch\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. K\u00fd t\u1ef1 tho\u00e1ng nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 ch\u1eef Latinh, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ch\u1eef ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, Yardley kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3o Voynich. Theo Yardley, c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. \u1ede trang cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft b\u1edfi ch\u1eef c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. N\u00e9t ch\u1eef m\u1edd m\u1ecbt, r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 William R. Newbold, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California (M\u1ef9), tin r\u1eb1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfng Latinh: A mihi dabas multas portas. Newbold kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, n\u1ed9i dung cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 gh\u00e9p hai ho\u1eb7c ba ch\u1eef c\u00e1i latinh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00e1i theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, nh\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Brumbaugh, cho r\u1eb1ng B\u1ea3n c\u1ea3o Voynich \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng m\u00e3 g\u1ed3m 26 k\u00fd t\u1ef1. Con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u1edbi ch\u1eef c\u00e1i Latinh (li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean). C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, m\u1ecdi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p Latinh h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i thay v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft tay trong b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1eef kh\u00f4ng theo quy lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec. Brumbaugh cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u1ed9i dung cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a theo h\u1ec7 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u1eef Latinh. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, b\u1ea3n c\u1ea3o Voynich v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n. 27. GI\u1ea2I M\u00c3 B\u00cd \u1ea8N TAM GI\u00c1C QU\u1ef6 BERMUDA Tam gi\u00e1c qu\u1ef7 Bermuda t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c, g\u00e2y ra bi\u1ebft bao th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda cho t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u00e1y bay qua l\u1ea1i. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00ed c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Bermuda l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ven bi\u1ec3n B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa m\u0169i Gatterac, b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Florida v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Cuba. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c c\u01a1n b\u00e3o xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean lu\u1ed3ng s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh, b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y","v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c Tam gi\u00e1c qu\u1ef7. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 m\u00e0 s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1i d\u1ecb. H\u00ecnh v\u1ebd d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e9p k\u00edn. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed7i khi b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac n\u1ed5 ra c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c k\u00edp m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1ch b\u1ecb h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 nh\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi m\u00e1y bay ho\u1eb7c con t\u00e0u. Tam gi\u00e1c qu\u1ef7 Bermuda ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i Mexico D\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u01a1n b\u00e3o h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c Tam gi\u00e1c qu\u1ef7. Khi c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc. S\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3m tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang g\u00e3y v\u1ee5n. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra khi s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 rung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y bay. S\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp s\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00f9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 s\u1eefa tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n t\u00edch t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u00e3n n\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp tan r\u00e3 trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e9n ti\u1ebfp theo, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ngay t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 5-7 Hz c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi con l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y. \u0110i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadn gi\u00f3 h\u00fa r\u00f9ng r\u1ee3n, g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i do s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m m\u1ea1nh g\u00e2y ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Tam gi\u00e1c qu\u1ef7. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh. S\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f2n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u1edf th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u00fai l\u1eeda ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m \u1edf th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. V\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac th\u1ec1m l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tham s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t ra s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m trong m\u1ed7i khu v\u1ef1c b\u1ecb nghi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n","t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng. Quy lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c nguy hi\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m t\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m x\u00fac c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m nh\u1eb1m b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u00fai l\u1eeda. T\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 khi x\u1ea3y ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, khi bi\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t an to\u00e0n m\u1ed7i khi b\u1ecb c\u00e1c tai n\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. V\u1eady \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng g\u00ec? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00eau t\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sau: N\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e9p k\u00edn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ebft h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea1y ra tr\u00e1nh xa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1. N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea1y \u0111i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda hay nguy hi\u1ec3m. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u k\u00e9o theo c\u1ea3m x\u00fac s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 ch\u00f3 bi\u1ebft c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c em nh\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, khi b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 suy ki\u1ec7t, m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi tia X quang v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 cao. Ng\u00e0y nay, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1eeb xa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1ea5n \u00e1t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i g\u00e2y ra th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t x\u00fac c\u1ea3m s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phi c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 khi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft trong v\u00f9ng Tam gi\u00e1c qu\u1ef7, nh\u01b0: \\\"B\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi th\u1eadt kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1\\\", \u201cM\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n th\u1eadt kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra\u201d... N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i do c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i g\u00e2y n\u00ean th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp ph\u00e1t nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf tr\u00ean t\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0o xu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u01a1i kh\u1ecfi t\u00e0u ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea1y l\u00ean boong. V\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f3ng h\u1ea1 \u00e2m c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. * Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Tam gi\u00e1c qu\u1ef7 Bermuda? M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Alan Judd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm \u1edf Witch\u2019s Hole, ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i Scotland, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00e1i ch\u1ebft\u201d b\u00ed \u1ea9n. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ebft Bermuda.","\u201cN\u00e0y, n\u00e0y... l\u1ea1 th\u1eadt, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i... \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u! Nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ef7 th\u1eadt, t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u1eb7n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y?\u201d nghi\u00eang m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y d\u00f2 b\u1eb1ng s\u00f3ng \u00e2m, Alan Judd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh, chuy\u00ean th\u0103m d\u00f2 nh\u1eefng m\u1ecf d\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n cho c\u00f4ng ty Total, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c t\u00e0u ch\u00ecm. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u1eeba nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh kho\u1ea3ng 100 m, v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Witch\u2019s Hole h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sau khi m\u1ed9t t\u00fai kh\u00ed ng\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n tho\u00e1t ra \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. M\u1ecf kh\u00ed m\u00eatan n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i, c\u00e1ch b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Scotland 150 km. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u l\u1ea1i ch\u00ecm n\u1eb1m ngay gi\u1eefa l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng \u1ea5y. Li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? * T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Witch\u2019s Hole th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta khoan d\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng may g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i t\u00fai kh\u00ed. T\u1eeb b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty khai th\u00e1c d\u1ea7u, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 40 t\u00e0u th\u0103m d\u00f2 b\u1ecb l\u1eadt nh\u00e0o do kh\u00ed tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng do kh\u00ed m\u00eatan tho\u00e1t ra theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1982, nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t M\u1ef9 Richard D. Maiver, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 m\u1ea5t t\u00edch b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u1edf v\u00f9ng Tam gi\u00e1c qu\u1ef7 Bermuda, ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i Mexico. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ai t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c. Qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng lu\u1ed9c \u201chy sinh\u201d n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng Theo Maiver, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u201cth\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 sau: Trong l\u00fac kh\u00ed m\u00eatan b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00fai kh\u00ed ng\u1ea7m g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng d\u1eef d\u1ed9i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u xui x\u1ebbo n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec nguy hi\u1ec3m l\u1eafm. Nh\u01b0ng khi kh\u00ed m\u00eatan tho\u00e1t h\u1ebft, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. N\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd d\u1ed3n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3, k\u00e9o theo c\u1ea3 con t\u00e0u. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u00ecm nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ecb n\u00e9m xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o. Judd suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. D\u00f9 sao k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Maiver c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 l\u00fd. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eafm t\u00e0u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Bruce C. Denardo, thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Caliornia, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn. Trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eadu th\u1ee7y tinh ch\u1ee9a 4 l\u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u00f4ng l\u00e0m","\u0111\u1eafm m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u t\u00ed hon nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ed5i kh\u00ed \u00f4xy trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i c\u00e1. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Maiver. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edf v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n ch\u1eadu n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. * D\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 Judd ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Maiver s\u1ebd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng. N\u0103m 2000, tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc Skandi Inspector r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1ee3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ea3i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf Aberdeen (h\u1ea3i c\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc Scotland), Judd v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi x\u00e1c chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm. Tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: Con t\u00e0u c\u1eafm th\u1eb3ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n Witch\u2019s Hole, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t b\u1ecdt kh\u00ed kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 ch\u1ed9p l\u1ea5y r\u1ed3i k\u00e9o xu\u1ed1ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh do t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m ghi l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u00edt b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i, m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u t\u00e0u v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p va v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1 ng\u1ea7m, th\u00e2n t\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb v\u1ee1 to\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e0n v\u00e0o l\u00e0m t\u00e0u ch\u00ecm. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111o\u1ea1n phim do t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m quay \u1edf b\u00ean trong Witch\u2019s Hole cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t m\u1ea5p m\u00f4, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng. Judd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m cho t\u00fai kh\u00ed v\u1ee1 tung. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m nay, Judd c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam hai mi\u1ec7ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Witch\u2019s Hole, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u00f4ng kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t kho\u1ea3ng 100 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc. Nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng s\u00f3ng \u00e2m cho bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m \u1edf gi\u1eefa. Judd ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y th\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Judd lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ee5 tho\u00e1t kh\u00ed, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng, sinh s\u00f4i trong v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 kh\u00ed m\u00eatan. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1eabn v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i vi khu\u1ea9n trong l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch quanh x\u00e1c t\u00e0u \u0111\u1eafm. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, Judd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u00d4ng hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng xa.","Ch\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt r\u1ea5t t\u00ecnh ngh\u0129a. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1edb ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra ch\u1ee7 \u1edf r\u1ea5t xa 28. V\u00cc SAO TR\u1ee8NG LU\u1ed8C QUAY TR\u00caN \u0110\u1ea6U NH\u1ece? Ng\u00e0y nay khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 chinh ph\u1ee5c sao H\u1ecfa, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 gene ng\u01b0\u1eddi..., th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m \u0111au \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng lu\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quay tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3? Hai nh\u00f3m khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n 6 th\u00e1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y. B\u1ea1n h\u00e3y quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sau: Khi b\u1ea1n quay m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng lu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00eang ng\u1ea3, r\u1ed3i n\u00f3 quay ch\u1eadm d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00ed, v\u00ec tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00f9 v\u00e0 theo l\u1ebd th\u01b0\u1eddng, khi tr\u1ee9ng quay tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0 tr\u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i quay b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn m\u1edbi l\u1ea1. T\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay, ch\u01b0a ai gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00fang d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c sinh n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Keith Moffatt, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge (Anh) v\u00e0 Yutaka Shimomura, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Keo (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean, qua 6 th\u00e1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. S\u1edf d\u0129 qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng lu\u1ed9c quay \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa l\u1ef1c quay v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t. Theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, khi qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng quay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean 10 v\u00f2ng\/s, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang. Ch\u00ednh l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y n\u00e2ng tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee9ng l\u00ean, khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 quay tr\u00ean m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eadm d\u1ea7n. \u201cQu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng \u201chy sinh\u201d n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quay \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng\u201d, Moffatt n\u00f3i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee9ng lu\u1ed9c quay \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1eb7t b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 nh\u1eb5n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 s\u1ea7n s\u00f9i. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ngang do n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quay sinh ra. N\u1ebfu b\u00e0n qu\u00e1 nh\u1eb5n, l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn, qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ma s\u00e1t qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn th\u00ec tr\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng quay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.","Tr\u1ee9ng s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quay \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1ecdn, v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quay truy\u1ec1n cho v\u1ecf tr\u1ee9ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n l\u1ecfng b\u00ean trong h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1eb3ng l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.","PH\u1ea6N 3: NH\u1eeeNG \u0110I\u1ec0U K\u1ef2 L\u1ea0 C\u1ee6A TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI \u0110\u1ed8NG TH\u1ef0C V\u1eacT 1. TH\u1ea6N GIAO C\u00c1CH C\u1ea2M \u1ede LO\u00c0I V\u1eacT Trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u ng\u1ea7m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n th\u1ecf con m\u1edbi sinh, t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb9 ch\u00fang \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn km. \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh gi\u1ebft t\u1eebng con th\u1ecf m\u1ed9t. V\u00e0 c\u1ee9 sau m\u1ed7i nh\u00e1t dao, tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y tim c\u1ee7a th\u1ecf m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1eadp nhanh h\u01a1n... Trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Nga kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa th\u1ecf m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con d\u00f9 \u1edf c\u00e1ch xa nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n giao c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Phillippe de Wailly t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cGi\u00e1c quan th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u \u1edf lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt\u201d. Trong nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng linh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u201cti\u00ean tri\u201d th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t, phun n\u00fai l\u1eeda. M\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng m\u00f9a h\u00e8 n\u0103m 1963, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Th\u1ea3o c\u1ea7m vi\u00ean \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Skopje thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Macedonia c\u1ee7a Nam T\u01b0 (nay l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Skopje c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Macedonia) c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1eeb s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao nh\u1eefng con th\u00fa r\u1eebng nu\u00f4i trong l\u1ed3ng nh\u1ed1n nh\u00e1o c\u1ea3 l\u00ean, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, c\u1ee9 g\u00e0o l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng th\u1ea3m thi\u1ebft, nh\u1ea3y lung tung \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o ra ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e2y sang c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt nu\u00f4i trong nh\u00e0. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa m\u00e8o v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh b\u1ed7ng leo l\u00ean m\u00e1i nh\u00e0, x\u00f9 l\u00f4ng, cong \u0111u\u00f4i r\u1ed3i r\u00edt l\u00ean t\u1eebng h\u1ed3i. V\u00e0i con b\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u ch\u1ea1y ng\u01a1 ng\u00e1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1, va v\u00e0o c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng, xe c\u1ed9... C\u00f2n chim ch\u00f3c x\u00e1o x\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng \u0111\u00e0n bay v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng nam. H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c con v\u1eadt v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau hay c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n b\u00e1o cho c\u01b0 d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 khi ch\u1ee3t hi\u1ec3u ra th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n. V\u00e0o 5 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y 26\/7\/1963, trong l\u00fac m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea5c, th\u00ec m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00f4 l\u00ean r\u1ed3i h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng bi\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng khe \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edf ra nh\u01b0 mi\u1ec7ng con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt. Ch\u1ec9 sau 17 ph\u00fat, c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i 1.500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh.","Theo Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Phillippe de Wailly, gi\u00e1c quan th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. V\u00e0o 18 gi\u1edd trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng n\u0103m 1952, gia nh\u00e2n trong cung \u0111i\u1ec7n Buckinham b\u1ed7ng nghe th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng r\u00edt \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fa m\u00e8o Jack of Sandrigham \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 vua George VI c\u1ee7a Anh r\u1ea5t c\u01b0ng chi\u1ec1u. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ph\u00fat sau, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00f2n v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 30, khi B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 Maurice Bokanovski b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t tai n\u1ea1n m\u00e1y bay \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Toul, mi\u1ec1n nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec con m\u00e8o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t y\u00eau qu\u00fd \u1edf Paris b\u1ed7ng k\u00eau g\u00e0o th\u1ea3m thi\u1ebft, r\u1ed3i b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u1ee7, ngay \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay ch\u1edf ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2m s\u1ea7m xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y li\u1ec1n con m\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng r\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1y t\u1ee7, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Bokanovski \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 Paris t\u1ea9m li\u1ec7m th\u00ec n\u00f3 m\u1edbi chui ra. Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n l\u1eebng danh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110an M\u1ea1ch, Hans Christian Andersen, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Olaf Lunden b\u1ecb m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh lao ph\u1ed5i n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng B\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Ng\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Lunden g\u1eedi ch\u00fa ch\u00f3 Amour c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c gi\u00f9m. Sau \u0111\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nhau. Th\u1eddi gian sau, ch\u00fa ch\u00f3 Amour r\u1ea7u r\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c b\u1ecf \u0103n. M\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, nh\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ed7ng th\u1ea5y Amour \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n b\u00ean m\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i li\u1ebfm tay \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u \u1edf t\u1eadn mi\u1ec1n nam n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi qua \u0111\u1eddi. N\u1eef di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Brigitte Bardot c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng: V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ea1i B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Neuilly \u1edf Paris, th\u00ec ch\u00fa ch\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1m Nini \u0111ang \u1edf c\u00f9ng b\u00e0 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Bazoches, c\u00e1ch Paris 30 km, b\u1ed7ng h\u00fa l\u00ean t\u1eebng c\u01a1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Nini \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a Brigitte nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 g\u1eedi l\u1ea1i cho con g\u00e1i khi ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. Cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7...., nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f2n v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. 2. GI\u1ea2I M\u00c3 C\u01a0 CH\u1ebe BAY C\u1ee6A TH\u1eb0N L\u1eb0N C\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ea0I Th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 chim hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, lo\u00e0i b\u00f2 s\u00e1t c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn du ngo\u1ea1n tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh c\u00f3 m\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1nh","d\u01a1i, ch\u00fang c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 chim ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Sankar Chatterjee \u2013 nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Texas (M\u1ef9) - \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n bay, nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t con chim k\u00e9t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t phi c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3n l\u1ef1c. Chatterjee \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u 10 nh\u00f3m th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u1edf Brazil, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c th\u0103ng. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ch\u00fang bay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc c\u00e1nh c\u1ef1c d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c m\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u201d. Chatterjee n\u00f3i. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n bay m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf chim hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: Ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ef1c d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh, trong khi ba ng\u00f3n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eb1m t\u1ef1 do b\u00ean trong t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 g\u1ea5p kh\u00fac ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1nh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f3n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang v\u1ed3 m\u1ed3i v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t trong nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng con th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n bay l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f2n c\u1ee9ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n bu\u1ed3m. D\u1ea1ng \u201ct\u1ea5m v\u00e1n\u201d n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o cho \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh m\u1ecfng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh khi x\u00f2e r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eadp l\u1ea1i l\u00fac h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra r\u1eb1ng: Th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n bay c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1nh. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean nh\u00f3m \u201crhamphorhynchoids\u201d, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1nh m\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a d\u01a1i, v\u1edbi m\u00e0ng da g\u1eafn v\u00e0o m\u1eaft c\u00e1 ch\u00e2n. T\u1eeb c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n bay \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u00ean d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1nh \u201cpterodactyloids\u201d ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n, thu\u00f4n, h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 g\u1eafn g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi khu\u1ef7u c\u00e1nh (ch\u1ed7 g\u1ea5p kh\u00fac). \u201cNh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 chim hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d, Chatterjee nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. Chim hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt bay, t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3n - ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf chim h\u1ea3i \u00e2u l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eadp c\u00e1nh nhanh v\u00e0 chao m\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i chim ru\u1ed3i. \u201cTrong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n bay c\u00f2n \u0111i\u00eau luy\u1ec7n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 chim\u201d. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u00f3a nh\u00f2a nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia cho r\u1eb1ng: C\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i gi\u1ed1ng r\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n bi\u1ebft nh\u1ea3y c\u00f3c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3n tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng.","3. C\u00c1 K\u00ccNH TH\u00cdCH NH\u1ea0I TI\u1ebeNG L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u1edd thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng con c\u00e1 k\u00ecnh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. B\u0103ng ghi \u00e2m ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9: Gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u0169 c\u00e1 voi n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t th\u00edch b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc nhau trong khi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng t\u1eebng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 k\u00ecnh (m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn thu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd c\u00e1 heo trong b\u1ed9 c\u00e1 voi), song \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau pha t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u00e0o trong b\u1ea7y. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1 voi giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1 heo v\u00e0 chim. Patrick Miller, tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00fa bi\u1ec3n NERC (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Andrews \u1edf Scotland) v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1 k\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf k\u00e9o theo m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng nghe d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u00f9m \u1ed1ng nghe n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00f3c t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh con n\u00e0o \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00e2m thanh thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi c\u00e1 k\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u00e0n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nhau v\u1ec1 huy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1 k\u00ecnh con th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng xa m\u1eb9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u1ebft. \u00c2m thanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu l\u1ea1i khi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea7y theo m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 20 \u0111\u1ed9. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1eebng con theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u0103ng thu \u00e2m cho th\u1ea5y khi m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfng, nh\u1eefng con kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00eau theo. Th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p t\u00ecnh c\u1edd, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1 k\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 \u00fd b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a con kh\u00e1c. Miller v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u201cnh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n\u201d gi\u00fap gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n. Trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc nhau, nh\u01b0 khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u201cxin ch\u00e0o\u201d v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00e0, anh ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u \u0111\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1: \u201cXin ch\u00e0o\u201d. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u00f2n th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1 heo m\u0169i to c\u0169ng tham gia nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c nh\u00e1i ti\u1ebfng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. 4. PH\u00c1T HI\u1ec6N CHIM KH\u01af\u1edaU MUN T\u1ea0I R\u1eeaNG","\u0110\u0102KR\u00d4NG C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, trong khi th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i Khu b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0110\u0103k R\u00f4ng - Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n kh\u01b0\u1edbu mun g\u1ed3m 5 con v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i chim qu\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ean trong s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ecf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Voi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m Kh\u01b0\u1edbu mun l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i chim \u0111\u1eb7c h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Stachyris herberti, th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfm \u0103n \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e8n \u0111\u00e1 hi\u1ec3m tr\u1edf tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i. Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i L\u00e0o n\u0103m 1937, l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai t\u1ea1i Phong Nha- K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng (Vi\u1ec7t Nam) n\u0103m 1996. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng sinh s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0a th\u1edbt c\u1ee7a kh\u01b0\u1edbu mun \u1edf r\u1eebng mi\u1ec1n trung Vi\u1ec7t Nam cho th\u1ea5y lo\u00e0i chim qu\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. 5. B\u01af\u1edaM T\u1eeaNG \u0110\u1ed2NG H\u00c0NH V\u1edaI KH\u1ee6NG LONG Nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt duy\u00ean d\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m b\u00f2 s\u00e1t kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, l\u00f9i xa h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t m\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1eeba n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. N\u0103m mi\u1ebfng h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Dominica thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Caribbe, m\u1ed7i m\u1ea3nh ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t con b\u01b0\u1edbm metalmark c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, thu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i Voltinia dramba \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch b\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 40-50 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Song, 5 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3: Ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf b\u01b0\u1edbm c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay l\u01b0\u1ee3n tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u l\u0169 kh\u1ee7ng long - lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng kho\u1ea3ng 65 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u201cTh\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tin n\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1eabu v\u1eadt. Ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con b\u01b0\u1edbm \u1edf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hi\u1ec3n vi\u201d, Robert Robbins, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Smithsonian \u1edf th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Washington, M\u1ef9, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1.","Robbins v\u00e0 hai nh\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng h\u1ecdc Jason Hall, Donald Harvay \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u 5 m\u1eabu h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Khi h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u2013 b\u01b0\u1edbm Voltinia danforthi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Mexico, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a b\u01b0\u1edbm. Ng\u00e0y nay, b\u01b0\u1edbm metalmark ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Caribbe, nh\u01b0ng Trung v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 1.200 lo\u00e0i. Metalmark s\u1ed1ng \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf s\u00e2u trong r\u1eebng Amazon ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c r\u1eebng \u1ea9n trong m\u00e2y m\u00f9. K\u1ef3 nh\u00f4ng \u201cC\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho th\u1ea5y: H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch trong h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Mexico Voltinia danforthi l\u00e0 ch\u1ecb em h\u1ecd g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhau\u201d, Robbins gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. \u201cVoltinia danforthi v\u00e0 Voltinia dramba \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai d\u00f2ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 15-20 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ch\u00fang h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u01b0 tr\u00fa \u1edf v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, n\u00ean ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng b\u01b0\u1edbm h\u1ed5 ph\u00e1ch h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 theo ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t t\u1eeb Trung M\u1ef9 t\u1edbi Caribbe\u201d. 6. H\u01af\u01a0U CAO C\u1ed4 KH\u00d4NG PH\u1ea2I L\u00daC N\u00c0O C\u0168NG CAO C\u1ed4 H\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00f9ng B\u1edd T\u00e2y, Nam Phi, t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ng\u00e0y nay. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u01a1u cao c\u1ed5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1i c\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc s\u1eebng d\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Jacobs Bay, Rudolf van Vuuren, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o d\u0129 v\u00e3ng \u0111\u00f3- c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sivathere - trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi m\u1edf trong th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. Van Vuuren \u0111\u01b0a chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch t\u1edbi C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch B\u1edd T\u00e2y g\u1ea7n Langebaaweg v\u00e0 trao n\u00f3 cho nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Pippa Haarhoff. Haarhoff cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3","d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con sivanthere - lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 400.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u201cC\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra th\u00eam n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con sivanthere\u201d, Haarhoff n\u00f3i. Chi\u1ebfc x\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f9i, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u00e3y l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i trong khi \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5t. \u201cN\u1eeda c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u00f4ng Van Vuuren quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u00f3. C\u1ea3 v\u00f9ng B\u1edd T\u00e2y ken c\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch\u201d, Haarhoff n\u00f3i. Sivanthere l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u1edbn, ch\u1eafc n\u1ecbch. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc s\u1eebng d\u00e0i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c ch\u0103ng\u201d. Cho t\u1edbi nay, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Langebaanweg, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt t\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, g\u1ea5u v\u00e0 m\u00e8o r\u0103ng ki\u1ebfm. Kho\u1ea3ng 500 con sivanthere c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ecd nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. 7. GI\u1ea2I M\u00c3 NG\u00d4N NG\u1eee C\u1ee6A LO\u00c0I VOI Nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Joyce Poole \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng voi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n 70 ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t \u00e2m v\u00e0 160 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a 27 n\u0103m b\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e0n voi \u1edf c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Amboseli, Kenya, \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa kh\u00e1c, voi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0: Ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7, c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o nguy hi\u1ec3m, gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, thu h\u00fat b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n... Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 vui th\u00edch, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m, tr\u00eau \u0111\u00f9a v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u00e2m thanh phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u1ed1ng l\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f2n k\u00eau r\u00e9, h\u00f2 h\u00e9t, g\u1ea7m g\u1eeb, g\u00e0o r\u00fa, kh\u1ecbt kh\u1ecbt, r\u00ean r\u1ec9... C\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi th\u1ee7 th\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111inh tai nh\u1ee9c \u00f3c h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00faa khoan, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 choe ch\u00f3e nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 g\u00e1y hay \u00f9ng \u1ee5c nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y qua c\u1ed1ng ng\u1ea7m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00e2m thanh c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i tai ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u201cVoi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt r\u1ea5t sung s\u1ee9c v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u c\u1ea3m\u201d, Poole n\u00f3i, \u201cT\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 n\u0103ng","l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e0n khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd\u201d. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, voi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao ti\u1ebfp tinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Voi \u0111\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang r\u1ebd ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo v\u1edbi c\u00e1c con \u0111\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng con c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh th\u00ec c\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 con nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c. Do v\u1eady, voi \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 voi c\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ngo\u00e0i \u00e2m thanh, voi c\u00f2n giao ti\u1ebfp qua x\u00fac gi\u00e1c, kh\u1ee9u gi\u00e1c, th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh si\u00eau m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t xa. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, voi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0: \u201cXin ch\u00e0o, t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. B\u1ea1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?\u201d; \u201cC\u1ee9u t\u00f4i v\u1edbi, t\u00f4i b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c\u201d; \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cCh\u00fang ta \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u1ecb thanh to\u00e1n\\\"... 8. B\u00cd \u1ea8N V\u1ec0 S\u1ef0 T\u00c1I SINH C\u00c1C C\u01a0 QUAN \u1ede \u0110\u1ed8NG V\u1eacT N\u1ebfu c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t con v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y t\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i trong 3 ng\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu c\u1eaft m\u1ed9t giun d\u1eb9p ra l\u00e0m 200 m\u1ea3nh, 2 tu\u1ea7n sau s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh 200 con giun m\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n, k\u1ef3 nh\u00f4ng, sa gi\u00f4ng m\u1ecdc \u0111u\u00f4i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y bi\u1ebft t\u00e1i sinh m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n h\u00e0m, m\u1eaft hay tim th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh l\u00e0 gene, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Kiyokazu Agata v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c Trung t\u00e2m Riken c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng gene kh\u00e1c nhau li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i giun d\u1eb9p d\u00e0i 1 cm. Nh\u1eefng gene \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t \u0111i t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u cho ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a con v\u1eadt th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh (v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i giun n\u00e0y trong ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cn\u00e3o \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i\u201d). M\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a Akhal - Teke Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt d\u00f9ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Giun d\u1eb9p c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c quan tr\u1ecdng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 30% to\u00e0n kh\u1ed1i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o giun. Khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con v\u1eadt b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 n\u01a1i b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u201cs\u1eeda ch\u1eefa\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n","nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a k\u1ef3 nh\u00f4ng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a (t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u01a1, b\u00ec hay th\u1ea7n kinh), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1\u201d. Mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng n\u0103ng (totipotente), c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. 9. NH\u1eeeNG GI\u1ea2 THUY\u1ebeT V\u1ec0 VI\u1ec6C \u0110\u00c1NH M\u1ea4T KH\u1ea2 N\u0102NG T\u00c1I SINH Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i may m\u1eafn trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. Theo chuy\u00ean gia thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Geneve (Th\u1ee5y S\u0129), \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i sinh. T\u00f4m h\u00f9m thu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i gi\u00e1p x\u00e1c m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng, sao bi\u1ec3n m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nh\u00e1nh. C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i sinh. T\u1ea1i sao sa gi\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 \u1ebfch l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng? Trong khi nh\u1eefng gene v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n qua d\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t hay hai \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean chu\u1ed7i di truy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn x\u1ea3y ra che l\u1ea5p \u0111i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gene di truy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u00fai kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4ng. B\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh th\u1eadt. B\u00ean tr\u00e1i l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o d\u00e0nh cho x\u00fac gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o d\u00e0nh cho th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt bi\u1ebft t\u00e1i sinh, t\u1ea1i sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c\u201d nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb v\u00f9i \u0111i \u1ea5y? \u1edf k\u1ef3 nh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y t\u1ee9c, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c gi\u00fap ch\u00fang m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1t cu\u1ed1i ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ph\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u1ecdi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 t\u00e1i sinh. T\u1ea1i sao ph\u00f4i l\u1ea1i v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u n\u00e0y? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gene b\u1ecb \u201cl\u00e3ng qu\u00ean\u201d. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i th\u1ee7y t\u1ee9c m\u1edf ra cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecm m\u1edbi. Lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y sinh s\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u201cn\u1ea3y m\u1ea7m\u201d. Nh\u1edd t\u00ednh t\u00e1i sinh, t\u1eeb s\u01b0\u1eddn","c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ecdc ra nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7y t\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u00e1ch ra sau v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ta b\u1ecf \u0111\u00f3i con v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd ng\u1eebng m\u1ecdc ch\u1ed3i, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng tinh ho\u00e0n v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ee9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u00e0 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sinh d\u1ee5c, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng cao h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh con v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. T\u1eeb th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u0111i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i sinh trong d\u00f2ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c k\u1ecbch ph\u00e1t, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u201ckh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng\u201d, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu. Con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 gene, l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt. Theo m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c: M\u1ea5t t\u00ednh t\u00e1i sinh th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00ean s\u1eb9o nhanh. Theo quan s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed9t, c\u00f3 t\u00ean MRL, l\u00ean s\u1eb9o ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c. B\u00f9 l\u1ea1i, MRL bi\u1ebft t\u00e1i sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u1edf tim trong khi nh\u1eefng con chu\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. Di\u1ec5n tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u00e9t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi di\u1ec5n tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sinh \u1edf sa gi\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 2 mm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xuy\u00ean qua tai c\u1ee7a MRL s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecbt k\u00edn, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft s\u1eb9o nh\u1ecf. Theo logic: s\u1ef1 l\u00ean s\u1eb9o gi\u00fap mi\u1ec7ng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng mau li\u1ec1n, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1i \u0111a nguy c\u01a1 nhi\u1ec5m khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a vi sinh v\u1eadt g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 l\u00ean s\u1eb9o nhanh c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t di\u1ec5n tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o hay s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sinh. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed9t MRL ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf ph\u1ea9m (ersatz) t\u00e1i sinh \u1edf lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 v\u00fa. Trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i sinh s\u1ee3i c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed9t, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch t\u1eeb s\u1ee3i c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a sa gi\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 gene c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nhanh h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t con b\u01b0\u1edbm Pieris napi \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh. 10. TRUNG QU\u1ed0C X\u00d4N XAO V\u1ec0 GI\u1ed0NG NG\u1ef0A C\u00d3 \u201cM\u1ed2 H\u00d4I M\u00c1U\u201d"]
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