SachMoi.net-bi-an-cua-nhan-loai-minh-anh

["C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i Urumqu, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a khu t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Duy Ng\u00f4 Nh\u0129 \u1edf T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u00eda T\u00e2y B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng ng\u1ef1a thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecf nh\u01b0 m\u00e1u. T\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: M\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ebfm g\u1eb7p, do c\u00e1c k\u00fd sinh tr\u00f9ng g\u00e2y ra tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ef1a, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 con ng\u1ef1a m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Turkmenistan, Nga, Kazakhstan v\u00e0 Uzbekistan. Ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng ng\u1ef1a Akhal- Teke, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 n\u0103m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u1ef1a thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 phi c\u1ef1c nhanh v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u00e1ng 4\/2001, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y con ng\u1ef1a c\u00f3 \u201cm\u1ed3 h\u00f4i m\u00e1u\u201d g\u1ea7n n\u00fai Thi\u00ean S\u01a1n, T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i ng\u1ef1a trong n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a lai. H\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ed1ng ng\u1ef1a \u201cm\u1ed3 h\u00f4i m\u00e1u\u201d thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nu\u00f4i nh\u1ed1t \u1edf v\u00f9ng Trung \u00c1. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m nay, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, th\u01b0 t\u1eeb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh, c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u1edf T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng, khi\u1ebfn cho lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb lung lay. M\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, trung tu\u1ea7n th\u00e1ng 5, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng Turmenistan, m\u1ed9t con ng\u1ef1a thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7ng Akhal-Teke. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 con ng\u1ef1a thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0o h\u01a1n 2.100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103m 1952, kho\u1ea3ng 101 con kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y t\u1eeb Li\u00ean bang X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.","11. V\u00cc SAO LO\u00c0I D\u00daI C\u00d3 HAI R\u0102NG C\u1eecA V\u1eacN \u0110\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed8C L\u1eacP NHAU? D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng d\u00fai kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u00fa k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. Lo\u00e0i g\u1eb7m nh\u1ea5m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng c\u1eeda r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, v\u1edbi hai chi\u1ebfc \u1edf h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp: S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Trong khi nh\u1eefng \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con\u201d c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng mao c\u1ee7a d\u00fai kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng theo ki\u1ec3u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (nh\u01b0 \u1edf ong v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c), th\u00ec lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb. V\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i v\u1edbi v\u00e0i c\u00e1i l\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 c\u1ea3m th\u01b0a th\u1edbt c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f4i tai v\u00e0 m\u1eaft nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ea7y n\u1ebfp nh\u0103n, d\u00fai kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng chui l\u1ee7i trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc hang s\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0o b\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i t\u0103m. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng c\u1eeda r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, hai chi\u1ebfc \u1edf h\u00e0m d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e0o hang v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o. Trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng: C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a d\u00fai kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p r\u0103ng k\u1ef3 d\u1ecb n\u00e0y. Kenneth Catania v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Vanderbilt \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u00ed hon ghi l\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea7n kinh trong n\u00e3o d\u00fai. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n 1\/3 v\u00f9ng v\u1ecf n\u00e3o chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c x\u00fac gi\u00e1c (somatosensory cortex) l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c thu v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t th\u00f4ng tin t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng c\u1eeda ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee1. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, hai ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a d\u00fai kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10% s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i t\u1eeb n\u00e3o. Catania c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: V\u00f9ng v\u1ecf n\u00e3o chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c x\u00fac gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u00fai kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5n \u00e1t h\u1ebft v\u00f9ng v\u1ecf n\u00e3o m\u1edbi (th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 chi ph\u1ed1i th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c). C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a d\u00fai r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1 nhanh nh\u1eb9n trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao d\u00fai kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e3o l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng c\u1eeda. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 v\u1edbi l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111i n\u1eefa, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng: \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u1edf lo\u00e0i d\u00fai kh\u00f4ng l\u00f4ng, song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e3o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0o b\u1edbi.","Hoa h\u1ed9p \u0111\u00eam Philodendron 12. NH\u1eacN DI\u1ec6N M\u00d9I H\u01af\u01a0NG L\u00c0M GI\u1ea2M H\u1ee8NG T\u00ccNH L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa \u00e1i \u00e2n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c. H\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u2013 methyl salicilate- hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm, song gi\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tin r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c trong khi \u0111ang t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm tr\u1eafng g\u00e2n xanh Pieris napi. Thay v\u00ec \u201ct\u1eb7ng b\u1ea1n g\u00e1i m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc nh\u1eabn \u0111\u00ednh h\u00f4n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng n\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201cc\u00f3 ch\u1ee7\u201d, b\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u1eb7ng cho b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u methyl salicilate trong tinh d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u00f9i kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu c\u1ee7a h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00e0ng b\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh xa. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i bay \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1c c\u00f4 n\u00e0ng b\u01b0\u1edbm kh\u00e1c ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i th\u01a1m tho h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t h\u1ee9ng \u00e1i \u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. \u201cTh\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chu k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i\u201d, Johan Anderson, t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Ho\u00e0ng gia \u1edf Stockholm, Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, cho bi\u1ebft. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb k\u00ecm ch\u1ebf giao ph\u1ed1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong kho\u1ea3ng 4-6 ng\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i con c\u00e1i l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh m\u1edbi\u201d. Anderson cho r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho c\u1ea3 con \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i, b\u1edfi t\u1eeb 4-6 ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, n\u00e0ng b\u01b0\u1edbm s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ec3 sinh n\u1edf. Con \u0111\u1ef1c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i b\u1edfi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ckho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u201d cho cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con ra \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ebd mang gene c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cc\u1ea3m \u01a1n\u201d th\u1ee9 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, v\u00ec trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c \u201cki\u00eang khem t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c\u201d s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho con c\u00e1i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm b\u1ea1n \u00e2n \u00e1i. Ch\u00fang s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ph\u1ed1i gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00e1m b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh.","Methyl salicilate kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u00ecn chung, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1eedi, nghe, s\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m \u0111i\u1ec1u tra ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh. Trong s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 x\u00fac gi\u00e1c. \u201cTuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00f3c m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf sex\\\", Anderson n\u00f3i. C\u0169ng theo Anderson v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nam gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh xa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ecbt testoterone c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. Anderson tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m v\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a thu\u1ed1c tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u v\u00e0 s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh. 13. KI\u1ebeN CH\u00daA TH\u1ef0C THI QUY\u1ec0N L\u1ef0C NH\u01af TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O? T\u1eadp t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3 c\u0169ng d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 sinh n\u1edf, th\u00ec n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy gi\u1ea3m. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, trong vai tr\u00f2 truy\u1ec1n gi\u1ed1ng, ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 duy nh\u1ea5t. B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c? T\u00f4m b\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn Capononotus floridanus \u2013 m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i chuy\u00ean s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 l\u1edbn - \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i cho kh\u00fac m\u1eafc n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y, ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa bao b\u1ecdc cho nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 pheromone, \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3. Juergen Liebig v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wuerzburg \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00e0i \u0111\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3 (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa) v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1edf nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m tu\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee9ng, nh\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng. Trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee9ng do ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebb ra, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh sinh s\u1ea3n. Nh\u01b0ng khi tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3 v\u00e0o t\u1ed5, l\u0169 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y tr\u1ee9ng do ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ebb ra. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee9ng","do ki\u1ebfn ch\u00faa sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng \u1ea5u ch\u00faa n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p hydrocacbon \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee3, c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an to\u00e0n. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia \u0110\u1ee9c. 14. HOA M\u1ede \u201cH\u1ed8P \u0110\u00caM\u201d M\u1edcI CH\u00c0O B\u1ecc HUNG X\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng Pachycereus pectin-aboriginum Khi nh\u1eefng con b\u1ecd hung Nam M\u1ef9 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam \u201cvui ch\u01a1i x\u1ea3 l\u00e1ng\u201d th\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i hoa k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed h\u1ed9p \u0111\u00eam s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong b\u1ea7u hoa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m l\u00e0m ng\u00e2y ng\u1ea5t \u201c\u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb say t\u00ecnh\u201d, m\u1ed9t kho th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i y\u00ean t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec9 qua \u0111\u00eam. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i hoa philodendron t\u1ea1i French Guiana, n\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 hoa lily t\u1ecfa h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng. H\u01a1i \u1ea5m n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1eddi ch\u00e0o h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con b\u1ecd hung, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u00e9n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef \u1ea5m cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng hoa t\u1ecfa h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m th\u00eam n\u1ed3ng n\u00e0n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u1ea5y v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch v\u00e3ng lai\u201d, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Roger Seymour t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Adlaide \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Australia ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. Nay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1eadt hoa v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n hoa. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i lo\u00e0i hoa n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd hung gi\u00fap th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hoa philodendron trong c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ecfa ra h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chim v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hoa h\u00e2m n\u00f3ng m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1t m\u1ee1 ho\u1eb7c tinh b\u1ed9t \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y hoa philodendron ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 h\u00e2m n\u00f3ng m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con b\u1ecd trong b\u1ea7u hoa. Nh\u1eefng con b\u1ecd n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i 2-5 l\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong b\u00f4ng hoa so v\u1edbi \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ed1i","quan h\u1ec7 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 gi\u1eefa hoa philodendron v\u00e0 b\u1ecd hung. B\u1ea7u hoa m\u00e0u xanh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n tr\u1eafng mu\u1ed1t \u1edf b\u00ean trong. Chi\u1ebfc th\u00e2n n\u00e0y g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m b\u00f4ng hoa nh\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 hoa \u0111\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea5n, c\u00f2n b\u00f4ng \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 hoa c\u00e1i sinh s\u1ea3n. \u1edf gi\u1eefa l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hoa \u0111\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o ra h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn cho b\u1ecd hung. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, hoa t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u1eddi gian sao cho hoa c\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ebfn, hoa n\u00f3ng d\u1ea7n l\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ecd hung. Ch\u00fang nhanh ch\u00f3ng lao \u0111\u1ebfn chui \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u hoa v\u00e0 say s\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u00e9n r\u1ed3i giao ph\u1ed1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong b\u1ea7u hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9 C so v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Khi nh\u1eefng con b\u1ecd di chuy\u1ec3n, ph\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb hoa kh\u00e1c d\u00ednh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n cho nh\u1eefng hoa c\u00e1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Khi b\u1ecd hung \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u1ee7 thi\u1ebfp \u0111i ngay trong b\u1ea7u hoa, nh\u1eefng hoa \u0111\u1ef1c nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u00ecnh minh l\u00ean, b\u00f4ng hoa kh\u00e9p ch\u1eb7t v\u1ecf l\u1ea1i bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng con b\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bay ra n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t. Khi \u201ckh\u00e1ch ch\u01a1i\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i kh\u1ecfi, th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang d\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y ph\u1ea5n hoa v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i mang t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Seymour cho bi\u1ebft: Nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa t\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng l\u00ean n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, n\u01a1i b\u1ecd hung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n cho \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 900 lo\u00e0i. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng: H\u01a1i n\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i hoa. Nh\u1ec7n s\u00f3i c\u00e1i x\u01a1i con \u0111\u1ef1c 15. T\u00d4M GIAO TI\u1ebeP B\u1eb0NG \u00c1NH HU\u1ef2NH QUANG T\u00f4m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hu\u1ef3nh quang \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng hu\u1ef3nh quang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng \u0110\u1ea1i T\u00e2y D\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1eafc v\u00e0ng xanh nh\u1ee3t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o nguy hi\u1ec3m. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng san h\u00f4 c\u00f3 hu\u1ef3nh quang nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc s\u00e1ng l\u00f3a c\u1ee7a t\u00f4m\u201d, Justin Marshall t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Queensland cho bi\u1ebft. Theo nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, khi t\u00f4m b\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a Lysiosquillina glabriusla c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ho\u1eb7c xua \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ebb th\u00f9, n\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1nh v\u00e0ng hu\u1ef3nh quang tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. M\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra khi t\u00f4m \u0111\u1ef1c g\u1eb7p t\u00f4m c\u00e1i. \u201cNgo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o k\u1ebb th\u00f9, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh\u201d, Marshall n\u00f3i. D\u00e0i t\u1edbi 22 cm, t\u00f4m b\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i","to so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con t\u00f4m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0103n th\u1ecbt hung d\u1eef \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean b\u1ea5t th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh t\u1eeb trong hang v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc to kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft c\u00e1. Trong su\u1ed1t m\u00e0n tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u2013 ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ecfa ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hu\u1ef3nh quang m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 xanh nh\u1ee3t. Ru\u1ed3i c\u00e1i kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1eaft ru\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ef1c Nh\u1eefng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u01b0ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hu\u1ef3nh quang n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. T\u00f4m b\u1ecd ng\u1ef1a c\u0169ng c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, do ch\u00fang c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p 4 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 16. X\u01af\u01a0NG R\u1ed2NG MEXICO \u201cPH\u1ee4 T\u00ccNH\u201d D\u01a0I \u0110\u1ec2 THEO CHIM Lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u01a1i t\u1ea1i sa m\u1ea1c Sonoran, Mexico, \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ed9ng sinh l\u00e0m cho \u201cl\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1c l\u1ed1i\u201d. T\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u01a1i \u0103n m\u1eadt hoa ban \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n, lo\u00e0i x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang k\u1ebft giao v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u201ck\u1ebb th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n\u201d kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n. X\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 (Pachycereus pectin-aboriginum) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng Mexico \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n b\u1edfi lo\u00e0i d\u01a1i \u0103n \u0111\u00eam. Lo\u00e0i x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa to, nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 nh\u1eefng con th\u00fa c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean sa m\u1ea1c \u1edf t\u00e2y b\u1eafc Mexico, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng: X\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa d\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 gh\u00e9 qua Mexico trong nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn di c\u01b0 t\u1edbi Nam m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u201cC\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m c\u1ee7a d\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng Mexico bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng b\u00f4ng hoa \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n ch\u00e0o \u201cc\u00e1c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch ban ng\u00e0y\u201d nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u sinh s\u1ea3n\u201d, Carlos Martinez Del Rio t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wyoming ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 c\u00f2n giao du v\u1edbi chim v\u00e0 c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y, tr\u1eeb d\u01a1i v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean bay t\u1edbi v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i chim g\u00f5 ki\u1ebfn Gila. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh xung","quanh. \u201cLo\u00e0i d\u01a1i \u0103n \u0111\u00eam ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p gi\u1eefa d\u01a1i v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c hai lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u201d, Del Rio nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. Chim Moa 17. NH\u1ec6N S\u00d3I KH\u00d4NG QU\u00caN NG\u00c0Y \u201cH\u1eb8N H\u00d2\u201d \u0110\u1ea6U TI\u00caN N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t con nh\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ef1c tr\u00f4ng quen m\u1eaft v\u1edbi c\u00f4 b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u00edt b\u1ecb \u0103n th\u1ecbt h\u01a1n trong th\u1eddi gian giao ph\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1ec7n s\u00f3i c\u00e1i (schizocosa uetzi) th\u00edch quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng anh ch\u00e0ng tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. B\u1ecd Zeus \u0111\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1ee1i tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 x\u01a1i b\u1eefa lu\u00f4n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1ec7n s\u00f3i \u0111\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong khi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 giao ph\u1ed1i th\u00ec con c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f4 n\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1edf th\u00edch b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 sau. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1ec7n s\u00f3i \u0111\u1ef1c quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eaby v\u1eaby \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng l\u00e1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb n\u00e2u s\u1eabm sang \u0111en tuy\u1ec1n, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ec7n c\u00e1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng anh ch\u00e0ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. Ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u00e0u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng anh ch\u00e0ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y khi tu\u1ed5i d\u1eady th\u00ec. K\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eefa tr\u01b0a cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4 n\u00e0ng ki\u00eau k\u1ef3. N\u00f3i theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ec7n c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng anh ch\u00e0ng l\u1ea1 m\u1eaft. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Eileen Hebets t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cornell \u1edf New York (M\u1ef9), \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u:","\u201cKinh nghi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ghi nh\u1edb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. H\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng con nh\u1ec7n kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1edbm h\u01a1n, do v\u1eady m\u00e0 con c\u00e1i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a nh\u1eefng anh ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra nh\u1eefng anh ch\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh\u201d, Herbets gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1ec7n s\u1ee3 s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi quen m\u1eaft c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i. \u1ede \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh giao ph\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng con c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. 18. \u0110\u00d4I M\u1eaeT \u2013 V\u0168 KH\u00cd S\u0102N T\u00ccNH C\u1ee6A RU\u1ed2I \u0110\u1ef0C Nh\u1eefng con ru\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 con ru\u1ed3i c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft ru\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang truy \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n. Kh\u1ec9 c\u00e1i \u01b0a th\u00edch b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ef1c \u201c\u0110i\u1ec3m t\u00ecnh\u201d trong m\u1eaft ru\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng con ru\u1ed3i bay v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch 76 cm, trong khi m\u1eaft con c\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong kho\u1ea3ng 33 cm. \u201cKhi b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y 2 con ru\u1ed3i l\u01b0\u1ee3n quanh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i chao \u0111\u00e8n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 con ru\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ef1c \u0111ang \u0111u\u1ed5i, c\u00f2n con c\u00e1i \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t\u201d, Simon Laughlin t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge, n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh, cho bi\u1ebft. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 trong \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ecnh\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft ru\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng d\u1eebng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hoa m\u1eaft, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u00f2n l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong v\u00f5ng m\u1ea1c (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem ph\u00e1o hoa). M\u1eaft ru\u1ed3i c\u00f3 thu\u1ef7 tinh th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 cho ra h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1eafc n\u00e9t h\u01a1n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec sao \u201c\u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00ecnh\u201d ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean 1\/5 con m\u1eaft. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft, m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1eaft \u1ebfch ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 bay. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00ecnh","\u1ea3nh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5. 19. CHIM MOA C\u00c1I \u01afA C\u00c1C CH\u00c0NG T\u00cd HON Nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i chim \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thi\u00ean c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013 con c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch AND m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch chim Moa c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i Anh v\u00e0 New Zealand. Linh C\u1ea9u Joel Cracraft, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean M\u1ef9 \u1edf New York, cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a chim Moa d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch AND c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00f3m c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i chim kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf chim Moa. New Zealand t\u1eebng l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m chim n\u00e0y \u2013 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i chim kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bay, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao t\u1eeb ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y n\u1eeda m\u00e9t t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 2 m, v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 250 kg. H\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u, \u0111\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3u sa m\u1ea1c Australia v\u00e0 kiwi. Chim Moa sinh s\u00f4i trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh r\u1eebng t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1ed1t \u1edf New Zealand cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1.100 sau C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chu\u1ed9t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda lo\u00e0i chim b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng. Trong v\u00f2ng 160 n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y chim Moa \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai qu\u1eadt trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y v\u00e0 hang \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh 60 lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i l\u00e0 do n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n xa h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y, ho\u1eb7c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u201cch\u00e0ng\u201d cho m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u, v\u1edbi th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady so v\u1edbi \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang s\u1ebd giao ph\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o. 20. M\u00d3N QU\u00c0 T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU \u0110\u1ed8C \u0110\u00c1O C\u1ee6A B\u1ecc ZEUS Nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Australia n\u00e0y chuy\u00ean cung c\u1ea5p","th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 giao ph\u1ed1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 4 ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cm\u00f3n qu\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbi\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng con b\u1ecd c\u00e1i c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng Zeus \u2013 thu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng t\u00ed hon c\u00f3 t\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Phoreticovelia disparata, ti\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 m\u1eadt ngon l\u00e0nh tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 con \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u01a1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1eb7ng l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7y n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc. \u201c\u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa \u0103n nh\u1eb9 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa ti\u1ec7c th\u1ecbnh so\u1ea1n\u201d, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia cho bi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t con b\u1ecd \u0111\u1ef1c trung b\u00ecnh ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi v\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u2013 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa \u0103n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 pizza, m\u1ed9t chai champagne v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p chocolate. M\u00f3n qu\u00e0 xa x\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng con \u0111\u1ef1c cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n cho con c\u00e1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c \u00e1i \u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i theo thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a r\u1eb1ng: L\u00e0m cho con c\u00e1i kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 sung s\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con \u0111\u1ef1c \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con s\u1eafp sinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd Zeus. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a b\u1ecd Zeus c\u00e1i, th\u1ee9c \u0103n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee9u s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u2013 nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb con \u0111\u1ef1c nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3i l\u1ea3 \u0111i sau khi l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh. \u201cK\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c con c\u00e1i chu c\u1ea5p cho con \u0111\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh tr\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 do con \u0111\u1ef1c g\u00e2y ra nh\u01b0 \u0103n th\u1ecbt, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng...\u201d, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. Lo\u00e0i b\u1ecd n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n Hy L\u1ea1p Zeus, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Metis. S\u1ebb bi\u1ec3n nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 m\u00e0o","21. M\u1eb6T H\u1ed2NG H\u1ea4P D\u1eaaN H\u01a0N M\u1eb6T TR\u1eaeNG \u0110\u00f4i m\u00e1 h\u1ed3ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi). \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t \u1edf lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 n\u00e2u rhesus macaque, con c\u00e1i b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng anh ch\u00e0ng c\u00f3 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t mang s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecf. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean 24 con kh\u1ec9 n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ef1c rhesus macaque. H\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang t\u1eeb tr\u1eafng xanh sang \u1eedng \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 cho 6 con c\u00e1i xem. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3ng h\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00e9p mi\u1ec7ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u00e1 h\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng testoterone cao \u1edf con \u0111\u1ef1c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 gene t\u1ed1t. \u201cNh\u1eefng con linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi) c\u00f3 v\u1ebb m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3ng h\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u00fa. Kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 v\u00ec sao nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u00e0nh b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c con \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi\u201d, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Corri Waitt t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stirling, Anh, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng: Khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3ng h\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 gene ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i kh\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecf h\u1ed3ng h\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trung th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 gene v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec sao ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef d\u00f9ng m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ed3ng m\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf m\u00f4i. Heliconius cydno (tr\u00ean) ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu, c\u00f2n Heliconius melpomene (d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng) Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1i b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1edfi m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u1ef1c, th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Charles Darwin \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1876. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. 22. TH\u00c2N THI\u1ec6N \u2013 B\u00cd QUY\u1ebeT \u0110\u1ec2 LINH C\u1ea8U \u0110\u1ef0C L\u1eccT M\u1eaeT XANH CON C\u00c1I","Thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hung h\u0103ng, l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 chinh ph\u1ee5c \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p\u201d. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang lo\u00e0i linh c\u1ea9u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho c\u00e1c ch\u00e0ng trai. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m khoa h\u1ecdc Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y t\u1eeb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i c\u1ee7a linh c\u1ea9u. Marion East, thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u00fa hoang \u1edf Berlin (\u0110\u1ee9c), \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gene \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng \u201cm\u00e1nh l\u1edbi k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i\u201d m\u00e0 3 nh\u00f3m linh c\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ed1m trong c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Serengeti \u1edf Tanzania \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng con linh c\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 duy\u00ean may v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng con chuy\u00ean \u0111i g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n. N\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm c\u00e1c n\u00e0ng, linh c\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ef1c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c giao ph\u1ed1i. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u1ecf ra th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m, th\u00ec c\u01a1 may l\u00e0m b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean. \u201cNhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 con c\u00e1i s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn giao ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con \u0111\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb trong \u0111\u00e0n... nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi linh c\u1ea9u\u201d \u2013 Marion East n\u00f3i. \u201cC\u00e0ng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, con \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4 linh c\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eaft t\u1edbi\u201d. C\u0169ng theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, con c\u00e1i b\u1ecb \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1edfi \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1ed9 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt, ni\u1ec1m n\u1edf v\u00e0 h\u00e0o hoa\u201d. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111eo b\u00e1m b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai trong nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00e0nh con c\u00e1i kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con linh c\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e1ng khinh\u201d. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 con \u0111\u1ef1c ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 do kh\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng giao ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 sinh con c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0n mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m cha v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ebft con m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i con c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 giao ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh. Chim s\u1ebb v\u1eb1n 23. S\u1eba BI\u1ec2N QUY\u1ebeN R\u0168 NHAU B\u1eb0NG M\u00d9I QU\u00ddT B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ng\u1eedi th\u1ea5y m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con s\u1ebb bi\u1ec3n c\u00f3 m\u00e0o t\u1ecfa ra gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ai \u0111ang b\u00f3c qu\u00fdt b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang v\u1eady. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i chim \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch giao ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng m\u00f9i. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn h\u01a1n trong m\u1eaft k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c gi\u1edbi, Julie Hagelin, nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Swarthmore \u1edf Pennsylvania (M\u1ef9) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh. S\u1ebb bi\u1ec3n nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 m\u00e0o (t\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Aethia cristatella)","s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Alaska, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1edbi 100.000 con. Khi g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ecd m\u1ecf v\u00e0o c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng con t\u1ecfa m\u00f9i \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. Hagelin ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t con chim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u1ecfa m\u00f9i m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. \u201c\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi trong h\u1ecd nh\u00e0 chim m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua\u201d, Julie cho bi\u1ebft. V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, m\u00f9i qu\u00fdt tr\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p d\u1ea7u th\u01a1m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n. Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y th\u1ee9 d\u1ea7u m\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn nh\u1eddn tr\u00ean da s\u1ebb bi\u1ec3n ti\u1ebft ra th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00f9i, m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng con vi khu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng b\u00e1m tr\u00ean l\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u1ea5y. S\u1ebb bi\u1ec3n nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 m\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 t\u1ecfa m\u00f9i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sinh s\u1ea3n. Khi \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c \u201cch\u00e0ng\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201cn\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u th\u01a1m l\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec nhau. Nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a Julie c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y: S\u1ebb bi\u1ec3n nh\u1ecf th\u00edch nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 l\u00f4ng v\u0169 c\u00f3 m\u00f9i h\u00f4i, ho\u1eb7c len nh\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 m\u00f9i x\u1ea1 h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u201ckh\u00f4ng t\u1ecfa ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec\u201d. \u201cCho t\u1edbi nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i chim, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 k\u1ec1n k\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ed3 c\u00e2u, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi. S\u1ebb bi\u1ec3n nh\u1ecf \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi\u201d, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Bernice Wenzel c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California \u1edf Los Angeles, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. 24. \u00c1NH S\u00c1NG PH\u00c2N C\u1ef0C TR\u00caN C\u00c1NH B\u01af\u1edaM H\u1ea4P D\u1eaaN B\u1ea0N T\u00ccNH C\u00e1 gai \u0111\u1ef1c trang tr\u00ed t\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 kim lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc lung linh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con b\u01b0\u1edbm c\u00e1i thu h\u00fat b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng l\u00e0m say m\u00ea bao \u201cch\u00e0ng trai t\u00ecm b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm Heliconis cydno, s\u1ed1ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1edf Trung v\u00e0 Nam M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e3 \u201cmang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1nh b\u01b0\u1edbm\u201d, Alison Sweeney t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Duke \u1edf Durham, North Carolina, M\u1ef9, nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. S\u00f3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng. Khi ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u00e1nh","s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ebfp th\u1eb3ng h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u201cv\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm. Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Sweeney \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng: \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1nh lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm Heliconius cydno th\u00ec ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c, c\u00f2n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1nh lo\u00e0i Heliconius melpomene th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, khi cho m\u1ed9t con cydno \u0111\u1ef1c xem c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con cydno c\u00e1i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c, con \u0111\u1ef1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa \u00fd, bay t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp c\u00e1nh v\u00e0o c\u00e1nh con c\u00e1i. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c b\u1ecb l\u1ecdc \u0111i, th\u00ec c\u00e1c con \u0111\u1ef1c t\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1edd \u01a1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng: Lo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong khu r\u1eebng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh s\u1ed1ng. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc t\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn r\u00f5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao nh\u1eefng con melpomene s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh. Tom Cronin t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Maryland, Matimore (M\u1ef9), nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 giao ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129. Ngo\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbm, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh v\u1eadt bi\u1ec3n c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi. 25. \u0110OM D\u00d3M T\u1eceA \u00c1NH S\u00c1NG \u0110\u1ec2 THU H\u00daT B\u1ea0N T\u00ccNH \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1m s\u00e1ng l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa \u0111om \u0111\u00f3m trong \u0111\u00eam h\u00e8 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc \u0111u\u00f4i r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ef1c\u201d. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 cho bi\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng con kh\u1ec9 c\u00e1i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nhau nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1edbi con \u0111\u1ef1c Cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 chim, th\u00fa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng. Nh\u1eefng con \u0111om \u0111\u00f3m \u0111\u1ef1c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hu\u1ef3nh quang l\u00e2u h\u01a1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap con c\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u con h\u01a1n. Sara Lewis t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tufts, Boston (M\u1ef9), cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cH\u1ea7u h\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang l\u00e0m khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n. Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n ki\u1ebfm \u0103n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi \u0111om \u0111\u00f3m, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang sao nh\u00e3ng vi\u1ec7c sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c\u201d. \u0110om \u0111\u00f3m s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng trong 2 n\u0103m. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c \u0103n th\u1ee9c \u0103n.","\u201cCh\u00fang l\u1edbn, \u0103n, r\u1ed3i l\u1edbn trong v\u00f2ng 2 n\u0103m\u201d Lewis n\u00f3i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111om \u0111\u00f3m bay l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh 2 tu\u1ea7n huy ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1n t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ebft d\u1ea7n v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3i. M\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i \u0111om \u0111\u00f3m c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng con \u0111\u1ef1c cung c\u1ea5p trong khi giao ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef trong tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i. 26. M\u1ece C\u00c0NG S\u00c1NG, CHIM \u0110\u1ef0C C\u00c0NG KH\u1eceE, C\u00c0NG H\u1ea4P D\u1eaaN Chim c\u00e1i b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u1ecf s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i c\u1ee7a chim \u0111\u1ef1c, b\u1edfi m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u201cch\u00e0ng\u201d n\u00e0o c\u00e0ng s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1, b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p cho bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ong m\u1eadt Antistrophus rufus Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 carotenoid, g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu lutein v\u00e0 zeaxanthin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong hoa qu\u1ea3, rau c\u1ecf v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng m\u1ecf chim. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay v\u1eabn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: Chim th\u01b0\u1eddng \u201ctr\u01b0ng di\u1ec7n\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc \u0111u\u00f4i d\u00e0i l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh, chim v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng h\u00f3t trong tr\u1ebbo... \u0110\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u201ctr\u01b0ng di\u1ec7n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t sung s\u1ee9c \u2013 m\u1ed9t con c\u00f4ng y\u1ebfu \u1edbt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u0111u\u00f4i l\u1edbn. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Glasgow (Anh) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 \u201c\u0111\u1ecfm d\u00e1ng\u201d \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y lo\u00e0i s\u1ebb v\u1eb1n l\u00e0m m\u1ecf s\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0103n nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3i non \u1edf mi\u1ec1n qu\u00ea Australia. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra carotenoid, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecf \u1edf m\u1ecf. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ed5 sung ch\u1ea5t carotenoid v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con chim nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea5y hai con \u0111\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t con c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 con kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung carotenoid. Ch\u1ec9 sau 4 tu\u1ea7n, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y con chim c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n b\u1ed5 sung c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc m\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecf s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n, ch\u00edn trong m\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00ec con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i theo anh ch\u00e0ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfc m\u1ecf s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1 kia\u201d, nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Jonathan Blount n\u00f3i. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a con chim c\u00f3 m\u1ecf \u0111\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng con chim c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch kh\u1ecfe h\u01a1n th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ee9c \u0103n gi\u00e0u dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u1ecfi","h\u01a1n\u201d, Blount b\u1ed5 sung. Trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Bourgogne, Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng con chim k\u00e9t \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ecf m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng cam. Nh\u1eefng con c\u00f3 m\u1ecf ch\u1ee9a s\u1eafc cam nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n th\u00ec ki\u1ebfm b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u00eam m\u00e1u c\u1eebu (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh) v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang, nh\u1eb1m k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u00e0u c\u1ee7a m\u1ecf chim b\u1ecb phai d\u1ea7n. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau hao carotenoid v\u1ed1n \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc cho m\u1ecf chim. T\u1eeb 2 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0102n nhi\u1ec1u hoa qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e0u ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng gi\u00fap t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ebb trung v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. Th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed1m 27. C\u00c1 GAI \u0110\u1ef0C TRANG HO\u00c0NG T\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ec2 QUY\u1ebeN R\u0168 B\u1ea0N T\u00ccNH \u0110\u1eb7t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 gai \u0111\u1ef1c, ch\u00e0ng ta s\u1ebd mau ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0a ngay ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang l\u00e0m th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n s\u1edf th\u00edch m\u00e0u m\u00e8 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c con c\u00e1i. Trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1 ba gai \u0111\u1ef1c (Gasterosteus aculeatus) th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u1ed5 h\u00ecnh \u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ecf nh\u00e3n t\u1eed. Con c\u00e1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebb tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfc t\u1ed5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng nom cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u1ee9ng n\u1edf. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a sinh s\u1ea3n, ph\u1ea7n b\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1ef1c kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c \u201cch\u00e0ng\u201d c\u00f3 m\u00e0u c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1eafn. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u00e0 sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc Mikael Holmlund v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oslo, Nauy, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3 v\u00e0o trong n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng chu\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t m\u00e0u xanh, c\u00e1c l\u00e1 kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecf, xanh v\u00e0 tr\u1eafng b\u1ea1c. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y con c\u00e1 gai \u0111\u1ef1c th\u00edch nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 kim lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1 gai c\u00e1i c\u0169ng d\u00e0nh 90% th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103m d\u00f2 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u1ed5 s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cc\u0103n h\u1ed9\u201d tr\u1ed1ng tr\u01a1n, x\u00e1m x\u1ecbt. \u201cV\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c d\u1ec7t t\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng m\u00e0u v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, con \u0111\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt m\u00ecnh\u201d, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Iain Barber c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Wales \u1edf Aberystwyth, Anh, ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n. Barber c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1 gai c\u00e1i c\u0169ng th\u00edch nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc t\u1ed5 g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec7t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u2013 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u1eefa cho th\u1ea5y \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c lang qu\u00e2n\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd c\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. Vi\u1ec7c trang ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1 gai \u0111\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp","\u0111\u1ed3 trang tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 (v\u00ec r\u1eb1ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc t\u1ed5 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00f4i k\u00e9o nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb s\u0103n m\u1ed3i t\u1edbi). Trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 m\u00e0 con \u0111\u1ef1c x\u00e2y t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con non, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1 gai l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trang ho\u00e0ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u201cph\u00f2ng the\u201d. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Carl Smith c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Queen Mary v\u00e0 Westfield, London, cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 ta v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u1edfng. 28. KH\u1ec8 C\u00c1I TH\u00cdCH L\u00c0M B\u1ea0N V\u1edaI NHAU H\u01a0N L\u00c0 CON \u0110\u1ef0C Ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 giao ph\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 con. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ef1c \u2013 c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang r\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ebft tha v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n c\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ef1c cardiocondy la obscurior. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Darwin, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u con h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con kh\u1ec9 macaca \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Paul Vasey, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Lethbridge, Alberta (Canada), \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m g\u1ed3m 120 con kh\u1ec9 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean d\u00e3y n\u00fai Arashiyama g\u1ea7n Kyoto. Vasey ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c \u201cn\u00e0ng\u201d ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu k\u1ebft th\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u00e0n. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0103n, ng\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea3i l\u00f4ng cho nhau, ch\u00fang c\u00f2n c\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00ean l\u01b0ng nhau v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng giao ph\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi con \u0111\u1ef1c. Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, 9 trong 10 l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u201cch\u00e0ng\u201d th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1n t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u201cn\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1edf th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 con c\u1ee7a kh\u1ec9 macaca. Vasey ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n: Nh\u1eefng con kh\u1ec9 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang k\u1ebft giao th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, s\u1edf th\u00edch \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ra sao th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi b\u1ecf ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p. Nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a Joan Roughgarden c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stanford (M\u1ef9) cho bi\u1ebft: \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 14 lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u1ed7ng tr\u1eddi Canada v\u00e0 d\u01a1i qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1eabn ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c gi\u1edbi. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta","s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i xem l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. 29. \u0110\u1ed8NG V\u1eacT NH\u1edc TH\u1ef0C V\u1eacT G\u1eccI H\u1ed8 B\u1ea0N T\u00ccNH B\u1ecb nh\u1ed1t ch\u1eb7t trong th\u00e2n c\u00e2y, con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ong m\u1eadt th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean Antistrophus rufus kh\u00f4ng sao b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u00e1c \u201cch\u00e0ng\u201d bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00fang b\u00e8n k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e2y s\u1ea3n ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t th\u01a1m \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c \u201cch\u00e0ng\u201d t\u1edbi. S\u1eebng, m\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ecf c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng long ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt s\u1ea3n ra \u201choocm\u00f4n gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh\u201d c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, gi\u00fap n\u00f3 quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 b\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c gi\u1edbi, John F. Tooker, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Illinois (M\u1ef9), cho bi\u1ebft. Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean \u1edf mi\u1ec1n trung T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, Tooker v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ki\u1ec3u h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y. Ong m\u1eadt th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean Antistrophus rufus ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 b\u1ecd ch\u00e9t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i c\u1ecf Silphium. M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, con non v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf d\u1ea1ng \u1ea5u tr\u00f9ng. Xu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1ef1c chui ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, trong khi c\u00e1c con c\u00e1i v\u1eabn b\u1ecb nh\u1ed1t ch\u1eb7t trong th\u00e2n c\u00e2y m\u1ee5c. Ch\u1ec9 khi m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u1ef1c t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1i th\u00e2n c\u00e2y \u1ea5y, con c\u00e1i m\u1edbi nhai n\u00e1t th\u00e2n c\u00e2y v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi \u201cch\u00e0ng\u201d. Tooker t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng con ong \u0111\u1ef1c t\u00ed hon v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bay n\u00e0y, trong qu\u00e3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i 9 ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra n\u01a1i \u1edf c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft con c\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat con \u0111\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn l\u00e0m, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb \u201cni\u00eam phong\u201d trong th\u00e2n c\u00e2y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201cn\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng cho \u201cch\u00e0ng\u201d bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua \u201cb\u1ee9c th\u01b0 t\u00ecnh\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00e2n c\u00e2y g\u1eedi h\u1ed9 - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t do c\u00e2y ti\u1ebft ra. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, khi so s\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n c\u1ecf Silphium c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a ong c\u00e1i, Tooker ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u00e2n c\u00e2y che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c \u201cn\u00e0ng\u201d th\u00ec ti\u1ebft ra c\u00e1c h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f3 m\u00f9i m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a ong. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ong \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u sau n\u00e0y c\u00e2y ch\u1ebft.","30. C\u00c1CH TH\u1ee8C SINH S\u1ea2N K\u1ef2 L\u1ea0 C\u1ee6A TH\u1eb0N L\u1eb0N S\u01af\u1edcN \u0110\u1ed0M Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i v\u1eadt n\u00e0o m\u00e0 con c\u00e1i l\u1ea1i \u201cchuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n\u201d nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed1m: Ch\u00fang l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh cho con. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n trong chu k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u do con c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. \u201cCh\u00e0ng\u201d \u1ebfch \u0111ang t\u00e1n \u201cg\u00e1i\u201d b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ecdng ca c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ed1m l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf v\u00f9ng T\u00e2y M\u1ef9. Ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e3i \u0111\u00e1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng Rocky Moutains \u1edf Canada t\u1edbi b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Baja \u1edf Mexico. Lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, con c\u00e1i d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 6 cm, con \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f2n b\u00e9 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng n\u1eeda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Tuy v\u1eady, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, con c\u00e1i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u201cch\u00e0ng\u201d l\u00e0m \u201cb\u1ea1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1ef1c to cao, s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn, t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa hai kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng: Con \u0111\u1ef1c l\u1edbn - b\u00e3i \u0111\u00e1 nh\u1ecf, hay con \u0111\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf - b\u00e3i \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c \u201cc\u00f4\u201d s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n hai, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u201cti\u1ec7n nghi\u201d h\u01a1n, tuy r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i ch\u00fat \u00edt v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi anh ch\u00e0ng b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u201c\u0111i hoang\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn 5- 6 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong k\u1ef3 sinh s\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a v\u1ed9i cho tr\u1ee9ng th\u1ee5 tinh ngay, m\u00e0 gi\u1eef tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u1ef1c trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 spermatheca. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n c\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u201cch\u00e0ng\u201d cao l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra con \u0111\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 tinh tr\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra con c\u00e1i. Nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ryan Calsbeek, t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California \u1edf Los Angeles (M\u1ef9), c\u0169ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u1eefng con th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n c\u00e1i n\u00e0y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111a t\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4n ngoan. C\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 to b\u00e8, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t g\u00e3 20 tu\u1ed5i v\u1ea1m v\u1ee1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con trai kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 l\u0169 con \u1ea5y v\u1eeba to v\u1eeba kh\u1ecfe, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u00e0 l\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc \u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3\u201d, Calsbeek n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp. B\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u1eb1n","l\u1eb1n c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn cho tinh tr\u00f9ng, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t tinh tr\u00f9ng s\u1ebd mang nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 X ho\u1eb7c Y, trong khi v\u1edbi tinh tr\u00f9ng mang nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 Y, m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu tr\u1ee9ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tinh tr\u00f9ng mang nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3 X th\u00ec con non s\u1ebd l\u00e0 con c\u00e1i.","M\u1ed9t c\u00f4 s\u1ebb nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi ch\u00f9m l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1. 31. KI\u1ebeN \u0110\u1ef0C GI\u1ea2 M\u00d9I CON C\u00c1I \u0110\u1ec2 TR\u00c1NH K\u1eba TH\u00d9 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1ef1c y\u1ebfu \u1edbt trong \u0111\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn cardiocondyla obscurior s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, v\u00ec trong khi c\u00e1c ch\u00e0ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh nhau, con \u0111\u1ef1c y\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i giao ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i trong t\u1ed5. Nh\u00e0 sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc Sylvia Cremer, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Regensburg (\u0110\u1ee9c), \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ki\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi cardiocondyla obsscurior. \u1ede c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ef1c: Lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh. Ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfe. Ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n \u1edf nh\u00e0 gi\u1eef t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh nhau ch\u00ed ch\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n giao ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1i. Khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ecbch, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebft ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch, khi\u1ebfn con kia m\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh. Nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con, v\u00ec b\u1ed9 r\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ef1c c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e9p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9t c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. So v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em \u201ctr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i\u201d, nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Sau khi n\u1edf ra, ch\u00fang \u1edf t\u1ed5 kho\u1ea3ng 1-2 tu\u1ea7n, ch\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1eb7p c\u00e1nh m\u1ecdc d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean th\u00e2n, ch\u00fang ti\u1ebft ra m\u00f9i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t m\u00f9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00e0ng ki\u1ebfn. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, c\u00e1c ch\u00e0ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ef1c tr\u1ea7n tr\u1ee5i hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ecf ra \u201c\u00e2u y\u1ebfm\u201d ch\u00fang h\u01a1n. Phong lan \u1edf Singapore Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n ki\u1ebfn cardiocondyla obsscurior, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng con \u0111\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p 4-5 l\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng con c\u00e1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c con \u0111\u1ef1c l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t. Chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt \u201cgi\u1ea3 c\u00e1i\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh tuy kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh","m\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh k\u1ebb th\u00f9, nh\u01b0 r\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecd c\u00e1nh c\u1ee9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u1ef1c y\u1ebfu \u1edbt. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0m v\u1eady ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng y\u00ean th\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. Ki\u1ebfn cardiocondyla obsscurior c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, v\u00ec con \u0111\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. 32. KH\u1ee6NG LONG QUY\u1ebeN R\u0168 B\u1ea0N T\u00ccNH NH\u01af TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O? \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long, con \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 m\u1ecf, m\u00e0o v\u00e0 s\u1eebng l\u1ed9ng l\u1eaby. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng \u201cv\u0169 kh\u00ed\u201d n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 con c\u00e1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Scott Sampson, B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean Utah (M\u1ef9). Nh\u1ec7n bolas s\u0103n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed3i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u0111\u00eam Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 m\u1ecf, m\u00e0o v\u00e0 s\u1eebng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng long. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 kh\u1ee7ng long, ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 v\u0169 kh\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb th\u00f9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Sampson cho r\u1eb1ng: Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc \u0111u\u00f4i c\u1ee7a con c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ef1c v\u1eady. Theo \u00f4ng, l\u00fd do c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng long c\u00f3 m\u00e0o, m\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u1eebng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Theo Sampson, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u1edf th\u1eddi th\u1ecbnh tr\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng con kh\u1ee7ng long th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111u\u00f4i l\u00ean cao r\u1ed3i \u0111ung \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i chim hi\u1ec7n nay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng long t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111ang c\u00f3. \u0110\u1ebfn nay, h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch ghi l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh giao ph\u1ed1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 100 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u00e2n gi\u00e1p, d\u00e0i 1 mm \u1edf Brazil.","33. \u1ebeCH \u0110\u1ef0C \u201cC\u1ea6U H\u00d4N\u201d B\u1eb0NG TI\u1ebeNG H\u00d3T M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00eam \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb, Albert S. Feng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ra b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Tau Hau (Trung Qu\u1ed1c) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng chim \u0111ang l\u1ea3nh l\u00f3t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00ec ra, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa \u1ebfch \u0111\u1ef1c Amolops tormotus (A. tormotus) \u0111ang m\u1ea3i mi\u1ebft ph\u00f4 di\u1ec5n nh\u1eefng giai \u0111i\u1ec7u du d\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng chim \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n \u0111ang \u0111e do\u1ea1n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 heo Ph\u1ea7n Lan \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t con \u1ebfch bi\u1ebft k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u tr\u1ea7m b\u1ed5ng, b\u1edfi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9c di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac t\u1ea5u b\u1ed5ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea7m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ebfch c\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 \u00e2m thanh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng sang c\u1ea3 d\u1ea3i s\u00f3ng si\u00eau \u00e2m. \u201c\u00c2m thanh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 tin\u201d, Albert S. Feng, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Illinois \u1edf Urbana (bang Illinois, M\u1ef9), cho bi\u1ebft. Lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch A. tormotus th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ed5 t\u00e0i ca h\u00e1t v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. Ch\u00fang t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c giai \u0111i\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1t h\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t 12 gi\u1edd ghi \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng \u201ch\u00f3t\u201d c\u1ee7a 21 con \u0111\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cb\u1ea3n giao h\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d n\u00e0o tr\u00f9ng nhau. Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u1ebfch \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00fa cho ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfng h\u00f3t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u00e1nh. \u1ebech \u0111\u1ef1c A. tormotus c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng r\u00e3nh \u1edf tai d\u1eabn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00e0ng tai n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ed9p s\u1ecd. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u00e0ng tai c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i \u1ebfch kh\u00e1c n\u1eb1m \u1edf r\u00eca quanh mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem \u1ebfch A. tormotus c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n hai t\u00fai \u00e2m thanh \u1edf c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nhau hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. 34. GI\u1ed0NG C\u00c1I C\u0168NG CH\u1ee6 \u0110\u1ed8NG S\u0102N \u0110\u00d3N B\u1ea0N T\u00ccNH Theo Charles Darwin, chuy\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh trong gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean lu\u00f4n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0n ve v\u00e3n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd khi b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00ec theo h\u1ecd, c\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c l\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00ean A\u201d trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm n\u1eeda kia c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.","D\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e0u M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ngo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i trong nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c m\u1edbi tr\u01b0ng di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee5 gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u0111u\u00f4i m\u00e0u m\u00e8 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1ng hay c\u00e1i b\u1eddm ngang t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ef1c), m\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m d\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u00ednh quy\u1ebfn r\u0169. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Trond Amundsen thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Nauy cho bi\u1ebft: C\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1m \u0111\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ecdn m\u1eb7t \u201cn\u00e0ng\u201d n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i, c\u00e1 b\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1m xanh d\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean v\u00e2y v\u00e0 hai b\u00ean h\u00f4ng trong khi con c\u00e1i m\u1ecdc th\u00eam nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u201cb\u1edbt\u201d v\u00e0ng cam tr\u00ean b\u1ee5ng. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1 ch\u00eca v\u00f4i. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Geoff Hill thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Auburn c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam: Ch\u00f9m l\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u chim m\u00e1i thu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i s\u1ebb nh\u00e0 (house finch) ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 h\u01a1n sau m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, do chim tr\u1ed1ng th\u00edch t\u00e1n t\u1ec9nh con m\u00e1i c\u00f3 ch\u00f9m l\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0u s\u00e1ng. B\u1ed9 d\u1ea1ng b\u1eaft m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m m\u1eb9. 35. PHONG LAN D\u1ee4 D\u1ed6 ONG B\u1eb0NG M\u00c0U S\u1eaeC Tr\u00ean 70% c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i phong lan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 m\u1eadt, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a S\u00e9c m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng: Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa c\u00f3 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 c\u00e1c ch\u00e0ng ong ng\u1ed1c ngh\u1ebfch. Nh\u1eefng con ong thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng chui v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00f4ng hoa c\u00f3 m\u00e0u s\u1eafc s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1 n\u00e0o v\u00ec ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1eadt. Ph\u1ea5n d\u00ednh v\u00e0o th\u00e2n ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ong s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb hoa n\u00e0y sang hoa kh\u00e1c, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea5n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng con ong c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a hoa \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1eadt, lo\u00e0i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eadt. V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cb\u1eaby\u201d ong, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng phong lan \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra tinh qu\u00e1i kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ra nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t hoa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i phong lan c\u00f3 ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 m\u1eadt. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng con ong gi\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn b\u1ecb m\u1eafc l\u1eeba nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u1eb7p phong lan nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec \u0111i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i phong lan c\u00f3 ph\u1ea5n (v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1eadt) th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0i lo\u00e0i \u201c\u0103n k\u00e9\u201d. Nh\u1eefng b\u00f4ng hoa n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau, c\u00f9ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1, c\u00f9ng m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1ee5y hoa l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau.","36. NH\u1ec6N S\u0102N M\u1ed2I B\u1eb0NG C\u00c1CH GI\u1ea2 M\u1ea0O M\u00d9I H\u01af\u01a0NG \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f9i h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc hoa\u201d gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 ho\u00f3c m\u00f4n gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con s\u00e2u b\u01b0\u1edbm c\u00e1i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, nh\u1ec7n bolas \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng con s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ef1c \u0111ang \u0111i t\u00ecm b\u1ea1n t\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00eam r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u00e0 khi c\u1ea7n d\u1ee5 d\u1ed7 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i s\u00e2u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u0111\u00eam, nh\u1ec7n bolas s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc hoa\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Lo\u00e0i nh\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1eaft m\u1ed3i theo c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u00f3 treo m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i t\u01a1 duy nh\u1ea5t m\u1eafc ngang qua m\u1ed9t khe tr\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng treo l\u1ee7ng l\u1eb3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i t\u01a1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt ch\u1ea5t d\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00e0m v\u0169 kh\u00ed s\u0103n m\u1ed3i. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3, con nh\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m ho\u00f3c m\u00f4n gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u00e2u b\u01b0\u1edbm c\u00e1i. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ch\u00e0ng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ef1c t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn ngay. V\u00e0 nh\u1ec7n ta li\u1ec1n qu\u0103ng chi\u1ebfc th\u00f2ng l\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng t\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea7u kia s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1eefa \u0103n. Ng\u00f3n \u0111\u00f2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1ec7n tuy r\u1ea5t x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i s\u00e2u b\u01b0\u1edbm t\u1ea1o ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ho\u00f3c m\u00f4n gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, n\u00ean nh\u1ec7n bolas ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc hoa\u201d gi\u1ea3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed3i nh\u1ea5t. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu trong h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ho\u00f3c m\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, con s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ef1c s\u1ebd b\u1ecf \u0111i v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u1ec7n bolas ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a \u201cn\u01b0\u1edbc hoa\u201d v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kenneth Haynes c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Kentucky v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ean nh\u1ec7n bolas ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 (Mastophora hutchinsoni). H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch b\u1eaft hai lo\u00e0i s\u00e2u b\u01b0\u1edbm l\u00e0 tetanolita (Tetanolita mynesalis) v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00eam l\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng (Lacinipolia renigera). Hai lo\u1ea1i s\u00e2u b\u01b0\u1edbm n\u00e0y bay v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u0111\u00eam, v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00eam l\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 22 gi\u1edd 30 ph\u00fat, c\u00f2n tetanolita ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 23 gi\u1edd. Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 sinh h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u00e2u b\u01b0\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u0103n c\u1ea3 hai lo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1ec7n bolas c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft m\u1ed3i su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ho\u00f3c m\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ngay \u201c\u0111\u1ed3 ngh\u1ec1\u201d chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng cho lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3.","H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 sinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc Thomas Eisner c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cornell, Ithaca, New York (M\u1ef9) cho bi\u1ebft: \u201cKh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i s\u00e2u kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong \u0111\u00eam qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean\u201d. 37. C\u00c1 HEO D\u1ee4 D\u1ed6 B\u1ea0N G\u00c1I B\u1eb0NG GI\u1eccNG H\u00c1T TR\u1ea6M C\u00e1 heo Ph\u1ea7n Lan v\u00e0 c\u00e1 heo xanh h\u00e1t l\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea1c tr\u1ea7m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb con \u0111\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 con c\u00e1i. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi bao l\u00e2u nay: V\u00ec sao c\u00e1 heo h\u00e1t. Nh\u1edd l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu thanh c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea1y, nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc Donald Croll, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California \u1edf Santa Cruz \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 heo d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng. H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0n c\u00e1 heo Ph\u1ea7n Lan v\u00e0 c\u00e1 heo xanh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u1ef1c h\u00e1t. V\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng tr\u1ea7m, lan xa h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m kilomet, ch\u00fang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i \u1edf trong ph\u1ea1m vi xa nh\u1ea5t. Ti\u1ebfng h\u00e1t t\u00ecnh \u00e1i n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi hai lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 heo n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb. \u0110\u00f4i khi trong ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c lilomet ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con duy nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i giao ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e1 heo kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 heo Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n sonar \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y bi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn h\u1ea1m qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 voi \u0111\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5u, kh\u00f4ng lan xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i giao ph\u1ed1i","c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 heo v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi g\u1ea7n m\u1edbi nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u1ef1c. 38. D\u01a0I H\u00daT M\u00c1U \u2013 HUY\u1ec0N THO\u1ea0I V\u00c0 S\u1ef0 TH\u1eacT Huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u01a1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con qu\u00e1i v\u1eadt h\u00fat m\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, d\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i song ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba lo\u00e0i \u1edf Nam v\u00e0 Trung M\u1ef9. D\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u01a1i l\u1edbn Phyllostomidae. Ph\u00e2n lo\u00e0i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Desmodus rotundus (hai ph\u00e2n lo\u00e0i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Diaemus youngi v\u00e0 Diphylla ecaudata), c\u00f3 s\u1ea3i c\u00e1nh r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 20 cm v\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f3n tay c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con d\u01a1i nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu b\u1eefa \u0103n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: ch\u00fang h\u00fat m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con chim l\u1edbn, b\u00f2, ng\u1ef1a v\u00e0 l\u1ee3n. Hai ph\u00e2n lo\u00e0i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu h\u00fat m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i chim. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat m\u00e1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t cho ch\u00fang. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc r\u0103ng nh\u1ecdn, d\u01a1i t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft c\u1eafn c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf tr\u00ean da c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111ang ng\u1ee7. N\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t gi\u00fap m\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3, d\u01a1i li\u1ebfm m\u00e1u r\u1ec9 ra t\u1eeb v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t n\u1eefa trong n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt l\u00e0m t\u00ea da tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea5c, n\u00ean d\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5m nh\u00e1p m\u00e1u t\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1edbi... 30 ph\u00fat. D\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u t\u00ecm con m\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb con m\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng qua ti\u1ebfng vang (ph\u00e1t ra \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng d\u1ed9i), m\u00f9i v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh. Ch\u00fang bay c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1eebng 1 m r\u1ed3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf m\u0169i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u g\u1ea7n da c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u1ebfm m\u00e1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn song d\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng c\u1eafn ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i d\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, d\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u \u0103n \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i b\u1ed9, ch\u1ea1y v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y. Ch\u00e2n sau c\u1ef1c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f3n c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap ch\u00fang c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh sau khi li\u1ebfm m\u00e1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu d\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0103n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00eam? N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u00e1u trong hai \u0111\u00eam li\u1ec1n, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u may m\u1eafn l\u00e0 d\u01a1i c\u00e1i r\u1ea5t \u201ch\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng\u201d. Nh\u1eefng con d\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng no n\u00ea th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ef1a ra m\u00e1u cho nh\u1eefng con d\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3i. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, d\u01a1i \u0111\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i... ch\u1ea3i l\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang (!). Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","nu\u00f4i nh\u1ed1t, d\u01a1i c\u00e1i r\u1ea5t th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eeba sinh con. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p m\u00e1u cho d\u01a1i m\u1eb9 trong kho\u1ea3ng hai tu\u1ea7n sau khi sinh. Tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a d\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u trong nu\u00f4i nh\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 20 n\u0103m. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa duy nh\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u00e1u, ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb7ng 15-50g. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u00edt r\u0103ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i d\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. D\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u c\u00f3 th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c tinh t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2 c\u00e1ch xa 130m. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ebft c\u1eafn c\u1ee7a d\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i song ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh d\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang trong th\u00e1ng 3 v\u1eeba qua, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 13 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed vong t\u1ea1i Brazil do b\u1ecb d\u01a1i mang b\u1ec7nh d\u1ea1i c\u1eafn. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kho\u1ea3ng 300 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a d\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ng\u0103n m\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c. Do v\u1eady, n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111au tim v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ef5. D\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt lo\u00e0i d\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i. \u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ef9 La tinh, d\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac n\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00fang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u con d\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u00edch \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft do m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 d\u01a1i h\u00fat m\u00e1u.","PH\u1ea6N 4: TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI C\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ea0I K\u1ef2 B\u00cd 1. T\u00ccM KI\u1ebeM D\u1ea4U V\u1ebeT C\u1ed4 \u0110\u1ea0I T\u1eea V\u0168 TR\u1ee4 Hi\u1ec7n nay, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh ch\u1ee5p Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ng\u1eafn r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c t\u00e0n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao. N\u0103m 1993, sau ba n\u0103m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3i c\u00e1t n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a sa m\u1ea1c Gobi (M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5), nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Michel Novachec c\u00f9ng nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc (M\u1ef9) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m tay v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba danh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 t\u00ean Ukha Tolgod, n\u01a1i l\u01b0u gi\u1eef v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i chim c\u1ef1c hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 t\u00ean Mononykus, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa thu\u1ed9c K\u1ef7 Mesosoid. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, h\u00e0ng n\u0103m nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng sa m\u1ea1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch m\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c khai qu\u1eadt tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t sa m\u1ea1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, gian kh\u1ed5 do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i n\u00f3ng gay g\u1eaft, n\u1eafng v\u00e0 gi\u00f3 kinh kh\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu sa m\u1ea1c. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 80 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, t\u1ee9c v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 15 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. Qua t\u00e0n t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: T\u1ea1i sa m\u1ea1c Gobi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7m c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng cho nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long, th\u1eb1n l\u1eb1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c Ukha Tolgod, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng 4 km2 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean sa m\u1ea1c Gobi. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9a tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0","c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf: Lo\u00e0i kh\u1ee7ng long c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u1edf lo\u00e0i chim hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e1c nh\u00e1nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1edbi, t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean sa m\u1ea1c Gobi m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb v\u1ec7 tinh Landsat. Tr\u00ean v\u1ec7 tinh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 70 b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee5p c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea1y v\u00e0 r\u00f5. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee5p nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi tia n\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3i tr\u00ean sa m\u1ea1c to\u00e0n c\u00e1t, do x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng cho bi\u1ebft: Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3, \u1edf sa m\u1ea1c Gobi. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp \u0111\u00e1 k\u1ebft v\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt sinh s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh do v\u1ec7 tinh ch\u1ee5p t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. 2. PH\u00c1T HI\u1ec6N B\u00c3I \u0110\u00c1 NH\u1ea0C C\u1ed4 T\u1ea0I \u1ea4N \u0110\u1ed8 C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u1eeba t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t d\u00e3y \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i Kupgal \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u00f3c l\u1ed3i l\u00f5m b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, khi g\u00f5 v\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh vang xa nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng c\u1ed3ng. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t d\u1ea5u sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1892, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khu v\u1ef1c sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7. \u0110\u1ed3i Kupgal bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1eafc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n ho\u1eb7c m\u1edbi (v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ebft n\u1ee9t nh\u1ecf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 ph\u00e1t nh\u1ea1c\u201d. Khi g\u00f5 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 granite nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u00e1 ph\u00e1t ra nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh vang s\u00e2u nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng c\u1ed3ng. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, d\u00e0n nh\u1ea1c g\u00f5 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i nghi l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 Kupgal.","Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f2n kh\u1eafc nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd gia s\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh gi\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m cung, t\u00ean, x\u00edch... T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh kh\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o, chuy\u00ean \u0111i ch\u0103n gia s\u00fac ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n tr\u1ed9m ch\u00fang. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u201cCh\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1edbi\u201d, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Nicole Boivin t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cambridge c\u1ee7a Anh, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. 3. PH\u00c1T HI\u1ec6N M\u1ed8 NG\u01af\u1edcI H\u1ea6U C\u1ee6A VUA AI C\u1eacP M\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb c\u1ee7a vua Aha, v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Abydos. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i theo ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 vua \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia. Qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1i Abydos bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao quanh b\u1edfi 6 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 con c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 vua, sau khi t\u1eeb gi\u00e3 c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u1eb1m c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a vua Aha 1,5 km. Ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900. Sau khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00f4n theo vua Aha. \u201c\u0110\u00e8n\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n David O\u2019Conner nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Aha li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ho\u00e0ng gia. \u201cH\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m trong, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia sau n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i Abydos\u201d, O\u2019Conner n\u00f3i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, bao g\u1ed3m 3 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 con. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a di h\u00e0i m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a 10 con l\u1eeba. Ch\u00fang nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vua \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia\u201d, Zahi Hawwas n\u00f3i.","4. B\u00cd M\u1eacT C\u1ee6A NH\u1eeeNG NG\u00d4I M\u1ed8 3.500 N\u0102M \u1ede M\u00c1N B\u1ea0C T\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 M\u00e1n B\u1ea1c, Ninh B\u00ecnh (Vi\u1ec7t Nam), c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 v\u1eeba t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 10 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9, v\u1edbi h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t \u0111a ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, c\u00f3 tu\u1ed5i kho\u1ea3ng 3.500 n\u0103m. \u0110\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u1eefu \u00edch, b\u1edfi nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1edbi nay t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. \u00d4ng H\u00e0 V\u0103n Ph\u00f9ng, Ph\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5, cho bi\u1ebft: Hai m\u1eabu x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi sang Australia v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch C14 t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n M\u00e1n B\u1ea1c thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 3.500 n\u0103m, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean \u2013 Hoa L\u1ed9c v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu \u2013 \u0110an N\u00ea. Trong 55 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ph\u00f9ng Nguy\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 di c\u1ed1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n. T\u1ea1i 12 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u1eadu, ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y hai \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 di c\u1ed1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ee7n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i di ch\u1ec9 M\u00e1n B\u1ea1c l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u201cmay m\u1eafn\u201d. Theo ch\u1ecb Th\u1ee7y, c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 C\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd. B\u1edfi, tuy Vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 S\u01a1 s\u1eed v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a Ti\u1ec1n \u0110\u00f4ng S\u01a1n. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc s\u1ecd c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u, \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i... s\u1ebd thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. Ngo\u00e0i ra, nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f9y t\u00e1ng ch\u00f4n theo nh\u01b0 n\u1ed3i g\u1ed1m, v\u00f2ng trang s\u1ee9c. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng \u1ed1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t v\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc khuy \u00e1o m\u1ecfng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee5c l\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t m\u1ecbn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0111ang t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng trang s\u1ee9c tr\u00ean v\u00ec t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt ch\u00f4n b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i trong ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9. 5. B\u00cd \u1ea8N C\u1ee6A C\u00d4NG NGH\u1ec6 \u01af\u1edaP X\u00c1C AI C\u1eacP Trong th\u00f9ng r\u00e1c \u1edf trung t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Ai C\u1eadp, \u00f4ng Bovis, du kh\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 con v\u1eadt nh\u1ecf. \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con n\u00e0o b\u1ecb th\u1ed1i r\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4 l\u1ea1i","nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp... \u00d4ng Bovis \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i th\u0103m kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Cheops m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y. Gi\u1eef tr\u01b0a, \u00f4ng ngh\u1ec9 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng n\u1eb1m t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u 1\/3 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1y l\u00ean. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c \u201cx\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp\u201d \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t. \u00d4ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1c Pharaoh, hay ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1i x\u00e1c lu\u00f4n \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp?. Bovis b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu v\u1eadt c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p th\u1eadt. B\u00ean trong m\u1eabu v\u1eadt, 1\/3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1y l\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t con m\u00e8o ch\u1ebft. Ng\u00e0y qua ng\u00e0y, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4 l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, \u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc nhanh. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt tr\u00ean b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a Bovis \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Karel Arbal, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 radio \u1edf Prague (C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a Czech). \u00d4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Bovis v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: C\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00ean trong kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc di\u1ec5n ra b\u00ean trong kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u d\u00e1ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra nhanh h\u01a1n hay ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n. * T\u1eeb c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea1i \u00d4ng Arbal ch\u1ee3t nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00ea t\u00edn tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia: Dao c\u1ea1o r\u00e2u s\u1eafc b\u00e9n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh tr\u0103ng s\u1ebd c\u00f9n \u0111i. \u00d4ng li\u1ec1n th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao c\u1ea1o v\u00e0o trong m\u1eabu v\u1eadt kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u1ea1. \u00d4ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1ea5y ra dao c\u1ea1o r\u00e2u cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f9n l\u01b0\u1ee1i, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o trong kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3. Sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao c\u00f9n l\u1ea1i s\u1eafc b\u00e9n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. H\u1ecd cho tr\u1ee9ng, th\u1ecbt, chu\u1ed9t ch\u1ebft... v\u00e0o trong m\u1eabu v\u1eadt kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i h\u1ed9p b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1eabu v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 trong kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n ch\u00fang t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, trong khi nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u1edf trong h\u1ed9p b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed1c m\u00f9i h\u00f4i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf \u0111i. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 mai t\u00e1ng c\u00e1c b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ebf v\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c Pharaoh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p b\u00ean b\u1edd T\u00e2y s\u00f4ng Nile v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 3.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.","6. B\u00cd \u1ea8N V\u1ec0 NH\u1eeeNG NG\u1eccN \u0110\u00c8N V\u0128NH C\u1eecU \u0110\u00e8n ch\u00e1y h\u1ebft b\u1ea5c v\u00e0 h\u1ebft d\u1ea7u th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1eaft, v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n r\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng qua h\u00e0ng thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 \u201cd\u1ea7u\u201d l\u1eabn b\u1ea5c c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00e1y trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u00f4xy. Nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang Hy L\u1ea1p Lucian (120-180) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch chu du kh\u1eafp thi\u00ean h\u1ea1. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, khi \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn Syrie v\u00e0 th\u0103m th\u00fa khu v\u1ef1c Heirapolis, \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n. Tr\u00ean tr\u00e1n pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean ng\u1ecdc s\u00e1ng r\u1ef1c, soi r\u00f5 c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0o ban \u0111\u00eam. Tr\u00ean b\u00e0n tay ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu. Theo l\u1eddi k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec \u201ckh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u1ea5y ch\u00e1y t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd t\u1eaft\u201d. Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Numa Pompilius (La M\u00e3) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 c\u1ee9 ch\u00e1y m\u00e3i. D\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf Tanzania, ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 3,8 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, tri\u1ebft gia La M\u00e3 Pliny \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng: Ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i b\u1ea5c c\u0169ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u1eddi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay b\u1ed5 sung nh\u01b0 sau: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 tinh khi\u1ebft (kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t), c\u00f2n b\u1ea5c c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb amiante. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00e2m d\u1ea7u, thay b\u1ea5c. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Pausanius \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Atlicus. S\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Minerve Polius \u1edf Athen (Hy L\u1ea1p), do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Callimadub s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadt n\u00e0y: \u201c... M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i hoa, bi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu. \u00d4ng ta c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y ch\u00e1y m\u00e3i\u201d. \u0110\u1ec1n th\u1edd th\u1ea7n Apollon Carneus v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n Aberdain \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n th\u1edd, \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu. * Ch\u00e1y trong c\u1ea3 gi\u00f3 m\u01b0a","Saint Augustin (354-430) \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu trong ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Isis (Ai C\u1eadp). \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e1i che, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p gi\u00f3 m\u01b0a. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u1edf Edessa (Syrie) \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e1y su\u1ed1t 500 n\u0103m trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t. N\u0103m 1300, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u201cd\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi r\u00f5 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o, khi nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Marcus Grecus vi\u1ebft trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Liber Ignum (S\u00e1ch l\u1eeda) r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ea7u m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ed9t m\u1ecbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u201ccon s\u00e2u ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ng\u201d, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i s\u00e2u g\u00ec th\u00ec Marcus kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u00ed \u1ea9n m\u00e3i m\u00e3i b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i. Marcuss ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cta \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t s\u1ee3i b\u1ea5c. N\u00f3 d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1nh tay ta. R\u1ea5t l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, ta quay l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn th\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai thay b\u1ea5c m\u1edbi hay tr\u00fat th\u00eam b\u1ed9t\u201d. N\u0103m 1402, trong m\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n Pallas (con trai vua Evandra \u2013 La M\u00e3), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2.600 n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft n\u00f3, theo c\u00e1c b\u1eadc cao ni\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c tr\u00fat ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cd\u1ea7u\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u0103m 1450, m\u1ed9t n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf Padoue (Italy), trong l\u00fac c\u00e0y ru\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai b\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf b\u1eb1ng kim lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c. Trong hai h\u0169 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eddn k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1, n\u1eeda nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u, n\u1eeda nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt ong. B\u00ean trong c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nung kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ef1ng trong m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu v\u1eabn \u0111ang ch\u00e1y. B\u1ecb ch\u00f4n d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t (kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd) m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ch\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00edt \u00f4xy nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3. N\u0103m 1610, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ludovicius Vives kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu (ch\u00e1y qua 1.500 n\u0103m) v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1m th\u1ee3 g\u1ed1m \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1. Nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Cambden (Anh) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1586 c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Constantius Chlorus, cha c\u1ee7a Costantin \u0110\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ebf. Chlorus qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 306 \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eb7t trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Vua Henri VIII v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1539 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 tu vi\u1ec7n \u1edf Anh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafp l\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1eaft, tr\u1eeb khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1. \u1ede T\u00e2y Ban Nha, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i Cordone v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1846. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3i tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n k\u1ef3 b\u00ed n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang Hy L\u1ea1p, Ai C\u1eadp hay La M\u00e3. Linh m\u1ee5c Evariste \u2013 Regis Huc (1813-1860) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u00edch du ngo\u1ea1n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n b\u1ea5t t\u1eed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u1edf T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1853.","Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8n b\u00ed \u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u00edt \u1ecfi \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 t\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, \u201cv\u1eady b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p khi m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9u, xe n\u00e2ng hay xe t\u1ea3i ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n?\u201d. Nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Brand (Hambourg - \u0110\u1ee9c) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1669 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh: Nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu n\u00e0y ch\u00e1y l\u00e2u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u1edd ph\u1ed1t pho. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ch\u00e1y l\u00e2u l\u00e0 do kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u1eaft. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec l\u1ebd n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00fat ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng? H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u1eeda ch\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u00f4xy l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quay v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n kh\u00e1c: K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp. Tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e8n d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111u\u1ed1c. Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1eb7n b\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t nh\u1eddn. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u trong n\u00fai \u0111\u1ebfn 100 m th\u00ec c\u00e1c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng g\u00ec? Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n hay ng\u1ecdn \u0111u\u1ed1c n\u00e0o. V\u1eady ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi? Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i \u201cg\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d th\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 40% \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c m\u00e9t, b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i bao ph\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c sinh V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5: t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n Hator \u1edf Denderah (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 4.200 n\u0103m) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gian ph\u00f2ng n\u1eb1m r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c v\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u201c\u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u00e0y nay!\u201d. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng b\u00ed \u1ea9n. Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Erich Von Daniken (\u0110\u1ee9c) \u0111ang c\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e8n to t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c, v\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n. V\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng g\u00ec? Gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho b\u00ed \u1ea9n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu.","7. B\u00cd M\u1eacT XUNG QUANH NH\u1eeeNG D\u1ea4U CH\u00c2N K\u1ef2 QU\u1eb6C C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 nghe v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Australopith\u00e9que s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 4 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u cao trung b\u00ecnh t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 1,5 m, v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb 20 \u0111\u1ebfn 50 kg. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y... v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 lai l\u1ecbch n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1ea1i cao nguy\u00ean Laetoli (Tanzania), c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t in r\u00f5 tr\u00ean b\u00f9n h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 3,8 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t em b\u00e9, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn. Tro n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 b\u00f9n kh\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00fang t\u00fang khi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m r\u00f5 lai l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u201cgi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eebng l\u00fang t\u00fang khi g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 \u1edf Glenn Rose (Texas, M\u1ef9). Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ebft ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao \u0111\u1ebfn 4 m (theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u cao c\u01a1 th\u1ec3). \u0110i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 qu\u1eb7c nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng long. N\u0103m 1908, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra hai lo\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 120-130 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng long b\u1ecb tro c\u1ee7a n\u00fai l\u1eeda v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m th\u1ef1c qua th\u1eddi gian \u201cg\u1ecdt\u201d b\u1edbt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, t\u00ecnh c\u1edd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1ebft ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f9a, y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n b\u00ed \u1ea9n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf Anh. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 tr\u00f2 l\u1eeba b\u1ecbp tr\u1ebb con n\u00e0y, th\u00e0nh th\u1eed, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Arizpna v\u00e0 Tuba (M\u1ef9) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986 v\u00e0 1997. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u to nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n kh\u1ee7ng long. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n truy nguy\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u0103n M\u1ef9 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m American Antiques \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft: G\u1ea7n con s\u00f4ng Tennessee, c\u00e1ch Braystown, B\u1eafc Caroline (M\u1ef9), v\u00e0i kilom\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nam, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u201cm\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1\u201d. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u1ec9 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 v\u0103n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 1965, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp b\u00f9n kh\u00f4, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u1ef1a, g\u1ea5u, g\u00e0 v\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u201cm\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 6 ng\u00f3n\u201d. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 th\u1eddi \u1ea5y. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lai l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a","ng\u01b0\u1eddi 6 ng\u00f3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u01b0a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n s\u1eed h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed M\u1ef9, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 122 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y. N\u0103m 1882, trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed5 sai, nh\u1eefng t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n \u1edf Carson, Nevada (M\u1ef9), \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o x\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp sa th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a voi ma m\u00fat. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 l\u1eabn trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 (theo t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i cao t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 3,8 m). Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u0103n voi th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed? Nh\u01b0ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 c\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady! Ng\u00e0y 27\/8\/1882, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi l\u00ean Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Khoa h\u1ecdc California. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n tr\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u \u201cd\u00e9p x\u0103ng \u0111an th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5\u201d. N\u0103m 1885, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed3i Big \u1edf Cumberland, Kentucky (M\u1ef9), m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n b\u00ed \u1ea9n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. Hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ecf than Jackson. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1eddi \u1ea5y cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ebft ch\u00e2n g\u1ea5u, ng\u1ef1a (m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i ng\u1ef1a c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u phi l\u00fd l\u00e0 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c 300 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m! Nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 5 ng\u00f3n, v\u00e0 ng\u00f3n c\u00e1i cho\u00e3i ra r\u1ea5t r\u00f5. N\u0103m 1886, Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc Ohio tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 in r\u00f5 2 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf Parkesbourg, Virgina (M\u1ef9), v\u1edbi ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 150 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. \u0110\u00fang l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u00ecnh c\u1edd sang M\u1ef9 du l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 17 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0o h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. N\u0103m 1930, d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 William Burrough, tr\u01b0\u1edfng khoa \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Borea. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra 10 d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed9ng 15 cm, d\u00e0i 24 cm trong m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp sa th\u1ea1ch \u1edf Rochcastle. N\u0103m 1998, ng\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, v\u00ec e r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f9a c\u1ee3t. Tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ee5p \u1ea3nh vi b\u1ea3n cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ebft ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 250 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1eedng s\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 kho\u00e1ng v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 William J. Meister. N\u0103m 1968, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf Antelope Spring, Utah (M\u1ef9), nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i 500 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m... \u0110i d\u1ea1o tr\u00ean sa m\u1ea1c Western","N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m. Anh James Snyder (M\u1ef9) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n to t\u1ea1i r\u1eebng qu\u1ed1c gia Cleveland. James \u0111ang \u0111i t\u00ecm v\u00e0ng th\u00ec v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh gi\u1eabm l\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 hoa c\u01b0\u01a1ng. Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean, James ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n to m\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eebng xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. S\u00e1u th\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e3 qua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. 8. B\u00cd \u1ea8N C\u1ee6A NH\u1eeeNG T\u01af\u1ee2NG \u0110\u00c1 TR\u00caN \u0110\u1ea2O PH\u1ee4C SINH Tr\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf \u1edf nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 cao t\u1eeb 7-10 m (m\u1ed7i b\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng g\u1ea7n 90 t\u1ea5n) v\u1eabn ngo\u1ea3nh m\u1eb7t ra bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee3i ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 trong su\u1ed1t m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m qua. \u0110\u1ebfn nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00fang v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c sinh n\u0103m 1772, m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m H\u00e0 Lan do \u0111\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n Iacopu Rosivan d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o r\u1ed9ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y 18 km, d\u00e0i 24 km n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kinh ng\u1ea1c khi th\u1ea5y v\u00f2ng quanh \u0111\u1ea3o c\u00f3 tr\u00ean 600 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, to nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau, s\u1eafp th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1. C\u00f3 b\u1ee9c cao t\u1edbi tr\u00ean 30 m v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0i tr\u0103m t\u1ea5n. C\u00e1c b\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u vu\u00f4ng v\u1ee9c, cao tr\u00ean 4 m. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 100 b\u1ec7, m\u1ed7i b\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb 4-6 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf c\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t d\u00e0i, hai m\u1eaft l\u00f5m s\u00e2u, l\u00f4ng m\u00e0y r\u1eadm r\u1ecbt, mi\u1ec7ng nh\u00f4, tai d\u00e0i, s\u1ed1ng m\u0169i cao g\u1ed3. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i tay d\u00e0i, nh\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ee5ng, m\u1eb7t h\u01b0\u1edbng ra bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 tr\u00f4ng ng\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Rosiven c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean 300 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c dang d\u1edf \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u0111\u1ea3o. Pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cao t\u1edbi 22 m, n\u1eb7ng kho\u1ea3ng 400 t\u1ea5n. Quanh c\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1 g\u1ecdt r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c c\u00f9ng 40 h\u1ed1 s\u00e2u gi\u1ed1ng nhau ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u1eafp v\u00f9ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng sao l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i n\u1ed5i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y. Sau n\u00e0y, nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o, Rosiven \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh. B\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh \u0111\u00e3 cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c trong su\u1ed1t ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng gia Anh cho r\u1eb1ng, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 Polynesia \u1edf Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00f9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1926, chuy\u00ean gia nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc M\u1ef9, Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Yanmus Quisiwa, cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201c\u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm MV\u201d. Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng MV","l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. 50.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00ean t\u1edbi 64 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 cao. MV l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. Do nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1y b\u1ec3 k\u00e9o theo to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 sinh linh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c\u201d ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Polynesia, thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Theo Quisiwa, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Polynesia (trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh), ph\u00eda t\u00e2y ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p Philippines, ph\u00eda b\u1eafc gi\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea3o Hawai. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c MV t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Nam M\u1ef9. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ngh\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt v\u00e0 ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i. V\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n x\u1ee9 MV \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1eb7t kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c. Ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh, m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u1ecf nhoi \u1edf v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba, \u0111\u00e3 may m\u1eafn c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i v\u00e0i tr\u0103m c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Saqqara Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n. V\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ch\u1ec9 huy... r\u1ea5t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u1edbn, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 trong c\u00e1c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p. Khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh, gi\u1edbi kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc Tua Haiati (M\u1ef9). \u00d4ng d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p carbon ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1ng than c\u1ee7i c\u00f2n s\u00f3t l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o 4.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 6.000 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00e1 k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan n\u00e0o v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Polynesia. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u201c\u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1eeb tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi 1.000 n\u0103m nay\u201d, n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ean 6.000 n\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. V\u1eady n\u00ean, nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh\u201d. Nh\u00f3m khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c l\u00fd l\u1ebd sau: - C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u con \u1ebfch, mi\u1ec7ng \u1ebfch b\u1eb9t nh\u00f4 ra ngo\u00e0i, m\u1eb7t tr\u00f2n nh\u00ecn l\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n dung c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh. Trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh tinh r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng","n\u00e0y. - Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed 6.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y sinh s\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef3 v\u0129 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng si\u00eau n\u1eb7ng, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c tinh vi... - Theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eebng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi bay t\u1eeb tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea3o. T\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bay n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ebfch xanh\u201d xem l\u1eabn trong 1.000 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u00f3m khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c sau: Kho\u1ea3ng 6.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh tinh l\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng phi thuy\u1ec1n bay \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01a1i h\u1ea1 c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u chuy\u1ebfn th\u0103m n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t cao. B\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 c\u00e1c pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 6.000 n\u0103m tr\u00f4i qua, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n quay l\u1ea1i? B\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a 1.000 pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o Ph\u1ee5c Sinh \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i. 9. T\u00ccM KI\u1ebeM \u0110\u1ed8I QU\u00c2N BA T\u01af C\u1ed4 TR\u00caN SA M\u1ea0C AI C\u1eacP Du kh\u00e1ch b\u0103ng qua sa m\u1ea1c Ai C\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t b\u00ed \u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7: \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n 50.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ba T\u01b0 Cambyses. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0a kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm d\u1ea5u t\u00edch c\u1ed5 n\u00e0y mang t\u00ean Cambyses, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ty l\u1eef h\u00e0nh Aqua Sun Desert. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m s\u1ebd \u201cc\u00e0o\u201d c\u00e1t sa m\u1ea1c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe 4 b\u00e1nh ch\u1edf nh\u1eefng du kh\u00e1ch h\u0103m h\u1edf, s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn b\u00e3o sa m\u1ea1c nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 524 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, theo l\u1eddi mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i Herodotus. K\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1eeb 10 \u0111\u1ebfn 22 ng\u00e0y, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m sa m\u1ea1c s\u1ebd tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9","tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong Sa m\u1ea1c Western, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng sa m\u1ea1c \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng xa \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o Siwa g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Libya, n\u01a1i 4 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh kim lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u201cD\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 Du l\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn sau khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 di s\u1ea3n. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong chuy\u1ebfn \u0111i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch\u201d, Hisham Nessim, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng ty Aqua Sun Desert, cho bi\u1ebft. Khi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 li\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0i nghi: \u201cV\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c tranh n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00ean r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng di v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n m\u1ea5t t\u00edch hay kh\u00f4ng\u201d. Theo s\u1eed gia Herodotus, sau khi Ba T\u01b0 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 525 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, Cambyses \u2013 con trai c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Ba T\u01b0 Cyrus \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebf - \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi 50.000 binh l\u00ednh t\u1eeb Thebes \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o Siwa v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Amun, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Qua 7 ng\u00e0y \u0111i b\u1ed9 tr\u00ean sa m\u1ea1c, \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi El-Khargeh, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u0111i theo l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh b\u0103ng qua \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o Dakhla v\u00e0 \u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea3o Farafra \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi Siwa. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n r\u1eddi El-Khargeh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i h\u1ecd n\u1eefa. \u201cKhi h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u0103n tr\u01b0a, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n gi\u00f3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb ph\u00eda nam, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, mang theo m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t c\u00e1t xo\u1eafn kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ed5 \u1eadp xu\u1ed1ng che ph\u1ee7 k\u00edn \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t\u201d, Herodotus vi\u1ebft. C\u01a1n b\u00e3o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb khamsin \u2013 lo\u1ea1i gi\u00f3 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n n\u00f3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh th\u1ed5i t\u1eeb sa m\u1ea1c Sahara. Nessim s\u1ebd c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u00e1m hi\u1ec3m Cambyses trong v\u00f2ng 5 n\u0103m n\u1eefa. 10. GI\u1ea2 THUY\u1ebeT M\u1edaI V\u1ec0 NGU\u1ed2N G\u1ed0C KIM T\u1ef0 TH\u00c1P C\u00e1c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u1eddng bao l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf. B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 che khu\u1ea5t g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed9, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u1ee5 m\u1edbi cho n\u00f3 nh\u00f4 l\u00ean cao, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng b\u1eadc thang \u2013 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh ng\u00e0y nay.","Guenter Dreyer, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Vi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ee9c \u1edf Cairo \u2013 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nghi th\u1ee9c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t ho\u00e0ng gia Ai C\u1eadp, \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u00d4ng cho bi\u1ebft c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp (kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Saqqara \u1edf ph\u00eda nam Cairo, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho Pharaoh Djoser v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 2650 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y. Saqqara, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p b\u1eadc thang do h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00f2 ph\u1eb3ng cao 8 m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y b\u00ean tr\u00ean ph\u00f2ng l\u01b0u x\u00e1c pharaoh. S\u1edbm h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00e0 l\u0103ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Khasekhemwy, t\u1ea1i ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e0ng gia c\u1ed5 \u1edf Abydos, mi\u1ec1n nam Ai C\u1eadp. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1eb3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, bao \u00f4m l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 ng\u1ea7m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n d\u00e0y g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda, cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang t\u1eebng ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng l\u1edbn \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00ean. T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Khasekhemwy c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng bao c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 r\u1ed7ng, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd T\u00e2y thung l\u0169ng s\u00f4ng Nile trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf Abydos, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng bao n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m xa m\u1ed9 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Saqqara. \u201cGi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0... hai th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 (g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Djoser h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t trong kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Saqqara v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra. G\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng bao l\u1edbn xung quanh - khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y\u201d. \u201cTh\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, b\u1edfi theo t\u00f4i, g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c sinh c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d, Dreyer n\u00f3i. G\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb che m\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf \u01b0\u1edbc mong \u0111\u00f3? C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p Saqqara \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1eb3ng, nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1eb1m b\u00ean tr\u00ean g\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eafp th\u00eam c\u00e1c \u1ee5 m\u1edbi. V\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1eadc thang gi\u1eadt c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y, kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Saqqara \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng trung gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1eb3ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 mastaba c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 s\u1edbm) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 Giza, n\u1eb1m \u1edf ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Cairo hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. * T\u00ecm th\u1ea5y 19 x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp","C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Ph\u00e1p v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra 19 x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng quan t\u00e0i c\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 g\u1ed7 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ea7m m\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c th\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf Saqqara, ph\u00eda nam th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 Cairo. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ea9u v\u1ea3i v\u1ee5n. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1eeb Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i mu\u1ed9n (Late Dynastic), kho\u1ea3ng 1.000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 Ptolomaic (323-30 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean). M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3 khi \u0111ang th\u0103m d\u00f2 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m s\u00e2u trong Saqquara \u2013 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba 5.000 tu\u1ed5i n\u1eb1m b\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng Nile. 12 trong s\u1ed1 19 x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m c\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u1edf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n.","11. \u0110\u1edcI S\u1ed0NG C\u00d4NG NH\u00c2N X\u00c2Y KIM T\u1ef0 TH\u00c1P T\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua, kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Ai C\u1eadp ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c pharaoh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i, n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft v\u00e0 m\u00e1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u1ea5y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ai C\u1eadp, tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, m\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, qua nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1eeb l\u00e2u, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Ai C\u1eadp, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 h\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c pharaoh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ra ch\u00fang: H\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o? H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p? \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o s\u1ed1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1888, qua cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh Flinders Petrie t\u1ea1i ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Senwosert II \u1edf Ilanhun. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1eddng bao quanh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafp n\u1ec1n cao, t\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng g\u1ea1ch b\u00f9n, b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea5y papyrus, \u0111\u1ed3 g\u1ed1m, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ebb con, c\u00f9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m khai qu\u1eadt kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh th\u00ec gi\u1edd cho vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp h\u1ecdc Mark Lehner v\u00e0 Zahi Hawass quanh khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ea1i Kim T\u1ef1 Th\u00e1p (Great Pyramid) m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.","Theo nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p Herodotus, \u0110\u1ea1i Kim T\u1ef1 Th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi 100.000 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ba th\u00e1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m th\u1ee3 m\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Herodotuss. Vua Khufu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb Ai C\u1eadp \u1edf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u2013 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i Kim T\u1ef1 Th\u00e1p \u2013 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong tay \u00f4ng. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng 100.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. M\u1ed7i nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1i Kim T\u1ef1 Th\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi g\u1ea7n 4.000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 cao, nh\u01b0 th\u1ee3 khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, th\u1ee3 n\u1ec1, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng 16.000 \u2013 20.000 th\u1ee3 ph\u1ee5, ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ed1c, tr\u1ed9n v\u1eefa, cung \u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u... Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0110\u1ea1i Kim T\u1ef1 Th\u00e1p l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 20.000 \u2013 25.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m trong 20 n\u0103m hay l\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh s\u1ed1 th\u1ee3 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 2 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng 5.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 con c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m lo chu \u0111\u00e1o. V\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi 20.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee3t ba hay b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng, s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1i \u00edt quy c\u1ee7 h\u01a1n d\u1ecdc theo l\u00e0ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u201cgiang s\u01a1n\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft. Ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 x\u00e2y kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Nazletes \u2013 Samman hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a trang \u1edf d\u1ed1c thoai tho\u1ea3i, n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, tr\u1ebb con c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i l\u00e0ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p. M\u1ed3 m\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p b\u1eadc thang, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9 v\u00f2m, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n \u201cm\u01b0\u1ee3n\u201d t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p ch\u00ednh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n d\u1ed1c ngh\u0129a trang l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung \u1ee9ng v\u1eadt t\u01b0. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecdn tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a trang lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u1edf Giza. Trong s\u1ed1 600 b\u1ed9 h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u1edf ngh\u0129a trang kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n 50% l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, s\u1ed1 tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh c\u0169ng chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 23% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho ph\u00e9p k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 con ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00f3ng m\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c","pharaon. T\u01b0\u1ee3ng vua Ramses II \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp \u1ede c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n kh\u1eafc mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p. Ch\u00fang cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n. T\u1ea1i khu kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Giza, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf 1.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, 200 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u00f3m 20 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1i t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ed5 (2686- 2181 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 10 \u1ed5 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea1i bia m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edfng quy ch\u1ebf cao h\u01a1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u1ed5 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea1i bia h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t tr\u1eef l\u00e2u n\u00ean theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ec1n. Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n Ai C\u1eadp kh\u00e1c, s\u1ebd s\u1edbm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi khi ch\u1ebft t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 mua s\u1eafm. Trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n l\u1ea5p v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c. \u1ede ph\u00eda nam th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t khu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh lang c\u00e1ch nhau b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, hai c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 khu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m \u1ed5 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u1eeba c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn con c\u00e1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1edbn d\u00e0nh cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, Lehner v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kho hay n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0o. X\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00fac v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u1ecbt, c\u1eebu, l\u1ee3n... Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i trong","nh\u00e0, trong x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i gia s\u00fac cao c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 b\u00f2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ecf r\u1ed3i ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n. T\u1ea5m v\u00e0ng d\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eefu gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i B\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Anh Sau khi \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1eabu ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ADN tr\u00edch t\u1eeb h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u01b0 d\u00e2n Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Mopamia thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng Y khoa \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cairo \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng: Kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p Kufu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n mang t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Ai C\u1eadp. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, nh\u00e0 n\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u201cAi C\u1eadp h\u00f3a\u201d. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n r\u1eddi b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 50 hay 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 15.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. H\u1ecd quay v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi m\u1ebb h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho h\u1ecd, d\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n \u0103n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n l\u1ee3i, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 qu\u1ed1c gia. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef c\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n con s\u1ed1. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i trong th\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Herodotus cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, Lehner v\u00e0 Hawass cho l\u00e0: Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch qu\u1ed1c gia. Mark Lehner c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n, so s\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kim t\u1ef1 th\u00e1p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp kho th\u00f3c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i Amish \u1edf M\u1ef9, n\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung? * T\u00ecm ra ch\u1ea5t \u01b0\u1edbp x\u00e1c Ai C\u1eadp c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i","M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra b\u00ed quy\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp x\u01b0a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m. Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd d\u1ea7n t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9 d\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e2y tuy\u1ebft t\u00f9ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tuebingen \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd g\u1ed7 tuy\u1ebft t\u00f9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t guaiacol c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n. Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y tr\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn l\u1ee3n t\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ed1ng vi khu\u1ea9n c\u1ef1c cao m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ebd l\u00e0m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp h\u1ecdc ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean b\u1edfi h\u1ecd v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea7u \u01b0\u1edbp x\u00e1c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb c\u00e2y b\u00e1ch x\u00f9 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2y tuy\u1ebft t\u00f9ng, b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 x\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u0169ng n\u1eafm trong tay qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1ch x\u00f9. Nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e2y b\u00e1ch x\u00f9 nh\u01b0ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a guaiacol. M\u1eb7t n\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a vua Tutankhamun. H\u1ecd t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch do nh\u00e0 b\u00e1ch khoa Pliny the Elder th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 La M\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Pliny b\u1edfi cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau n\u00e0y. \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Pliny b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI\u201d, Ulrich Weser t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tuebingen tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1. 12. T\u00ccM RA D\u1ea4U V\u1ebeT V\u1ec0 TRI\u1ec0U \u0110\u1ea0I PHARAON RAMSES II Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1eafc ch\u1eef mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Hittite c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII TCN, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i t\u00ecm ra d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vua Ramses II, v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t t\u00edch t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i Quantir, c\u00e1ch Cairo 120 km v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, t\u1ea5m \u0111\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a Pharaon Ramses II (1298-1235 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Pi-Ramses, n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ed3ng"]