English 2

Unknown word Clues Guess Check problem unstable condition crucial situation crisis P1 grim P1 predecessors P1 distressed P2 nuisances P3 sole P4 Now find out how you fared in the preceding exercise. Check your answers against the tablebelow.Self-checkUnknown word Clues Guess Check problem crisis unstable condition crucial situation P1 disasters grim pre=before (successors serious hard, harsh P1 must be the opposite) those who predecessors come before people who P1 stress worried come before distressed disturbing P2 inconveniences situation troubled nuisances the only P3 solo=one annoyance sole troubles P4 by one person alone 6

Reading AdventurePre-reading Reading a textbook is different from reading your favorite newspaper or magazine. It isdifferent from reading a pocketbook or print ads, too. Reading a textbook is a different “ballgame”and many students find it a more difficult “ballgame”. Many find it more difficult because in readingtextbooks, concentration is needed.Activity 1. Prepare to Concentrate The table on the next page identifies some of the reasons for poor concentration. Can youthink of some solutions to these problems?Write in your suggestions for improving concentration.Reasons for Poor Concentration Your SolutionsI’m hungry. _______________________________________I’m tired but I must finish this _______________________________________ assignment.I’m worried about money. _______________________________________I’m thinking about him/her. _______________________________________I don’t enjoy studying . _______________________________________It is hard work . _______________________________________ As you can see, there are many personal factors that affect concentration. The successfulreader needs to find solutions to these problems. But finding solutions to the problems may not beenough. There are other factors that affect comprehension such as not knowing the meaning ofwords, not being able to get the point of the passage, not being able to organize details, not being ableto relate the text with what is already known. The following strategy will help you to get more out ofwhat you are reading. Read carefully.Activity 2. What do you already know? To prepare yourself for the reading selection that follows, find out what you already knowabout environmental problems. Complete the following map by filling in the blanks with words orphrases related to environmental problems 7

Topic: Ecological Crisis Why are many people today alarmed by the condition of both their social and natural environment? Social environment Natural environmentCauses Effects Causes EffectsWhile ReadingActivity 3. Getting the Main Idea Read the passage the first time without expecting a complete understanding. Look only forthe general idea. Then when you read it the second time, the pieces will fit together. Good readersoften read a text several times.Activity 4. Reading paragraph by paragraph Read each paragraph carefully. Use the questions after each paragraph as guide. They willhelp you to identify the main idea and relate the details to the main idea. Then answer the questions. 8

ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS As with so many of the major problems of society, the precise extent and nature of the environmental crisis is not entirely clear. On the one hand are those who prophesy that humankind is facing global disaster in the near future. Our civilization as we know it will die or be disfigured beyond recognition unless we drastically change our ways. Grim predictions of potential global disaster are so widely broadcast that the present generation of young people have literally been warned on these dire warnings. On the other hand are those who do have faith in the future. They submit that the human species is too great a biological success to end so abruptly and so soon. A species that can learn from the experiences of its predecessors, and in so doing fashion for itself a world unlike any experienced before, can continue to build new knowledge, achieving thereby still higher levels of attainment. Which view will be correct cannot be determined with certainty, at least not now.Pause and ReflectParagraph One1. Two views are presented. What phrases introduce each one? a. b.2. What are some phrases related to “global disaster”? a. b.3. What are some key phrases related to “faith in the future”? a. b. Regardless of one’s view, many people today are deeply distressed with the condition of both their social and natural environments. A large number of individuals have become apprehensive to the point of feeling threatened in a fundamental way. For example we do not know how much wider the gap can grow between the rich and poor nations before Armageddon, but we do know there is a limit to how much suffering and oppression people can and will tolerate. We do not know the extent of the world’s nonrenewable natural resources, but we do know the world is running out of gas. We do not know how much pollution this earth can absorb before it lashes back at its human antagonists, but we do know that the air is bad, sometimes the water may be unsafe to drink, and toxic substances are being let loose in the land (over 100,000 of them, according to a recent EPA report). 9

Pause and ReflectParagraph Two4. Regardless is a linking expression that means “despite everything or whether one believes in View A or View B, what other word in the sentence links the second paragraph with the first?5. Armageddon is a Biblical allusion. It is the place where the final battle will be fought between good and evil. So, any great armed conflict. Between what two forces does the writer forsee an armed conflict? Thus to many, the environmental crisis goes far beyond the inconveniences and nuisances of modern living – the noise, ugliness, and unpleasantness; it goes to the most fundamental levels of concern about the future of our species on this planet. Our greatest danger is not that humans will become extinct. That is probably quite unlikely barring some unforeseen catastrophe. The extraordinary adaptability of the human organism leads to the conclusion that at the very least some will survive somewhere. The basic fear is that cultural values which make us human may be lost. For example, in our attempts to manufacture the good life, we have deprived ourselves of some fundamentally important aspects of living, such as clean air and water, open natural areas, serenity, individual purpose, and opportunities to perceive beauty. Furthermore, altruistic love and concern for others is difficult to achieve when one’s own existence is in peril or is marred by a deteriorating and stifling environment. The basic structure of our relationship to the world seems to be out of order in this our highly technological age.Pause and ReflectParagraph Three6. Why is the extinction of humans not the greatest danger?7. What is the basic fear? What is the right relationship? A resolution to this question will involve a redefinition of humans’ relation to other humans as well as their relationship to nature. Earlier notions of humans opposed to nature or humans as the exploiter of nature will have to be replaced by the more inclusive concept of humans in nature, or humans with nature. Nature, now as never before, depends on us; our activities have become determiners of nature’s future. So powerful have we become that human activity has become the equal of a geological force in our capacity to work profound changes in the earth’s waters and atmosphere. Ecologically, Homo sapiens is the dominant life-form on this planet, its most successful species, occupying a greater variety of habitats, over a greater geographic range, than any other species. But it is also we who are the sole cause of the population explosion and the ecological crisis. 10

Pause and ReflectParagraph Four8. What is man’s “relationship to the world”?9. How are the phrases “a new ethical stance” and a future oriented ethic related? In acquiring the present position of dominance, humans have snatched the control of their destiny from the processes of nature to which they were once forced to submit. “Whole landscapes are now occupied by man-dominated fauna and flora.” We can climb mountains, eliminate disease, transplant organs, and explore the moon. However, according to biologist Daniel Kozlovsky, this power has placed us on the brink of extinction. Attempts to clean the air and water, recycle cans and bottles, fighting power plants and dams and highways are worse than useless in that they merely prolong the agony. “Until there are fundamental changes in the social order,” he goes on to state, “accompanied by equally fundamental changes in our view of man and of reality, such measures are stop-gap only.” Our current knowledge enables us to do miraculous things, but we are still ignorant about whether accomplishing these things would be in our or our planets’ best interests. What is needed is a different base to guide our activities with and in nature – a new philosophical and ethical system.Pause and ReflectParagraph Five10. What phrase in the first sentence links this paragraph with the preceding one?11. What are some stop-gap measures that man has undertaken in response to the environmental crisis? Dr. Kozlovsky may or may not be right, but his appraisal of our present plight has many followers. We simply cannot reach a future for our kind if we continue in the way we are going now. As to the need for a new ethic, most thoughtful people heartily agree. Today’s ecological problems demand a new ethical stance toward the natural environment – a future-oriented ethic which stresses the humanity of persons and community with nature. People who care about the present and the future earth must find ways of creating a “totally new form of human society.” Our present plight is not hopeless; we still have a little time left and we can act constructively and effectively in the present crisis. 11

Pause and ReflectParagraph Six12. The paragraph summarizes the main theme of the preceding five paragraphs.Post ReadingActivity 5. Summarizing what you’ve read Writing a summary is a strategy to help you remember what you have read. In a summary,you give the author’s main ideas but use your own words as much as possible. A good technique forsummary writing is to underline the topic sentence of each paragraph while reading the material.Then go back and take notes on a separate piece of paper, restating the topic sentence in your ownwords. Write a summary of “Ethical Dimensions of the Ecological Crisis” by answering thefollowing questions. 1. What two views do people seem to hold about the precise extent of the environmental crisis? (paragraph 1) 2. What are some fundamental concerns about the future of man on this planet? (paragraph 3) 3. What has been the result of Homo sapiens dominant position? (paragraph 4) 4. What seems to be needed to solve the crisis? (paragraph 5 and 6)Activity 6. Outlining Taking good notes is an important and useful study skill. Taking notes while reading helpsyou to remember what you read. One note-taking device you can use to sort out main ideas andmajor details is an outline. List each main idea. The main ideas are indicated by Roman numerals.Jot down major details under each main idea. The major details are indicated by capital letters. Themajor details in turn are developed by minor supporting details or examples. The minor supportingdetails are indicated by Arabic numerals. Fill in the missing parts of the outline. ETHICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS I. Two views regarding the extent of the environmental crisis. A. B. 12

II. Why people feel apprehensive and threatened by their environment A. Issues which they “do not know.” 1. 2. 3. B. Issues which they “do know.” 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. III. Fundamental concerns about the future of man in this planet. A. B. IV. Results of man’s dominant position. A. Man has snatched the control of their destiny from nature. 1. 2. 3. 4. B. Man needs to create fundamental changes in the social order and in his values 1. 2.Comprehension Check 1. Which statement best expresses what the whole selection is all about? a. Today’s ecological problems call for a redefinition of men’s relation to other men as well as their relation to nature. b. Humans are the root of all the natural and social problems today. c. Humans control their environment. d. Humans are an endangered species. 2. What are two commonly held views about the extent of the environmental crisis? 3. Which is NOT an example of an environmental problem? a. Depletion of the ozone layer. b. Pollution. c. Political oppression. d. Dwindling energy resources. 4. Why do some hold that humans will not become extinct? a. Man can build new knowledge and attain higher levels of achievement. b. Man’s extraordinary adaptability to changing conditions insures his survival. c. Man’s survival instinct is highly developed. d. All of the above. 13

5. Why is there a danger that man will lose his cultural values? a. Man’s preoccupation with material success. b. His changing attitude towards life. c. Deteriorating environment. d. All of the above.Self-checkActivity 1 Here are some solutions that have worked for other students.Reasons for Poor Concentration Solutions1. I’m hungry.2. I’m tired but I must finish this assignment. Take a snack before doing your assignment. Reward yourself for finishing your assignment.3. I’m worried about money. Take a break from your studies and have a light4. I’m thinking about him/her. snack such as a candy bar, cookies, and peanuts.5. I don’t enjoy studying; it is hard work. Make time for reading. Plan for it as you would any other task. Determine how long it will take you to complete a reading assignment. Decide when to do the reading and set aside enough time for you to be able to read at a comfortable rate. Keep a weekly schedule and stick to it. Many experts recommend that you treat study time as a fixed time. If you’re too tired to read at night, then do it in the early morning. Tell someone you trust and who can understand you. Look for a weekend job. Learn to control your thoughts and feelings instead of letting them control you. Learn to recognize your own negative thoughts about reading, studying and learning then replace them with positive thoughts that show you are bent on overcoming your negative thoughts and you are doing the best you can to accomplish your task. Developing and maintaining a positive attitude will make concentration easier. 14

Activity 2 Answers will vary. Here are some ideas concerning the ecological crisis. Topic: Ecological Crisis Why are many people today alarmed by the condition of both their social and natural environment?Social environment Natural environment • Poverty • Degradation of Forests • Overpopulation • Pollution. destruction of • Housing ozone layer • Depletion of non-renewable sources of energyCauses: Effects: Causes: Effects:• Greed • Crime • Illegal logging • Floods• Lack of education • Food shortage • Slash and burn • Soil erosion • Squatter • Water pollution or ignorance farming • Destruction of• Overcrowding in colonies • Dumping marine life cities chemicals into bodies of waterActivity 3 The main idea of the selection concerns man’s responsibility towards his fellowmen and hisenvironment. The solution to our present environmental crisis calls for a more enlightened and moreconcerned society that will work towards the preservation of man and of mother earth.Activity 41. a. On the one hand b. On the other hand2. a. Die, be disfigured b. Grim predictions, dire warnings 15

3. a. A biological success, a species that can learn from the experience of its predecessors b. Build new knowledge, achieve higher levels of attainment.4. Environments5. Between the rich and the poor6. No7. That the cultural values which makes us human will be lost.8. Man holds the position of dominance9. Both phrases refer to the same thing – the solution to today’s ecological problems.10. “The present position of dominance”11. “Clean the air and water, recycle cans and bottles, fight power plants”Activity 5 There are two views held by people about the precise extent of the environmental crisis. Onthe one hand there are those who present a bleak future for men coupled with dire warnings. On theother hand, there are those who keep faith in the future believing that men can find the solutions to thepresent ecological problems. A basic concern about the future of man is the fear that we might losethe cultural values that make us human. With the Homo sapiens’ dominant position, he now holds theexistence of this planet in his hands. To solve the crisis there is a need to rethink man’s relation to hisfellowmen and to nature.Activity 6 II. Two views regarding the extent of the environmental crisis. A. Prediction that humankind is facing global disaster in the near future. B. Faith in the future. II. Why people feel apprehensive and threatened by their environment A. Issues which they “do not know.” 1. How much wider the gap can grow between the rich and poor. 2. Extent of the world’s nonrenewable natural resources. 3. How much pollution this earth can absorb. B. Issues which they “do know.” 1. There is a limit to how much suffering and oppression people can and will tolerate. 2. The world is running our of gas. 3. The air is bad. 4. Water may be unsafe to drink. 5. Toxic substances are being let loose in the land. III. Fundamental concerns about the future of man in this planet. A. Cultural values that make us human may be lost. B. Altruistic love and concern for others is difficult to achieve in the face of danger and deteriorating environment. IV. Results of man’s dominant position. A. Man has snatched the control of their destiny from nature. 1. We can climb mountains. 2. We can eliminate disease. 3. We can transplant kidney. 4. We can explore the moon. 16

B. Man needs to create fundamental changes in the social order and in his values 1. A new ethical stance toward the natural environment. 2. A totally new form of human society.Comprehension Check 1. a 2. There are those who predict a grim future for men. On the other hand, there are those who have faith in the future. 3. political oppression 4. d 5. dLanguage Focus Study the following set of sentences. How many ways can you combine these sentences? My father works as a lawyer. My brother serves as his legal assistant on weekends. There are many ways to combine sentences. The following are some of the ways you cancombine these sentences to make your writing smoother, more varied and more mature. My father works as a lawyer; my brother serves as his legal assistant on weekends. My father works as a lawyer; and my brother serves as his legal assistant on weekends. Remember: If you intend to communicate two equally important and closely related ideas, place them together in a compound sentence (two or more independent clauses). When you combine two sentences by using a coordinating conjunction, drop the period, change the capital letter to a small letter and insert a comma before the coordinating conjunction. 17

Generalizations A. Coordination 1. When you combine two sentences with equally important and closely related ideas use a comma and a coordinating conjunction. The following words may be used to combine sentences by compounding. and (shows coordination) Ostriches can run fast on their long legs and they rarely get caught. or (shows choice) The elephant can use its trunk to break off twigs and leaves to eat or it can use its trunk to squirt water into its mouth. but (indicates contrast) Cheetahs are smaller than tigers, but they are the speediest of all land animals. yet (indicates contrast) Gorillas are the largest of all the monkeys and apes; yet, they are shy and gentle. so (shows purpose or reason) A hermit crab has no hard shell of its own so it moves into a shell left by another sea animal. for (shows cause or reason) A hermit crab moves into a shell left by another sea animal for it has no hard shell of its own. nor (used only with compounded negative sentences) Ostriches cannot fly nor can penguins fly. 2. When used for compounding, all of the connectors (and, or, but, yet, so, for, nor) are called coordinating conjunctions.Activity 1. Compounding Sentences Write the following in paragraph form, combining sentences 2 and 3; 4 and 5; 6 and 7; 8 and9; 10 and 11, using appropriate conjunctions. 1. There are many different kinds of energy. 2. Some of them are renewable. 18

3. Others are non-renewable 4. Coal, natural gas, or oil are non-renewable fuels originating from organic matter formed during the Paleozoic Era. 5. They are estimated by most scientists to run out during this century. 6. Coal, natural gas, and oil supplies will be depleted 7. Renewable, alternative sources of energy with well-developed technology have to be implemented. 8. Among these is solar energy. 9. It will require international cooperation for renewable energy sources such as solar energy to be exploited on a wider basis. 10. Large hydroelectric plants (large dams that block rivers) and traditional biomass (firewood and charcoal) were excluded from World Energy Council’s focus 11. They often cause environmental problems and other negative effects.Activity 2. Auxiliary words as predicate substitute When two sentences with similar predicates are combined, the second predicate maysometimes be shortened. Study the following examples Basic Sentences Coal is non-renewable. Natural gas in non-renewable. Combined Coal is non-renewable, and neither is natural-gas. Basic Sentences Inflation is widespread in developing countries. Poverty is widespread too. Combined Inflation is widespread in developing countries, and poverty is, too. Inflation is widespread in developing countries and so is poverty. Combine the following sentences using one of the methods shown above. 1. Warmer temperatures could put forests and wetlands at risk. Changes in rainfall could affect forests and wetlands. 2. Nitrous oxide, a heat-trapping greenhouse gas is emitted by nitrogen fertilizers into the atmosphere. Methane is emitted by rice paddies and cattle feedlots into the atmosphere. 19

3. Everybody talks about the weather. Nobody does anything about it!4. Oil companies use their funds and influence to downplay the threat of global warning. Automobile manufacturers use their funds and influence to downplay the threat of global warning, too.5. The sun and the atmosphere are not alone in determining climate. Oceans and ice caps, surface minerals and vegetation, the earth’s orbital mechanics also determine climate.6. Buying in bulk can save you money. Learning the art of food preservation can help you save money.7. Bali evokes visions of tropical paradise, sunny beaches and balmy trade winds. Camiguin Islands evoke visions of a tropical paradise, sunny beaches, swaying palm trees and balmy air.8. Concern about pollution has given operators of alternative energy plants added public support. Global warming has given operators of alternative energy plants added public support.9. Most automobiles burn fossil fuels. Commercial airplanes burn fossil fuels.10. Renewable energy technologies do not contribute to air pollution. Renewable energy use does not contribute to global warning.B. Subordination If you have two ideas that are closely related, but one is secondary or dependent on theother, you may want to use a complex sentence. A sentence with an independent clause andone or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence.He is well paid because he is very competent.Although he was away, he communicated daily with his family. The underlined words in the preceding sentences are subordinate conjunctions. Asubordinate conjunction connects a dependent clause to an independent clause.Frequently used subordinate conjunctions are the following:after because since whenalthough before so that wheneveras how though whereas if if till whileas though in order that unless why An adjective clause may be attached to the word it modifies by a relative pronoun – who,whose, whom, which, and that.The news that reached us was surprising. 20

Activity 3. Joining two clausesCombine a clause in I to another clause in II to form a complex sentence. I II1. The wisest man is he a. that wasps are valuable in the control2. The bee and the praying mantis are the insects of other insects.3. 1001 Questions Answered about Insects points out b. as much as a medium truck.4. A hippopotamus may weigh c. science considers most useful to man.5. Tell me d. why you don’t believe Al. e. who thinks himself the least so.Activity 4. WhyAnswer the following questions using appropriate connectors.1. Why do fossil fuels cause air pollution?2. Why should forests be protected?3. Why is water essential to our body?4. Why was the price of gasoline raised?5. Why should dynamite fishing be prohibited?Communicative ActivitiesActivity 5 Read the following conversations. Continue the conversation by giving a rejoinder. The firstone is done for you.1. A: Orchids are expensive B: and so are anthuriums. C: and bromeliads are, too.2. A: The price of gasoline has gone up again. B: C:3. A: The sarimanok is a mythical bird. B: C:4. A: The tamaraw is an endangered species. B: C: 21

5. A: Philippine eagles have been raised in captivity. B: C:6. A: Logging has been banned in Quezon province. B: C:7. A: Smoke has made the air unbearable. B: C:Self-checkActivity 1 There are many different kinds of energy. Some of them are renewable but others are non-renewable. Coal, natural gas, and oil are non-renewable fuels originating from organic matter formedduring the Paleozoic Era and they are estimated by most scientists to run out during this century.Coal, natural gas, and oil supplies will be depleted so renewable, alternative sources of energy withwell-developed technology have to be implemented. Among these is solar energy but it will requireinternational cooperation for renewable energy sources such as solar energy to be exploited on awider basis. Large hydroelectric plants and traditional biomass were excluded from World EnergyCouncil’s focus for they often cause environmental problems and other negative effects.Activity 2 1. Warm temperatures could put forests and wetlands at risk and so could changes in rainfall. 2. Nitrous oxide is emitted into the atmosphere and so is methane. 3. Everybody talks about the weather yet nobody does anything about it. 4. Oil companies use their funds and influence to downplay the threat of global warning and so do automobile manufacturers. 5. The sun and the atmosphere are not alone in determining climate, oceans and ice caps, surface minerals and vegetation, the earth’s orbital mechanics do, too. 6. Buying in bulk can save you money and so can learning the art of food preservation. 7. Bali evokes visions of tropical paradise, sunny beaches and balmy trade winds and so do Camiguin Islands. 8. Concern about pollution has given operators of alternative energy plants added public support and so does global warming. 9. Most automobiles burn fossil fuels and so do commercial airplanes. 10. Renewable energy technologies do not contribute to pollution, neither do they contribute to global warming. 22

Activity 31. e 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. dActivity 4Possible Answers1. Fossil fuels cause air pollution because they emit noxious gases.2. Forests should be protected because they provide shelter to countless animals.3. Water is essential to our body inasmuch as 80% of our body is made up of water.4. Prices of gasoline have gone up again because the price of gasoline in the world market has increased.5. Dynamite fishing should be prohibited because it destroys the natural habitat of fishes.Activity 5Possible Answers2. B: and so has diesel. C: and LPG has, too.3. B: and so is the Adarna bird. C: and the Phoenix is, too.4. B: and so is the Palawan mouse deer. C: and the Palawan mouse deer is, too.5. B: and so have tarsiers. C: and tamaraws have been, too.6. B: and so has kaingin. C: and kaingin has been, too.7. B: and so has SMOG, too. C: and the heat has, too.Everyday Expressions Study these idioms and their meanings. think about - consider think of - call to mind think over - give one’s mind to; think again think twice - hesitate touch down - land touch up - repair 23

Activity 1 Practice using the idioms in the box by filling in the blank in each sentence with the correctexpression. Be sure to use the correct form of think or touch. 1. Let’s __________ Ely’s suggestion before we act. 2. You have heard my opinion about the issue, so please __________. 3. Don’t worry about the scratches on the furniture, they can easily be __________. 4. The plane __________ at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) at exactly 8:15 last night. 5. I know the person you’re talking about, but I cannot __________ his name. 6. You should __________ before you trust strangers.Activity 2 Rewrite each of the following sentences by using the correct form of the two-word verb in thebox. 1. Mr. Diego is considering moving his family to the province. 2. I suggest that you think again before accepting his marriage proposal. 3. Maybe, we can now consider our plans this coming summer. 4. They landed at Davao airport at 10:30 A.M. 5. We couldn’t call to mind the names of the towns we visited last year. 6. The wall needs repainting. Let’s get someone to repaint it. 7. I heard that you want to quit schooling. I suggest that you think again.Self-checkActivity 11. think about 3. touched up 5. think of2. think it over 4. touched down 6. think twiceActivity 21. Mr. Diego is thinking about moving his family to the province.2. I suggest that you think twice before accepting his marriage proposal.3. Maybe, we can now think about our plans this coming summer.4. They touched down at Davao airport at 10:30 A.M.5. We couldn’t think of the names of the towns we visited last year.6. The wall needs repainting. Let’s get someone to touch it up.7. I heard that you want to quit schooling. I suggest that you think it over. 24

Write ThingA. Pre-Writing Writing that explains or informs is called expository writing. One of the most common typesis a process analysis essay. Process analysis essays are of two types – directive and informative. Directive process analysis explains how to do something, while an informative processanalysis tells you what has occurred or is occurring. You will be writing the second type – aninformative process analysis. Choosing an appropriate topic is the first step. Do the following strategies to help you find a suitable topic. 1. Invisible Ink. Place a piece of carbon paper between two pieces of typewriting paper. Write on the top sheet with a ball pen that has ran out of ink on changes that you have observed in your community or in the country. After five minutes look at what you have written down on the carbon copy. Circle a word or phrase that suggests a topic. 2. List. Begin with a simple list such as materials or steps. Itemize each part of the list, generating specific details for each part of the list.B. Writing 1. Drafting Once you have gathered your details, you need to put them in some kind of order. Explaining the steps in time order will help readers follow the logical sequence. Use a timeline to organize details. Putting details on individual notecards, you can arrange the steps in order and add steps as needed. As your writing takes shape, you may find parts that need more details. Look for places where adding more details will make your essay more precise. Consider using this form for the informative process. I. Background or context A. B. C. II. Change or development (chronological) A. B. C. D. 25

2. Revising Reread your essay looking for ways to improve or polish it. Use details from your notes that remind you why you decided to write the topic. Use these to make your introductory paragraph an attention grabber then focus on each individual paragraph to determine the words or phrases you may need to revise to make your meaning clear. Review, summarize or briefly comment on the process in your concluding paragraph. 3. Editing and Proofreading Errors in spelling, punctuation, grammar or usage can create confusion. Proofread your essay.C. Post Writing Make a poster of your topic, with pictures of each step at the activity. Copy your essay andcut the paragraphs apart so you can place them in appropriate places in the poster.PosttestI. Vocabulary Fill in the blank with the correct prepositionabout down of over up1. Don’t worry, Helen can touch __________ the paint that has peeled off.2. The plane will touch __________ at Runway 8.3. Think __________ the things you can buy if you win the lotto.4. Consider all factors. Think it __________.5. Give me more time. I’ll think __________ it.II. Comprehension Read the article “The Coming Climate” then answer the questions that follow. 26

The pollution of our atmosphere is but one of the environmental problems that humans have created. Others include massive deforestation, the destruction of animal species, and the pollution of rivers, lakes, and oceans. Each of these problems has been made to correct them. Since the problems are global, they call for global solutions. There is widespread agreement on the problems and what might be done to correct them. Year after year, we hear calls to action. Year after year, little is done. All too often policy makers lament the problems and agree that something must be done but add, in effect, “not by us, not right now.”6. Environmental problems humans have created include a. drug trafficking. b. human trafficking. c. massive deforestation. d. economic development.7. The problem calls for a. local action. b. no action. c. global action. d. violent action.8. The response to the problem is characterized by a. indifference. b. enthusiasm. c. condemnation. d. fear.9. Policy makers believe that a. nothing needs to be done. b. something has to be done right now. c. there’s nothing to fear. d. something needs to be done but “not by us, nor right now”.10. There is widespread agreement on the problem. a. Yes. b. No. c. Can’t tell.III. Outlining Fill in the gaps with facts from the article. I. Environmental problems A. Air pollution11. B.12. C.13. D. 27

II. What have been done A. The problems have been carefully analyzed14. B. III. How policymakers have reacted to the problem? A. Lament the problem and agree something must be done15. B.IV. Grammar Fill in the blank with the appropriate connector chosen from the list below. and despite however since that Political leaders yearn to be viewed as friends of the earth. 16 __________, they also keep aneye on the consequences 17 __________ change may bring into the economy. 18__________,according to The Economist Magazine , 90 percent of the world relies on carbon-based fuel, to moveaway from using it would bring big changes; 19 __________ the cost of the change if fiercelydebated. 20 __________ calls by the environmentalists for immediate action, there are powerfulindustries that use their considerable funds and influence to downplay the threat of global warming.Self-checkI. Vocabulary1. up 2. down 3. of 4. over 5. aboutII. Comprehension6. c 7. c 8. a 9. d 10. aIII. Outlining11. Massive deforestation 14. Proposals have been made to correct them12. The destruction of animal species 15. But “not by us, not right now”13. Pollution of rivers, lakes and oceansIV. Grammar16. However 18. since 20. despite17. that 19. and 28

Before you put aside this module, spend some time reflecting on what you have learned fromit. Use this format in your reflective journal. What I think of the activities in this module How I liked themThings I Did (Very much) (Just fine) (Not so much because)What I liked best 29

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Unit III Module 5 Responding to MediaOverview If you want to know the latest news here and abroad, media is the best source of information.Switch on a television set, a radio, or simply read the newspaper and you will definitely know thehappenings around the world. To know present issues is important, not only for the professionals, but for students as well.You are able to understand your own country, its present concerns, and its relationship or ties withother countries in the world. Furthermore, getting informed will help you build your own dreamsand plan your own future. More importantly, interaction with media will develop your thinkingskills. Although our papers today focus on the ills of society, they open your eyes so that you canhelp fight them in your own little ways. You can use media to express your sentiments and opinion.As a concerned citizen, you should stand for the truth by making your voice heard. This module will teach you how to be involved with the affairs of our country without reallymarching along the streets or joining a picket line. 1

Objectives At the end of the module, you will be able to : 1. work down details in an article read 2. make inferences 3. draw conclusions 4. identify the meaning of an idiomatic expression and use it in everyday speech 5. quote other people accurately 6. share one’s opinion about an issue presented 7. write a letter to the editor 8. show one’s concern about the affairs of the country and participate actively in decision makingInstructions 1. Do not write anything on this module as several students will be using it. Do all your work in your notebook. Be sure to label your work by the module number and title. Keep a separate notebook for your Reflective Journal. 2. Read each section carefully. If you have not read the first two sections, go over them first. 3. Each module begins with a brief introduction or Overview followed by a list of Objectives you are expected to learn. 4. Before working on the activities, answer the Pretest first. Find out how well you did by checking your answers against the answers given under the Self-Check of the pretest. 5. As you work on the activities, try to relate them to the objectives of this module. What skill or strategy does the activity develop? 6. After each activity go over the Self-Check that follows to find out how well you fared in that activity. Pay attention to the items you missed. Learn from your mistakes. 7. After working on all the activities take the Posttest.Now you are ready to take the Pretest.PretestI. Reading Read the following article. It is an editorial published in a leading newspaper. Then answerthe questions that follow. Some items have options. You may refer to the article every now andthen. 2

Going After Tax Cheats Boy Scouts have been tapped for an awareness campaign on paying taxes while a hotline has been set up for anonymous tips from the public about suspected tax evaders. Perhaps it’s no coincidence that the programs were launched during the Lenten season, when it may be easier to encourage honesty in tax payments. Meanwhile, a new law is now in effect, seeking to encourage revenue collectors to improve their performance through a system of reward and punishment. The government is crossing its fingers that the combination of measure will help raise the value added tax. So far the efforts to go after tax cheats show some promise. The approach to encourage better performance from revenue collectors may work at least among tax payers who aren’t rich enough to bribe their way our of hug tax assessment. Those Boy Scouts may remind fixed income earners to file income tax returns on time to avoid fines. And that hotline can be useful in ferreting out corrupt public officials, racketeers, and other criminals using legitimate business fronts. Among those corrupt officials, however, are revenue collectors themselves. Graft has long been a major stumbling block to tax collection efforts. The biggest tax evaders can top any reward that the government can offer to revenue collectors. The only people who pay the right taxes in this country are those whose payments are automatically withheld from their monthly paychecks. Tax evasion has also been encouraged by perceptions that public funds are being squandered or are being pocketed by the corrupt. Good government will give revenue collection a major boost. Fiscal responsibility on the part of the government inspires civic responsibility. If taxpayers see that their money is being spent judiciously, it lightens the burden of sharing their earnings with the state. Give the government credit for trying, but it will take more than Boy Scouts and hotlines to encourage honesty among taxpayers. The Philippine Star, p. 8 March 22, 2005.1. What school-based organization was tasked to help in the tax campaign?2. What word in sentence 1 means the same as unsigned? 3

3. Tax evaders are people who a. pay their taxes regularly. b. do not pay their taxes regularly. c. avoid paying taxes. d. refuse paying taxes. 4. Which of the following statements is TRUE based on the second paragraph? a. There will be additional measures to encourage taxpayers to pay their taxes. b. It is more important to improve tax collection. c. The additional measures will increase the government’s earnings. d. The earning will increase as the measures are implemented. 5. Which of the following statements is NOT true based on the third paragraph? a. There is hope to lessen tax evaders because of the actions that will be undertaken. b. The plans will succeed especially for those who cannot afford to pay fixers. c. The Boy Scouts will remind employees to pay taxes on time. d. The hotline can help unlawful officials and other criminals. 6. In paragraph 4, what problem was identified to be the cause of failure in tax collection drive? a. Tax collection is not systematic. b. Some tax collectors are corrupt. c. Many people refuse to pay taxes. d. Some people cannot afford to pay taxes. There are idiomatic expressions used in the article. Identify the one which is being defined inthe given statement: 7. Paragraph 1 -- it also means arranged. 8. Paragraph 2 -- it also implies strongly hoping. 9. Paragraph 3 -- it also means to find and bring to open. 10. Paragraph 4 -- it is a problem which stops you from achieving something.II. Grammar Changing sentences to indirect speech (15 points). Fill in the blank with the correct word. 1. “You’re mistaken,” Marie said. Marie said __________ I __________ mistaken. 2. The boy said, “I tried my best.” The boy said that __________ tried __________ best. 3. Father asked, “What did your mother say?” Father asked what __________ mother __________ to me. 4. “Turn left on Rosario Street,” the boy directed us. The boy directed us __________ turn left on Rosario Street. 5. What are your reasons?” challenged the police officer. The police officer asked what our reasons __________. 6. Miss Almendras asked, “Are you tired?” Miss Almendras asked me __________ I __________ tired. 7. “Why did you come here?” Ester asked Zoilo. Ester asked Zoilo why __________ came here. 4

8. Lilia asked anxiously, “Did you see a little boy in blue?” Lilia asked anxiously __________ we __________ a little boy in blue.9. “I’m sorry,” I apologized. I said __________ I was sorry.10. The old man pleaded, “Tell the people the truth about me.” The old man asked them __________ tell the people the truth about __________.Self-check How was it? Do you think you made good? You know there’s nothing to worry because thetest only aims to find out how much you know of the lessons in this module.Let us see how you fared. Check your answers against those below.I. Reading1. Boy Scouts 4. c 7. set-up 10. stumbling block2. anonymous 5. c 8. crossing its fingers3. c 6. b 9. ferreting outII. Grammar (15 points)1. Marie said that I was mistaken.2. The boy said that he tried his best.3. Father asked what my mother said to me.4. The boy directed us to turn left on Rosario Street.5. The police officer asked what our reasons were.6. Miss Almendras asked me if I was tired.7. Ester asked Zoilo why he came here.8. Lilia asked anxiously if we saw a little boy in blue.9. I said that I was sorry.10. The old man asked them to tell the people the truth about him. Again, do not be discouraged with the result of the test. Of course, you wish to get perfect but itseems not quite possible at this point.Anyway, rate yourself just the same. 25 - Excellent 20 - 24 - Very Good 15 - 19 - Good 10 – 14 - Fair 9 or less – You will have to study this module very closely. 5

Reading AdventurePre-reading Now, let us begin our new lesson. You are about to read another editorial that talks about adifferent issue.Do you already have an idea about what course you will take up in college?Do you dream of working abroad to improve your family’s quality of life? Complete the table below stating your opinion regarding employment abroad. Write at leastthree reasons in each column. Advantages Disadvantages 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. Now complete the following phrases by connecting them with any of the reasons youwrote in the Table.1. I strongly believe that ____________________________________________.2. In my opinion, ____________________________________________.3. It is ridiculous that ____________________________________________.4. I strongly disagree____________________________________________.5. I think that ____________________________________________.Which of the expressions above are stated firmly? Moderately? Weakly?While Reading The article you are about to read is also an editorial. Remember that an editorial expressesthe stand or opinion of a newspaper regarding an issue which may be social or political. 6

Falling Standards As nursing schools mushroom across the of nursing programs being offered. Educationcountry, it is not surprising that education officials will have to move quickly to raisestandards in these schools are falling. A the standards of nursing programs. A nursingreport this week said less than 10 percent of course does not come cheap; one semester ineducational institutions that offer nursing a reputable college can cost over P30,000.courses produce graduates who score higher Tuition alone can eat up the life savings of anthan 90 percent in the nursing board exams. average family. For the poor, a nursingThe average scores in several schools were course is out of the question, unless thelower than 20 percent. prospective nurse can obtain a full scholarship. Nursing courses have boomed due todemand that continues to grow in the Because so much hope is pinned on ainternational job market. In recent years future nurse, and so much money, time andnursing schools have sprouted to meet the effort are invested in a nursing course, thedemand while existing educational government should make sure that studentsinstitutions have expanded their nursing get their money’s worth. Whether graduatesprograms. The graduates, unfortunately for work abroad or in their own country, thethe nation, do not stay long enough in their quality of their nursing education will show.own land. Health experts are warning of a And if the quality of Philippine nursescrisis in public health care not only due to the deteriorates, demand will shift to nurses fromexodus of nurses for high paying jobs abroad, other countries. At home, public health carebut also because even doctors are taking can only suffer further when nursing skillsnursing courses and leaving the country. slide. Education must move quickly to stop that trend. Because of the rapid increase in thenumber of nursing schools, education officials The Philippine Star p. 14have found it difficult to monitor the quality March 4, 2005Words Unlocked Read the editorial again and look for words that have the same meaning as the followingwords/phrase. The number of the paragraph is given to help you.Paragraph 1 - to spread quickly ___________________________Paragraph 2 - grew or flourished ___________________________ - increased ___________________________Paragraph 3 - fast ___________________________ - to watch closely ___________________________ - potential ___________________________ 7

Paragraph 4 - put to use ___________________________ - becomes worse ___________________________ more from one ___________________________ place to another ___________________________ general courseSelf-check Were you able to find the following words? Mushroom, boomed, expanded, rapid, monitor, prospective, invested, deteriorates, shift, trend.Post ReadingA. Answer the following questions based on the editorial. 1. How many percent of our nursing graduates usually get scores higher than 90% in the nursing board exams? 2. Why do many students choose to take nursing? 3. What problem is caused by the rapid increase of nursing schools? 4. How does this affect the quality of nursing graduates? 5. In effect, what will happen to the demand of nurses from other countries? 6. Could a poor family send a child to a nursing school? Why? 7. Give at least 3 words used to mean the same as rapid increase. 8. If you were a nurse and you were offered $8,000.00 salary per month in the USA, would you take the job? Why? 9. What do you think should the government do to keep the nurses and teachers from leaving the country? 10. What should be the role of the schools? 11. How can society help? 12. Can you say that Philippine education has succeeded when many professional Filipinos are accepted to work abroad? Why?B. Interview at least ten of your neighbors and find out how many of them have family members who are working abroad. Moreover, ask each for at least one good reason why they opted to take the job. Write them down in your notebook. 8

Self-check Here are the possible answers for the Comprehension Questions. Except for nos. 7-10, theanswers may not be the exact words in the key but they mean, more or less, the same. 1. Usually less than 10% 2. Because of its continued demand abroad. 3. To be able to work abroad and eventually migrate 4. Because of the rapid increase of nursing schools, the government is having a hard time monitoring the quality of education the schools are offering. 5. If the quality of nursing graduates will worsen, the other countries might get their demand from other nations, not from us anymore. 6. A poor family cannot send a child to a nursing school because it is expensive. Unless of course, if the student could get a scholarship, then there won’t be any problem. 7. Mushroom, boomed, sprouted 8 – 12. Answers may vary and require statements of opinion. A point is given for every question answered. Count your score and rate yourself. 12 - Excellent! 10 - 11 - Very Good! 8 - 9 - Good 6 - 7 - Fair 5 and below – Try and read the article again for better understanding.Language Focus Study the following pictures and report what each picture says by filling in the blank with thecorrect words. The first one is done for you.I love reading books. 1. John says that he loves reading books.What do you think of 2. Ellen asks me ________ I ________ oftoday’s media? today’s media. 9

Do your work well 3. Mother advised me ________ do ________ work well.Do you know the 4. Pete asked me ________ I _______ thelatest news? latest news.Please help me. 5. My brother requested me _______ help _______Self-check Let’s see how well you did the preceding activity. Here are the answers. 1. John says that he loves reading books. 2. Ellen asks me what I think of today’s media. 3. Mother advised me to do my work well. 4. Pete asked me if I knew the latest news. 5. My brother requested me to help him. Generalizations Direct speech gives the exact words of the speaker. Indirect speech gives the words of the speaker as reported by another person. 10

When changing direct speech to indirect speech, the following changes take place.For statements1. The introductory word that is used. He says that…2. When the verb in the introductory part is in the present tense, the verb in the indirect speech in also in the present tense. He says that he is happy.3. When the verb in the introductory part is in the past tense, the verb in the indirect speech is also in the past tense. He said that he was happy.4. When the quoted part expresses a general truth, the same present form is used in the indirect speech. She said that water boils at 100° Centigrade. Now let’s apply the rules on changing direct speech to indirect speech. Do this exercise. Change the following statements to indirect speech. The first number is done for you. 1. “Newspapers play an important role in society,” the journalist says. The journalist says that newspapers play an important role in society. 2. “I don’t agree with what the newscaster said,” Mika said. _______________________________________________________ 3. “Newspapers inform and entertain,” the journalism teacher said. _______________________________________________________ 4. Tina remarked, “The news on the crime rate is alarming.” _______________________________________________________ 5. Cris commented, “Some news are not accurate.” _______________________________________________________ 11

Here are the rules to remember when changing questions from direct speech to indirectspeech. 1. In Wh-questions, the question words who, what, how, when, etc. serve as link between the introductory clause and the reported question. • “Who is he?” she asked. She asked who he was. 2. In yes-no questions, the connectors if or whether is used as a link between the introductory clause and the reported question. • “Is she a sophomore?” he asked. He asked if she was a sophomore. • “Will you go or not?” I asked. I asked whether he would go or not. Show you understood the rules on changing questions from direct speech to indirect speechby doing the following activity. Change each question from direct speech to indirect speech. 1. “Are you coming?” they asked me. 2. “Did the news delight you?” I asked Raul. 3. She asks, “Who is the new Pope?” 4. “Which newspaper do you read?” Alma asked him. 5. “Do you believe me or not?” Vergel asked me. For changing commands or requests from direct speech to indirect speech, take note of thefollowing: 3. The verbs tell, order, request, bid or command are used in the introductory part. • “Tell me the truth,” the father said. The father told his son to tell the truth. 4. The infinitive (to + verb) is used instead of the imperative form. • “Run,” she said. She told me to run. 12

Do the following activity. Change each command or request from direct speech to indirect speech.1. “Move faster,” the coach commanded.2. The son said, “Please listen to me, Daddy.”3. I said, “Say something, Flora.”4. “Practice very well,” she admonished.5. The teacher said, “Write a letter to the editor.” One more thing to remember is the punctuation marks used in direct quotations. Quotation Marks are used to enclose the exact words of the speaker. The first word of a direct quotation begins with a capital letter. A comma or commas separate the main idea except in questions.See how well you can apply these rules in the next activity.Change the following sentence to direct speech.Example: Beth promised she would come early. Beth promised, “I will come early.”1. She told them she wanted a part-time job.2. The guard warned the men not to enter the building.3. Dessa asked where her cell phone was.4. Father advised me to be more diligent in my studies.5. I asked the stranger if he was a Japanese.6. The President announced that there was an increase in employment rate.7. The policeman warned the suspect to lay down his gun.8. He requested the maid to let him in.9. She said that she’s having a great time here.10. The old lady asked who I was.More PracticeFor more practice, do the following exercise. Change the following sentences to indirect speech. Remember to use the correct connectingwords and to make changes in pronouns and verb tenses when necessary. The first number is donefor you. 13

1. “I love talk shows on television,” Edda remarks. Edda remarks that she loves talk shows on television. 2. Oscar asked, “What talk show do you watch?” 3. “Who is your favorite TV announcer?” I asked Nena. 4. “Stand for the truth,” the man admonished the young reporters. 5. I asked her, “Do you listen to news broadcast?” 6. “How do newspapers gather the news,” the pupil asked. 7. “Do you want to become a journalist?” the news editor asked. 8. “My dream is to become a newscaster,” Wilma said. 9. The teacher advised Vicky, “Pursue your journalism career. 10. “Why are news brief?” Willy asked.Self-checkLanguage Focus 1. John says that he loves reading books. 2. Ellen asks me what I think of today’s media. 3. Mother advised me to do my work well. 4. Pete asked me if I knew the latest news. 5. My brother requested me to help him.For statements: 1. The journalist says that newspapers play an important role in society. 2. Mika said that she didn’t agree with what the newscaster said. 3. The journalism teacher said that newspaper inform and entertain. 4. Tina remarked that the news on the crime rate was alarming. 5. Cris commented that some news were not accurate.For questions: 1. They asked me if I was coming. 2. I asked Raul if the news delighted him. 3. She asks who the new Pope is. 4. Alma asked him which newspaper he read. 5. Vergel asked me whether I believe him or not.For commands or requests. 1. The coach commanded his team to move faster. 2. The son asked his father to listen to him. 3. I told Flora to say something. 4. She admonished them to practice very well. 14

5. The teacher told us to write a letter to the editor.Punctuation Marks used in direct quotations. 1. She told, them, “I want a part-time job.” 2. The guard warned the men, “Don’t enter the building.” 3. Dessa asked, “Where is my cell phone?” 4. Father advised me, “Be more diligent in your studies.” 5. “Are you a Japanese?” I asked the stranger. 6. “There’s an increase in employment rate,” the President announce. 7. “Lay down your gun,” the policeman warned the suspect. 8. “Please let me in,” he requested the maid. 9. He said, “I’m having a great time here. 10. “Who are you?” the lady asked me.More Practice 1. Edda remarks that she loves talk shows on television. 2. Oscar asked me what talk shows I watched. 3. I asked Nena who her favorite TV announcer was. 4. The man admonished the young reporters to stand for the truth. 5. I asked her if she listened to news broadcast. 6. The pupil asked how newspapers gathered the news. 7. The news editor asked him if he wanted to become a journalist. 8. Wilma said that her dream was to become a newscaster. 9. The teacher advised Vicky to pursue her journalism career. 10. Willy asked why news are brief.Write Thing Do you read the newspapers? Many times there are issues published in the dailies which we do not really seem to agree with. When this happens, what do you do? Do you just let it pass without giving yourself a chance to be heard? Wouldn’t it feel better if you did?Pre Writing Here is an example of a letter to the editor. You will find the name of the sender at the end ofthe article. Take note that he properly identified himself. Read the letter very carefully. 15

Below are some guide questions for you to consider.Guide Questions: 1. The first paragraph is a statement of the sender’s stand about an issue. Is it about a newspaper article recently published? If yes, what particular date of issue or title of the article? If no, what particular issue in government or non-government office? 2. Is there a transition device used to shift from one paragraph to another? 3. Look for examples of opinion statement. Are they strong, moderate or weak? Why do you say so? 4. What conclusion does the writer give?No to electronic surveillance, no to anti-terrorism bill As a communication rights advocate, I It is recognized worldwide thatvehemently oppose the anti-terrorism bill wiretapping and monitoring of onlineauthored by Rep. Robert Ace Barbers. The environments are highly intrusive forms ofbill, which has a provision on electronic investigation and affect persons andsurveillance, encroaches on the people’s right organizations opposing a government.to privacy, freedom of expression, and Studies have shown that in countries withcommunication. Under the pretext for wiretapping and electronic surveillancecombating ‘terrorism’, this bill threatens my laws, targets include political opponents,personal freedom to communicate as I fear student leaders, human rights activists, tradethat the government will abuse this measure unionists and even journalists. For instance,to conduct surveillance to minimize dissent in Denmark and Sweden, two of the mostand silence activists. democratic countries, intelligence organizations were conducting surveillance In 2001, I protested against the Estrada of thousands of left-leaning activists forregime through a website called Erap Alis nearly forty years (Watching the Watchmen(www.erapalis.net.ph), which was created by and their Watchers, Privacy International).the Foundation for Media Alternatives. Thiswebsite, along with 200 others and 100 email Yes, ‘terrorism’ is a menace that must begroups that were set up during that time, stopped but not at all cost; certainly not atbecame the weapon of choice of many the expense of our right to privacy andFilipinos frustrated with Mr. Estrada’s kind of communication. The Philippines hasgovernance. By sending their statements and enough laws to combat ‘terrorism’, weby downloading materials through the surely do not need this one.Internet, Filipinos from all over the worldwere linked together and were able to topple JOEY O. DIMAANDALanother president in what was dubbed as the Pasong Tamo, Quezon City‘multimedia revolution’. If this bill will be Email: [email protected],enacted into a law, we may never have thechance to use the power of Internet again to [email protected] grievances. 16

Activity 1 Write down at least 5 opinion statements and complete the table. Put a check mark where youthink it best. Opinion Statement Strong Moderate Weak1.2.3.4.5. Note that practically all opinion statements are strongly worded. It is very evident that thesender do not subscribe to the bill.Activity 2Writing Proper: First Draft Go over the reasons you have stated on the issue about going abroad. Get as many as youwant to include in the letter to the editor you are going to write.Activity 3 With “No to electronic….” as your model, write your letter to the editor about “FallingStandards.” Do this in your notebook. Assess your own composition using the following Checklist Yes NoA. Content 1. Did I indicate the specific issue that I am reacting to? 2. Are my opinion statements convincing? 3. Did I use the appropriate expression to drive at a point? 4. Did I deviate from the issue? 17

Yes NoB. Organization / Structure 1. Did I use appropriate conjunctions to expand the sentences? 2. Did I use transition words to link one paragraph to another? 3. Do the verbs agree with the subjects? 4. Are the sentences coherent? 5. Are the statements clear and understandable? 6. Did I use correct punctuation marks?Activity 4 Polish your work and request somebody to read it. Try to get suggestions on how to improveyour work.Activity 5 Finalize your letter and then send it to Philippine Star. Get a copy of the newspaper for otherdetails on writing to the editor.18

It is time to write down your reflections on what you have just learned. Reflective Journal It is good to keep track of your day-to-day learningexperiences. Do this on your notebook.  What did I learn?  What was particularly significant for me? Why?  How will I apply what I have learned to my future career?Everyday Expressions Study these idioms and their meaning.come about - happen; arisecome across - find; meet by chancecome by - get; obtaincome into - inheritcome out - be published 19

Activity 1 Practice using the idioms in the box by filling in the blank with the correct idiom ineach sentence. Use the correct form of come. 1. Glory __________ a fortune when her uncle made her his heir. 2. Mike __________ a diary kept by her late grandmother. 3. High-paying jobs are hard to __________ even for college graduates nowadays 4. The news about his winning in the journalism contest __________ in the school paper. 5. Many quarrels __________ because of a misunderstanding.Activity 2 Rewrite the following sentences by substituting an idiom for the underlined word.Choose your idiom from the box. Remember to use the correct form of come. 1. Her essay was published in the popular magazine. 2. He could not explain how he got the money. 3. The problem of the family arose when both parents left to work aboard. 4. I found a gold necklace with a locket in my mother’s jewelry box. 5. If ever I inherit a fortune, I would donate a part of it to charity.Self-checkActivity 11. came into 4. came out2. came across 5. come about3. come byActivity 21. Her essay came out in the popular magazine.2. He could not explain how he came by the money.3. The problem of the family came about when both parents left to work aboard.4. I came across a gold necklace with a locket in my mother’s jewelry box.5. If ever I come into a fortune, I would donate a part of it to charity. You’re almost done with this module, Let’s now see how much you have learned from it.Take the posttest. 20

PosttestI. Reading The following is an example of a letter to the editor. Read it very carefully then answer thequestions that follow. Cabatangan belongs to Zamboangueños Dear Mr. Soliven, Your column of March 1, 2005 captured in crisp colorful language the sentiments of the Zamboangueños over the projected reoccupation of the Cabatangan complex. You gave voice to the deep pain and silent sufferance of a great majority of the peace loving people of Zamboanga. You are, by the power of the pen, an avenger, a defender of our rights that is at the moment being threatened by the ugly head of political vendetta. The exact details of historic events, the citing of articles of law, the descriptions of power players in the bloody business of armed confrontation, the portrayal of truth cannot be expressed any better. You said it as it is. We fear, however, that you are a voice in the wilderness in the face of stubborn refusal to heed our plea, our anger, and our supplication, our desperate attempt to get what rightfully belongs to us by law. A docile people, patient and peace loving pray that they may not be pushed to the limit of their forbearance. Thank you so much for putting out cause in the national consciousness. We hope and pray the effort will not be in vain. -FLORINDA V. GARCIA Zamboanga City The Philippine Star, p.16, March 4, 20051. The letter is a reaction to an article published on what date?2. The particular article spoke of what province in Mindanao?3. What word would best describe the mood of the letter?a. Radical b. Emotional c. Melancholy d. Didactic4. Who is referred to as the avenger, defender of right of the Zamboangueños? 21

5. What does this sentence imply: “We fear, however, that you are a voice in the wilderness…”a. The letter sender is full of hope.b. The letter sender has strong faith in the government.c. The letter sender has given up.d. The letter sender feels helpless.6. Who is the letter sender?7. Who is the letter sendee?8. What does stubborn mean?a. Weak b. Patient c. Firm d. Lazy9. What does supplication suggest?a. Pride b. Humility c. Love d. Anger10. What are docile people capable of? They are easilya. taught b. loved c. liked d. favoredII. Grammar: Changing sentences to indirect speech (15 points) Fill in the blank with the correct word. 1. “There is freedom of speech in the country,” he said. He said _________ there is freedom of speech in the country. 2. “Does that mean that I can say what I want?” she asked. She asked _________ that meant that she _________ say what _________ wanted. 3. He tells her, “You’re free to say the truth.” He tells her that _________ is free to say the truth. 4. “Be sure you give accurate reports,” the news editor reminded the reporters. The news editor reminded the reporters _________ be sure that _________ gave accurate reports. 5. “What does the front page of a newspaper contain?” the student asks. The student asks _________ the front page of a newspaper _________. 6. “Get a newspaper and find the answer to your question,” Miss Pineda advised the student. Miss Pineda advised the student _________ get a newspaper and find out the answer to _________ question. 7. “Do you always read the editorial page?” I asked Norman. I asked Norman if _________ always read the editorial page. 8. Norman answered, “Of course, I do.” Norman said that _________ definitely _________. 9. The teacher explains, “Editorials are eye openers because they express different views on present issues.” The teacher explains that editorials _________ eye openers because they express different views on present issues. 22

Self-check Finally, we have come to this point when we will once again find out if you are ready to moveon.Check your answers against the key.I. Reading1. March 1, 2005 6. Florinda V. Garcia2. Zamboanga 7. Mr. Soliven3. b. Emotional 8. c. Firm4. Mr. Soliven 9. b. Humility5. c. The letter sender has given up 10. a. taughtII. Grammar (15 points)1. He said that there is freedom of speech in the country.2. She asked if that meant that she could say what she wanted.3. He tells her that she is free to say the truth.4. The news editor reminded the reporters to be sure that they gave accurate reports.5. The student asks what the front page of a newspaper contains.6. Miss Pineda advised the student to get a newspaper and find out the answer to his (or her) question.7. I asked Norman if he always read the editorial page.8. Norman said that he definitely did.9. The teacher explains that editorials are eye openers because they express different views on present issues.Again, congratulations!You must have satisfactorily completed the tasks. The rating is as follows: 25 points - Excellent! 20 – 24 - Very Good! 15 – 19 - Good! 10 – 14 - Fair 9 and below tell you, you might have lacked the focus. Go back and review your errors. The next module sounds interesting but may give you something to really think about becauseit is on Taking Risks. Have you tried that before? Was it worth taking the risk?Well, find out more on your next lesson. 23

Before you put aside this module, spend some time reflecting on what you have learned fromit. Use this format in your reflective journal. What I think of the activities in this module How I liked themThings I Did (Very much) (Just fine) (Not so much because)What I liked best 24

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