English 2

Activity 4. Combine the two sentences changing the second sentence to a participial phrase. Number 1 is done for you. Beasts of Burden 1. A small shaggy pony is a pack animal in the Himalayas. It is known as the “tat.” Known as the “tat”, a small shaggy pony is a pack animal in the Himalayas. 2. Camels are seen in Asia. They ford streams. 3. The one-humped camel is a native of Africa. It is used for travel across hot desert sands. 4. The two-humped camel of Asia can endure freezing weather. It has a thick coat of hair in winter. 5. The yak is a hardy animal. The yak is used as a beast of burden in Central Asia. 6. The yak requires little food. The yak can live in cold, arid regions.Self-checkNow check your answers against the key that follows. Score each correct answer two points. 2. Camels, fording streams, are seen in Asia. 3. Used for travel across hot desert sands, the one-humped camel is a native of Africa. 4. The two-humped camel of Asia, having a thick coat of hair in winter, can endure freezing weather. 5. The yak, used as a beast of burden in Central Asia, is a hardy animal. 6. Being able to live in cold, arid regions, the yak requires little food.to do You should get 6 or higher to make the grade. Otherwise, please study harder and try better in the succeeding activities.Activity 5. Recognizing Errors in the Use of Participial Phrases. Write D if the participial phrase is dangling, and M if it is misattached then correct theerroneous sentence. Write C if it is placed correctly. Number 1 is done for you.1. The boy gazed longingly at the airplane flying a kite. M. The boy, flying a kite, gazed longingly at the airplane.2. Listening to the radio, the evening seemed short.3. The man frightened the nervous horse speaking in loud tones.4. Lina gathered the fresh flowers discarding the faded blooms.5. Sheltered safely under the trees, the picnickers were not bothered by the rain.6. Working hard for several days, her garden was weeded thoroughly. 20

7. Overspeeding, the motorist did not see the pedestrian.8. Walking along Roxas Blvd. at sundown, the beautiful sunset over Manila Bay was enjoyed.9. Father ran to help him hearing the call.10. The girls were driven to the party in a car dressed in their best clothes.11. Cooked in olive oil and garnished appetizingly, the waiter served the salmon to the customer.12. Hurrying down the aisle, the books were dropped.13. Sailing the Caribbean Sea, a very deep part of the ocean is crossed.14. Rushing toward the shore, the waves dashed over the shingles.15. Growing abundantly along the way friendly foreigners are charmed by the scarlet hisbiscus.16. The visitor may journey through the fertile farm lands having been guided past the colorful gardens of the city.Self-check Let’s find out how you fared. Check your answers against the following. Score each numbercorrectly answered 2 points.2. D. Listening to the radio, we found the evening short.3. M. The man , speaking in loud tones, frightened the nervous horse.4. M. Discarding the faded blooms, Lina gathered the fresh flowers.5. C.6. D. Working hard for several days, she thoroughly weeded her garden.7. C.8. D. Walking along Roxas Blvd. at sundown, I enjoyed the beautiful sunset over Manila Bay.9. M. Hearing the call, Father ran to help him.10. M. The girls, dressed in their best clothes, were driven to the party in a car.11. M. The waiter served the salmon cooked in olive oil and garnished appetizingly to the customer.12. D. Hurrying down the aisle, the student dropped the books.13. D. Sailing the Caribbean Sea, one crosses a very deep part of the ocean.14. C.15. M. Friendly foreigners are charmed by the scarlet hisbiscus growing abundantly along the way.16. M. Having been guided past the colorful gardens of the city, the visitor may journey through the fertile farm lands.Your Score If your score is 30, Excellent! You really know your participles already. Congratulations.Is your score between 21-29? Very good! But don’t be contented with it. Study more to improve.Is your score between 13-20? You should study harder. You deserve a higher score than this.Is your score 12 or lower? Please do something about your performance. So much leaves to be desired. 21

Write Thing Which world leader do you admire most? Write a paragraph explaining your choice. Use participles / participial phrases to describe the qualities of that leader that you admire most. It will help if you list down the qualities of the leader before you write your paragraph.Everyday ExpressionsYou have already studied many idioms. Let’s take up one more set – idioms with pick.Study the following expressions carefully.pick at - eat sparingly; make petty criticisms.pick off - to aim at and shootpick on - to single out in order to do something unpleasant - to choose somebody repeatedly for criticismpick out - to choose from a number of people or thingpick over - to look through carefullypick up - to gather with the hands; to rescue; to learn or acquireExercise 1. Fill in the blank with the correct form of the idiom to complete the sentence.1. Birds ______________________ at the bread crumbs along the footpath.2. The rescuers ______________________ some survivors at sea last night.3. Snipers are trained to ___________________their targets even in a crowd.4. Our adviser was always _____________________ our naughty classmate.5. They will _____________________ the best students in class for the assembly.6. The mother told the child to ______________ his toys and put them away.7. Why did you _______________________ me to tell them the bad news?8. ________________________ the seeds and throw away any stones.9. If you live in a country, you _____________ the language easily.10. It isn’t right to _____________________ him because he made a mistake. 22

Self-checkCheck your answers against the following to see how you fared.1. pick at 5. pick out 9. pick up2. picked up 6. pick up 10. pick at3. pick off 7. pick on4. picking on 8. pick over Perfect? Fantastic! Congratulations. You should score 6 or higher to make the grade. If your score is 5 or lower, please study the idioms with pick again before going further.Exercise 2. I bet you can now use the idioms with pick in your own sentence. Go ahead write them in your notebook.You are almost through with the module. To assess your performance take the posttest.PosttestI. VocabularyA. Using Context Clues. Write the letter of the word or phrase that gives the correct meaning of the underlined word as used in the sentence.1. Keep quiet or you will awaken the baby from its slumber. a. play b. sleep c. attention d. concentration2. The devastating typhoon brought rains, floods and great damage to life and property. a. powerful b. unexpected c. destructive d. indescribable3. Verification of the facts in the case was extremely necessary in view of the seriousness of the punishment. a. ascertaining b. showing c. specification d. identification4. Pollution and the fuel crisis could herald a new dawn for solar energy. a. demand b. publicize c. permit d. introduce5. Society cannot condone terrorism or any other anti-social behavior. a. describe b. condemn c. disregard d. explain 23

6. Varied war crafts can contribute to the annihilation of mankind.a. decrease b. production c. improvement d. destruction d. malicious7. The accused denied the fictitious tale of the plaintiff. d. aggressivea. imaginary b. repetitious c. erroneous8. The precocious child could compose songs at age 7.a. clever b. talented c. activeB. Understanding Compound WordsMatch the compound word in A with its correct meaning in B. Write letters only.AB9. foolscap a. sand into which heavy objects sink10. cutback b. vote against a person or thing11. quicksand c. known everywhere12. bootblack d. writing paper13. ringside e. money saved14. blackball f. a shoe shine boy15. widespread g. near the fighters h. a reduction to an earlier rateII. Reading Comprehension Read the selections in boxes, then write the letters of your answers to the questions thatfollow.A. Two men were traveling through the woods when a bear rushed out upon them. One traveler seized a branch of a tree and climbed up. The other threw himself flat upon the ground. The bear came and put its muzzle close to his ear and sniffed. With a growl the bear shook its head and left. The man in the tree came down and, laughing, said, “What was it that Master Bruin whispered to you?” “He said to me,” replied the other, “ never trust a friend who deserts you in an emergency.”16. Who was Master Bruin? c. A friend a. The bear d. The man on the ground b. The man in the tree 24

17. What did the bear do to the man on the ground? a. Hit the man c. Talked to the man b. Scared the man d. Sniffed at the man 18. Where were the two men walking? c. Near a zoo a. In a park d. In a lumber camp b. In the woods 19. What did the man in the tree do to his friend? a. Helped him c. Laughed at him b. Cheered him up d. Sympathized with him 20. Why did the man fall flat on the ground? a. He could not climb c. He knew it was safe b. He tripped on a log d. He knew nothing else to do 21. What kind of friend should we not trust? a. One who helps us c. One who laughs at us b. One who deserts us d. One who cheers us upB. Goethe relates that he once passed by a group of beggars holding out their hands for alms. One beggar seemed to attract a great deal of attention and consequently received more alms. As Goethe went nearer the group, he saw a placard on this beggar which said: “It is April and I am blind. April is springtime and the beauty of spring is like no other beauty; sunsets have a more peaceful loveliness; the sea has a turbulent and restless charm that is unmatched. Spring is beautiful as a baby is beautiful; spring is filled with tiny, tender things.” 22. When did the incident happen? c. Autumn d. Winter a. Spring b. Summer 23. What attracted Goethe’s attention? c. Beggar’s placard a. Can of alms d. Beggar’s guitar b. Dark glasses 24. What did the beggar mean by “It’s April and I am blind”? a. He loves spring. c. He hates being blind and poor. b. He asks for man’s charity d. He misses the beauty of spring. 25. What figure of speech is used in the last sentence? a. Metaphor c. Hyperbole b. Simile d. Personification 25

C. From Song of the Flower Khalil GibranI am the lover’s gift, I am the wedding wreath;I am the memory of a moment of happiness;I am the last gift of the living to the dead;I am a part of joy and a part of sorrow.But I look up high to see only the lightAnd never look down to see my shadow.This is the wisdom which man must learn.26. What does line 1 suggest about flowers? It is a sign ofa. beauty b. love c. wealth d. happiness27. What does line 3 make us think of flowers? They serve as token ofa. farewell b. welcome c. sympathy d. happiness28. What does light in line 5 symbolize in our life?a. sunshine b. electricity c. joy d. abundance29. What does shadow in line 6 symbolize?a. night b. darkness c. death d. misfortune30. What figure of speech is used in the poem?a. simile b. metaphor c. personification d. hyperboleIII. GrammarA. Using Participles and Participial PhrasesWrite the letter of the clause that will complete each of the following sentences correctly. 31. Visiting the picturesque valley at sunset, _____________________ a. the magnificent colors charmed us. b. charmed were us of the magnificent colors. c. we were charmed by the magnificent colors. 32. Taking a walk, __________________________ a. we saw the beautiful sunset. b. the beautiful sunset was seen. c. seeing the beautiful sunset we experienced. 26

33. Hearing a strange noise about the house, ______________ a. a neighbor was called by Aling Minda. b. Aling Minda called a neighbor. c. calling a neighbor was done by Aling Minda. 34. Having read the book, ____________________________ a. I immediately returned it. b. it was returned right away. c. another book was borrowed by me. 35. Praised for strength and endurance, __________________ a. a great favorite is the Arabian horse. b. the Arabian horse is a great favorite. c. we greatly favor the Arabian horse. 36. Driving down a country road ______________________ a. a picturesque cabin was seen. b. seeing a picturesque cabin was experienced by us. c. we saw a picturesque cabin. 37. Angered by the batter’s taunts, _________________________ a. Manny threw a wild ball through a neighbor’s window. b. a wild ball threw Manny through a neighbor’s window. c. through the neighbor’s window Manny threw a wild ball. 38. Having a flat tire, ________________________ a. stopping by a farmhouse was forced on us. b. a farmhouse was forced to stop. c. we were forced to stop by a farmhouse.B. Placing Participial ModifiersWrite the letter of the correct sentence arrangement from the group of three sentences. 39. a. Entering the theater, he saw all eyes turned on him. b. He saw all eyes turned on him entering the theater. c. Turned on him he saw all eyes entering the theater. 40. a. Mely served the oranges having peeled them to the visitors. b. To the visitors the oranges, Mely served them having peeled. c. Having peeled the oranges, Mely served them to the visitors. 41. a. We snapped a picture of the volcano taking advantage of the clear day. b. Taking advantage of the clear day, we snapped a picture of the volcano. c. Taking advantage of the clear day, a picture of the volcano was snapped by us. 27

42. a. We caught sight of an old clock leaving the antique shop. b. Leaving the antique shop, we caught sight of an old clock. c. We caught sight, leaving the antique shop of an old clock.43. a. Studying my lesson in the library, I heard the bell for dismissal ring. b. I heard the bell for dismissal ring studying my lesson in the library. c. Studying my lesson in the library, the ringing of the bell for dismissal was heard by me.44. a. Having strayed from herds, wild creatures became the Spanish horses. b. Having strayed from herds, the Spanish horses became wild creatures. c. Becoming wild creatures strayed from herds the Spanish horses.45. a. Abandoned by their owners, these horses enjoyed the freedom of the wide-open spaces. b. The wide-open spaces enjoyed these horses abandoned by their owners. c. These horses enjoyed the wide-open spaces abandoned by their owners.Self-checkLet’s find out how well you have learned from the module. Check your answers against the following.I. VocabularyA. Using Context Clues 1. b 3. a 5. c 7. a 2. c 4. d 6. d 8. bB. Understanding Compound Words 9. d 11. a 13. g 15. c 10. h 12. f 14. bII. Reading Comprehension 16. a 19. c 22. a 25. c 28. c 17. d 20. d 23. c 26. b 29. d 18. b 21. b 24. d 27. a 30. c 28

III. GrammarA. Using Participles and Participial Phrases 31. c 34. a 37. a 38. c 32. a 35. b 45. a 33. b 36. cB. Placing Participial Modifiers 39. a 42. b 40. c 43. a 41. b 44. b Perfect? Excellent! You really made full use of the module. Congratulations, it’s a pleasure working with you. Did you score between 35-44? Very good! Keep up the good work or better yet improve. But if you scored 24 or lower you’ve got to double or even triple you efforts so you’d make the grade. Good luck! From this module, you learned how to analyze the consequences of people’s actions. It ishoped that it has helped you become a more observant and analytic person. 29

UNIT IV Module 4 DRAWING UP PLANSOverview To succeed in life, you must know whatit is you want to have, why you need it and howyou’ll become what you want. This means that youneed a personal plan. Planning is an important part of any taskwhether you want to write a story, put together apuzzle, explain a process or solve a problem. Infact, planning is particularly important in lifebecause you must think about the steps you have totake, what should you do first, second, third, etc.Eventually, the problems you face every day can besolved successfully through planning. As they say,“A job well planned is a job half done.” Let us assume that you have decided what itis you want in life and why you want it. Now, doyou know how to map out plans for you to attainyour objectives? This module can help you indoing this.ObjectivesAfter doing the activities in this module, it is expected that you will be able to:  listen for clues and links to show the speaker’s trend of thought  anticipate or predict what is to follow based on prior statements  give instructional information  give the meaning of words or idioms through context clues  skim to determine the key ideas and the author’s purpose  abstract the most important points in a text  express emotional reactions to what was expressed in the text  report plans, processes and observations using the active and passive voice of the verb  write a how-to-do paragraph explaining a process  write reflections on learning experiences in a journal 1

Instructions1. Do not write anything on this module as several students will be using it. Do all you work in your notebook. Be sure to label your work by the module number and title. Keep a separate notebook for your Reflective Journal.2. Read each section carefully. If you have not read the first two sections, go over them first.3. Each module begins with an Overview or brief introduction followed by a list of Objectives that you are expected to learn.4. Before working on the activities answer the Pretest first. Find out how well you did by checking you answers against the answers given under the Self-check of the pretest.5. As you work on the activities, try to relate them to the objectives of this module. What skill or strategy does the activity develop?6. After each activity, go over the Self-check that follows to find out how well you fared in that activity. Pay attention to the items you missed. Learn from your mistakes.7. After working on all activities, take the Pretest.PretestReading Read the article carefully. In your notebook, write the letter of the word or group of wordsthat best completes each sentence 1) The entrepreneur prepares short and long-range plans which specify what needs to bedone in the company in order to reach its goals. 2) The plan usually contains specific activities to beundertaken. 3) A schedule for these activities, the key persons assigned as responsible for attainingresults, and resources such as money, men, machines and materials needed to get the tasks done arespecified in the plan. 4) Preparing a business plan requires the qualities of being persistent and being systematic inplanning and goal setting. 5) Since a business plan includes aspects of organization, marketing aproduction and finance, preparing the plan is in itself a learning experience. 6) What is learned willnot only be theories but also how these theories are applied in the industry.1. The entrepreneur prepares short and long term plans in order to reach its goals. These plans specify _____________. a. how activities are to be undertaken b. what are the resources needed to get tasks done c. who are the key persons assigned to get tasks done d. all of the above 2

2. The qualities needed in preparing a business plan are ___________________________.a. being prepared c. being systematicb. being persistent d. both B and C3. Preparing a business plan is a learning experience in itself because _________________. a. it offers specific activities and tasks b. it includes men, money, machines and materials c. it prepares resources needed d. it includes aspects of organization, marketing a production, and finance4. Preparing a business plan, provides learning in ______________ .a. materials needed c. production and financeb. theories and practice d. qualities of an entrepreneur5. The main point of the article is that ____________________. a. planning is a learning experience b. planning is made by the entrepreneur to reach the goals of the company c. planning requires system and goal setting d. planning offers specific activities to be undertaken.6. The main idea is best expressed in sentence ___________________________. a. 1 b. 2 c. 5 d. 67. The writer’s primary purpose in this article is to ________________________. a. explain the importance of planning c. offer suggestions b. describe the qualities of an entrepreneur d. present an issue8. This article can best appeal to a ___________________________.a. consumer c. businessmanb. peddler d. vendorVOCABULARY The italicized words below are found in the article you have read. Write the letter of the wordor phrase that means exactly the same as each italicized word. A. well organized C. series of operation aimed at single end B. sure D. manager and owner of a business 3

1. An entrepreneur performs management functions well. 2. The manager needs to be systematic in planning the tasks to be done. 3. Key persons assigned must be persistent in their goal setting. 4. To be successful an entrepreneur must process everything especially planning.GRAMMAR Read the following sentences carefully. In your notebook, write the letter of the correct verbform in the passive construction. 1. Successful persons need plans of action. Plans of action __________________________ (A. needed B. are needed C. is needed D. were needed) by successful persons. 2. Each one possesses a unique style of planning. A unique style of planning _______________ (A. possesses B. possessed C. is possessed D. are possessed) by each one. 3. The majority experienced the joy and challenges of planning. The joy and challenges of planning ____________________(A. are experienced B. is experienced C. was experienced D. were experienced) by the majority.Self-check Reading 1. D ( The plans specify how activities are to be undertaken, the resources needed and key persons assigned.) 2. D (Being persistent and systematic are the qualities needed.) 3. D (Planning includes aspects of organization, marketing a production and finance.) 4. B (Theories and how they are applied are learned.) 5. B (Planning is made by entrepreneurs to reach the goals of the company.) 6. A (Sentence 1 expresses the main idea.) 7. A (The writer’s primary purpose is to explain the importance of planning.) 8. C (This article can best appeal to a businessman.) Vocabulary 1. D (An entrepreneur is a manager and owner of a business.) 2. A (To be systematic means to be well-organized.) 3. B (To be persistent means to be sure.) 4. C ( A process is a series of operation aimed at a single end.) Grammar 1. B (are needed) 2. C (is possessed) 3. D (were experienced) 4

How’s that for a start? Remember, they’re not more than you need, just more than you’reused to. Just think and feel what these next activities can offer and do for you?Reading AdventurePre-reading Read the title of the selection that follows. In your notebook, copy the words inside the box.Guess which words will be found in the article.break down operations deliverysetting up output assignmentframework materials evaluatecontrol inspection scheduleWhile reading Read the words in the box again and while you read the article, encircle the words that arefound and cross out those that are not. Planning Production The entrepreneur has at his or her command a number of management tools and techniqueswhich can be applied to reduce costs and increase productivity. Most of them involve the functionsof planning and control. Planning is an important aspect of production. Without proper planning, a lot of expensiveproduction time can be lost and wasted. Lack of planning may bring these possible outcomes: rawmaterials will run out of stock; operation is interrupted; work stoppage occurs due to machinebreakdown, and delivery of products is delayed. Through planning these problems can be preventedor solutions could be worked out beforehand. Production planning involves determining the necessary raw materials and their flow, numberof workers, types and maintenance of machineries needed, sequence and methods of operations, 5

schedule and time frame completion. This way the components needed to complete operations aremade available at a proper time and place. It must be understood that production planning is not done only when the business isoperational. A lot of planning should already have been done prior to its setting up and should havebeen included in the over-all business plan.Self-checkNow see if your answers are the same as the following. break down operations delivery assignment setting up schedule materials controlComprehension Check Answer the following questions. 1. The entrepreneur uses management tools and techniques to reduce costs and increase productivity. What functions are involved in most of them? 2. What will happen if there is no proper planning in production? 3. What are the possible outcomes from the lack of planning? Copy the following outcome web in your notebook. Plot your answers on the web. 6

outcome lack outcome of planning4. What are included in production planning? Copy the following diagram in your notebook. Complete the entries on the spaces provided for. PRODUCTION PLANNINGmaterials workers operations machineries time5. When is the proper time for production planning?6. What do you think will happen to the economy of a nation if all entrepreneurs will use proper production planning?7. Can problems be given solutions through proper planning? Why? 7

Self-check1. The functions of planning and control2. A lot of expensive production time will be lost and wasted.3. outcome outcome interrupted lack raw operations of materials planning delayed of delivery of stock products work stoppage4. PRODUCTION PLANNING materials workers operations needed flow number sequence methods machineries time types maintenance completion scheduling5. A lot of planning should be done prior to its setting up.6. The economy of the nation will surely improve.7. Genuinely, problems can be solved if proper planning will be used or practiced. 8

Activity 3 How about a riddle? Riddles like problems require you to analyze, compare and evaluate different aspects of thesituation. Riddle solving shifts your attention from form to content by focusing your energy infinding a solution which requires careful planning or processing of information. Now, read thisriddle and find a solution to this problem. Problem: crossing the river A man and his wife and their two children had to cross a river. There was a boat that they could use, but there was a sign in it which said that it could carry not more than 100 lbs. at a time. The man and his wife each weighed 140 kilos. How did they manage to cross the river in the boat without overloading it?Think carefully and don’t be tempted to look at the answer before trying to solve the problem.Self-check Were you able to solve it? Check your answer against the one below. This is how theymanaged to cross the river. 1. First, the two children rowed across. One child stayed and the other rowed back to the parents. 2. Second, the mother rowed across and stayed. The child who was already there rowed back again. 3. Third, the two children rowed across once again, one stayed with the mother and the other rowed back again. 4. After awhile, the father rowed to the other side alone, and the other child who was there rowed once again. 5. Finally, the two children rowed to the other side together.* Smart, isn’t it? Do you think the family had planned what to do before they crossed the river? What aboutyou? If you found yourself in the same situation, would you have another plan? 9

Everyday Expressions You, as a great source of information can use special expressions that can make your ideasinteresting. These are everyday expressions that clarify your intention and other ideas you want toshare especially when you’re planning a task. Consider the following. 1. A student needs to pull off projects in time. 2. Our plan is to pull up our roots right away. 3. We have to pull up our bad attitudes. 4. Why can’t we pull back our plan of action? 5. Everything will be all right. Please pull yourself together 6. He’s so smart you can’t pull his leg.Activity 1 Determine the meaning of the italicized expressions in the six sentences. In your notebook,copy the word or phrase which means the same as each italicized word in the preceding sentences.Use the word pool.be calm accomplish successfullystop return to original positionmove in another direction play a jokeSelf-check1. pull off --- accomplish successfully2. pull up roots --- move in another direction3. pull up --- stop4. pull back --- return to original position5. pull oneself together --- be calm6. pull someone’s leg ---- play a joke 10

Activity 2 A job well-planned is a job half done. Why is this so? It’s because good planning willensure that the steps you will take are directed towards your goal. Therefore, no time is wasted and every step has a purpose. Read the following quotations on planning and answer the questions below. Use theexpressions pull up, pull up roots, pull back, pull off, and pull out in your answers. 1. “A carefully laid out plan brings about best results.” 2. “A winner always has a program or plan.” 3. “Achievers review every detail of their works.” Questions:1. What do these quotations have in common in terms of content?2. Do you believe in each message? Why or why not?3. Whom do you think of when you read these quotations? Explain your answer.Self-check 21. All of three quotations talk about the importance of planning what to do.2. Yes, plans are important to pull problems out from one’s life. (Answers may vary.)3. I think of successful people who can pull off tasks guided by their plans or programs of work. (Answers may vary.)Hang in there! C’mon you’re doing great!The next portion will be about grammar. 11

Language in Focus It is said that a verb is in the active voice if the subject is the doer of the action and thereceiver of the action comes after the verb. On the other hand, a verb is in the passive voice if thesubject is the receiver of the action and the emphasis is on the receiver.Activity 1 Study the sentences in box A and box B. Compare the entries. How do they differ? A B1. They planned an early meeting. 1. An early meeting was planned.2. They prepared a schedule of 2. Schedule of activities was pre- activities. pared by them.3. They sent notices of meeting. 3. Notices of meeting were sent. In your notebook, copy the tables below. Then complete them by using the words in thepreceding tables. Subject A Object Subject B by phrase1. Verb Verb2.3. 12

Self-checkNow check your answers using the key below. B ASubject Verb Object Subject Verb by phrase1. They planned an early meeting . 1. An early was planned by them..2. They prepared meeting by them. a schedule of activites. 2. A schedule was prepared of activities3. They sent notices of 3. Notices of were sent. meeting meetingDid you notice that….1. the subjects in box A are all doers of the action while in box B the subjects are receivers of the action.2. the actions or the verbs are given importance in box B. They are expressed in verb phrase form.3. the doers of the actions in box B come after the verb and they are introduced by the preposition by.4. the verbs in box A are in the active voice while the verbs in box B are in the passive voice. Generalizations  Verb in the active voice – a. takes the doer of the action as subject. b. is followed by a receiver of the action or direct object (D.O.).  Verb in the passive voice a. takes the receiver of the action or (D.O.) as subject. b. may or may not be followed by a by phrase (doer) c. is in verb phrase form - is/are + past participle form - was/were + past participle form - has/have/had + been + past participle form Can you remember these rules on the use of the active and passive voices? Let’s see howmuch you’ve learned. 13

Activity 2Change the sentences from the active voice to the passive voice.1. She draws detailed plans. Detailed plans _____________ by her. the2. He discovered a cure for her illness. A cure for her illness ____________ by him.3. It brings good luck. Good luck ______________ by it.4. The neighborhood planned a sportsfest. A sportsfest _________________ by neighborhood.5. These activities consume much time. Much time ___________ by their activities.Activity 3 Making PlansGive brief responses to the following questions. Use the active voice of the verbs. 1. What would you do if you were given one million pesos? 2. Where will you go if you can travel? 3. Why should you draw your plans for the future? 4. From whom will you ask help if you have a problem? 5. How will you plan your life?Activity 4 From Active to Passive Below are sentences explaining a simple process. Read them carefully and change each topassive construction.Self-check 1) Blend all the ingredients in a cup of water. 2) Empty the contents of the canned ingredients over saucepan. 3) Rinse blender with remaining water. 4) Add it into a saucepan. 5) Simmer and serve immediately. 14

Activity 2 1. are drawn 2. was discovered 3. is brought 4. was planned 5. was consumedActivity 3Here are sample answers to the questions. 1. I would share the amount to others. 2. I will go to Europe. 3. I can make my life successful. 4. I will ask help from God. 5. I will plan my life by studying well.Activity 4 1. The ingredients are blended in a cup of water 2. The contents of the canned ingredients are emptied over a saucepan. 3. The blender is rinsed with remaining water. 4. It is added into a saucepan. 5. It is simmered and served immediately.It’s worth the effort, isn’t it? Do your feel great now? Now that your interest has been sparked, move on to the next activity.Reading Adventure You have the right as well as the responsibility to assess the road which lies ahead of you andthose which you have traveled on. If the future road appears to be threatening or uncompromisingand the road back is uninviting, then you need to gather your resolve so that you can make changes inyour plans. Pause and decide whether to pull up your roots. Then map up your new plan.Pre-reading 15

Words UnlockedMatch the italicized word in column A with its meaning in Column B. A B1. The girl was horrified last night. a. prepared2. We concocted a mixture of liquids. b. understand clearly3. Water trickle down your face. c. shocked4. You must figure out the problem. d. increased5. How can you turn him down? e. say no to something6. Sales mushroomed for a week. f. flow in dropsSelf- check1. Shocked means the same as horrified.2. Prepared is the same as concocted .3. Flow in drops is the same as trickle.4. Understand clearly is the same as figure out.5. Say no to something is the same as turn down.6. Increased means the same as mushroomed.While Reading Read “No Mistake” by Jennifer Read Hawthorne and Marci Shimoff. While reading, writethe answer to the following questions on your activity notebook.1. What was Bette’s problem?2. How did she feel about her problem?3. What did she do to solve her problem?4. Why didn’t Bette give up?5. How did Bette make a success out of her “mistake out” to “Liquid Paper”?6. What qualities of Bette enabled her to succeed?7. What do you think is the purpose of the authors in writing Bette Nismith’s biography? 16

NO MISTAKE In 1951 Bette Nesmith worked in Dallas bank, where she was glad to have a secretarial job.She was twenty seven, divorced and the mother of a nine-year-old son. She was happy to be making$ 300 a month, a respectable sum then. But she had one problem – how to correct the errors she made on her electric typewriter. Shehad learned to type on manual typewriter, and was horrified at how many more mistakes she wasmaking on the electric. It was a nightmare trying to correct all the mistakes with an eraser. She hadto figure out a solution. She had some art experience, and she knew artists who worked in oils just painted over errors.She made her plans carefully. Very cautiously, she started mapping out her plans. So, she concocteda fluid to paint over her typing errors, and she put it in empty bottle of fingernail polish. For five years, Bette kept her new technique to herself. But finally, other secretaries noticedher little bottle and asked for some themselves. So, she made up some bottles for her friends andcalled it “Mistake Out.” Her friends loved it and encouraged her to start selling the product. She approached variousmarketing agencies, including IBM, but they turned her down. However, secretaries continued tolike her product, so Bette Nesmith’s kitchen became her first manufacturing facility, and she startedselling it on her own. She didn’t quit her day job, but worked long into the nights and early morningmixing and packaging her product. Orders began to trickle in, and she hired a college student to help the sales effort. It wasn’teasy for these two inexperienced salespeople. Dealers kept telling them that people just wouldn’tpaint out their mistakes. Records show that from August 1959 to April 1960, the company’s totalincome was $ 1,141, and its expenses were $ 1,217. But Bette didn’t give up. She went to a part-time secretarial job, managing to buy groceriesand save $ 200 to pay a chemist to develop a faster-drying formula. The new formula helped. Bette began traveling throughout the country, selling her little whitebottles wherever she could. She’d arrive in a town, get the local phone book, and call every localoffice supply dealer. She visited individual stores and would leave a dozen bottles. Ordersmushroomed, and what had become known as Liquid Paper began to take off. When Bette Nesmith sold her enterprise, the Liquid Paper Corporation, in 1979, the tiny whitebottles were earning $ 3.5 million annually on sales of $ 38 million. The buyer was the GilletteCompany, and the sale price was $ 47.5 million. Jennifer Read Hawthorne and Marci Shimoff Adapted from a story in Bits & PiecesPost Reading 17

See if your answers to the questions are the same as those below.1. Bette’s problem was how to correct the errors she made on her typewriters.2. She was horrified at first.3. She concocted a fluid to paint her errors and started selling the product although they turned down her product.4. She got encouragement from secretaries who liked her product.5. She was able to develop a new formula and left a dozen bottles in individual stores. Orders mushroomed, and she sold her enterprise to Liquid Paper Corporation in 1979.6. She was diligent, strong-willed, and determined. She was a careful planner, too. (Answers may vary)7. To inspire others to be like Bette NesmithWrite ThingActivity 1. Advertising Flyer Design an advertising flyer for Bette’s Liquid Paper. Plan what you will include in your flyerto make it as interesting and appealing to customers as possible.Here is an example: Are you constantly worried about typing errors? Erase your worries with Liquid Paper.Activity 2 From the list of objectives and interests below, pick one that you like best. Write the stepsyou will take to accomplish it. List them on the chart similar to this. Objective/Interest:______________ Steps to Take:1.2.3.4.5. travel around the world  be morally upright read a lot of books 18 face problems squarely practice golden rule  work responsibly

Self-check (Answers may vary.)Activity 3 Working with A Model Take a closer look at a simple process paragraph and read through it. Then answer thequestions below the paragraph.A. Sample Process Paragraph / How-to-do Paragraph HOW I DO IT When I make up my mind to do something good, I do my best to accomplish it. One thingthat I like to do is doing something “nice” for others. I consider it my mission in life to make othershappy. To inspire me more to do this, I do the following. First, I remember that doing good to otherswill make me a better person. Next, I imagine that I am in the place of the other person. I try to feelwhat he/she feels. Doing good to others is also my way of showing to God how grateful I am for allmy blessings. Also, I try to share what I have especially with the needy. This gives me joy. Afterall, it’s better to give than to receive. Again, I regard this as a modest way of showing appreciationto Him who gave me life. This gift of life I will wholeheartedly give back to Him through service toothers. However, I don’t forget to be good to myself. I take care of myself – my body as well as mymind. It is said that charity begins at home, but I also believe that it does not end there but should beextended to others. With these simple ways I can show my love for God and my fellowmen.1. Does the first sentence grab your attention? Why? 19

2. Does it give the reason for learning the process?3. Does it show how important it is for you to know the topic?4. Are the steps clearly presented?5. Do these steps clarify the process?6. What transitional words are used? Why are they used?7. Is the reason for learning the process restated clearly in the concluding part?Activity 4 Imagine you are mapping out your plans on “How To Face Problems Squarely” or “How ToAttain” (the objective or interest you chose in Activity 1.) It’s time to get down to the business ofwriting your plans. Tell how you will manage to achieve this objective and why it means a lot to you.Remember to explain each step and use transitional words like: first, second, third, etc. Use theframework below as guide.First sentence attention grabberNext sentences ( Statement of reason for learning process ) Step 1 First task / Explanation Step 2 Second task / Explanation Step 3 Third task / Explanation More steps Next task / Explanation Conclusion Restatement of reason for learning processActivity 5 Read your draft and check your work against the framework. Use the questions in Activity 3as guide. * Keep up the good work! Prepare well for the next part. It’s harvesting time once again! 20

PosttestReading Read the excerpt from “Where Are You Going?” carefully. In your notebook, write the letterof the word or group of words that best completes each statement. 1) So here you are about to begin your life journey. 2) It’s true that your life began manyyears ago but because you were not able to plan for yourself, your parents took care of you.3) They made your plans. 4) But now, you begin to feel the need to do things on your own and inyour own way - making long range planning about your life to find out how to get where you wantto go and to make decisions on how you’ll get there. 5) You know you can’t do it by yourself. 6) Like other people, you want and need help inmaking decisions and that’s where your parents and teachers come in at this point in your planning.7) They can help you if you let them. 8) That’s the key to planning your own life at this stage. 9)They may be right for they speak from their experience.1. The article is mainly about _______________________ a. what to do in planning your life b. where to go in making plans c. why your parents and teachers can help you plan your life d. how your parents can help you make plans2. The main idea is clearly expressed in sentence _______________a. 2 b. 6 c. 7 d. 83. The sentence that best supports the main idea is sentence ___________a. 3 b. 5 c. 6 d. 74. According to the article, since you were not able to plan years ago_______________.a. your friends took care of you c. you did thing on your ownb. your parents took care of you d. you speak from your experience5. You feel the need to ______________________ on your own and by your own way.a. make long range planning c. let your parents do the work.b. make decisions for others d. let your teachers help you6. The key to planning life at this stage is that ________________________________.a. your parents do the planning c. your parents can help youb. your parents may be right d. your parents speak from experience7. Most probably, the primary purpose of the writer is to ________________________.a. express his feelings c. give a sermonb. give an advice d. tell a story 21

VocabularyIn your notebook, copy the letter of the expression that means exactly as the italicized word.A. at the planning stage D. destroy someone’s plansB. get started E. suggest any idea that comes to mindC. planning1. What is it that you are cooking up?2. We’re back to the drawing board again.3. It’s really bad to cook someone’s goose.4. It’s high time to brainstorm now.5. Why don’t we start from scratch?GRAMMAR Write the correct verb form to complete each sentence below.1. Mila accepts laundry from well-to-do-families. Laundry from well -to-do families ____by Mila.2. She encountered hardships. Hardships ___________ by her.3. Lucky examiners received awards. Awards _______________ by lucky examiners.4. Her teachers ______________ Mila to be an outstanding student. Mila was nominated by her teachers to be an outstanding student.5. The Interbank _____________ Mila as the winner. Mila is announced the winner by the Interbank.Self-checkReading1. c (Why your parents and teachers can help you plans your life.)2. b (Sentence no. 6 expresses the main idea.)3. d ( Sentence no. 7 helps support the main idea)4. b ( your parents took care of you)5. a ( make long range planning)6. c ( your parents can help you)7. b (give an advice)Vocabulary1. c (inventing or planning)2. a ( at the planning stage)3. d ( destroy someone’s plans)4. e (suggest any idea that comes to mind)5. b (get started) 22

Grammar 1. is accepted 2. were encountered 3. were received 4. nominated 5. announces How did you fare in the posttest? The perfect score is 17. Perfect? That’s excellent! 13 to 16? That’s good! 10-12? It’s okay but you could have done better. Below 10? Reread the activities in the Module . Wow! How time flies! Imagine! You’re now done with your fourth module for the lastquarter. It is hoped that this module has helped you become a good planner. Keep up the good work! It’s worth the effort! Congratulations 23

Before you put aside this module, spend some time reflecting on what you have learned fromit. Use this format in your reflective journal. Check the column that best describes your feeling aboutthe activities you did. For the last column, give your reason. What I think of the activities in this module How I liked themThings I Did (Just fine) (Not so much (Very much) because)What I liked best 24

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UNIT IV Module 5 Creating New ApplicationsOverview You live in an age which, half a century ago, could only have been regarded as unbelievablescience fiction, futuristic movies or fantasy comics. Who would have thought of man probing andexploring the mysteries of the universe, projecting messages by satellite, living on donated organs,restoring severed limbs, building undersea railroads, tunneling across mountains, going oninterplanetary flight, solving the most intricate problems by pushing a button, or even cloninganimals? These wonders, and many more, are the realities of your age. You are familiar with the life-giving and life-sustaining machines, antibiotics, synthetics, supersonic speeds, bionics, the computer,transplants and yes, robotics – everything designed for your comfort, convenience and long life. Butscience and technology do not stop here. They are ever on the move, opening new doors in the leastexpected fields as cloning and artificial intelligence and, if you want to share in their benefits, youalso have to advance and keep in step with the latest discoveries and inventions. There is no better time than now, when you are full of the enthusiasm and idealism of youth,to learn about the sciences and their attendant technologies and relate your experiences and yourinformation to that knowledge which has been man’s for centuries – that he is part of an infinitepattern designed in cosmic proportion by an Almighty God and Omnipotent Creator. This module focuses on new applications created by science and technology for theimprovement of mankind. After going through this module you will hopefully be able to answer thequestion: Will the invention benefit mankind or destroy it? 1

ObjectivesAfter working on the activities in this module, you will be able to1. discover literature as a means of having a better understanding of man and his environment.2. improve one’s knowledge of technical and scientific terms by using prefixes and suffixes.3. read closely to select appropriate details from a selection for specific purposes.4. plot out the history of robotics in a cline.5. demonstrate understanding of some idioms with read by using them in sentences.6. express ideas clearly.7. combine ideas effectively.8. write about a personal experience with a technological invention.9. observe parallelism and unity in a written composition.Instructions1. Do not write anything on this module as several students will be using it. Do all your work in your notebook. Be sure to label your work by the module number and title. Keep a separate notebook for your Reflective Journal.2. Read each section carefully. If you have not read the first two sections, go over them first.3. Each module begins with an Overview or brief introduction followed by a list of Objectives that you are expected to learn.4. Before working on the activities answer the Pretest first. Find out how well you did by checking your answers against the answers given under the Self-check of the pretest.5. As you work on the activities, try to relate them to the objectives of this module. What skill or strategy does the activity develop?6. After each activity, go over the Self-check that follows to find out how will you fared in that activity. Pay attention to the items you missed. Learn from your mistakes.7. After working on all activities, take the Posttest. 2

PretestI. Vocabulary. Using Affixes Using the prefixes or suffixes in the box, complete the blanks with the correct word formedfrom the words in boldface. Observe correct spelling. dis- -able -ness im- -ance -or mis- -ary -ous sub- -erly -ure trans- -ful un-1. Penelope is not liked at all; she is _______________________________________ by most.2. Myron works at a mission; he is a ______________________________________________.3. Many people will attend the play; there should be a record __________________________.4. This proposal has no advantage whatsoever; in fact it is full of ________________________.5. He wasn’t informed about the real facts; he was____________________________________.6. The tourists traveled across the Atlantic; their trip was a ______________________ crossing.7. I do love my pet dog; Snowball is _______________________________________________.8. Victory is almost ours; already we feel ___________________________________________.9. The ship headed nearly north; it headed in a ______________________________ direction.10. Because they are young they cannot make mature decisions; even their views are frequently________________.11. Thomas invents things; he is an ________________________________________________.12. The boy will mourn his puppy’s death; he will be very _____________________________.13. The old man was very bitter about his life; he spoke with great _______________________.14. Because of his attitude, Andy will fail; he is doomed to _____________________________.15. The steel bars used in the construction are below standards; they are ___________________.II. Reading Comprehension Read the poem carefully then write the letter of the word or phrase that best answers eachquestion. 3

And Yet Fools Say 1 He captured light and caged it in a glass. 2Then harnessed it forever to a wire; 3He gave new robots with no backs to tire 4In bearing burdens for the toiling mass; 5He freed the tongue in wood and wax and brass, 6Imbued dull images with notion’s fire. 7Transmitted metal into human choir.16. What is the “captured light in a glass” in line 1?a. Glass reflecting light c. Light inside a lampshadeb. Light from electricity d. Fire produced by lightning17. What is the “glass” with the captured light?a. Cage lamp c. Light glassb. Glass lamp d. Incandescent bulb18. What does it in lines 1 and 2 refer to?a. Wire b. Glass c. Light d. Fire19. What does harness in line 2 mean? c. Dressed in armor a. Let run d. Placed in a yoke b. Put to good use20. What are the robots mentioned in line 3?a. Mechanical toys c. Gadgetsb. Mechanical men d. Machines21. Which statement best explains line 5? a. He untied a protruding piece from the wood. b. He removed a tongue attached to the wood, brass and candle. c. He changed the use of fire in wood, candle and brass in producing light. d. He set men free from dependence on wood, brass and wax in providing light. 4

22. What figure of speech is found in line 6?a. Metaphor c. Simileb. Personification d. Hyperbole23. What is another word for imbued? c. Filled d. Taught a. Created b. Reflected24. Which of the following is NOT a “transmitted metal” referred to in line 7? a. Photograph b. Phonograph c. Radio d. Television25. Which expresses what the poem is all about?a. The creation of miracles c. The discovery of electricityb. Robots work for men d. The transformation of thingsIII. Grammar The following sentences are unparallel in structure. Write the unparallel structure in yournotebook and correct it. Number 1 is done for you.26. On weekends Missey loves to garden, piano playing and play computer games.Answer: piano playing - to play the piano27. Robotic technology has made many things possible including dangerous military and police missions, life-like new toys, new types of entertainment and exploring space and deep seas.28. The winning short story is vivid, interesting and simple in plot.29. Whenever I have a free time I enjoy reading best sellers, to go on long walks and swimming.30. Paolo’s fondest dream is to study medicine or be an engineer.31. They learned better ways of making fire, how to heat dwelling places and handling smoke.32. In factories, ‘robot arms’ are manually taught reaching, gripping, to pull and bending.33. There were no longer enough horses to move us about, or enough wood to warm us or enough candles lighting our way.34. Wouldn’t that mean less work and worry, less fighting and less pestilence?35. In these days of urban decay and energy crisis, people long to flee back to a simple way of life, to return to the land and forgetting the materialism of our culture.36. Tahiti is known for its idyllic scenery, exotic cuisine and a climate that is perfect. 5

Self-checkLet’s see how you performed. Check your answers against those that follow.I. Vocabulary. Using Affixes. Wrong spelling wrong.1. unliked 6. transatlantic 11. inventor2. missionary 7. lovable 12. mournful3. attendance 8. victorious 13. bitterness4. disadvantages 9. northerly 14. fallible5. misinformed 10. immature 15. substandardII. Reading Comprehension16. b 19. b 22. b 25. c17. d 20. c 23. d18. c 21. d 24. aIII. Grammar. Parallelism. Score each number 2 points.27. exploring space and deep seas - space and deep seas exploration28. simple in plot - simple29. to go on long walks - going on long walks30. be an engineer - to take up engineering31. how to heat dwelling places - heating dwelling places32. to pull - pulling33. enough candles lighting our way - enough candles to light our way.34. less fighting - less war35. forgetting the materialism of our culture - to forget the materialism of our culture36. a climate that is perfect - perfect climateYour score Perfect score is 45. Perfect? That’s great! Congratulations. Is your score between 33 – 44? Good work! Keep it up or better yet improve. Did you get between 21 – 32? You did well. But don’t stop there. Study this module well so you’ll do better. Did you get 20 or lower? That’s okay. Your score will improve if you spend more time studying this module. Don’t be content to be a tail ender. Good luck! 6

Words Unlocked Using the suffixes –ion, - ity, - ing, -ic, -ous, -al, -ive, -able, -tion, -er and –mentcomplete the blanks with the new words formed from the boldfaced word in the followingsentences.1. Robots are machines that can be programmed to work for humans. ____________________ technology has made many things possible.2. In 1989 a mobile robot was introduced at MST. Since then the __________________of later robots has been increased and improved.3. To explore space or the deep sea, scientists encounter many hazards. In this _____________ undertakings, space and deep sea ___________make use of robots in their ____________.4. Robots used in industry are popularly known as _________________ robots.5. Robots move and operate according to their programs. Their ________________________ and __________________ are ________________.6. Although robots are machines they differ greatly form other _______________ equipment.7. Robots operate through computer programs. An expert computer _______________ is needed for the purpose.8. In factories, robots repeat the same tasks they are programmed to do a hundred times a day. Humans find these ________________ tasks boring.9. ‘Robot arms’ are taught how to reach, bend, grip and pull things. This ________,__________, _____________, and _____________ actions mimic the movement of human arms and hands.10. In theory, scientists involved in the study of the genes can build intelligent, superhumans today, but in the real world they can’t. ___________________ engineers, in ______________ are a long way from creating such creatures.Self-checkWant to know how you fared? Check your answers against those below.1. robotic 5. movements; operations; 9. reaching2. mobility programmable bending3. hazardous gripping 6. mechanical pulling explorers 7. programmer explorations 8. repetitive 10. genetic4. industrial reality 7

Your Score Perfect score is 18. You should get 12 or higher to say you know your affixes quite well.Otherwise, please study your prefixes and suffixes again and try to do better in the succeedingexercises.Reading AdventurePre-reading What comes to your mind upon reading or hearing the word robot? List down your ideas andafter reading the selection check which of your ideas are facts or real and which are fiction or notreal.While Reading Robots: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow Remember the human-like-forms, walking and talking machine of Star Wars fame? C-3 Po, the machine, is a robot. So is his unshapely, moving, beeping and blinking companion. R2-D2. Robots are machines that can be programmed to work for us, often in a human like way.Since their invention, people have been very interested in them. Robotic technology has made manythings possible including 1) space and deep sea exploration, 2) dangerous military and policemissions, 3) new types of entertainment, and 4) life-like new toys that talk and respond like realcreatures. Through laser guidance and video cameras, pressure pads and other sensors, they take ininformation and then make the response they have been programmed to make. But robots cannotthink for themselves. The word robot comes from the 1921 play R.U.R (Rossum’s Universal Robots) by theCzech writer Karel Capek . It comes from the Czech word “robota” meaning “forced or compulsory 8

labor.” The word robotics also comes from science fiction – it first appeared in the short storyRunaround by Isaac Asimov who introduced the idea of a “positronic brain” (used by character Datain Star Trek) and the Three Laws of Robotics namely:  Law One: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.Asimov later added the “zeroth law” to the list. Zeroth Law: A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm. A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move materials, parts,tools or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a varietyof tasks. In the real world, one of the first robots was the Clepsydra or water clock made in 250 B.C.by Ctesibius of Alexandria, a Greek physicist and inventor. In 1898 Nikola Tesla, the inventor ofAC electric power, radio (before Marconi), induction motors.Tesla Coils , etc. built and demonstrateda remote controlled robot boat. Other early robots were Grey Walter’s Elsie the Tortoise builtbetween 1940’s – 50’s; the General Electric Walking Truck, a 3,000 pound four-legged robot thatcould walk up to four miles an hour. It was the first legged vehicle with a computer-brain developedby Ralph Moser at General Electric Corporation in the 1960’s. Between 1950’s and 60’s GeorgeDevol and Joe Engleberger created probably the first modern industrial robots Unimates.Engleberger started the first robotics company called “Unimation” and has been called the “father ofrobotics.” In 1966 the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) created Shakey the first mobile robot to knowand react to its own actions. It was a small unstable box on wheels that used memory and logicalreasoning to solve problems and to navigate in its environment In 1989, a walking robot namedGenghis was unveiled by the Mobile Robots Group at MIT (Massachussetts Institute ofTechnology). It became known for the way it walked, popularly referred as the “Genghis gait.” In 1986 Honda began a robot research program that started with the premise that the robot“should coexist and cooperate with human beings, by doing what a person cannot do and by 9

cultivating a new dimension in mobility to ultimately benefit society.” In 1996 Honda debuted P3the fruits of its decade long effort to build a humanoid robot. In 1998, Tiger Electronics introduced Furby into the Christmas toy market. It quicklybecame “ the toy” to get for the season. Using a variety of sensors this “animatronic pet” can reactto its environment and communicate using over 800 phrases in English and their own language.“Furbish.” In 1999 Sony released AIBO robotic pet and in 2000 Honda debuted new humanoid robotASIMO which rang the opening bell at the New York Stock Exchange in 2002. In 2003 Sonyreleased the AIBO ERS-7 its third generation robotic pet and finally on January 4, 2004 the robotrover Spirit landed on Mars. Sony’s AIBO ERS -7 Today, robots are widely used in factories to perform unsafe, highly repetitive, hazardous andunpleasant tasks. Because they do not need holidays, do not need to be paid, eat, drink or go to thebathroom like people nor do they get ill, bored or stop, slow down or fall asleep like humans, they arecheap to run. These robots, mostly “robot arms” which perform the same sequence of actionsthousands of times a week are known as industrial robots. An industrial robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional mechanical device designed tomove materials, parts, tools or specialized devices through programmed motions to perform a varietyof tasks. It is a complex, technical system consisting of several subsystems which perform its owncarefully defined function with the robot’s physical make-up. Being machines, these robots need expert computer programming. They are hydraulicallypowered, which means that liquid flows along pipes inside them, applying pressure in differentplaces as directed by the computer. In this way, the robots mimic the movements of human arms andhands-reaching, binding, gripping and pulling. Most industrial robots are set up for an operation by the teach and repeat technique. 10

In this procedure a trained operator (programmer) typically uses a portable control device ( ateach pendant) to teach a robot its task manually. Robot speeds during these sessions are slow butincrease as the programming sessions progress. Although machines, the operational characteristics of robots can be significantly differentfrom other mechanical devices and equipment. Robots are capable of high-energy (fast andpowerful) movements through a large volume of space even beyond its base dimension. The patternand initiation of the robot’s movements is predictable if the thing being worked and the environmentare constant. Any change to any or both of the factors can affect the programmed movementsresulting in accidents. Robotic accidents in the workplace can be caused by any of the following: 1) human errors,2) control errors, 3) unauthorized access, 4) mechanical failures, 5) environmental sources, 6)power systems and 7) improper installation. In military and police work. Certain types of robots are needed by the police for bomb-disposal and for bringing video cameras and microphone into dangerous areas, where a humanpoliceman might get hurt or killed. The military also uses robots for 1) locating and destroying mineson land and water. 2) entering enemy bases to gather information, 3) spying on enemy troops. In medicine doctors sometimes have to use robots when operating. A human surgeon wouldnot be able to make a hole exactly one 100th of an inch wide and long, a feat only a robot can do withprecision. When making medicines, robots can do the job faster and more accurately than humanscan. Also, a robot can be more exact and delicate than a human. Robots are also used in the toy and entertainment industries. Sony has created its robotic petAIBO, Tiger Electronics has its animatronic pet Furby and Lego with MIT has robot constructions 11

Mindstorms. Many robots are featured in a lot of movies like Star Wars, Robocap, Star Strek-TheNext Generation, Forbidden Planet, Blade Runner, I Robot, etc. Could robots take over the world? It is an idea you often see in films. Scenarios like: anexperiment goes wrong; an evil dictator creates an army of indestructible robots, a ‘cyborg’- or ahuman brain in an artificial body – runs out of control…. take place or present themselves. But couldit actually happen? Some aspects of the technology are almost there. We know how to cloneanimals, build artificial limbs that connect with the nervous systems and programmed computers tolearn by their mistakes. In theory, genetic engineers could start trying to build intelligentsuperhuman; but in reality we are a long way from creating such creatures. Even if that possibilitywould come and a cyborg or artificial intelligence were made, it would certainly be used – as mostrobots are – for improving life on Earth rather than destroying it. - AdaptedPost ReadingScanning for DetailsWrite the letter of your answer to each question that follows.1. The playwright who introduced the word robot to the world isa. Isaac Asimov c. Karel Capekb Ctesibius d. George Devol2. One of the first robots was c. Shakey a. Clepsydra d. G.E. Walking Truck b. Elsie, the Tortoise3. The father of robotics is c. Ralph Moser a. Johns Hopkins d. Joe Engleberger b. Nikola Tesla4. In the real world, all of the following use robots EXCEPTa. surgery c. espionageb. housekeeping d. mines sweeping5. The Three Laws of Robotics were formulated bya. Karel Capek c. Joe Englebergerb. Nikola Tesla d. Isaac Asimov6. One of the first robots appeared ina. 250 B.C c. 1926b. 1898 d. 1940 12

Understanding the SelectionA. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. Give your reason if your answer is F.1. Today’s technology has made talking, walking and thinking robots.2. Furby is a humanoid robot that can communicate using 800 phrases in English and Furbish.3. The word robot comes from a Czechoslovakian term.4. In real life robots can kill humans when ordered to do so.5. ‘Robot arms’ are used mostly in factories because they are cheap to run.6. One cause of robotic accidents in the workplace is human error.7. Robots can experience mechanical trouble.8. In 1986 Honda created the P3 a humanoid robot.9. The first mobile robot was Shakey created by SRI in 1966.10.Today, walking and talking robots in human form are used only in factories to do highly repetitive and boring tasks.11. Industrial robots are set for operation mostly by the teach-and-repeat technique.12. A robot’s movement is predictable even if its environment and tasks are not constant.13. Karel Capek formulated the “Zeroth Law” of robotics.14. The ‘positronic brain’ used by Data of Star Trek – The Next Generation and V.I.K.I of I, Robot was introduced in science fiction by Isaac Asimov.15. A couple of years from now, genetic engineers will have created cyborgs in real life.B. Plot out the History of Robotics in a Cline. Use the model below. The first historic appearance of a robot and the most recent are done for you. History of Robotics 2004: Spirit landed on Mars250 B.C. Clepsydra 13

Self-check Let’s find out how well you understood the selection. Check your answers against those thatfollow.Scanning for Details 4. b 1. c 5. d 2. a 6. a 3. dUnderstanding the SelectionA. 1. F. The modern robots may talk and walk but can’t think by themselves. 2. F. Furby is an animatronic pet. 3. T 4. F. The Three Laws of Robotics embedded in their systems would not allow this. 5. T 6. T 7. T 8. F. P3 was introduced by Honda in 1996. 9. T 10. F. Factories only employ robot arms. 11. T 12. F. To be predictable the environment and tasks should be constant. 13. F. Isaac Asimov formulated the ‘Zeroth Law’ along with the Three Laws of Robotics. 14. T 15. F. While some parts of the technology, in theory are there, we are still a long, long way from creating cyborgs in real life.B. History of Robotics 2004: Spirit landed on Mars 2003: AIBO ERS-7 2000: ASIMO & rang NYSE bell in 2002 1999: AIBO 1998: Furby 1996: P3 1989: Genghis 1986: Honda research 1966: Shakey 1960’s : G.E. Walking Truck 1950’s – 60’s: Unimates 1940’s – 50’s: Elsie the Tortoise 1898: Robot boat250 B.C. Clepsydra 14

Your score Perfect score is 35. Perfect? Amazing! Congratulations. You must be a science fiction buff. Is your score between 27-34? Very good! Keep it up. Did you score between 19-26? You did okay but there is still so much room for improvement. Improve your reading habits. But if you scored 18 or lower you are a long way off. Please put in more diligence in your studies. Don’t be content to just pass; lead!Write Thing Recall a time when you had difficulty operating a machine. How did you respond toward the machine? Free write about the experience. Include your thoughts about the relationship between human beings and their machines. Write your composition in your notebook. The next part of this module will help you construct well-formed sentences.Language FocusStudy the following sets of sentences. 1. A. Robots are used in dangerous military and police missions, in delicate and precise surgery, and in exploring the outer space. B. Robots are used in dangerous military and police missions, in delicate and precise surgery, and in outer space exploration. 2. A. Industrial robots perform many different functions such as resistance welding, painting, spraying, machine tool load and unload functions and materials handling. B. Industrial robots perform many different functions such as resistance welding, painting, spraying, machine tool loading and unloading and material handling. Which sentences in each set are clearer and more effective? 15