English 2

something? Here in his own native Maragondon, Lapulapu City, was a man who makefine guitars with knife and wood. 6 Before sun up the next day, Armando got up with a happy heart. After helpinghimself to what was left over from last night’s supper, he crept out of the house while hisparents and brothers were still asleep. He took with him some articles he had made withhis knife.. Stop 8. Were your predictions for paragraphs 2-6 correct? Read 9. What do you think is the idea that had just come to Armando’s mind?Answer 10. Where do you think is he going? 7 He walked to Fernando’s Guitar Shop and presented himself to Tiyo Fernando.“I have brought these things for you to see,” he said. “I cut them out with my knife; willyou help me learn to make fine guitars?” 8 Tiyo Fernando smiled. “Why do you want to make fine guitars?” he asked. Stop 11. Were your predictions for paragraphs 7-8 correct? Read 12. Why do you think did he decide to approach Tiyo Fernando?Answer 13. What do you think will be Armando’s answer to Tiyo’s question? 9 Armando’s face lit up and he spoke, “Because I love music. Both my brotherscan sing. They can play the guitar, too. I love music as much as they, but I’m amonotone. I can do nothing but whittle. By making guitars I believe I can contribute myshare to making music.” Stop 14. Were your predictions for paragraph 7-9 right? Read 15. Will Tiyo Fernando allow Armando to be his apprentice in his shop?Answer 10 Tiyo Fernando laid his hand on Armando’s shoulder. “Come into the shop.Your interest deserves attention,” he declared. 11 Armando went with him into the shop. “The important thing is the desire tolearn and make good,” Tiyo Fernando told Armando. 11

Stop 16. After learning that Armando was finally accepted by Tiyo Fernando as Read his trainee, what do you think will become of Armando?Answer 17. Would he be able to finally solve his problem? 12 So, Armando, the boy who could not sing, became an apprentice in Fernando’sGuitar Shop. Day after day, he worked seriously and whittled patiently. At last hefinished a guitar. It was a fine guitar. Tiyo Fernando was much pleased with it. There wasno doubt Armando would make an excellent guitar maker. 13 Tiyo Fernando taught him the secrets of the craft. He showed Armando thateach little thing well done each day would lead to a great achievement. Stop 18. Were your predictions about paragraphs 12-13 correct? ReadAnswer Did you enjoy reading and predicting the events in the story? Now, let’s check ifyou have understood the selection well.A. Characterization One of the important elements of a short story is characterization.Characterization tells how the author depicted the characters in the story. To help you figure out the characterization used by the author in the story youwill fill in the Character Relationship Web below.How do you do this? First, write the name of the protagonist (main character) in the biggest circle (1)at the center of the web. Write his striking characteristics in the rectangles (2) on its sidesand his feelings about the other characters in the arrow boxes. (3) Next, write the name of the persons who discouraged Armando from pursuing hisambition in music on the two smaller circles (4) found at the top part of the web. Notice itis represented by the down arrows. Write their characteristics as well on the rectangles(5) beside these rectangles. Write descriptions of how this character feels about the maincharacter on the arrow boxes. (6) Then, write the name of the person who encouraged Armando in pursuing hisambition in music in the small circle (7) found at the bottom part of the web. In therectangle (8) write the character’s trait. Again, notice the up arrows. (9) Writedescriptions of how this character feels about the main character. 12

45 5 4 6 6 3 3. 2 12 22 3 9 87B. Setting Next to characterization is the setting. Setting is the time and location in whichthe story takes place.To answer this, fill in the diagram that follows with the information asked for. SETTING Time: Place:C. Plot The third element of a short story is the plot. Plot is the way actions are arrangedin the story. A plot has three elements: The element which lays out the main characters, their backgrounds,characteristics, interests, goals and limitations, potentials and basic assumptions is theexposition. 13

The second element of plot development is the complication. Complication is thebeginning of the major conflict in the story. Crisis, the third element, is the point in which curiosity, uncertainty and tensionare greatest while climax is the story’s highest point which may take the shape of adecision, an action, an affirmation, or a realization. Lastly, the denouement is the finishing of things after the climax. Climax ComplicationExposition Resolution Now that you have learned about the different elements of plot development, youmay now identify the elements of the pyramid plot development of the story “The BoyWho Couldn’t Sing.”D. Point of View The fourth element of a short story is the point of view. Point of view determineswho tells the story. An omniscient point of view delves into the minds of the characters at any pointin the story. The first person point of view is where the narrator may be the protagonist, anobserver, a minor character, or the writer herself.In what point of view do you think is the story narrated?E. Theme The last element of a short story is the theme. Theme is simply the message of thestory. It points out the significant truth about life and human nature that is illustrated inthe actions and decisions of the characters. 14

What can be the theme of the story you have just read? Put your answer inside thethought bubble. Copy the bubble in your notebook. I think the message or the theme of the story is …Valuing In Armando’s story you have learned that success is never impossible for a personwho has a great will and determination to empower himself despite all his weaknesses.Below is a Dynamic Stairway to Success. Think of your aspirations in life and completethis sentence by filling up the box in every staircase below. The first step is done for you.“I KNOW I WILL SUCCEED IF…” SUCCESS I will study hard.Self-check Let’s see how well you did in our reading lesson. You may now check youranswers.A. While Reading 1. His younger brother might be the person who couldn’t sing. 2. They are brothers. 15

3. Armando’s brother is mean and boastful.4. He will be angry with Mario.5. Yes/No. (Answers will vary).6. Yes/No. (Answers will vary).7. He will find other ways to get through with his weaknesses.8. Yes/No.9. Maybe, he will ask an advice from a close friend.10. He decided to approach Tiyo Fernando to help him develop his skill.11. Yes/No. (Answers will vary).12. He wants to pursue his ambition to be a musician.13. (Answers will vary).14. & 15. Yes/No. (Answers will vary).16. He will succeed in his job.17. Yes/No. (Answers will vary).18. Yes/No. (Answers will vary). 4 He is 5 He is 5 4Mario boastful proud Alejandro 6 They 6 They think of don’t care Armando as about very unim- Armando’s portant feelings person 3 He feels 1 3 He feelsdiscouraged Armando belittled.2 He is determined 9 He 2 He is strong-willed2 He is patient encouraged 2 He is humble Armando to do his best 3 He is thankful to Tiyo Fernando 8 He is 7 Tiyo helpful and Fernando encouraging 16

B. Post ReadingCharacterization1. Armando2. a. He is determined. b. He is patient. c. He is strong-willed. d. He is humble.3. a. He is thankful to Tiyo Fernando. b. He feels belittled by his brothers’ presence or discouragements.4. Mario and Alejandro5. Mario and Alejandro are boastful and proud.6. a. They think of Armando as a very unimportant person. b. They don’t care about Armando’s feelings.7. Tiyo Fernando8. He is helpful.9. a. He understood Armando’s situation. b. He felt the desire to help him.SettingMaragondon, Lapu-lapu CityPlot He went to Tiyo Fernando with his knife and asked him to help/teach him to make fine guitars. Climax Complication ResolutionNobody believes he could Armando became successfuldo better than whittling. in his craft, guitar-making. ExpositionMario discourages Armando topursue a career in music becauseof his monotonous voice. 17

Point of ViewOmniscient point of viewTheme I think the message or the theme of the story is that success will come to one who has determination, confidence and faith in oneself.Valuing SUCCESS I will offer to God all my achievements. I will maintain a good relationship with others. I will open myself to opportunities to expose my skills and talents. I will focus on things that would develop my skills and talents.I will study harder.Write ThingPre- writing Think about three things that you learned successfully inside or outside theschool. In the boxes, write how you learned them and how you felt after learning them.It is understood that you will copy the boxes in your notebook. Successful Learning #1 I learned __________________ I learned it by _____________ _________________________ I felt _____________________ 18

Successful Learning #2 I learned __________________ I learned it by _____________ _________________________ I felt _____________________Successful Learning #3 I learned __________________ I learned it by _____________ _________________________ I felt _____________________First Draft1. Using this web, write down the ideas that come to your mind on a particular topic. Example: Learning how to bike. TOPIC Learning How to Bike2. Now, you’re ready to write your first draft. Do not pay much attention to your spelling, punctuation or choice of words. Just write freely about your experience in your notebook. Give your composition a good title.Revising Using this checklist, go over your work again and see how you can improve yourcomposition. Read each question and check your answer in the right column. 19

Self-check GUIDELINES IN WRITING CRITERIA YES NO NO ANSWERAudience andPurpose 1. Does my compositionOrganization contain an interestingElaboration introduction? 2. Does itUse of present a clearLanguage description of events? 3. Is there a logical sequence of events? 4. Are my words carefully chosen? 5. Are the ideas linked by connectors or signal words? 6. Does it have a concluding statement or an interesting ending? If you answered “yes” to all the questions, Kudos to you. You have the makingsof a good writer. Keep on!Proof reading Now, go over your work again. Read your work closely and see if you could spoterrors in spelling, punctuation and capitalization. Check the errors.Publishing You are now ready to submit your work. Give it a catchy title. Write yourcomposition on a separate paper.The next section is a lesson on the uses of imperative sentences. 20

Language Focus Imperatives have many uses. Let’s have them one by one. Look at these dialogs: Get an application. Then, print your name on the first line. Don’t print your name on the bottom line. What do you think is the use of the above imperative sentences? What do thewords in bold letters tell you? Did you say these are imperative sentences that give instructions? You’re correct.How about the next dialog? Take this card to your Please show me your English teacher , please. identification card. What do you think is the use of the above sentences? Notice the word please ineach sentence. What does this word express? Did you answer “These imperative sentences make a request”? Right! Let’s goto the third one. Don’t open my Stand at Don’t be notebook. attention! late.. 21

Notice the absence of the word please unlike in the previous sentence. If theydon’t make a request, then what do these imperative sentences express? Did you say “They make a command” ? That’s good! Next is the fourth use of the imperative sentences.Be careful! Watch out! Notice that these sentences have exclamation marks. What do these marks sayabout the use of these imperative sentences?If you answered “They express a warning”, you’re absolutely right!How about in these dialogs: Make yourself at Have a nice day. home. How were these sentences expressed? Are they expressed informally or formally? Did you say “Formally”? That’s great! And when do we usually use formal expressions for imperatives? You’re absolutely correct if you said “In polite conversations.” This is now thefifth use of the imperative sentences.Let’s look at this last dialog box. Mind your own business! 22

Notice that unlike the previous imperative sentences used in polite expressions,this sentence expresses a different tone. How is the imperative used here? You’re right if you answered “Some imperatives are used to express anger,disapproval, disgust, etc.” Remember this: An imperative sentence gives an order or a direction and ends with a period or an exclamation point. To form the imperative, we use the base form of the verb. The subject of the imperative is you, but we don’t include you in the sentence. Example: Go. A negative imperative is do not + base form. The contraction is don’t. Example: Don’t go. An exclamation point (!) is used to show strong emotion. Example: Go! Now, you’re ready for the exercise on imperatives.Activity 1 Read carefully the following imperative sentences. From the word pool, choosethe use or function of each sentence from the list in the box.Example: Please wait for me! B. To make a request A. To give instructions B. To make a request C. To make a command D. To give a warning E. In polite conversation 1. Don’t waste time. _________________________________ 2. Take care of yourself. ______________________________ 3. Be quiet! ________________________________________ 4. Open the door. ___________________________________ 5. Be good! ________________________________________ 6. Take out your books. _______________________________ 23

7. Please tell me the way to the library.______________________8. Get away from me or else_______________________________9. Turn to page 13 in the book. ____________________________10. Combine all ingredients. _______________________________Activity 2 Fill in the blank with an appropriate verb to complete each of the following hintson how you can be a good English language learner.Example: __________ your pronunciation.Answer: Practice your pronunciation.1. ____________________ questions.2. ____________________ your homework.3. ____________________ be absent.4. ____________________ your textbook.5. ____________________ notes.6. ____________________ in class.7. ____________________ your best.Activity 3 Pretend that you are applying for a job.. Fill in each blank with an appropriateimperative verb (affirmative or negative) to complete the following set of instructions onhow to behave in a job interview.Example: _________ bright colored clothes.Answer: Don’t wear bright colored clothes.1. ____________________ late.2. ____________________ nice clothes.3. ____________________ your resume.4. ____________________ a pen to fill out the application.5. ____________________ the interview question.Activity 4Using an imperative sentence, give a suggestion to a friend or a relative SUGGESTIONSExample: who is poor in English Read the newspapers and magazines1. who stammers when reading orally. ___________________________________2. who lacks self-confidence ___________________________________ 24

3. who is always late for class ___________________________________4. who spends his/her money unwisely ___________________________________5. who is overweight ___________________________________Activity 5Read the following paragraph about using the Public Telephone This is how I called up my friend using the pay telephone in the drugstore nearour place. First, I deposited four twenty-five centavo coins in the hole provided for this.Then I listened to the dial tone. When I heard the dial tone, I dialed the number of myfriend. His number was busy, so I replaced the handset, and got my coins back. Then Irepeated the procedure, the other line rang, and I heard my friend’s “Hello.”Directions: Using the paragraph above as a reference, make a set of instructions on howto use a public telephone. Write the steps in your notebook.To make a local automatic call:1. Deposit________________________________2. _______________________________________3. _______________________________________4. _______________________________________5. _______________________________________Self-checkLet’s now check your answers for the grammar lesson.Activity 1 4. C 7. B 10. A1. C 5. E 8. D2. E 6. C 9. A3. DActivity 2 4. Read 7. Do1. Ask 5. Take2. Do 6. Participate3. Don’tActivity 3 3. Submit/Present 5. Answer1. Don’t be 4. Bring2. Wear 25

Activity 4 4. Budget your money wisely.1. Read carefully. 5. Eat moderately.2. Think positively.3. Wake up early.Activity 5 1. Deposit a one peso coin. 2. Dial the telephone number of the person you are calling. 3. Wait for someone to answer the call before pressing the button. 4. Say “Hello” and mention your name and the one you are calling for. 5. After your conversation, hang the telephone to its place. The next section is a lesson on two-word verbs.Idioms with callActivity 1 Let’s find out if you know the meaning of some idioms that start with the wordcall. Choose from the list in the box the meaning of the italicized two-word verb in thedialog below. request/urge cancel telephone return call require/demand summon/visit scoldMary: Have you seen Jenny lately? She hasn’t (1) called me up.Rico:Mary: I (2) called her up yesterday evening. I had this problem with my EnglishRico: class and I thought she was the only one I could call for advice.Mary: So how was your talk with her?Rico: Unfortunately, I wasn’t able to talk to her that much because her mother (3) called her out to stop burning the phone lines because she was just (4) called down for her low grades in Math and Biology. I asked her to (5) call back but she never did. Wait, you told me yesterday that you and she will go biking on Saturday. I already asked permission from mom to allow me to come with you. Oh, I’m so sorry Mary, but that same day I called Jenny, I also intended to (6) call off our date because I have to study for my exam in Geometry on Monday. 26

Mary: Oh, I see. Just call me if you’ll have plans of biking again.Rico: Sure. I’ll call you up as soon as Jenny’s problem is solved. Perhaps I’ll (7) call in Jenny’s house and see if she’s doing just fine.Mary: Thanks. I’d better go. I have an exam in my History class. See you around.Rico: Bye.Activity 2Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs chosen from the box. call up call off call upon call in call for1. Congratulations! Your victory __________ a celebration.2. Worried about his son’s illness, the father _________ the doctor.3. Please _____________ this number immediately.4. The meeting was _________ due to lack of quorum.5. They _________ some volunteers to clean the area.6. This problem ____________ immediate attention.7. _______________ the Cultural Center to find out if there are still tickets available.8. The movie director ___________ the shooting at the last minute.9. The vital witness to the murder was ______ by the judge.10. Have you ever __________ long distance.Self-checkLet’s find out if your answers are right.Activity 1 3. demand 5. return call 7. visit1. telephone 4. scold 6. cancel2. telephoneActivity 2 4. called off 7. call up 10. called up1. calls for 5. call upon 8. called off2. called up 6. calls for 9. called upon3. called up Wow! You’re almost done with your Module 2 in English. Are you ready to takethe Posttest? Sure you do, don’t you? 27

PosttestI. Read the story about Jeremy. As you read, think about his character traits. Then answerthe questions that follow. Jeremy is usually very thoughtful. He often runs errands for his neighbors. Hehelps Mrs. Bonton weed her garden. He walks Mr. Arrieta’s dog twice a day. Today,Jeremy had a problem. He looked up at the kitchen clock and frowned when he saw thetime. “The basketball game with the young boys starts in fifteen minutes, but Ipromised Grandma I’d get the tape for her,” Jeremy groaned. He didn’t want to let hisgrandmother or his friends down. “Well,” he said, “a promise is a promise!” Then hedashed out the door. Jeremy ran to the bookstore to buy the listening tape of one of his grandmother’sfavorite books and delivered it to her. Then he ran around the corner to the playground.When Jeremy met his friends, they were just beginning to choose the teams. 1. How do you know that Jeremy likes to keep his promise? a. He helps Mrs. Bonton weed her garden. b. He walks Mr. Arrieta’s dog. c. He bought his Grandma’s tape and joined his friends in the playground. 2. What did Jeremy do to make sure that he kept his promise to his grandmother? a. He bought the tape and brought it to her grandma. b. He informed his friends he’s coming back. c. He assured his grandma he’s coming back. 3. What does Jeremy do that shows he is thoughtful? a. He runs errands for his neighbors. b. He meets his friends everyday. c. He keeps his promise. 4. How did Jerry feel when he saw the time? Write the letter of the word that best describes his feeling. a. scared b. discouraged c. concerned 5. Which word best describes Jerry? a. dependable b. forgetful c. fun-loving 28

Grammar Pretend that you are taking a test. Recall the reminders when taking a test. Fill inthe blanks with the correct verb to complete the imperative sentence. Number 1 is donefor you. 1. _____Follow________ the directions carefully. 2. ___________________ paper and pencil. 3. ___________________ your answers. 4. ___________________ conscious of the time allotted for the exam. 5. ___________________ your answers legibly. 6. ___________________ quiet while taking the test. 7. ___________________ to your seatmates. 8. ___________________ properly and comfortably while taking the test. 9. ___________________ take too much time in thinking for the answer for a difficult item. 10. __________________ erasures.Idioms Write the meaning of the underlined idioms with call. Choose your answer from the word pool.request/urge cancel telephone return callrequired/demand summon/visit scold1. Shouldn’t we call up the police to report the crime?2. I call upon each one of you to do your best.3. The current rash of robberies and the high incidence of drug addiction call for vigilance on our part.4. We can’t call off the trip. Our friends in Baguio are waiting for us.5. The company president asked his assistant to call in the leader of the labor union.6. The principal called down those students wearing the prohibited hair cut.7. Mother called me back right after I called her at home due to an emergency.8. Jimmy called off his party due to the bad weather.9. Carlo composed a song that called for a fast rhythm and easy tune.10. I’ll call in Jack’s house to see if he is already doing our project. 29

Self-checkReading1. C 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. A 10. AvoidGrammar1. Read / Follow 4. Be 7. Don’t talk 8. Sit2.Bring 5. Write 9. Don’t3.Review 6. BeIdioms1.telephone 6. scolded2.summon 7. return call3.require 8. cancel4.cancel 9. require5.visit 10. visitNOTE: In this module you learned how to learn things such as plotting a story and learning how to do things. In the next module you will acquire more effective ways to learn about life. 30

Before you put aside this module, spend some time reflecting on what you havelearned from it. Use this format in your reflective journal. Check the column that bestdescribes your feeling about the activities you did. For the last column, give your reason. What I think of the activities in this module How I liked them Things I Did(Very much) (Just fine) (Not so much because)What I liked best 31

Module 3 Learning More from LifeOverview Life is full of challenges. Sometimes we succeed, sometimes we fail. At times we are happy, at times we are sad. We are never excused from feeling pain, whether physical or emotional, however, what counts most is how we are able to rise each time we fall. As one writer said, “Life is not a bed of roses.” Meaning, life is not at all pure happiness and contentment, otherwise, there is never going to be any challenge. It is the heartaches we experience that help us grow emotionally. It is the failures in life that make us wiser. It is the sadness we go through that make us appreciate the happy moments that come our way. Take the case of Thomas Edison, the father of over 1,300 inventions, who was judged by his teacher as too stupid to learn anything. His early failures did not stop him from pursuing his goals. Life is about making choices. All of us have the right to make a choice. And the result of the choice we make will depend on us. However complicated it may seem, our happiness depends on how we face our day to day struggles. It is true therefore that, “Life is what we make it.”Objectives This module will aim to help you: 1. gain a positive outlook in life 2. acquire more effective ways to learn 3. make an outline of an article read 4. infer character traits 5. state an opinion 6. express feelings and attitudes 7. use the appropriate pronoun to replace a noun 8. create meaningful sentences using the appropriate idiomatic expression 9. write reflections on learning more from life 1

Instructions 1. Do not write anything on this module as several students will be using it. Do all your work in your notebook. Be sure to label your work by the module number and title. Keep a separate notebook for your Reflective Journal. 2. Read each section carefully. If you have not read the first two sections, go over them first. 3. Each module begins with a brief introduction or Overview followed by a list of Objectives you are expected to learn. 4. Before working on the activities, answer the Pretest first. Find out how well you did by checking your answer against the answers given under the Self-check of the pretest. 5. As you work on the activities, try to relate them to the objectives of this module. What skill or strategy does the activity develop? 6. After each activity go over the Self-check that follows to find out how well you fared in that activity. Pay attention to the items you missed. Learn from your mistakes. 7. After working on all the activities take the Posttest. Now take the pretest. Please do your best.Pretest Just like the previous module, you will begin with a test that is meant to assess priorknowledge of some grammar and reading skills you might have learned in the past.I. Write the personal pronoun that correctly replaces each word or phrase in parentheses. “The play is Nellie Bly,” Ms. Ryan said. 1. _______________ (Nellie Bly) is the star.Do you want to play 2. ______________ (Nellie)?” 2

Sarah frowned. “3. ______________ (Sarah) know so little about 4. _____________(Nellie),” she said. Ms. Ryan said, “Sarah, 5. _____________ (Sarah) and 6. ______________ (Ms. Ryan)can get a book about Nellie. Then 7. ______________ (Ms. Ryan and Sarah) can read 8._______________ (the book) and learn more about 9. _______________ (Nellie).” John said, “Get the book by Jules Verne, too. 10. _______________ (Jules Verne)wrote Around the World in Eighty Days. 11. _________________ (The book) interestedNellie. 12. _____________ (Nellie) wanted to beat the time of the Verne hero, but Pulitzersaid 13. ______________ (Pulitzer) wanted to send some male reporters instead of 14._____________ (Nellie).” “Did 15. _______________ (the male reporters) get the job?” asked Sarah. “Did Pulitzer give 16. ____________ (the job) to 17. ______________ (Nellie Bly)?”asked Ms. Ryan. John smiled at 18. ______________ (Ms. Ryan and Sarah). “All 19. ________________ (John) will say,” he hinted, “is that Nellie eventually hada parade down Broadway.” “O.k.,” said Sarah. “20. _______________ (Sarah) will play the role of Nellie Bly!”II. Read the selection carefully, then answer the questions that follow. How The Months Got Their Names 3

Have you ever wondered how the April is named for Aprilis, anames of the months originated? Latin word which means to open. In the old calendar, April was the second All twelve names of the months month, but Julius Caesar made it theof the year come from Latin. Some fourth month in the Julian calendar.names belonged to the ancient Romancalendar which set March 1 as the first There are many stories how theday of the year. In 46 B.C., Julius month of May got its name. The mostCaesar, a famous general, who later widely accepted one is that it was namedbecame the emperor of Rome, readjusted for Maia, the Roman goddess of springthe calendar by making January 1 as the and growth. But some authorities sayfirst day instead. that May is short for majores, the Latin word for older men. They believe that January was named for Janus, May was the month sacred to thegod of gates and doors and hence, of all majores, just as June was consideredbeginnings. Janus was represented with sacred to the junioeres (young men).two opposite faces symbolizing the facesof a door. January is the first month of June was the fourth month in thethe year, so when it comes, we look early Roman calendar, and once had 29forward to another year. days. When Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, he gave the month 30 days and February comes from a Roman made it the sixth month. Somecelebration called Februs. It was a feast authorities believe the Romans namedof purification or cleaning. In cold the month for Juno, the wife of Jupitercountries, people do their spring and the goddess of marriage. Otherscleaning after the long winter months claim that the month of June, was takentoward the end of February. It is the only from junior, the Latin word for youngmonth that has only 28 days, but it has men because June was dedicated toone extra day in every leap year. young men in Rome.February had 30 days until the time ofJulius Caesar. Julius took one day off to July, the seventh month of theadd to the month which was later named year, was the fifth month in the ancientafter him. According to tradition, the calendar. They named it Quintilis, whichemperor Augustus Caesar took another means fifth. Julius Caesar was bornday off to add to August, the month during this month. After his death, thenamed after him. Roman Senate renamed the month Julius in his honor. March was the first month in theancient Roman Calendar, and was called August, the eighth month of theMartius. When Julius Caesar revised the year, was in honor of the emperorcalendar, he established January 1 as the Augustus. In the early calendar, it wasbeginning of the year. March then the sixth month and then had only 30became the third month. Its name honors days. Augustus lengthened the month toMars, the Roman god of war. 31 days by taking a day in February. 4

September was the seventh month in the is the Latin word for nine. Because Julyold Roman calendar. Its name comes was named for Julius Caesar, the Romanfrom the Latin Septem meaning seven. It Senate offered to name the eleventhbecame the ninth month in the Julian month for Tiberius Caesar. He refusedcalendar. modestly, saying, “What will you do if you have thirteen emperors?” The name October comes fromthe Latin word eight. October used to be December was the tenth month inthe eighth month. The Roman Senate the old calendar. The first part of itstried to name the month “Antoninus” name, decem, means ten in Latin.after a Roman emperor, “Faustus” after December once had 29 days, but Juliushis wife, and “Tacitus” after a Roman Caesar added two more, making it one ofhistorian, but the people continued to the longer months.call the tenth month of the year, October. - Josefina P. Gabriel In the ancient calendar,November was the ninth month. NovemSee how well you understood the selection by answering the following questions.1. Where do the names of the months come from?2. Who was responsible for making the calendar that we now use?3. March should have been the first month of the year. Explain what happened, making it January instead.4. Was February 28 days in the original calendar? Where did the remaining days go?5. It in the last sentence of the 3rd paragraph refers to a. Janus b. January c. month d. year6. Why did Tiberius Ceasar refuse to name one of the months in his honor?Self-checkI. Before we start the lesson proper, find out if you have satisfactorily answered the questions. Check your own work.1. She 11. It2. it 12. She3. I 13. he4. her 14. her5. you 15. they6. I 16. it7. we 17. her8. it 18. them9. her 19. I10. She 20. I 5

II. 1. All the names of the 12 months come from Latin. Some of them belonged to the ancient Roman calendar. 2. Julius Ceasar 3. Julius Ceasar readjusted the calendar. 4. No, Julius Ceasar took a day and added it to July, then Augustus Ceasar did the same, adding it to August. 5. January 6. He implied that, if there will be 13 emperors it will create a problem because there are only twelve months.If you got a perfect score of :26, rate yourself Excellent 14 – 19 Good20 – 25 Very Good 8 – 13 Fair7 and below, you need to study this Module very carefully. Study Skills Now, you are ready to start. How do you study your lessons? Do you follow a certain technique? Of course, there is no hard or fast rule on the most effective method of studying. You must have developed your own way of preparing for recitations, discussions, reports or examinations when you were attending school. Do you still find your technique effective? Read on to learn about an effective way to study. SQ4R’s Experts endorse one technique which you might find useful. It is known as SQ4R. It standsfor the following: S – Survey. Here, you get a bird’s eyeview of the material. You go over the title, introduction, main heads, subheads and pictures very carefully. Q – Question. Ask questions which you want to be answered. It is advisable to read the set of questions at the end of the story or chapter before you read the material. R – Read. Scan the material for the answers to the questions. Develop the habit of reading fast by focusing your attention on significant ideas.6

R – Recite. Tell yourself orally or mentally the answers to the questions. This is also one way of rehearsing for the class recitation or examination. R – Rite (Write). Write the questions and answers in brief forms. Use abbreviations to save time. Copying the questions and writing the answers are not a waste of time. Your written notes will come in handy in the next step of this study technique. R – Review. Go over your written notes to refresh your memory as often as you can, preferably an hour before entering your class.Activity 1See if you can apply the SQ4R’s in the article you have read. Go back to the selection, How the Months Got Their Names, then, do the exercises that follow.Write your answers in your notebook. Step 1 – Survey 1. What is the whole article about? Copy only the letter of your answer. a. The monthly festivals in Rome b. The legend of the calendar c. The origin of the names of the months d. The names of the Roman emperors 2. Copy the key words in the title: How the Months Got Their Names 3. The article starts with this introduction: Have you ever wondered how the names of the months originated? Pick out the key words. Step 2 – Question Form at least five questions about the selection focusing on the significant ideas. Step 3 – Read Go through the entire article and answer the questions that you have formed. Step 4 – Recite Read aloud the answers to the questions. Step 5 – Rite (Write) Make an outline of the article by following the format below. The first month is done for you. 7

Name of the month Origin Meaning / SignificanceJanuary Janus God of gates and doorsFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberStep 6 - Review Try to recall the names of the months, and the meaning or significance of the Latin words, without looking at the table.Self–checkSee how well you fared in this activity. Step 1 – Survey 1. c 2. How, Months, Got, Names 3. you, wondered, how, names, originated Step 2 – Question You are free to answer anything that has something to do with the article. Step 3 – Read Answer your own questions by scanning the article for details. Step 4 – Recite (Did you read aloud the answers to your own questions?) Step 5 – Rite (Write) 8

Origin MeaningFebrusMartius Feast of purification or cleaningAprilis Honors Mars, god of warMaia To open Roman goddess of spring andJuno growthQuintilis Goddess of marriageAugustus FifthSeptem In honor of emperor AugustusOctober SevenNovem Eightdecem Nine TenIf you got 14 correct answers in this activity, that’s a perfect score-100%Congratulations! 10 – 13 is Very Good, 8 – 9 is Good, 6 – 7 is Fair and 5 – belowmeans read more carefully.Activity 2Here is another practice exercise in using the SQ4R’sGet your science textbook, and do as you are told. 1. Read the title of the book. 2. Read the preface or introduction and find out: a. why the author wrote the book b. for whom the book is intended 3. Turn to the table of contents, and fill in the blanks below. a. The book is divided into _________________ units. b. Unit I has ____________ chapters. c. The title of Chapter I is ________________________________________ d. Chapter I has ______________ sub-topics. They are _________________ ___________________________________________________________Let’s move on. . . 9

Reading AdventureA. Words Unlocked While reading, have you ever come across words which were difficult to understand? Whatdid you do to understand them? Did you get a dictionary right away? The dictionary is the best reference material which can help you understand words, however,there are times when you don’t have to refer to it simply because there are clues to the meaningwithin the sentence or the surrounding sentences. Try the following samples. Read each sentence andwrite the words which get you closer to the meaning. Look for a synonym or antonym. The first oneis done for you. Unfamiliar Word Context Clues Cross Checked Meaning wild living spend wastefully1. Then, the younger songot all his possessions andheaded for a distant countryand there squandered hiswealth in wild living.2. When he had nothingleft, a severe famine in thecountry came and he beganto be in need.3. He got so hungry that hewanted to fill his stomachwith the pods that the pigswere eating, but no onegave him anything.4. When he came to hissenses, he remembered hisfather’s servants who hadfood to spare while he wasstarving to death.5. While he was still far, hisfather saw him and wasfilled with compassion forhim. 10

Self–checkDid you find the clues? Now, check if you guessed the meaning of each word correctly. Context Clues 1. wild living to spend wastefully 2. to be in need shortage of food 3. to fill stomach dry fruits or seeds 4. food to spare suffer extreme hunger 5. still far desire to help, pity, mercyRate yourself with the following:5 is Outstanding4 is Very Good3 is Good2 is Fair1 means you have to read more carefullyB. What I know The Bible says that there is more rejoicing in heaven when one sinner repents than over ninehundred nine righteous persons who do not need to repent. (Luke 15:7) God loves people whorecognize that they have done wrong and know how to ask for forgiveness. Why do you think this isso? Will you be happy to see hardened criminals crying to God and asking for forgiveness? Willit matter if a long lost friend who became an enemy comes back and asks you to forgive him/her?How will you deal with that person? Recall at least two quotations or sayings that tell about forgiveness.1. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________2. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 11

Everyone has the right to another chance at life. If someone commits a mistake he/she shouldnot be condemned for doing so. He must be given an opportunity to change for the better and redeemhimself/herself. If the same thing happens to you, of course, you would want to be forgiven, too. The story you are about to read is an example of a parable. A parable is a simple story told toillustrate moral truth. It was Christ’s means of teaching men how to live righteously. He told severalparables to people when He was living here on earth.While Reading Read the selection carefully and find out the lesson it wants to share.The Parable of the Lost Son Luke 15:11-31There was a rich man who had two sons. your son, make me one of your hiredThe younger one said to his father, men.” So, he got up and went to his“Father, give me my share of the estate.” father.So, the father divided his propertybetween them. While he was still far, his father saw him and was filled with compassion Then, the younger son got all his for him. He ran to his son, threw hispossessions and headed for a distant arms around him and kissed him.country and there squandered his wealthin wild living. When he had nothing left, The son told his father all that hea severe famine in the country came and planned to say. But the father ordered hishe began to be in need. So, he went to servants to bring the best clothes and putlook for a job and was hired to feed the it on him. Put a ring on his finger andpigs. He got so hungry that he wanted to sandals on his feet. He further ordered,fill his stomach with the pods that the “Bring the best calf and kill it. We willpigs were eating, but no one gave him have a feast and celebrate, for my sonanything. was dead and is alive again. He was lost and is found.” So, they began to When he came to his senses, he celebrate.remembered his father’s servants whohad food to spare while he was starving Meanwhile, the elder son was into death. He decided to go back to ask the field. When he came near the house,his father for forgiveness and say, he heard music and dancing. He called“Father, I have sinned against God and one of the servants and asked what wasagainst you. I am no longer worthy to be going on. “Your brother has come,” 12

the servant replied, “and your father has celebrate with my friends. But when thiskilled the best calf because he has him son of yours who has squandered yourback safe and sound.” property with prostitutes comes home, you kill the best calf for him!” The elder son became angry andrefused to enter the house. So, his father “My son,” the father said, “youwent out and pleaded with him. But he are always with me, and everything Ianswered his father, “Look! All these have is yours. But we had to celebrateyears I’ve been working hard for you and be glad, because this brother ofand never disobeyed you. Yet, you never yours was dead and is alive again, hegave me even a young goat so I could was lost and is found.”Post ReadingA. Answer the following questions based on the selection you have just read.1. What unusual situation is told in the opening of the story?2. What did the younger son do with his money? Give examples.3. Describe his life after he has used up all the money. Give at least 5 adjectives.4. Why did the father forgive his son so easily?5. What can you say about the reaction of the elder son when he learned about the homecoming of his younger brother?6. Would you be willing to forgive anybody who had done you wrong or had caused you physical or emotional pain?B. Inferring Character Traits Read the following lines taken from the selection. Then, choose the trait that best describesthe character.1. “Father, give me my share of the estate.” c. disrespectful d. envious The younger son is a. helpful b. industrious2. “I am no longer worthy to be called your son.”The speaker isa. proud b. humble c. courteous d. patient3. “My son was dead, and is alive again. c. selfish d. open-minded The father is a. forgiving b. stubborn 13

4. “Look! All these years I’ve been working hard for you and never disobeyed you. Yet, you never gave me even a young goat so I could celebrate with my friends.” The elder son is a. courteous b. helpful c. obedient d. enviousLogical Sequencing The following pictures show the different events in the story you just read. Go back to thereading selection and match the scenes with the parts of the story below. Write the number that willshow the order of events. The younger brother fed the pigs. He got his share of the wealth. The elder son came home angry. He squandered his money. His father welcomed him back.Scene Events in Pictures Events Described in Text No. 14

Self-check Now, it’s time for you to find out if you were able to understand fully well the readingselection given to you. Let’s hope for a good rating.Pre-reading The following are but a few examples of quotations that tell about forgiveness. If you foundsome more, that’s very good. 1. To err is human; to forgive, divine. - Alexander Pope 15

2. Forgive and forget.3. We read that we ought to forgive our enemies; but we do not read that we ought to forgive our friends. - Cosimo de’ Medici4. The stupid neither forgive nor forget; the naïve forgive and forget; the wise forgive but do not forget. - Thomas SzaszPost Reading Your understanding of the story is perfect if your answers to the above questions are as close,if not, exactly the same as the answers below.A. 1. The younger son asked for inheritance even while the father was still very much alive. 2. He spent it on wild living. Examples: womanizing, drinking alcohol, gambling and other worthless things. 3. Miserable, wretched, undesirable, pitiful, inadequate, unfortunate, unhappy, uncomfortable or other words that are of the same meaning as the above. Refer to a dictionary for more words. 4. Because he loved his son too much. 5. Any response is acceptable, however, you have to use your better judgment. 6. Like number 5, any response will do. But if you were to follow God’s teachings, as the parable teaches, you should learn to forgive just as God has forgiven you.B. 1. c. disrespectful - It was not the right time to talk about inheritance. Only the father can decide to do so.2. b. humble - Accepting that one has done wrong is an act of humility.3. a. forgiving - Accepting a person in spite of the wrong he has done is being forgiving.4. d. envious - Desire to have what another person has is a manifestation of envy.The correct sequence is 2, 4, 5, 3, 1You don’t need to copy the exact description. You just have to make sure that it revolves around the original text.Your rating: 20 is the Perfect Score. Congratulations for an Outstanding Work! 17 – 19 Very Good 13 – 16 Good 10 - 12 Fair 9 and below means you should study harder by devoting more time to your modules. 16

Language Focus In speaking or writing, it is not good to repeat words over and over again. You will soundboring and uninteresting. You can improve your speech or writing by replacing nouns with pronouns.Do these activities:Activity Read the following dialog carefully. You will find underlined words that actually replacenouns found in the sentence that come before it or within the sentence itself. In the first line, can you tell what word was replaced by it? If your answer is wallet, you got itright. Now, try the remaining 10 items.Shane: Es-jay, did you see my wallet? I think it was stolen from me.Es-jay: Are 1. you sure? Think carefully. When did you last have it?Shane: I remember getting it from my bag when I paid for the photo copy of the book. There was a group of guys who were teasing each other. I even got angryAndrew: because one of the boys stepped on 2. my toe. May be 3. they purposely tried toShane: catch my attention so that they can get my wallet.Andrew: Excuse me, Miss (looking irritated).Shane: What brings you here again? You see, 4. he is the guy I was telling you about.Andrew: He stepped on my toe!Es-jay: Yes, and I think I said, “I’m sorry.” I just came to give you 5. your wallet. YouGuys: left it beside the Xerox copier.Andrew: So, you found it?James: Yes, I did. And this time I think you owe 6. us an apology because I heard you say that my friends and I got your wallet on purpose.Shane: I believe him. He won’t be here if they really planned on getting that wallet ofAndrew: 7. yours. (The other boys are seen approaching.)Shane: What’s taking you long, bro? Nothing. It’s just that I am waiting for an apology because the lady here happens to have thought of us as thieves. Is that so? Fine, let us go. 8. We might just be wasting our time here. In the first place, you should have not bothered returning it to her personally when you can just give it to the center for lost and found. Alright, I’m sorry, really sorry for having thought of you as bad guys. Could we be friends? 9. Your apology is accepted provided that you and your friend will agree to join us in the canteen for snacks. Why not? 10. We are starving to death. 17

Self-checkHere are the correct answers. Check your work.1. Shane 6. boys2. Shane 7. Shane3. boys 8. boys4. one of the boys 9. Shane (Andrew)5. Shane 10. Shane, together with Es-jay 10 correct answers is Outstanding 8 – 9 is Very Good 6 – 7 is Good 4 – 5 is Fair which means you need more practice. 3 and below means you have to concentrate on the succeeding exercises.Personal pronounsStudy the following table showing the subject and object forms of personal pronouns1st person Subject Plural Object Plural2nd person we us3rd person Singular you Singular you I they me you them you he / she / it him / her / itNow do the following exercises.Activity 1.Choose the correct pronouns and write your answers in your notebook. 1. Are (they, them) coming to see you today? 2. Have Mary and (she, her) written the story? 3. Peter and (he, him) cut the tall grass in front of the Old building. 18

4. Susan and (she, her) are cousins. 5. Could Anna and (I, me) arrange the flowers for the offering? 6. Marie and (she, her) attend the student conference every year. 7. When did Ferdinand and (she, her) return from Saudi Arabia? 8. Either my cousin or (she, her) will go with you to the party. 9. Mother and (I, me) went window shopping at Plaza Fair yesterday. 10. Cathy and (they, them) are neighbors at Greenwoods Subdivision.Activity 2.Change the italicized nouns to pronouns in the objective case. 1. Is this medal for Anita? __________________________________ 2. Have you given the new students copies of the school rules and regulations? __________________________________ 3. Who taught the boys that song? __________________________________ 4. Our actions must be strange to Carina and Hannah. __________________________________ 5. The catechist taught Jose the morning prayer. __________________________________ 6. The principal sent for Mr. Cruz and Miss Pecson. __________________________________ 7. He offered Mario and me some cookies. _________________________________ 8. We saw the accident yesterday. __________________________________ 9. The noise came from behind Rex and Marie. __________________________________ 10. The staff artist drew the editorial cartoon. __________________________________ 19

Activity 3. Give a pronoun in place of the italicized words. Example: Archie ate all the bananas. Answers: Archie ate them. 1. One of the male dancers did the break dance. __________________________________ 2. The group leader divided the assignment among the members. __________________________________ 3. Would you like to sit between Cathy and Carmen? __________________________________ 4. May I accompany Carlos, our new classmate? __________________________________ 5. Three girls and one boy did not pass the periodical test. __________________________________ 6. Mila will be in the laboratory room. __________________________________ 7. The patient is talking to Dr. Jesus Cunanan, the lung specialist. _________________________________ 8. Gilbert sent me flowers as a birthday present. _________________________________ 9. We develop new ways to identify and classify living things. _________________________________ 10. Our science teacher taught us what makes up a system. ______________________________________________ After doing Activities 1 – 3, you can say that: When a pronoun is used as a subject, it is in the nominative case. She is my cousin. They need help. In the objective case the pronoun is used as an object of a verb or an object of a preposition. Examples: The man saw me. Give the envelope to him. 20

Self-CheckCheck your answers against this key. Notice that an explanation is given after the answer.Activity 11. they - 3rd person, subjective, plural2. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female3. he - 3rd person, subjective, singular, male4. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female5. I - 1st person, subjective, singular6. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female7. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female8. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female9. I - 1st person, subjective, singular10. they - 3rd person, subjective, pluralActivity 21. her - 3rd person, objective, singular, female2. them - 3rd person, objective, plural3. them - 3rd person, objective, plural4. them - 3rd person, objective, plural5. him - 3rd person, objective, singular, male6. them - 3rd person, objective, plural7. them - 3rd person, objective, plural8. it - 3rd person, objective, singular, no gender9. her - 3rd person, objective, singular, female10. it - 3rd person, objective, singular, no genderActivity 3 1. He - 3rd person, subjective, singular, male 2. them - 3rd person, objective, plural 3. them - 3rd person, objective, plural 4. him - 3rd person, objective, singular, male 5. They - 3rd person, subjective, plural 6. she - 3rd person, subjective, singular, female 7. him - 3rd person, objective, singular, female 8. He - 3rd person, subjective, singular, male 9. them - 3rd person, objective, plural 10. He/She- 3rd person, subjective, singular, general 21

Activity 4. Using Possessive Pronouns A pronoun that shows ownership is in the possessive case. The table below shows the personal pronouns in the possessive case. Possessive Determiners Possessive Pronouns1st person Singular Plural Singular Plural2nd person my our mine ours3rd person your your yours yours their theirs his/her/its his/hersThis is my book. This book is mine.Rey is our friend. Rey is a friend of ours.Remember that the possessive pronouns its, his, yours, hers, theirs, and oursare NEVER written with the apostrophe. The following activity will require you to use pronouns that express ownership. Read thesentences carefully and fill in the blanks with the correct possessive pronouns. 1. There’s a wallet on top of the piano. It is not ___________________. I have my wallet in my bag. Whose is it? 2. That ruler is not ___________________. Your ruler is with Carmelita, your friend. She kept it for you yesterday. 3. Here’s ___________________ dictionary. Thank you for letting me use it. 4. Mila, is that ___________________ ball pen? Kindly return it to me. 5. So, you’re a friend of Lola Norma. I am a granddaughter of ___________________. 6. Why did you laugh at Mario? ___________________ answer was correct, wasn’t it? 7. That puppy is kind of cute. ___________________ eyes are pathetic-looking. 8. They have submitted ___________________ report on time. 9. “Give us this day ___________________ daily bread and forgive us ___________________ sins.” 10. The girl slightly raised ___________________ skirt when she crossed the flooded street. 11. Arsenio gave all ___________________ savings to the fire victims. 12. Look at ___________________ eyes and tell me the truth. 13. I have submitted ___________________ paper. Have you submitted ___________________? 14. The old tree is dying; ___________________ branches are brittle; and ___________________ leaves are turning brown. 15. My neighbors are moving to ___________________ new house. 16. The participants are now taking ___________________ seats. 22

17. The lady guest of honor is about to begin ___________________ speech. 18. Here’s my contribution. Where’s ___________________, Cecille? 19. Can I borrow ___________________ typewriter, Dingdong? 20. Call Maybelle. These keys are ___________________. They are the keys to ___________________ locker.Activity 5. Pronoun VariationsFill in the blank with the correct pronoun. Example: It isn’t my bag. The bag isn’t mine. The bag doesn’t belong to me. 1. The house is theirs. It’s ___________________ house. The house belongs to ___________________. 2. I’m sure the book belongs to him. The book is ___________________. It’s ___________________. 3. Those costumes are not ours. They are not ___________________ costumes. The costumes don’t belong to ___________________. 4. Hey, that’s my umbrella. That umbrella belongs to ___________________. That’s ___________________. 5. I think this calculator is yours. Isn’t this ___________________ calculator? The calculator belongs to ___________________.Self-checkCheck your answers now. The explanation is given right after the answer.Activity 41. mine - 1st person, singular, possessive pronoun2. yours - 2nd person, singular, possessive pronoun3. your - 2nd person, singular, possessive determiner 23

4. my - 1st person, singular, possessive determiner 5. hers - 3rd person, singular, possessive pronoun 6. his - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 7. its - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 8. their - 3rd person, plural, possessive determiner 9. our, our - 1st person, plural, possessive determiner 10. her - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 11. his - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 12. my - 1st person, singular, possessive determiner 13. my, yours - 1st person, singular, possessive determiner/2nd person, singular, possessive 14. its, its pronoun 15. their - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 16. their - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 17. her - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 18. yours - 3rd person, singular, possessive determiner 19. your - 2nd person, singular, possessive pronoun 20. hers, her - 2nd person, singular, possessive determiner - 3rd person, singular, possessive pronoun/ 3rd person, singular, possessiveActivity 5 determiner 1. theirs, them 2. his, his - 3rd person, plural, possessive pronoun, 3rd person, plural, objective 3. our, us - 3rd person, singular, possessive pronoun/same 4. me, mine - 1st person, plural, possessive determiner/1st person, plural objective 5. your, you - 1st person, singular, objective/1st person singular, possessive pronoun - 2nd person, singular, possessive determiner/ 2nd person, singular, objectiveReflexive Pronouns A pronoun that reflects the action of a verb on the subject is called a reflexive pronoun. Thereflexive pronouns are shown in this table.1st person Singular Plural2nd person3rd person myself ourselves yourself yourselves herself, himself, itself themselvesI myself made this. (The subject of the verb and the reflexive pronoun refer to the same person.)I made this myself. (The reflexive pronoun reflects the action of a verb on the subject.) 24

Activity 6Complete these sentences by adding suitable reflexive pronouns. The first one is done for you. 1. The excursionists were enjoying themselves at Boracay Beach. 2. I ________________________ decided to do the job. 3. What can they do to help ___________________________________ ? 4. Did you finish the assignment _______________________________ ? 5. We ____________________________, cannot promise you anything. 6. The farmers did the harrowing of the field ______________________. 7. The cat hurt _________________________ while catching the mouse. 8. Stevenson convinced ______________________ that he could do the assigned task. 9. He did the repair of the typewriter ____________________________. 10. The two brothers gathered the firewood ________________________.Self-check There are more to check. The clue to the correct response is given.The noun or pronoun to be replaced are:1. themselves excursionists2. myself I3. themselves they4. yourself you5. ourselves We6. themselves farmers7. itself cat8. himself Stevenson9. himself He10. themselves two brothersActivity 7. Using Indefinite Pronouns Some pronouns do not refer to any definite noun, but still they take the place of nouns. These are called indefinite pronouns. The following are indefinite pronouns:. anything somebody nobody everybody anyone someone no one everyone anybody something nothing everything Everyone is invited. There’s nobo2d5y home. Tell the news to everybody

Fill in the blank with the correct indefinite pronoun.1. We all want the best of ______________________.a. something b. everything2. Please don’t tell this to ______________________. a. anyone b. nobody3. ______________________ will like you if you are grouchy.a. Everybody b. Nobody4. I saw ______________________ creep by the window.a. something b. anything5. ______________________ is trying to fool you.a. Everything b. Someone6. Are you sure you didn’t forget ______________________?a. anything b. everything7. ______________________ can stop me from leaving the club.a. Nothing b. Everything8. ______________________ looks happy today.a. Anybody b. Everyone9. ______________________ will be given a chance to recite.a. Everybody b. Everything10. Do you know ______________________ who can help us?a. no one b. somebodySelf-check The answers here require you to think hard and recall related experiences. Hope you got them allright. 1. everything – covering all aspects in life 26

2. anyone – meaning, not a single person3. Nobody – meaning, no person will do4. something – no definite object5. Someone – no definite person6. anything – not a single object7. Nothing – definitely no object is present8. Everyone – every single person9. Everybody – each person10. Someone – no definite personActivity 8 In addition, we have this to say: This, these, that, and those are also pronouns. They point out thenoun they refer to. They are called demonstrative pronouns. This and thesepoint out things near the speaker while that and those point out things farfrom the speaker.Fill in the blanks with the correct demonstrative pronouns. 1. You see the pile over there? ______________________ is the trash we got from the room. 2. ______________________ is my report. Kindly go over it. 3. Did you hear the witness’ statements? ______________________ are fabricated stories. 4. Let me tell you ______________________: I don’t intend to pay for a lousy service. 5. Look at the earrings I’m wearing. ______________________ are the only jewels I have. 6. Look at ______________________ handkerchief. It has a unique design. 7. Do you see the group of girls by the shed? ______________________ are students from our school. 8. I saw several rows of seedlings on my way here. Are ______________________ yours? 9. ______________________ are pretty doilies. Who made them? 10. He told you I loved him? ______________________ is ridiculous!Self-check You’ll have to see this other activity before we have the last one. Did you see the clues? Theyactually lead you to the answers.(location with reference to the speaker) 27

1. that over there, far from the speaker 2. This go over it, near the speaker 3. Those witness’ , far from the speaker 4. this Let me tell, the speaker himself/herself 5. These I’m wearing, the speaker herself has them 6. this Look at, the speaker is showing it 7. Those by the shed, the speaker is far 8. those on my way, the speaker has passed the place 9. These are pretty…- near the speaker to be able to appreciate the design 10. that He told you…, The speaker was somewhereActivity 9. that was why she didn’t hear it said. Another kind of pronouns are those used as questions words such as -who, what, which, whom or whose. These are called interrogative pronouns.Complete the following dialogs with the appropriate interrogative pronouns. 1. A. ______________________ of these books are Maria’s? B. The ones with plastic cover. 2. A. ______________________ is leaving for abroad? B. Augusto. 3. A. ______________________ are you afraid of? B. Snakes and lizards. 4. A. ______________________ got my umbrella? B. Paula. 5. The messenger left these letters. ______________________ are these? B. Mine. 6. A. Jose looks dejected. ______________________ did you tell him? B. That I don’t love him anymore. 7. A. ______________________ do the Lopezes help? B. The orphans. 28

Self-checkSee if you got the correct answers. The explanation is inside the parentheses. 1. Which – (indicating a choice) 2. Who – (requiring a person for an answer) 3. What – (answer has to be a thing) 4. Who – (answer has to be a person) 5. Whose – (asks for the owner) 6. What – (is asking for a reason) 7. Whom – (the answer is a beneficiary of the help from the Lopezes.)Check your Final Rating for Language Focus For 92 – 90 Outstanding 74 – 89 Very Good 58 – 73 Good 42 – 57 Fair which means you need more time for your studies. 41 and below means you have to study pronouns more.Write Thing A person is always in need of affirmation, a manifestation that one is loved, cared for andwanted. The absence of this, dampens the spirit, and sometimes leads to frustration ordisillusionment. However, is action enough to satisfy the person of this need? The answer is “NO.” A personwants to be told most of the time. When was the last time you told your parents you love them? When was the last time youtold your friend how important he/she is to you? This time, you will have to write a letter telling thatyou care for the person you are writing to. You may write to your mom or dad, a special friend oranybody close to your heart. Pay close attention to the pronouns you will use. Write your letter in your notebook. After you have written your draft refer to the following guide questions to help you improveyour work. 29