ມ.2_ວິທະຍາສາດ ທຳມະຊາດ_NatScience

8q;1jk’ !G oadIPolv’7qophkp38t|;j p|b’j D z6hmu|bj’ vvdcI’p6h #W N F z6hmulv’vvd cI’p8h6 k,myffP;doa f;h p7;k,cI’ @& N D 4k,;kj 38t4nd7;k,cI’dtm[q m’a \\fq gmkjq .fL 9q’j c8h,I6[g;adg8u7;k,cI’dtmq[8k,,kf8kl;j o !W N dq’da[ ! cmD .shI6hG cdhG ` F1= #WN oe.-lh f6 G F1 + F2 F2= @&N cmo7kj G R=30N+25N=55N -vd R = ? 8v[G R=55N I6[ !_D* 8q;1jk’ @G vu’8k,0=h,6o0v’8q;1kj ’ ! c87j ;k,cI’dtmq[,umyfdq’dao0hk,daoD .shI6hG cdhG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ F1 = #WN oe.-hl6fG R = F1 − F2 F2= @&N cmo7kj G R = 30 N - 25N = 5N -vd R = ? 8v[G R = 5N I6[ !_D ( #D dkola’];,7;k,cI’,u];’ c]t myf8afdao dD sa^ddkoI6[lujc90hk’0t|ko0v’7;k,cI’D dyf9tde #G .sh # 7;k,cI’ , c]t dtmq[.l;j q’cs;o O f’ja I[6 !_D)S g,vjn ;’q cs;o1f5 97

o’Y ltcf’;kj lv’7;k,cI’ F fo5 fPj ’d[a O D ltooA gxoa 7;k,cI’l’a ];,0v’ c]t S 4hkcdjpk; c]h;0ufglAo-nj9kdxkp0v’ I6[ !_D) ]d6 lvo 0t|kod[a c]t 9kd xkp0v’]d6 lvo 0fu gloA -0nj t|kod[a S r;d,oa 8fa d[a gloA cdjpk;0v’ 1j695f|jb’ g-yj’mjvo-nj8+]ts;jk’ 9f5 8fa doa g4’y 9f5 O pk; gmkjq d[a 0t|kf0v’7;k, cI’l’a ];, T D 9kdooA lts[^5 wf;h kj dkol’a ];,lv’7;k,cI’8fa doa lk,kfoe.-h sda^ dkoI[6 lcuj 90kh ’0t|koD 7;k,cI’la’];,0v’lv’7;k,cI’8afdao 8k,sa^ddkoI6[ljuc90hk’0t|ko gxoa 7;k,cI’ g-’jy ,u 0t|kfF ];’ c]t mfy ltcf’f;h pgloA go’ja 9v,0v’I[6 lcju 90kh ’0t|ko m0uj hk’0v’,ao c,oj lv’g;adg8u7;k,cI’rkdl;j o f’aj I6[],5j oUG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ !_D_ I6[ !_D!W 0D sa^ddkola’];,7;k,cI’c[[I6[lk,c9 phkp0t|kog;adg8u7;k,cI’ dkpgxao 3fp gdv[a kq gx;dakgp80u vFG’2Sgg;;da ]gk8ou77U ;;kk,,ccII’’l’a ]8;+d,[a dxdqt0dvv’[gf;;h da pgd8dqum0guj mvk’jq g;adg8u c]t xkp0v’g;adg8u S ma’lk,g;adg8uxtdv[ gxoa I[6 lk,c9|’jb g-’jy gxoa 7;k,cI’l’a ];,0v’7;k, cI’rkdl;j o f’ja I[6 0kh ’oDU 98

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ7e4k,G !D 7;k,cI’la’];,c,oj co;.fL @D 7qoz6h|’bj ,u,;olko $&kg c]t v6h,gfadohvpmu,j u,;olko !Wkg 1no16gj my’rNogInvoD 4k,;kj 7;k,cI’0v’7qoma’lv’9tdtmq[.lrj NogInvoc,oj gmkqj .fL I6h;kj g = 9,8m/s2 #D .shlv’7;k,cI’ F1 = 2N c]t F2 = 3N rhv,daodtmq[.l;j af45vao|b’j D 9q’j la’ ];,lv’7;k,cI’f’ja dkj ;8k,d]= tofu ’ja ],5j oU c]t c8]j td]= to.u sh c8,h I[6 ltcf’ g;adg8u7;k,cI’dtmq[8k,,kf8kl;j o 1N dq’da[ !cmD dD lv’7;k,cI’dtmq[.l;j af45|b’j 8k,];’ c]t myfvaofP;daoD 0D lv’7;k,cI’dtmq[.l;j af45|b’j 8k,];’ c]t myfdq’dao0hk,daoD 99

[qfmu @W 7;k,cI’f5ofjP’ !D lv’7;k,cI’f5ofjP’dao dyf9tde ! { gvkq g-vn d sn^ fkh pgloA |’jb ,fa .l|j ;j p,oq ovh p ! |;j p c];h c0;o.l7j ko f’ja I[6 @W D! dD la’gdf c]t [aombdzqoD { lvfg-nvd s^n fhkp zkj o\\kd]Jvdohvpmu8j yf16j7ko c]h;gvqk|;j p,qoohvp @ |;j p muj,u0t|kfgmqjkdao ,af.ljlv’lQo0v’g-nvdc]h;phkpwx,k.sh\\kd]Jvd1j6g7yj’ dk’0v’g-nvd fa’j I6[ @WD !D 0D la’gdf c]t [aombdzqoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ @WD! { |;j p,oq m’a lv’d=]tougxoa co;.fL { 9kdzqo0v’dyf9tdeoU 9tlts^5[dPj ;da[ 7;k,cI’wfhco;.fL |;j p,oq ovh p @ |;j pmcuj 0;o.lcj 8]j t loQ 0v’g-vn dlvfzkj o\\kd]vd 1.6j ork;t1f5 o’Y 7dn oa d[a |;j p,oq mcuj 0;o.ldj [a 7koD .od]= tocu 0;o|;j p,oq .l7j koF 4kh g;kQ ;kj |;j p,oq 1.6j ork;t 15foY’phvo;kj [+,u7;k,cI’.fdtmq[.l,j aoF c8j 4hkgIqkgvqkw296f s^n .-h ,uf8afg-nvd fa’j I6[ @WD @D g,nvj g-nvd0kf |;j p,qo9t8qd]q’l6rj NomaomuD ltoAoF ltcf’;kj ,ao,u 7;k,cI’.f|b’j dtm[q .lj |;j p,oq 8k,];’8’A 3fp,mu fy c8]j ,j5 0oB gm’y D 7;k,cI’ogU rojy gvoU ;kj <7;k,cI’g7’ja G 0v’g-vn d X F ? f’ja I[6 @WD#D 100

I6[ @WD@ I6[ @WD# 9kd[oa skmduj kj ;,kgm’y oU lk,kfg;kQ ;kj |;j p,oq 1f5 o’Y 1.j6 ork;tfo5 fPj ’ g,vjn 7;k,cI’ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ g7aj’0v’g-nvdf5ofjP’da[7;k,cI’fb’f6f0v’|j;p3]dD gryjogvUolv’7;k,cI’c[[oU;kj lv’7;k,cI’fo5 fPj ’D d=]tou|;j p,qolv’|;j p 16.j ork;t15foY’ c,oj r;d,aodtmq[7;k,cI’fb’dao0Bozkj o \\kd]vJ dooA fo5 fPj ’d[a oE|da 0v’c8]j t|;j pD ltooA F lk,kflts[5^ wf;h kj ;fa 4|5 ’jb 1.j6 ork;tfo5 fPj ’ 4kh ;kj 7;k,cI’8kj ’Mmdju tm[q .lj ;af45oAof5ofjP’daoD lv’7;k,cI’f5ofjP’dao c,jolv’7;k,cI’mju,u0t|kfgmqjkdaoF dtmq[.l;j af45vaofP;dao 8k,];’fP;dao c8,j umyfdq’dao0hk,daoD @D dkooe.-h7;k,cI’f5ofjP’ .o-;u fy xt9e;oa grojy g7pu .-7h ;k,cI’fo5 fPj ’[k’1kj ’7Gn dkoc[’j xoa g7vjn ’0v’gxoa lv’ l;j ogmqkj dao 3fpdko.-h7komugj vqkg7nvj ’lv’l;j ooAoshvp.llj ;j o]tlQo0v’w,h7ko c]h;gvqk g-vn dsvh p s^n gvkq ;fa 4g5 xoa 7,q 7E196j f5 g7’yj dk’0v’7koS g,vnj 7kofo5 fPj ’8k,];’ovo c,oj ;fa 4l5 v’l;j oooA |da gmkjq doa f’ja I[6 @WD $D dS dkosk[g7vnj ’ groyj ;k’7ko.l[j kj .s7h kofo5 fPj ’8k, ];’ovoS dkosk,g7vnj ’ groyj svh pg7vnj ’.l9j f5 g7’yj dk’0v’7ko c]t c8]j t7oq ;k’loQ 7ko .l[j kj 9’bj gIfa .soh E|da 0v’;fa 4|5 [u .l[j kj c8]j t7oq sk,gmkjq doa DDD 101

I6[ @WD$ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7e4k,G !D 7;k,cI’f5ofPj ’c,oj 7;k,cI’co;.fL @D oadIPoshv’ ,D @D d c]t oadIPoshv’ ,D @D 0 c0’j 0aodaofb’g-nvdD zqodkofb’ g-nvdgsao;kj oadIPoshv’ ,D @D 0 -tot oadIPoshv’ ,D @D dD 7;k,cI’mujoad IPoma’lv’shv’.-hfb’g-nvdf’aj dkj ;gxao7;k,cI’f5ofPj ’dao s^n [+L phvospa’L #D mhk; f;’lu g;Qk;kj .og;]k8adoE16j.olhk’ c]h;fb’75oE0BooAo ,ulv’7;k,cI’ f5ofPj ’D 4k,;kj mhk; f;’lu g;Qk4nd s^n zyfL 9q’j .shgsfzqoD $D gryoj oe.-h7;k,cI’ f5ofPj ’grvnj gIafspa’cfLj 102

rkdmu V 7;k,fao [qfmu @! ,t3ork[7;k,fao !D cI’faoF goNvmuj4ndfaoF 7;k,fao dyf9tde !G 7;k,faogduf0Bowfhco;.fL 8vomu!G !? gvqkfyo9uj # dhvo mu,j u0t|kf c]t oE|adgmqkj dao ;k’.l2j v’oE fa’j .oI6[ @!D! @? la’gdfg[’yj dkos^5[]q’0v’dhvofyo9.uj oc8]j td=]tou X!?F X@?F X#? #? 8nj,g7nvj ’\\kp gmqkj da[ “ = ” F .spdj ;kj “ > ” c]t ohvpd;kj “ < ” .l.j o8k8t]k’ I6[ @!D! ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8k8t]k’xP[mP[ oE|adF goNvmuj c]t dkos^5[]q’0v’fyo9.uj oc8]j td=]tou oE|ad P goNvmuj S 7;k,g]dy h F2 F1 S2 S1 h2 h1 F3 F1 S3 S1 h3 h1 9kdzqodkomqf]v’9tlts^5[;kj co;.fL 103

8vomu @ !? .-h9vdg9hp0t|kffP;dao _ |j;p;k’ I6[mu @!D@ ’;exkd]q’.lfj yo-kp.shgxao # 4ao c]t # c4;]Podoa D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ @? .-ch xoh czoj |’bj g-’yj c8]j t0kh ’,7u ;k,d;kh ’ 20 -a’8uc,af ;k’.lgj my’dqho9vd #? oadIPo7qo|bj’0Bo1no16jgmy’cxhoczjooAoF l’a gdfg[’jy dkos[5^ ]’q 0v’9vdD $? gvqk9vd|j;pmuj16jg7yj’dk’vvd c]h;xt8y [fa 7gn dkjq &? gvkq 9vd|;j pm1ju gj6 7’yj dk’0v’c4;m|u ’jb c]t c4;mulk,vvd c]h;xt8y[af7ngdkqj *? gvkq 9vd|;j pm1uj gj6 7’yj dk’ 0v’4oa mu|’jb c]t 4aomulk,vvd c]h;xt8y[af7ngdqkj D zoq 0v’dfy 9tde8vom@u F c8j #? g4’y *? l’a gdfgsoa 9vds[^5 ]’q co;.fL 9’jq .sgh sfzoq D zqodkodtmq[ltcf’vvd8jk’dao phvo7;k,cI’dtmq[.ljrNomju7;k,cI’oAodtmq[ ]’q .lj .sp{j ovh p8kj ’doa D .od]= togu ovN m4uj dn dtm[q ,7u kj gmkjq d[a |’bj s;q |;j pgovN mFuj 7kj dkodtm[q ooA gryoj gvUo;kj 7;k,foa D f’ja ooA F 7;k,foa gxoa xt]y,ko|’bj mulj tcf’dkodtm[q 0v’7;k,cI’ |b’j .l|j b’j sq;|;j pgoNvmujD 7;k,fao7yfw]8j k,l6f],5j oU G 7; k, fao = 7; k, cI' fao lf6 loa pt]da G P = F goNvmuj4ndfao S F c,oj 7;k,cI’fao ,usq;|;j pgxaooy;g8yo X Newton ?F laopt]adfh;p X N ? S c,oj goNvmu4j ndfao ,usq;|;j pgxao c,afde]a’lv’ (m2? p c,oj 7;k,fao ,usq;|;j pgxaooy;g8yo 8+ c,afde]a’lv’X N/m2?D sq;|j;p7;k,faoovd9kdoy;g8yo8+c,afde]a’lv’c]h; gryjopa’.-hsq;|j;pxkldko X Pa ?F [k X Bar ? c]t vaf3,lc2 X at ? g-yj’xP[mP[wfhfa’j oUG 100 000 N/m2 = 1bar = 105Pa = 1at 104

[qfg]d8q;1kj ’G gvqkdhvofyo9uj ! dhvo mu,j u0t|kf @WcmS !WcmS &cm c]t ,uoE|ad 30N ;k’.l2j v’oE XI6[ @!D#?D 9q’j 7yfw]sj k7;k,faomujfao]q’.l2j v’oE.oc8]j td=]touD 20cm 10cm 5cm I6[ @!D# .sIh G6h F = 30N; S1 = 0,02m2 ; S2 = 0,01m2 ; S3 = 0,005m2 -vdG P .oc8]j td]= tou cdhG ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ oe.-lh f6 wfGh dD P2 = F = 30 N = 3000 N/m2 S2 0,01 m2 0D P3 = F = 30 N = 6000 N/m2 S3 0,005 m2 7D P3 = F = 30 N = 6000 N/m2 S3 0,005 m2 105

@D dkoo=k.-h7;k,faog0Qk.og8adoyd c]t -u;yfxt9=k;ao 3fpvu’.lgj ’vnj ow08kj ’M0v’7;k,fao gryoj wfhoe.-hg0Qk.oxt9e;ao c]t g8adoydf’aj oUG { 16.j o-u;yfxt9e;ao gryjo]a[X/qo? rhkF ,ufF I6[ @!D$ 9qdF lP,F DDD.sh7q, s^n cs^, grnjv.sh 2aoF 05fF g9ktg0QkfuD { .og8adoydG dkod+lhk’gInvogryoj gIaf8uo glkq .spdj ;j k38glkq S g0vnj ow22kh rt]’a oEF /kpDDD grjyogIaf8uog0jnvod;hk’d;jklao g0nvj oS g0,a F gs^da 8txF6 g7nvj ’g9ktF g7vnj ’ 8afgs^ad8kj ’M gryjogIafcs^, s^n 7q,D I6[ @!D& ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7e4k, c]t [qfrg/ydsafG !D .oI6[mu @!D* ,uG F1 = F2 ; S1 < S2 D 4k,;kj G P1 c]t P2 c8d8kj ’daoco;.fL phvospa’L @D 9qj’7yfw]j7;k,faomujgduf0Bo g,njvgIqkxadg0a, .lcj rfh;p7;k,cI’ 0,5 N. I6h;kj goNvmu0j v’ xkpg0a, c,oj 0.0003cm2 D #D 7qoz6h|jb’,uo=hk|ad 600 N 1no16jgmy’czjow,h m,ju gu ovN mu|j kh rNo 900 cm2 D 9’jq 7fy w]7j ;k,foa mju dtm[q .lcj zoj w,oh oA D I6[ @!D* 106

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@D 7;k,fao16j.o0v’cs^; dyf9tde @G !? .-h0v’cs^,g9ktdQo9vd1k’.shgxaoI6ohvp Xxt,koI68tx6g[u !? fa’j I6[ @@D@D @? gvqk9vd1k’95j,8A’-nj]q’o=hk1j6.ovjk’.shg]yd !}# 0v’9vd faj’I6[ @@D@D la’gdf g[’jy okh= r’j5 g0kQ .o9vdD #? 4vdo=hkvvd9kd9vd c]h;xt8y[af7ngdkqj c89j ,5j ]q’oE.shg]yd @}# 0v’9vdD la’gdf g[’jy okh= r’j5 g0kQ .o9vd oEr’j5 g0kQ .o9vdd=]tou9,5j 9vd ]’q g]yd !}# c]t @}# 0v’9vd gxoa co;.fL 9’jq .sh gsfzqoD I6[ @@D@ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dyf9td=k #G 8vomuj ! I6[ @@D# !? gIfa g7vjn ’;fa cmd7;k,foa 0v’0v’cs;^ 8kj ’M m.uj -mh c+ d;h I[6 38 U f’ja oGU gvkq oE.llj u .l.j om+cdh;.shxt,kodkpg7yj’c8]j tc’Fj 8+lQo|bj’0v’m+1k’.llj Qo|bj’0v’m+38 U c]t vudlQo|b’j 8+.l9j ;pmujsh5,xkdfh;pczoj 1k’1nf[k’ X1k’\\kdx6,gxQk? fa’j I6[ @@D# 108

@? gvkq 9;p9,j5 ]’q okh= .sch zoj 1k’s,5h 9;pcxtd[a |kh oE \\kp]tf[a oE.oc’lj ’6 0v’mw+ ;Dh #? g]njvo9;p]q’g]ydg4y’95f A S cmd7;k,g]yd0v’oEc8j|hkoE g4y’95f A c]t 7;k,l6’0v’oE16cj ’lj 6’ oa[c80j ufmu\\j kpw;hD [aombdzqo.l8j k8t]k’w;hD $? g]nvj o9;p]q’g]ydg4y’95f B c]h;cmd7;k,g]yd0v’oEc8|j hkoE g4y’95f B c]t 7;k,l6’0v’oE16cj ’lj 6’ oa[c80j ufmu\\j kpw;hD [aombdzqo.l8j k8t]k’ 8k8t]k’[aombdzqo ]}f 7;k,g]yd0v’9;p h Xcm? 7;k,l6’0v’0v’cs^;.om+ XU? h Xcm? 1 2 3 8vomu @ h1 h3 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ h2 gs^Qk oEfnj, oEg7a, I6[ @@D$ !? .-hvkj ’ @ .[F c8]j t.[[ao950v’cs^;-toyf8kj ’dao8k,]=kfa[7nG gs^QkF o=hkfn,j c]t o=hkg7a,fh;p]tfa[g]ydgmqkj daof’aj I6[ @@D$ @? gvqk9;p0v’g7nvj ’cmd7;k,fao95,j ]q’.o0v’cs^;c8]j t-toyfg]ydgmqkj daoD cmd w]pts^5f]njodao0v’]tfa[0v’cs^;16j @ c’j 0v’g7njv’cmd7;k,faoD #? xP[mP[w]pts^5f]njodao0v’]tfa[0v’cs^;16j @ c’j 0v’g7njv’cmd7;k,fao3fp .-hg7vnj ’\\kpgmkqj da[ “ = ” .spj d;j k “>”c]t ohvpd;j k “<”. h1 h2 109

9kdzqodkomqf]v’gryoj 1A’1nowfh;kj D 7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^;-toyf|bj’16]j tfa[g]ydvao cooj vo|b’j gmkqj da[ zqo76o]ts;kj ’7;k,g]yd 76oda[ oE|ad9egrkt0v’0v’cs^;oAoD p = hω s^n c,oj oE|ad9egrkt0v’ 0v’cs^;F ,usq;|;j pgxaooy;g8yo8+dhvoc,af XN/m3? c,oj ,;olko9egrkt0v’ 0v’cs^;F ,usq;|;j pgxaody3]dik,8+dhvoc,af Xkg/m3? h c,oj 7;k,g]yd0v’0v’cs^;F ,usq;|;j pgxaoc,af Xm? g c,oj vaf8kg]’aj fb’f6f0v’|;j p3]dF ,usq;|;j pgxao m/s2 9kdl6f7yfw]7j ;k,fao0v’0v’cs^; lk,kflts^5[wfh;kj G { 7;k,foa gru,j 0Bo8k,7;k,g]yd0v’0v’cs^; { 1.j6 o]tf[a g]dy fP;doa F 7;k,foa mdju tm[q .l|kh gm’y c]t |kh ],j5 0v’ ;fa 4m5 gju xoa czoj [k’gmkjq doa ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ @@D& 7;k,fao0v’oE 7e4k, c]t [qfg/ydsafG !D 0v’cs;^ -tofy |’jb ,ou E|da 9egrktgmkjq d[a 9250 N/m3F roN vkj ’1sj6 kj ’9kd |kh oE 9mD 9’qj 7yfw]j 7;k,faomduj tmq[.lrj Novkj ’oAoD @D Ijk’dkp0v’7qoz6h|bj’,ugoNvmujrkpovdxt,ko 1,5m2D 4hk7qoz6hoAofeoE]q’g]yd 5m. 9’jq 7yfw]sj k7;k,cI’foa mduj tm[q .lIj kj ’dkp0v’]k;D I;h6 kj oE|da 9egrkt 0v’oE gmqkj da[ 10.000 N/m3 #D 9qj’7yfw]j7;k,fao0v’oEF oEgs^QkF oEg7a, g-yj’1j6g]ydgmqjkdao7n 0,6mD I6h;jk 0v’oEgmqkj 10.000 N/m3F 0v’oEgs^Qkgmqkj 8.000 N/m3 c]t 0v’oE g7a, gmqkj !WD#WW N/m3. 110

[qfmu @# 7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^;mjudtmq[.lj0hk’ c]t rNo0v’vjk’ !D 7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^;dtmq[.ljrNo0v’vjk’ dyf9tde !G lbdlk7;k,fao0v’oEdtmq[.ljrNovjk’ !? .-hd;foEfn,j muj,u0t|kf ! sk !F& ]yf 8afdQovvd.sh3]’j c]h;.-hczoj 1k’1nf[k’ s5h,xkdd;f fa’j I6[ @#D! @? 4vdoE.ldj ;fg4’y ]tf[a ! l’a gdfg[’yj 1k’s,5h xkdd;f1fn ]’q D [oa mdb zoq mluj ’a gdfwfDh #? 4vdoE.ljd;f8jn,g4y’]tfa[ @ la’gdfg[jy’1k’sh5,xkdd;f1nf]q’D [aombdzqomju l’a gdfwfDh $? 4vdoE.ldj ;f8,nj vdu .sgh 4’y ]tf[a # l’a gdfg[’yj 1k’s,5h xkdd;f1fn ]’q D [oa mdb zoq muj l’a gdfwfDh # ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ @ ! 8k8t]k’[aombdzqoG I6[ @#D ! ]efa[ czoj 1k’1fn 1fn vvd ! @ # dko1nfvvd0v’1k’1nf.oc8]j tgmnjvmuj8nj,oE.lj 8kj ’daoco;.fL phvospa’ L 111

dyf9tde @G lbdlkdkodtmq[7;k,fao0v’oE.ljrnho0v’rk-totI6[Ijk’ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8jk’dao .-ch zoj 1k’1fn [k’ s,5h loQ g[vN ’],j5 0v’m+I[6 Ikj ’8kj ’doa c8,j gu ovN m|uj kh 8fa roN gmkjq doa # I6[ @#D @ m+D 9kdoAo Ikj poE.lcj 8]j tm+.sh,u]tfa[l6’gmkqj daoF la’gdfczoj 1k’sh5,c8]j tm+D czoj 1k’s,5h loQ ],j5 0v’c8]j tm+31f]’q co;.fL zoq dkomfq ]v’F czoj 1k’msuj ,h5 1lj6 oQ g[Nv’],5j 0v’m+[oa 9o5 E3r’vvdgmkjq doa D 4kh gIkq gvkq 0v’cs;^ -tofy vojn ,kmfq ]v’cmooE czoj 1k’1fn msju ,h5 loQ m1+ g6j [vN ’],5j 0v’c8]j td;fd3= 1f]’q gmqjkdaoD oAo ltcf’.shI6h;jk 7;k,faomuj0v’cs^;dtmq[.ljrNork-tot[ao950Boda[goNvmujrNo [+0Boda[I6[Ikj ’0v’rk-tot c]t -toyf0v’0v’cs^;D @D 7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^;mjudtmq[.lj0hk’rk-tot[ao95 dyf9tde #G lbdlk7;k,fao0v’oEdtmq[.lj0hk’0v’rk-tot[ao95 !? gvqk85doEfn,j 0t|kf @ ]yf ,kg9kt0hk’.shgxaoI6gmqkj da[I68tx6g[u ! 16j95f !F @F # .o]tfa[l6’8kj ’dao c]h;gvqkltdavf s^n fyooE,ao8yfvafI6oAow;h @? 4vdoE.lj.shg8a, c]h;fb’ltdavf1j695f ! vvdD la’gdfg[jy’dkor5j’vvd0v’oE c];h 0uf\\kp9f5 muoj E8dq ]’q .lrj NoD #? 8fy ltdva fvfa Im6 u ! 7on D 4vdoE.l.j sgh 8,a 7on c];h f’b ltdva f196j f5 @ vvdD l’a gdfdko r’5j vvd0v’oE c];h 0fu \\kp9f5 mouj E8dq ]’q .lrj oN D 112

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 1 2 3 I6[ @#D # $? 8yfltdavfvafI6mu @ 7no c]h; xt8y[af7nda[0=h @? c]t 0=h #? le]a[I6mu #D ]ef[a dkor’j5 vvd0v’oE ! @ # 8k8t]j k’[oa mdb zoq I6[ @#D $ 95fmujoEr5j’vvd9kdc8]j tI6wx8qd]q’.lj 95f.fwdd;kj L phvospa’ L g,jnvgvqk0v’cs^;.ljrk-tot [+;jkI6[Ijk’co;.fF 0v’cs^;d=dtmq[7;k,fao.lj|hk 0hk’0v’rk-tot[oa 958k,];’8A’lkd169j f5 dtmq[c8]j t9f5 D 4kh gIfa dkomfq ]v’3fp.-0h v’cs;^ -tofy vonj d9= twfzh oq 7kh p7dn oa D 9kdooA 9’bj lts[5^ wf;h kj 0v’cs^;8kj ’Mm[uj ao9516.j ork-tot8kj ’M,u7;k,cI’faodtmq[.lmj 5dM95f160j hk’0v’rk-tot [oa 9,5 oa D cI’foa 9t,su k^ p sn^ |vh p0ohb d[a govN mmju 4ju dn foa F 7;k,g]dy c]t 7;k,|kc|oh 9egrkt 0v’0v’cs;^ D lf6 7fy w]cj ,oj G 113

9kd P= F c]t S wfh oE|ad9egrkt0v’0v’cs^; ,usq;|;j pc,oj N/m3 S goNvmuj4ndfao ,usq;|;j pc,oj m2 h 7;k,g]yd ,usq;|;j pc,oj m F 7;k,cI’fao ,usq;|;j pc,oj N #D dkooe.-h dkooe.-hxkdqfdko0v’7;k,faodtmq[.ljrNo c]t 0hk’0v’rk-tot[ao95 g0Qk.o8q;9y’g-ajoG dkolkh ’g0vjn o w22kh F /kpdoA oEDDD groyj wfh dl+ kh ’ rkdl;j o],j5 .s.h spdj ;kj rkdl;j ogmy’ltg\\uD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ I6[ @#D & g0nvj odAooE 7e4k, c]t [qfg/ydsafG !D 7;k,fao0v’0v’cs^;mjudtmq[.lj0hk’ c]t rNo0v’rk-tot 9t|hvp s^n s^kp 0Boda[g’nvj ow0.fcfj L @D vkj ’|;j p|bj’gxaoI6[m+dq,,u[=]y,kf 25 dm3 c]t goNvmujrNo 500cm2 vkj ’oU[ao95oE g8a,D 9’qj 7yfw]7j ;k,faomudj tmq[.lrj Novkj ’oAoD #D vkj ’|;j p|bj’gxaoI6[da[lkd c8]j t0hk’cmdwfh 2m, 1m c]t l6’ WF) mD 4hkvkj ’ |;j pf’ja dkj ; [oa 9o5 Eg8,a F 9’qj 7fy w]7j ;k,foa 1c6j 8]j t9f5 0v’roN vkj ’D 114

[qfmu @$ vjk’]j;’dao c]t dkooe.-h !D vjk’];’dao dyf9tde !G !? gvqk9;pl5[.llj Qo0v’m+1k’.l pk;xt ,ko ! m c]h;9a[lv’lQo8A’0Bo.shm=+ faj’djk;gxaoI6[38 UD 9kdoAoIjkpoE .lmj z+ kj o9;pgmvnj ]t|vh pD l’a gdf c]t xP[mP[]tfa[oE16j.oc8]j tm+ 0v’c8j ]tgmnvj muIj kj poE.lDj @? pqdlQom+c’jmju[+l5[9;p.lj.shl6’0BoD l’a gdfg[y’j ]tf[a oE.oc8]j tc’0j v’m+D #? 1jvolQom+c’jmju[+l5[9;p.lj.sh8O]q’D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ l’a gdfg[y’j ]tf[a oE.oc8]j tc’0j v’m+D $? gvkq m+cd;h s^n m+x^kl8dy xkdm+ovh pM l[5 .llj Qom+ c]h;gIafdkomqf]v’1vj olQom+ I6[ @$D! f’ja dkj ;]’q 3fpw;D l’a gdfdtcloEmruj ’5j vvd9kdxkdmD+ 9kddkomfq ]v’7fn ’ja dkj ; grojy 9’jb lts[5^ wf;h kj ]tf[a 0v’cs;^ -tofy fP;doa 1.j6 ovkj ’];j ’ dao g;]k.fd=16j.o]tfa[l6’fP;dao sn^ g;Qkvudc[[|bj’ ]tfa[0v’0v’cs^;16j.olv’c’j 0v’m+];’doa g;]k.fd=ovo.o|kh rP’fP;doa D @D dkooe.-h dD dkolhk’]t[q[oExtxk 9q’j vtmy[kp]t[q[oExtxk s^n ]t[q[lq’j oE16gj Invo;kj gxaospa’groyj 9b’j gIafvkj ’oE.shl6’ d;kj gIvn o c]t .-mh +0t|kf8kj ’doa L grvnj c9d1kpoExtxkg4y’z-h6 ,q .-Fh dkolkh ’vkj ’oExtxk groyj 8vh ’gIfa .slh ’6 d;kj gInvo 0v’z-h6 ,q .-mh ’a s^kpm.ju -[h ]= dy ko9kddkoc9d9kj poE9kdvkj ’ooA D 115

I6[ @$D@ 0D 9ad|u[fh;pcI’oE dyf9tde @G lbdlk9ad|u[fh;pcI’oE I[6 m]+ ;j ’doa I[6 @$D # 1]6j ,j5 oU xtdv[f;h pG m]+ ;’doa m,uj 0u t|kf8kj ’doa D m+A ovh pd;kj m+ B !W gmnvj F [oa 9o5 E]tf[a gmkjq doa c];h 8fa czoj lt3o.srh =fuc9[d[a m+c8]j tvoa c];h vfa ]’q c8]j t m+oAoD 9kdoAo gvqkdhvosuomuj,uoE|ad 5cm2 !W N 50cm2 B 10N 1v’.lcj zoj lt3o vfa m+ AD f’ja I[6 @$D$ 4k,;jk 9t8hv’gvqkdhvosuo A vuddhvo|jb’|adgmqjk.f ,k1v’czjo lt3ovafm+ B grjnv.shr;d,aof5ofjP’ !W N I6[@$D# ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ doa L 50cm2 5cm2 100N B zqodkomqf]v’F 8hv’gvqkdhvo A suo|ad !WW N ,k1v’.ljczjolt3o vafm+ B 9bj’gIaf.shr;d,aof5ofPj ’D I6[ @$D$ 9kdzqodyf9tdegmy’F .shIh6;kj m+];j ’daomuj,ulv’m+.sp[j +gmqkj daoS 4hkm+ohvpF ohvpd;kj m+.spjgmqjk.fgmjnvS g,jnvdtmq[7;k,cI’fao|jb’.lj|hk0v’cs^;1j6m+ohvp c,jo9tgduf,u 7;k,cI’foa .l|j kh 0v’cs;^ 1m6j .+ spj 0oB gmkjq ooA gmvnj D f’ja ooA F dkor;q roa ]ts;kj ’7;k,cI’foa c]t goNvmu|j hk8fa 0v’lv’m+gxoa wx8k,lf6 ],5j oUG 8;q 1kj ’G oe.-hg0Qk.odkopqd;af45|ad7nG 9ad|u[fh;pcI’oE,u @ m+];’dao 3fpm+mu 1 ohvpd;kj m+mu 2 s^kpgmnvj 7nG 116

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